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The Wuhuan (simplified Chinese: 乌桓; traditional Chinese: 烏桓; pinyin: Wūhuán) (Old Chinese: a war or ʔā wār) were a proto-Mongolic nomadic people who inhabited northern China, in what is now the provinces of Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, the municipality of Beijing and the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.

They were descended from the Donghu, who were defeated by the Xiongnu. After the Donghu were defeated by Modu Chanyu around 209 BC the Xianbei and Wuhuan survived as the main remnants of the confederation. The Hou Hanshu says that “the language and culture of the Xianbei are the same as the Wuhuan”. Tadun of the Wuhuan (died 207 AD) was the ancestor of the proto-Mongolic Kumo Xi (aka Tatabi). The Weishu (Description of the Khitan, Vol. 1000, 2221) records that the Kumo Xi and Khitan (descendants of the Mongolic Xianbei) spoke the same language.

The Hou Hanshu (Ch. 120) records:

The Wuhuan are skilled in mounted archery. They engage in hunting animals and birds. They nomadise from place to place in search of grass and water. Without permanent settlements they live in round yurts (穹廬 - qióng​lú). The entrance of the yurt faces the sun (east). They eat meat and drink kumiss (酪 - lào). They make clothes from fine wool (máocuì - 毛毳). Youthfulness and strength are held in esteem among them while old age and weakness are not. They are brave and valorous by nature. In anger they kill each other but nobody harms mothers, because the continuation of their progeny depends on their mothers. Fathers and elder brothers on the other hand can create their own separate tribes, so the original tribe does not bear responsibility for them. Whoever is brave, strong and able to deal with contentious cases of litigation are chosen to be elders (大人 - dà​ren, or taijin). The office of elder is not hereditary. Each nomadic community has its own small commander (帥 - shuài). A community is composed of a hundred to a thousand yurts. When an elder makes a proclamation they carve markings on wood (刻木為信 - kèmùwéixìn), even though they have no script, and none of the tribes dare to violate it.

In 209 BC Modu Chanyu, founder of the Xiongnu empire, defeated the Donghu. The Wuhuan and Xianbei were remnants of the Donghu who fled east. The Xianbei, of the lateral Donghu line, resided to the north of the Wuhuan. The Wuhuan were of the direct Donghu line and got involved in many relations with the Chinese due to their more southern location (around Liaodong). Until 121 BC the Wuhuan was a tributary of the Xiongnu empire. The Hou Hanshu (Ch. 120) says: "From the time that Modu Shanyu crushed them the Wuhuan became weak. They were kept in constant subjugation to the Xiongnu and were forced to pay annual taxes of cow, horse and sheep skins. If anybody did not pay this tax his wife and children were taken from him."

In 121 BC Han dynasty general Huo Qubing defeated the eastern wing of the Xiongnu. He then settled the Wuhuan in five districts (Shanggu, Youyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong) created on the northern Chinese border in order to make them observe the movements of the Xiongnu. This began the close relationship of the Wuhuan with the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). The chieftains of the Wuhuan paid annual visits to the Han capital Chang'an and were given high rewards. During the reign of Zhaodi (87-74 BC) the Wuhuan, who had become strong, looted the tombs of the Xiongnu emperors. The outraged Xiongnu rode east and defeated them. Fan Minyu was sent to aid the Wuhuan. The Xiongnu were out of his reach. Fan Minyu suddenly attacked the Wuhuan, defeated them and beheaded three of their kings. During the reign of Xuandi 74-49 BC the Wuhuan came frequently to the northern Chinese border and submitted to the Han dynasty. In 49 AD Hedan, the Wuhuan elder of the Liaoxi district, came to the Han court with 922 other chieftains and "paid tribute" to Emperor Guangwu of Han with slaves, cattle, horses, bows and tiger, leopard and sable skins.

They were active throughout the latter half of the Han Dynasty, often incorporated into the regular military forces of the Han armies. Unlike most major non-Chinese peoples on the frontiers of the Chinese empire, the Wuhuan were relatively cooperative with the imperial court. Around the fall of the dynasty in the 190s, however, the Wuhuan joined in many of the rebellions and internal wars of the Chinese. In the 200s, the "Wuhuan of the three commanderies", the tribes closest to the Chinese, supported Yuan Shao, the major warlord north of the Yellow River. In 207, Cao Cao led a forced march deep into Wuhuan territory and decisively defeated them at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain. Many Wuhuan's powerful horsemen joined him and became known as the "greatest cavalry under heaven". Although various Wuhuan leaders led sporadic revolts throughout the third century, by the fourth century they had largely been displaced by the Xianbei. The remaining Kumo Xi were finally absorbed by the Khitans in the 10th century.

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Nicholas Tse 謝霆鋒
Chinese name	謝霆鋒 (Traditional)
Chinese name	谢霆锋 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Xiè Tíngfēng (Mandarin)
Jyutping	ze6 ting4 fung1 (Cantonese)
Birth name	Tse Ting-fung (謝霆鋒)
Ancestry	Panyu, Guangdong, China
Origin	Hong Kong
Born	(1980-08-29) 29 August 1980 (age 31) Hong Kong
Occupation	Actor, musician, singer-songwriter, composer, director, producer
Genre(s)	Rock, pop
Instrument(s)	Vocals, guitar, drums
Label(s)	Emperor Entertainment Group
Years active	1996–present
Spouse(s)	Cecilia Cheung (2006 - 2011)
Children	Lucas Tse (b. 2007) Quintus Tse (b. 2010)
Parents	Patrick Tse, Deborah Lee
Official Website	Nic-zone.net
Awards Hong Kong Film Awards Best Actor 2011 The Stool Pigeon Best New Performer 1998 Young and Dangerous: The Prequel Best Supporting Actor 2010 Bodyguards and Assassins Hundred Flowers Awards Best Supporting Actor 2006 New Police Story Other awards World Music Awards Best-Selling Chinese Artist 2002, 2003 Asian Film Awards Best Supporting Actor 2010 Bodyguards and Assassins

Nicholas Tse (aka Tse Ting-fung, Chinese: 謝霆鋒, born 29 August 1980) is a Hong Kong singer and songwriter, musician, actor and entrepreneur. Tse is a member of the Emperor Entertainment Group.^[1]

He originally learned martial arts for the screen and television, which he continues to practice. In 2003, he founded Post Production Office Limited, the largest post-production company in Hong Kong, providing services for movies, videos games and advertisements, the company grosses over one billion Hong Kong dollars annually.^[2][3]

He has won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor (2011).^[4]

Early life[link]

Tse is the first of two children born to Hong Kong natives, actor Patrick Tse (謝賢) and actress Deborah Lee (狄波拉) raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.^[5] He has a younger sister, Jennifer Tse. He was educated at St. George's School, Vancouver, and later attended Hong Kong International School for one year before dropping out at grade 10.^[5] For a year he lived in Phoenix, Arizona before going back to Vancouver. He also studied music in Japan before returning to Hong Kong. He holds dual Canadian and Hong Kong citizenship.^[5]

Music[link]

Tse was singing at a party for a family friend when he was discovered by Albert Yeung, head of Emperor Entertainment Group. In 1997 Tse would sign a record deal with EEG under the Fitto label, releasing his first album, "My Attitude".^[5] The album was ranked 3rd on the top selling CD chart of IFPI.^[6] It was that year where he won the most popular new artist award.^[7]

Tse received mainstream success in 1998 with songs like "早知" (Knew it would be like that) and "如果只得一星期" (If there's only one week) and became a prominent successor in the entertainment industry. His received a musical award during the 1999 Jade Solid Gold Top 10 Awards with his popular song "非走不可" (No choice but leave).^[8] Recorded on 27 September 1993.

In 2000, Tse released the album and song "活著VIVA", regarded as his most popular song ever, furthered his career significantly. It was after this song which he became an A-list singer at the time. In 2001, he released the album "玉蝴蝶." The album had two hit songs: "玉蝴蝶" and "潛龍勿用".

Film[link]

Nicholas Tse's most notable action films are Dragon Tiger Gate, Gen-X Cops, Young and Dangerous: The Prequel, and Invisible Target. He also collaborated with Jackie Chan in New Police Story.^[9] Tse has also acted in romance films including Tiramisu and Jade Goddess of Mercy. Only later in his career did he participate in comedy roles including Enter the Phoenix, McDull, the Alumni, A Chinese Tall Story. In the Hong Kong translated version of A Bug's Life (蟲蟲特工隊), the character Flik was dubbed by Tse. He also lent his voice to the Chinese animation film Lotus Lantern. Tse has also won a film award for Bodyguards and Assassins in 2010, at the 4th Asian Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor, and Best Actor in 2011, at the 30th Hong Kong Film Awards, beating elders like Chow Yun Fat, Jacky Cheung and Nick Cheung.^[10]

TV series[link]

Tse has starred in two (or three) TVB Hong Kong local dramas depending on how you define drama. His acting resume includes Aiming High (撻出愛火花), The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (齊天大聖孫悟空) which is more of comedy or adventure than a drama, as well as the documentary On the Road II (向世界出發II), made in Cambodia. The rest of his drama series are filmed and produced by Mainland China companies. Most of Tse's drama are wuxia series, which are based in ancient Chinese societies.

Incidents[link]

2002 motoring incident[link]

In the early morning of 23 March 2002, Tse crashed his Ferrari 360 Modena in Hong Kong Central.^[11] Initially it was claimed that his driver was responsible for the crash, but further investigation by the ICAC revealed the story was fabricated, involving three other men and a police officer. Tse spent two weeks in prison^[12] and was sentenced to 240 hours of community service for obstruction of justice.^[5] Officer Lau Chi-Wai was sentenced to six months in prison. Although some viewed this charge as lenient, the 240 hours was the maximum punishment for this offence, given that Tse was a young offender at the time (21 years and 7 months). Nonetheless, some claimed that the sentence would send out a wrong message to Hong Kong youths, but it could be argued handing out a harsher sentence because he was a celebrity is just as inappropriate as handing out a lighter one. This incident had caused him to have a downfall in popularity.^[5] Tse have said that money to him has gone up by 40% since the accident.^[13] The car was originally a gift from the company EEG, as Tse himself accounted for 56% of the revenue.^[13]

2002 assault allegations[link]

Tse has had his share of brush-ups with 'paparazzi'. A photographer of Sudden Weekly magazine accused Tse of hitting him outside a restaurant in Taiwan, bruising his nose and elbow. Although Tse denied the assault charge, he settled in July 2002.^[14]

2003 motoring incident[link]

Tse had another accident in 2003, where he crashed his Toyota Camry in Wan Chai. He was banned from driving for six months and fined HK$4000 for reckless driving. Prior to this, he was fined HK$7,000 and had his license suspended for a year for two separate charges of speeding.^{[citation needed]}

2005 motoring incident[link]

He later had another accident in November 2005, where he collided with a Public Security Bureau Bus in an Audi RS4 in Lantau. He was banned from driving for another six months and fined HK$4,000, again for reckless driving. After the incident, Tse has resorted to travelling on a motorbike or scooter instead of an automobile.^{[citation needed]}

After the police charge, Tse spent several months to "discover himself", then releasing the album Reborn. He has stated that he would be taking a break from singing and be focusing on his acting for a year.

Personal life[link]

Tse once had a relationship with musician Faye Wong, who is 11 years his senior.^[15] On 31 July 2006, Tse officially admitted dating Cecilia Cheung in an interview with Hong Kong commercial radio station 881/903. On 29 September 2006, Tse showed off his wedding ring at the Hong Kong International Airport, announcing he and Cecilia Cheung were married in a secret wedding ceremony in the Philippines.^[5] The couple's son, Lucas, was born on 2 August 2007.^[16] Cheung gave birth to their second son, Quintus, on 12 May 2010. Nicholas Tse reportedly filed for divorce on the 14th of June, 2011.^[17]

Discography[link]

Most of Nicholas Tse's songs are based in the cantopop rock genre. Including "front, back, left, right" (前前後後左左右右), "Exposure" (曝光) and "Lonely Base" (寂寞堂口). Some of his songs are produced in Tse's own 'Nic Production' which was revealed in TVB interviews several times. However, one of Tse's most classical pop rock song is "Life Viva" (活著 Viva), which MTV features Tse with his flame guitar and a flamethrower, this song is widely known in Hong Kong.

Tse has also sang a number of duets with fellow cantopop singers, namely "Love" (愛) with Charlene Choi, "Second Life" (第二世), "Amen" (阿門) both with Joey Yung, "Kid" (細路) with Eason Chan, "You Cant Stop Me" with Sam Lee and Stephen Fung and "Beauty and the Beast"^[18] with Meilin 梅琳.

Filmography[link]

• Young and Dangerous: The Prequel (少年古惑仔之激鬥編) (1998) (Tse wins 'Best New Performer' in the Hong Kong Film Awards)
• Gen-X Cops (特警新人類) (1999)
• A Man Called Hero (中華英雄) (1999)
• Metade Fumaca (半支煙) (1999)
• Street Angels (少女党) (1999)
• The Mirror (怪談之魔鏡) (1999)
• Twelve Nights (十二夜) (2000)
• Winner Takes All (大贏家) (2000)
• Time and Tide (順流逆流) (2000) (Nominated and won: Venice Film Festival, Nominated: Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA)
• Comic King (漫畫風雲) (2001)
• Master Q 2001 (老夫子2001) (2001)
• Heroes in Love (戀愛起義) (2001) [writer/co-director only] (Nominated: Stockholm Film Festival)
• My Schoolmate, the Barbarian (我的野蠻同學) (2001)
• 2002 (2001)
• Tiramisu (戀愛行星) (2002)
• Demi-Haunted (魂魄唔齊) (2002)
• The Medallion (2003) [cameo]
• Jade Goddess of Mercy (玉觀音) (2004) (Nominated: Moscow International Film Festival, Nominated and won: Verona Love Screens Film Festival)
• Enter the Phoenix (大佬愛美麗) (2004) [cameo]
• Moving Targets (2004新紮師兄) (2004)
• New Police Story (新警察故事) (2004)
• A Chinese Tall Story (情癲大聖) (2005)
• The Promise(無極) (2005) (Nominated: Golden Globe, Fantasporto, Golden Trailer Awards)
• McDull, the Alumni (春田花花同學會) (2006)
• Dragon Tiger Gate (龍虎門) (2006)
• Rob-B-Hood (寶貝計畫/BB計畫) (2006) [cameo]
• The Heavenly Kings (四大天王) (2006) [cameo]
• Invisible Target (男兒本色) (2007)
• Beast Stalker (証人) (2008)
• Storm Rider Clash of the Evils (風雲決) (2008) [voice cast]
• The Storm Warriors (風雲2) – (Storm Riders Sequel) (2009)
• Bodyguards and Assassins (十月圍城) (2009) (Nominated: Asian Film Awards, Golden Globe, Fantasporto, Golden Trailer Awards and Won: Best Supporting Actor in Asian Film Awards and Hong Kong Film Award)^[19]
• Hot Summer Days (全城熱戀熱辣辣) (2010)
• The Stool Pigeon (綫人) (2010) (Won: Best Actor in Hong Kong Film Award)
• Shaolin (film)|Shaolin (新少林寺) (2011)
• Treasure Inn (財神客棧) (2011)
• The Viral Factor (逆戰) (2012)
• The Bullet Vanishes (消失的子弹) (2012)
• Special Rescue Heroes (特种救援英雄) (2012)

TV series[link]

• Aiming High (撻出愛火花) (1998) 20 episodes
• The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (齊天大聖孫悟空) (2002)
• The Proud Twins (2005 TV series)|The Proud Twins (小魚兒與花無缺) (2005)
• Wing Chun (詠春) (2006) 40 Episodes
• On the Road II (向世界出發II) (2007) Star in Episodes 2–6
• Big Shot (大人物) (2007)
• The Spirit of the Sword (浣花洗劍錄) (2008)
• Sword Heroes' Fate (剑侠情缘) (2011)
• The Next Magic (下一个奇迹) (2012)
• America's Next Top Model, Cycle 18 (2012) Star as a judge in one of the episodes ^[20]

Commercial endorsements[link]

Tse has been in More advertisements from brands such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Sony, Biolyn, New World Mobility, Oris and Matsunichi.^[21][22][23]

He has appeared in various magazines including: Men's Uno, Amoeba, Milk, Ming Pao and East Week, in various forms including television commercials, posters and magazine advertisements.

On 19 June 2006, wax statues of both Tse and Cheung were revealed at the Madame Tussauds Shanghai branch.^[24]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nicholas Tse at the Internet Movie Database
• Tse interview at SquatMagazine
• [2]
• Nic@EEG Music (Chinese)
• Nic@Mei Bo