''WarGames'' is a 1983 American
Cold War suspense/science-fiction film written by
Lawrence Lasker and
Walter F. Parkes and directed by
John Badham. The film stars
Matthew Broderick and
Ally Sheedy.
The film follows David Lightman (Broderick), a young hacker who unwittingly accesses WOPR, a United States military supercomputer programmed to predict possible outcomes of nuclear war. Lightman gets WOPR to run a nuclear war simulation, originally believing it to be a computer game. The simulation causes a national nuclear missile scare and nearly starts World War III.
The film was a box office success, costing US$12 million, but grossing $79,567,667 after five months in the United States and Canada. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards. A sequel, ''WarGames: The Dead Code'', was released direct to DVD on July 29, 2008.
Plot
During a secret
live fire exercise of a
nuclear attack, many
United States Air Force Strategic Missile Wing missileers prove unwilling to
turn a required key to launch a missile strike. Such refusals convince Federal investigators to recommend Dr. John McKittrick's (
Dabney Coleman) idea to automate command of missile silos, without human intervention. Control is given to a
NORAD supercomputer,
WOPR (War Operation Plan Response), programmed to continuously run
military simulations and
learn over time.
David Lightman (Matthew Broderick) is a bright but unmotivated Seattle high school student who spends his free time hacking into the school computer to change his grades. He invites his friend and classmate Jennifer Mack (Ally Sheedy) to his house to show off his skills and help her with her failing grade. As he demonstrates his techniques, he comes across a mysterious unidentified computer in Sunnyvale, California while dialing every number. Believing it to belong to the video game company Protovision, Lightman manages to get the computer to print a list of games, starting with general strategy games like chess, checkers, backgammon, and poker and then progressing to titles like ''Theaterwide Biotoxic and Chemical Warfare'' and ''Global Thermonuclear War'', but cannot proceed further. Two of his hacker friends explain the concept of a backdoor password and suggest tracking down the "Falken" referenced in ''Falken's Maze'', the first game listed. Lightman discovers that the late Stephen Falken was an early artificial intelligence researcher, and guesses correctly that his dead son's name "Joshua" is the backdoor password he was seeking. (From this point on, all the protagonists refer to the computer as Joshua.)
Unknown to Lightman and Mack, Falken's work culminated in the WOPR computer at Cheyenne Mountain, and Joshua is actually a backdoor into it, Unknown to Lightman, The number of the mysterious computer he came across had been the NORAD supercomputer, WOPR. As they begin a game of ''Global Thermonuclear War'', playing as the Soviet Union, the computer starts a simulation that briefly convinces the military personnel at NORAD that actual Soviet nuclear missiles are inbound. Called away by his parents, Lightman unplugs his computer, causing the screens at NORAD to suddenly go blank. While the officials at NORAD try to determine what happened, Joshua nonetheless continues to simulate the scenario Lightman initiated. It continuously feeds false data such as Soviet bomber incursions and submarines deployments to the humans at NORAD, pushing them into raising the DEFCON level and toward a retaliation that will start World War III.
Lightman learns the true nature of his actions from a news broadcast and tries to cover his tracks, but soon he is arrested by the FBI and taken to NORAD for questioning. He realizes that Joshua is behind the NORAD alerts but fails to convince McKittrick. Before being dragged away to a holding room to await imprisonment, Lightman discovers that Falken is still alive, living at a classified address under a new identity. Through a combination of ingenuity and luck, Lightman escapes and enlists Mack's help in begging Falken (John Wood) to convince his old colleague McKittrick that Joshua is behind the entire scenario. Their hopes are immediately dashed when they find that Falken has become despondent and has no intention of helping them, as he considers nuclear holocaust inevitable. Finally, though, he agrees, and the three race to Cheyenne Mountain before it is locked down for DEFCON 1.
The computer stages a massive Soviet first strike with hundreds of missiles, submarines, and bombers. Believing the attack to be genuine, NORAD prepares to retaliate by pressing a "changes locked out" button. Falken, Lightman, and Mack convince the military officials to cancel the second strike and ride out the non-existent attack. Interpreting the lack of U.S. response as an indication of a problem & because the "Changes Locked Out" button was already activated, Joshua starts an attempt to launch a retaliation strike on its own, using a brute force attack to obtain the launch code for the U.S. nuclear missiles. Without humans in the silos as a safeguard, the computer will trigger a mass launch. All attempts to log in and order Joshua to cancel the countdown fail, and all weapons will launch if the computer is disabled. Instead, Falken and Lightman direct the computer to play tic-tac-toe against itself. This results in a long string of draws, forcing the computer to learn the concept of futility. Joshua obtains the missile code but before launching, it cycles through all the nuclear war scenarios it has devised, finding they also all result in stalemates. The computer concludes that nuclear warfare is "a strange game"; having discovered the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction ("WINNER: NONE"), therefore "the only winning move is not to play." Joshua then offers to play "a nice game of chess", and relinquishes control of NORAD and the missiles.
Cast
Matthew Broderick as David Lightman
Dabney Coleman as Dr. John McKittrick
John Wood as Dr. Stephen Falken
Ally Sheedy as Jennifer Mack
Barry Corbin as General Beringer
Juanin Clay as Pat Healy
Michael Ensign as Beringer's Assistant
Michael Madsen as Steve Phelps
Alan Blumenfeld as Mr. Liggett
Maury Chaykin as Jim Sting
Eddie Deezen as Malvin
Art LaFleur as Guard Gainsburg
Production
Development
Development on ''WarGames'' began in 1979, when writers
Walter F. Parkes and
Lawrence Lasker developed an idea for a script called ''The Genius'', about "a dying scientist and the only person in the world who understands him — a rebellious kid who's too smart for his own good." Lasker was inspired by a television special presented by
Peter Ustinov on several geniuses including
Stephen Hawking. Lasker said "I found the predicament Hawking was in fascinating — that he might one day figure out the
unified field theory and not be able to tell anyone, because of his progressive
ALS. So there was this idea that he'd need a successor. And who would that be? Maybe this kid, a juvenile delinquent whose problem was that nobody realized he was too smart for his environment." The concept of computers and hacking was not yet present.
''The Genius'' began its transformation into ''WarGames'' when Parkes and Lasker met Peter Schwartz from the Stanford Research Institute. "There was a new subculture of extremely bright kids developing into what would become known as hackers," said Schwartz. Schwartz made the connection between youth, computers, gaming, and the military. Parkes and Lasker came up with several different military-themed plotlines prior to the final story. One version of the script had an early version of WOPR. Named Uncle Ollie, or OLI (Omnipresent Laser Interceptor), it was a space-based defensive laser run by an intelligent program. The idea was discarded in preference of WOPR because it was too speculative.
David Lightman was modeled on David Scott Lewis, a hacking enthusiast Parkes and Lasker met. Falken was inspired by Steven Hawking with the appearance of John Lennon, who was interested in the role. General Beringer was based on James V. Hartinger, the then-commander-in-chief of NORAD who Parkes and Lasker met while visiting the base, and who, like Beringer, favored keeping humans in the decision loop.
Filming
Martin Brest was originally hired as director but was fired after 12 days of shooting because of an on-set argument with the producers, and replaced with
John Badham. Several of the scenes shot by Brest remained in the final film. Badham said that "[Brest had] taken a somewhat dark approach to the story and the way it was shot. It was like [Broderick and Sheedy] were doing some
Nazi undercover thing. So it was my job to make it seem like they were having fun, and that it was exciting." According to Badham, Broderick and Sheedy were "stiff as boards" when they came onto the sound stage, having both Brest's dark vision and the idea that they were going to get fired in their minds. Badham did 12–14 takes of the first shot to loosen the actors up. At one point, Badham decided to have a race with the two actors around the sound stage with the one coming last having to sing a song to the crew. Badham lost and sang "
The Happy Wanderer", the silliest song he could think of.
Release
''WarGames'' did well at the North American box office, earning $79,567,667, the fifth-highest of 1983. The film was screened out of competition at the
1983 Cannes Film Festival.
President Reagan, a family friend of Lasker, watched the film and discussed the plot with members of Congress.
Reception
Critical response
The film received positive reviews from critics. Film review aggregator
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 97% of 27 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of 7.4 out of 10. Film critic
Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, calling it "an amazingly entertaining thriller" and "one of the best films so far this year", with a "wonderful" ending.
Accolades
''WarGames'' was nominated for three
Academy Awards —
Best Cinematography (
William A. Fraker),
Sound (Michael J. Kohut, Carlos de Larios, Aaron Rochin,
Willie D. Burton), and
Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen (
Lawrence Lasker,
Walter F. Parkes). The company that provided the large screens used to display the tactical situations seen in the NORAD set employed a new design that was super-bright enabling the displays to be filmed live. (The set was more visually impressive than the actual NORAD facilities at the time.) No post-production work was needed. For this, the company was awarded a Technical Achievement Award by the Academy.
Influence
The movie was notable for coining the term
firewall in reference to computer network security. The scenes showing Lightman's computer dialing every number in Sunnyvale led to the term "
war dialing", a technique of using a modem to scan a list of telephone numbers to search for unknown computers, and indirectly to the newer term "
wardriving".
Video games
A
video game named after the film was released for the
ColecoVision in 1983. It played similarly to the
NORAD side of the "Global Thermonuclear War" game, where the United States had to be defended from a Soviet strike by placing bases and weapons at strategic points. A game called "Computer War," in which the player must track and shoot down
ICBMs as well as crack a computer code, was released for the
TI-99/4A. A real-time strategy game that was very loosely related to the film was released for the PlayStation and PC called ''
WarGames: Defcon 1'' in 1998. The film also inspired the
Introversion game ''
DEFCON'' (2006).
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed and conducted by
Arthur B. Rubinstein. A soundtrack album including songs (recorded for but not used in the film) and dialogue excerpts was released by
Polydor.
''Side 1''
# "WarGames" – 2:53
# "Video Fever – The Beepers" – 2:49
# "The Game Begins" – 5:46
# "It Could Be War" – 1:59
# "David's Concern" – 2:17
# "NORAD" – 3:13
''Side 2''
# "Edge of the World" (Yvonne Elliman) – 2:30
# "Confidence Is High" – 4:43
# "History Lesson – The Beepers" – 2:03
# "Launch Detected" – 1:51
# "Winner None" – 3:39
# "Edge of the World (End Title)" – 3:27
Intrada Records issued an expanded release in 2008 with the complete score, without the dialogue.
# "WarGames" – 3:38
# "Video Fever – The Beepers" – 2:22
# "Principal's Office" – 1:49
# "A New Grade" – 2:07
# "The Game Begins" – 2:44
# "History Lesson – The Beepers" – 1:44
# "Home Movie" – 1:26
# "A Game of Chess?" – 3:03
# "Nuclear Alert" – 2:58
# "Walk Thru NORAD" – 2:15
# "David Captured" – 3:53
# "David Searches" – 1:33
# "The Sneak" – 2:20
# "NORAD" – 0:57
# "It Could Be War" – 0:41
# "Confidence Is High" – 1:08
# "Off to See Faulken" – 1:07
# "WOPR" – 2:13
# "Maneuvers" – 1:36
# "Faulken's House" – 1:54
# "Time's Up" – 0:17
# "'I Can't Swim'" – 1:29
# "David's Concern" – 2:21
# "Helicopter Pursuit & Launch Detected" – 2:46
# "Closing the Mountain" – 1:51
# "Who's First?" – 2:06
# "Joshua!" – 2:37
# "It Might Be Real" – 0:58
# "Tic Tac Toe" – 1:32
# "Winner None" – 1:45
# "End Credits" – 3:21
# "Edge of the World" (choral version) – 2:03
# "Winner None" (original version) – 1:46
# "Edge of the World" (Yvonne Elliman) – 1:51
Sequel and possible remake
In November 2006, pre-production began on a sequel, titled ''
WarGames: The Dead Code''. It was directed by Stuart Gillard, and starred
Matt Lanter as a hacker named Will Farmer facing off with a government supercomputer called RIPLEY. MGM released the sequel directly to DVD on July 29, 2008 along with the 25th Anniversary Edition DVD of ''WarGames''. To promote the sequel, the film returned to selected theaters as a one night-only 25th Anniversary event on July 24, 2008.
It was reported in February 2009 that Leonardo DiCaprio is looking to produce a reboot of ''WarGames''.
There is a reboot in the works by MGM Studios. Seth Gordon just signed on to direct, in news released June 24, 2011.
See also
''Colossus: The Forbin Project''
Stanislav Petrov, a Soviet officer who averted an actual nuclear incident in 1983, which turned out to be a false alarm caused by a computer error.
The Adolescence of P-1
References
External links
The IMSAI computer used in the film
Category:1983 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:1980s thriller films
Category:Artificial intelligence in fiction
Category:Cold War films
Category:Computers in films
Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons
Category:Films about video games
Category:Films directed by John Badham
Category:Films set in Colorado
Category:Films set in Oregon
Category:Films set in Seattle, Washington
Category:Films set in Washington (state)
Category:Films shot in Colorado
Category:Films shot in Washington (state)
Category:United Artists films
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