Ulster-Scots
Ulstèr-Scotch, Ullans, (Braid) Scots,[1] Scotch[2][3]
Spoken in	United Kingdom (Northern Ireland), Republic of Ireland
Region	Ulster
Native speakers	est. 35,000–100,000  (date missing)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Anglo-Frisian Anglic Scots Ulster-Scots
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Northern Ireland
Regulated by	The cross-border Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch, established as a result of the Good Friday Agreement, promotes usage.
Language codes
ISO 639-3	sco
Linguasphere	52-ABA-aa (varieties: 52-ABA-aar to -aat)
Approximate boundaries of the traditional Scots language areas in Ulster, shaded in turquoise. Based on The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster (1972) by R. J. Gregg.[4]

Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots (called Ulstèr-Scotch by the Ulster-Scots Agency^[5] and Ulster-Scots Language Society)^[6] generally refers to the dialects of Scots^[7][8] spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland.^[4] Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent.^[9][10] This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English^[11] – where lexical items have been re-allocated to the phoneme classes that are nearest to the equivalent standard classes.^[11] Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English, particularly Mid Ulster English and Ulster Irish. Ulster Scots has also influenced Mid Ulster English, which is the dialect of most people in Ulster. As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots, varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as 'more English' or 'more Scots'.^[10]

Scots dialects were brought to Ulster during the early 17th century, when large numbers of Scots speakers arrived from Scotland during (and following) the Ulster Plantation.^[12] The earliest Scots writing in Ulster dates from that time, and until the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, written Scots from Ulster was almost identical with that of Scotland.^[13]

Since the 1990s, new orthographies have been created, which seek "to be as different to English (and occasionally Scots) as possible".^[14] It has been claimed that the recent "Ulster-Scots language and heritage cause has been set rolling only out of a sense of cultural rivalry among some Protestants and unionists, keen to counter-balance the onward march of the Irish language movement".^[15]

Names[link]

While once referred to as Scotch-Irish by several researchers, that has now been superseded by the term Ulster Scots.^[16] Native Speakers usually refer to their vernacular as 'braid Scots,^[17] 'Scotch'^[18][19] or the 'hamely tongue'.^[20] Since the 1980s Ullans, a portmanteau neologism popularized by the physician, amateur historian and politician Dr Ian Adamson,^[21] merging Ulster and Lallans — the Scots for Lowlands^[22] — but also an acronym for “Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech”^[23] and Ulstèr-Scotch,^[24][25] the preferred revivalist parlance, have also been used. Occasionally the term Hiberno-Scots is used,^[26] although it is usually used for the ethnic group rather than the vernacular.^[27]

Speaker population and spread[link]

During the middle of the 20th century, the linguist R. J. Gregg established the geographical boundaries of Ulster's Scots-speaking areas based on information gathered from native speakers.^[28]

Ulster Scots is spoken in east Antrim, north Down, north-east County Londonderry, the Laggan area of Donegal, and also in the fishing villages of the Mourne coast.^[29]

The 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey found that 2% of Northern Ireland residents claimed to speak Ulster Scots, which would mean a total speech community of approximately 30,000 in the territory.^[30] Other estimates range from 35,000 in Northern Ireland,^[31] to an "optimistic" total of 100,000 including the Republic of Ireland.^[32] Speaking at a seminar on 9 September 2004, Ian Sloan of the Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (DCAL) accepted that the 1999 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey "did not significantly indicate that unionists or nationalists were relatively any more or less likely to speak Ulster Scots, although in absolute terms there were more unionists who spoke Ulster Scots than nationalists".^{[citation needed]}

Status[link]

Enthusiasts such as Philip Robinson, author of "Ulster-Scots: A Grammar of the Traditional Written and Spoken Language",^[33] the Ulster-Scots Language Society^[34] and supporters of an Ulster-Scots Academy^[35] are of the opinion that Ulster Scots is a language in its own right. That position has been criticised by the Ulster-Scots Agency, a BBC report stating: "[The Agency] accused the academy of wrongly promoting Ulster-Scots as a language distinct from Scots."^[36] A position reflected in many of the Academic responses to the "Public Consultation on Proposals for an Ulster-Scots Academy"^[37]

Linguistic status[link]

Among academic linguists Ulster Scots, along with other varieties of Scots, is treated as a dialect of English, for example Raymond Hickey,^[38] or by others as a variety of the Scots language, for example Caroline Macafee, who writes "Ulster Scots is [...] clearly a dialect of Central Scots."^[39] And "Ulster Scots is one dialect of Lowland Scots, now officially regarded as a language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages."^[40] The Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure considers Ulster Scots to be "the local variety of the Scots language."^[41] Using the criteria on Ausbau languages developed by the German linguist Heinz Kloss, Ulster Scots could qualify only as a Spielart or 'national dialect' of Scots (cf. British and American English), since it does not have the Mindestabstand, or 'minimum divergence' necessary to achieve language status through standardisation and codification.^{[citation needed]}

Legal status[link]

Ulster Scots is defined in an Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland establishing implementation bodies done at Dublin on the 8th day of March 1999 in the following terms:

"Ullans" is to be understood as the variety of the Scots language traditionally found in parts of Northern Ireland and Donegal.

The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999,^[42] which gave effect to the implementation bodies incorporated the text of the agreement in its Schedule 1.

The declaration made by the United Kingdom Government regarding the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages reads as follows:^[43]

The United Kingdom declares, in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1 of the Charter that it recognises that Scots and Ulster Scots meet the Charter's definition of a regional or minority language for the purposes of Part II of the Charter.

The definition from the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999 above was used in the 1 July 2005 Second Periodical Report by the United Kingdom to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe outlining how the UK meets its obligations under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.^[44]

The Good Friday Agreement (which does not refer to Ulster Scots as a "language") also recognises Ulster Scots as "part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland", and the Implementation Agreement established the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch). The legislative remit laid down for the agency by the North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999 is: "the promotion of greater awareness and the use of Ullans and of Ulster-Scots cultural issues, both within Northern Ireland and throughout the island". The agency has adopted a mission statement: to promote the study, conservation, development and use of Ulster Scots as a living language; to encourage and develop the full range of its attendant culture; and to promote an understanding of the history of the Ulster-Scots people.^[45] The Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006^[46] amended the Northern Ireland Act 1998 to insert a section (28D) entitled Strategies relating to Irish language and Ulster Scots language etc. which inter alia laid on the Executive Committee a duty to "adopt a strategy setting out how it proposes to enhance and develop the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture." This reflects the wording used in the St Andrews Agreement to refer to the enhancement and development of "the Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture".^[47]

History and literature[link]

Middle Scots inscription "Godis Providens Is My Inheritans" over the main entrance door leading to the tower in Ballygally Castle.

Scots, mainly Gaelic-speaking, had been settling in Ulster since the 15th century, but large numbers of Scots-speaking Lowlanders, some 200,000, arrived during the 17th century following the 1610 Plantation, with the peak reached during the 1690s.^[12] In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to one.^[48]

Literature from shortly before the end of the unselfconscious tradition at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is almost identical with contemporary writing from Scotland.^[13] W G Lyttle, writing in Paddy McQuillan's Trip Tae Glesco, uses the typically Scots forms kent and begood, now replaced in Ulster by the more mainstream Anglic forms knew, knowed or knawed and begun. Many of the modest contemporary differences between Scots as spoken in Scotland and Ulster may be due to dialect levelling and influence from Mid Ulster English brought about through relatively recent demographic change rather than direct contact with Irish, retention of older features or separate development.^{[citation needed]}

The earliest identified writing in Scots in Ulster dates from 1571: a letter from Agnes Campbell of County Tyrone to Elizabeth I on behalf of Turlough O'Neil, her husband. Although documents dating from the Plantation period show conservative Scots features, English forms started to predominate from the 1620s as Scots declined as a written medium.^[49]

In Ulster Scots-speaking areas there was traditionally a considerable demand for the work of Scottish poets, often in locally printed editions. Alexander Montgomerie's The Cherrie and the Slae in 1700, shortly over a decade later an edition of poems by Sir David Lindsay, nine printings of Allan Ramsay's The Gentle shepherd between 1743 and 1793, and an edition of Robert Burns' poetry in 1787, the same year as the Edinburgh edition, followed by reprints in 1789, 1793 and 1800. Among other Scottish poets published in Ulster were James Hogg and Robert Tannahill.

Poetry by Robert Huddlestone (1814–1887) inscribed in paving in Writers' Square, Belfast

That was complemented by a poetry revival and nascent prose genre in Ulster, which started around 1720.^[50] The most prominent being the rhyming weaver poetry, of which, some 60 to 70 volumes were published between 1750 and 1850, the peak being in the decades 1810 to 1840, although the first printed poetry (in the Habbie stanza form) by an Ulster Scots writer was published in a broadsheet in Strabane in 1735.^[51] These weaver poets looked to Scotland for their cultural and literary models and were not simple imitators but clearly inheritors of the same literary tradition following the same poetic and orthographic practices; it is not always immediately possible to distinguish traditional Scots writing from Scotland and Ulster. Among the rhyming weavers were James Campbell (1758–1818), James Orr (1770–1816), Thomas Beggs (1749–1847), David Herbison (1800–1880), Hugh Porter (1780–1839) and Andrew McKenzie (1780–1839).

Scots was also used in the narrative by Ulster novelists such as W. G. Lyttle (1844–1896) and Archibald McIlroy (1860–1915). By the middle of the 19th century the Kailyard school of prose had become the dominant literary genre, overtaking poetry. This was a tradition shared with Scotland which continued into the early 20th century.^[50] Scots also regularly appeared in Ulster newspaper columns, especially in Antrim and Down, in the form of pseudonymous social commentary employing a folksy first-person style.^[49] The pseudonymous Bab M'Keen (probably successive members of the Weir family: John Weir, William Weir, and Jack Weir) provided comic commentaries in the Ballymena Observer and County Antrim Advertiser for over a hundred years from the 1880s.^[52]

A somewhat diminished tradition of vernacular poetry survived into the 20th century in the work of poets such as Adam Lynn, author of the 1911 collection Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey, John Stevenson (died 1932), writing as "Pat M'Carty", and John Clifford (1900–1983) from East Antrim.^[53] In the late 20th century the poetic tradition was revived, albeit often replacing the traditional Modern Scots orthographic practice with a series of contradictory idiolects.^[54] Among the significant writers is James Fenton, mostly using a blank verse form, but also occasionally the Habbie stanza.^[50] He employs an orthography that presents the reader with the difficult combination of eye dialect, dense Scots, and a greater variety of verse forms than employed hitherto.^[54] The poet Michael Longley (born 1939) has experimented with Ulster Scots for the translation of Classical verse, as in his 1995 collection The Ghost Orchid.^[52] Philip Robinson's (born 1946) writing has been described as verging on "post-modern kailyard".^[52] He has produced a trilogy of novels Wake the Tribe o Dan (1998), The Back Streets o the Claw (2000) and The Man frae the Ministry (2005), as well as story books for children Esther, Quaen o tha Ulidian Pechts and Fergus an tha Stane o Destinie, and two volumes of poetry Alang the Shore (2005) and Oul Licht, New Licht (2009).^[55]

A team in Belfast has begun translating portions of the Bible into Ulster Scots. The Gospel of Luke was published in 2009 by The Ullans Press.

Since the 1990s[link]

A sign for the Northern Ireland Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure. It shows the Irish translation (middle) and a translation in a form of Ulster Scots (bottom).^[56]

In 1992 the Ulster-Scots Language Society was formed for the protection and promotion of Ulster Scots, which some of its members viewed as a language in its own right, encouraging use in speech, writing and in all areas of life.

Within the terms of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages the British Government is obliged, among other things, to:

• Facilitate and/or encouragement of the use of Scots in speech and writing, in public and private life.
• Provide appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of the language at all appropriate stages.
• Provide facilities enabling non-speakers living where the language is spoken to learn it if they so desire.
• Promote study and research of the language at universities of equivalent institutions.

The Ulster-Scots Agency, funded by DCAL in conjunction with the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, is responsible for promotion of greater awareness and use of Ullans and of Ulster-Scots cultural issues, both within Northern Ireland and throughout the island. The agency was established as a result of the Belfast Agreement of 1998.

In 2001 the Institute of Ulster Scots Studies was established at the University of Ulster^[57]

An Ulster Scots Academy has been planned with the aim of conserving, developing, and teaching the language of Ulster-Scots in association with native speakers to the highest academic standards.^[35]

New orthographies[link]

A trilingual sign at Strule Arts Centre in Omagh showing English, Irish (middle) and a form of Ulster Scots (bottom).^[58]

By the early 20th century the literary tradition was almost extinct,^[59] though some 'dialect' poetry continued to be written.^[60] Much revivalist Ulster Scots has appeared, for example as "official translations", since the 1990s. However, it has little in common with traditional Scots orthography as described in Grant and Dixon’s Manual of Modern Scots (1921). Aodán Mac Póilin, an Irish language activist, has described these revivalist orthographies as an attempt to make Ulster Scots an independent written language and to achieve official status. They seek "to be as different to English (and occasionally Scots) as possible".^[14] He described it as a hotchpotch of obsolete words, neologisms (example: stour-sucker^[61] for vacuum cleaner), redundant spellings (example: qoho^[62] for who) and "erratic spelling".^[14] This spelling "sometimes reflects everyday Ulster Scots speech rather than the conventions of either modern or historic Scots, and sometimes does not".^[14] The result, Mac Póilin writes, is "often incomprehensible to the native speaker".^[14] In 2000, Dr John Kirk described the "net effect" of that "amalgam of traditional, surviving, revived, changed, and invented features" as an "artificial dialect". He added,

It is certainly not a written version of the vestigial spoken dialect of rural County Antrim, as its activists frequently urge, perpetrating the fallacy that it’s wor ain leid. (Besides, the dialect revivalists claim not to be native speakers of the dialect themselves!). The colloquialness of this new dialect is deceptive, for it is neither spoken nor innate. Traditional dialect speakers find it counter-intuitive and false...^[63]

In 2005, Gavin Falconer questioned officialdom's complicity, writing: "The readiness of Northern Ireland officialdom to consign taxpayers’ money to a black hole of translations incomprehensible to ordinary users is worrying".^[64] Recently produced teaching materials, have, on the other hand, been evaluated more positively.^[65]

Of the four peripheral varieties of Scots – the others being Insular, Northern and Southern Scots – Ulster Scots is the only one whose traditional written form is commonly indistinguishable from the main Central Scots variety.^[66]

Sample texts[link]

The Muse Dismissed (Hugh Porter 1780–1839)

Be hush'd my Muse, ye ken the morn

Begins the shearing o' the corn,

Whar knuckles monie a risk maun run,

An' monie a trophy's lost an' won,

Whar sturdy boys wi' might and main

Shall camp, till wrists an' thumbs they strain,

While pithless, pantin' wi' the heat,

They bathe their weazen'd pelts in sweat

To gain a sprig o' fading fame,

Before they taste the dear-bought cream—

But bide ye there, my pens an' papers,

For I maun up, an' to my scrapers—

Yet, min', my lass— ye maun return

This very night we cut the churn.

From The Lammas Fair (Robert Huddleston 1814–1889)

Tae sing the day, tae sing the fair,

That birkies ca' the lammas;

In aul' Belfast, that toun sae rare,

Fu' fain wad try't a gomas.

Tae think tae please a', it were vain,

And for a country plain boy;

Therefore, tae please mysel' alane,

Thus I began my ain way,

Tae sing that day.

Ae Monday morn on Autumn's verge

To view a scene so gay,

I took my seat beside a hedge,

To loiter by the way.

Lost Phoebus frae the clouds o' night,

Ance mair did show his face—

Ance mair the Emerald Isle got light,

Wi' beauty, joy, an' grace;

Fu' nice that day.

To M.H. (Barney Maglone^[67] 1820?–1875)

This wee thing's o' little value,

But for a' that it may be

Guid eneuch to gar you, lassie,

When you read it, think o' me.

Think o' whan we met and parted,

And o' a' we felt atween—

Whiles sae gleesome, whiles doon-hearted—

In yon cosy neuk at e'en.

Think o' when we dander't

Doon by Bangor and the sea;

How yon simmer day, we wander't

'Mang the fields o' Isle Magee.

Think o' yon day's gleefu' daffin'

(Weel I wot ye mind it still)

Whan we had sic slips and lauchin',

Spielin' daftly up Cave Hill.

Dinna let your e'en be greetin'

Lassie, whan ye think o' me,

Think upo' anither meetin',

Aiblins by a lanward sea.

See also[link]

• Scots language
• Ulster
• Ulster Scots people
• Ulster Irish
• Dictionary of the Scots Language
• History of the Scots language
• Languages of Ireland
• Languages in the United Kingdom
• W.F. Marshall
• Mid-Ulster English

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• BBC Ulster-Scots
• BBC A Kist o Wurds
• BBC Robin's Readings
• The Ulster-Scots Language Society.
• Pronunciation of Ulster Scots.
• Aw Ae Oo (Scots in Scotland and Ulster) and Aw Ae Wey (Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster)
• Listen to an Ulster Scots accent.
• 'Hover & Hear' Ulster Scots pronunciations, and compare with other accents from the UK and around the World.
• Language, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland.
• Public policy and Scots in Northern Ireland.
• Ulster Scots voices (BBC site)
• Ulster-Scots Online.
• Website promoting Ullans to the Gaelic community of Ireland.

This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2007)

Ulster Scots
(Ulstèr-Scotch)

John Ballance · Lord Cairns · Francis Hutcheson · Lord Craigavon  · Lord Kelvin · Ian Paisley · Samuel Ferguson · William Irvine ·
Total population
uncertain
Regions with significant populations
United States 3,570,427 [1]  Ulster  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  South Africa
Languages
English, Scots (especially the Ulster dialects), Irish
Religion
Presbyterianism
Related ethnic groups
Scottish · Irish · Welsh · English

The Ulster Scots (Ulster-Scots: tha Ulstèr-Scotch [fowk])^[2] are an ethnic group that has lived on the island of Ireland since the 17th Century, and are predominantly citizens of the United Kingdom. Their ancestors were Scots from the Scottish Lowlands and English people from counties close to Scotland, many being from the "Border Reivers" culture. These people migrated to the island of Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, a planned process of colonisation which took place under the auspices of James VI of Scotland and I of England on land often confiscated from the Irish nobility, most extensively in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.

Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile. Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States; "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term,^[3] and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.

History[link]

Early development[link]

Traditional provincial flag of Ulster.

Scottish Saltire.

Although population movement of Gaels to and from the northeast of Ireland and the west of Scotland had been on-going since pre-historic times, a class of warriors from the west of what is now Scotland fought in significant numbers as mercenaries for Irish kings from the mid-13th century to the end of the 16th century. These were known as gallowglass, from the Irish for "foreign gaels", referring to their mixed Norse and Gaelic heritage. Many settled in Ireland at the conclusion of their service. The next major influx of Scots was a concentrated migration of Lowland Scots to Ulster, mainly during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The first major influx of border English and Lowland Scots into Ulster came in the first two decades of the 17th century. Starting in 1609, Scots began arriving into state-sponsored settlements as part of the Plantation of Ulster. This scheme was intended to confiscate all the lands of the Gaelic Irish nobility in Ulster and to settle the province with Protestant English and Scottish colonists. Under this scheme, a substantial number of Scots were settled, mostly in the south and west of Ulster, on confiscated land.

At the same time, there was an independent Scottish settlement in the east of the province, which had not been affected by the terms of the plantation. In east Down and Antrim, Scottish migration was led by James Hamilton and Sir Hugh Montgomery, two Ayrshire lairds. This started in May 1606 and was followed in 1610.

During the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the native Irish gentry attempted to expel the English and Scottish settlers, resulting in severe violence, massacres and ultimately leading to the deaths of between four and six thousand settlers over the winter of 1641-42.^[4] Native Irish civilians were massacred in kind.^[5] By 1642 native Irish were de facto in control of much of the nation under a Confederate Ireland, with about a third under the control of the opposition.

The Ulster-Scottish population in Ireland was further augmented during the subsequent Irish Confederate Wars, when a Scottish Covenanter army was landed in the province to protect the Ulster-Scottish settlers from native Irish landowners. After the war was over, many of their soldiers settled permanently in eastern Ulster.^[6] The war itself, part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, ended in the 1650s, with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. At the head of the army, Oliver Cromwell re-conquered all of Ireland. Defeating the native Irish forces on behalf of the English Commonwealth, he and his forces employed methods and inflicted casualties among the civilian Irish population that were long commonly considered by historians and the popular culture to be outside of the accepted military ethics of the day (see more on the debate here). Under the Act of Settlement 1652, all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and the Plantations, which had been destroyed by the rebellion of 1641, were restored. However, due to the Scots' enmity to the English Parliament in the final stages of the English Civil War, English settlers rather than Scots were the main beneficiary of this scheme.

There was a generation of calm in Ireland until another war broke out in 1689, again due to political conflict closely aligned with ethnic and religious differences. The Williamite war in Ireland (1689–91) was fought between Jacobites who supported the restoration of the Catholic James II to the throne of England and Williamites who supported the Protestant William of Orange. The Protestant Ulster community, including the Scots, fought on the Williamite side in the war against Irish Catholics and their French allies. The fear of a repeat of the massacres of 1641, religious persecution under a Catholic monarch, as well as their wish to hold onto lands which had been confiscated from Catholic landowners, were all principal motivating factors.

The Williamite forces, composed of British, Dutch and Danish armies as well as troops raised in Ulster, ended Jacobite resistance by 1691, confirming the Protestant monopoly on power in Ireland. Their victories at Derry, the Boyne and Aughrim are still commemorated by the Orange Order into the 21st century.

Finally, another major influx of Scots into northern Ireland occurred in the late 1690s, when tens of thousands of people fled a famine in Scotland to come to Ulster.^[7]

It was only after the 1690s that Scottish settlers and their descendants, the majority of whom were Presbyterian, gained numeric superiority in Ulster. Along with Catholic Irish, they were legally disadvantaged by the Penal Laws, which gave full rights only to members of the state church (the Church of Ireland), who were mainly Anglo-Irish and converts or the descendants of English settlers. For this reason, up until the 19th century, there was considerable disharmony between Dissenters and the ruling Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. With the enforcement of Queen Anne's 1703 Test Act, which caused further discrimination against all who did not participate in the established church, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots migrated to the colonies in British America throughout the 18th century.

Towards the end of the 18th century many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians ignored religious differences and, along with many Catholic Irish, joined the United Irishmen to participate in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 in support of republican and egalitarian ideals.

1800 - Present[link]

This section requires expansion.

Scotch-Irish / Ulster Scots[link]

Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was the first of Scotch-Irish extraction.

Just a few generations after arriving in Ulster, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to the North American colonies of Great Britain. Between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the United States of America.^[8] In the United States Census of 2000, 4.3 million Americans (1.5% of the population of the United States) claimed Scotch-Irish ancestry. The author Jim Webb suggests that the true number of people with some Scotch-Irish heritage in the United States is more in the region of 27 million, possibly because contemporary Americans with some Scotch-Irish heritage may regard themselves as either Irish or Scottish.^[9][10][11]