Sight & Sound (ISSN 0037-4806) is a British monthly film magazine published by the British Film Institute (BFI).

Sight & Sound was first published in 1932 and in 1934 management of the magazine was handed to the nascent BFI, which still publishes the magazine today. Sight & Sound was published quarterly for most of its history until the early 1990s, apart from a brief run as a monthly publication in the early 1950s, but in 1991 it merged with another BFI publication, the Monthly Film Bulletin, and started to appear monthly. The journal was edited by Gavin Lambert from 1949 to 1955, and from 1956 to 1990 by Penelope Houston. The relaunch editor was Philip Dodd. It is currently edited by Nick James. The magazine reviews all film releases each month, including those with a limited (art house) release, as opposed to most film magazines which concentrate on those films with a general release. Sight and Sound features a full cast and crew credit list for each reviewed film.

Every decade, Sight & Sound asks an international group of film professionals to vote for their greatest film of all time. Critics are asked to provide a top ten list; in 1992, directors were invited to participate in a separate poll. The individual results are eclectic; in the 2002 poll, 885 different films received at least one mention from one voter. Even the top-of-the-list consensus has its limits. In 2002, both the critics and the directors selected Stanley Kubrick films in their top ten; however, the critics chose 2001: A Space Odyssey, while the directors preferred Dr. Strangelove. The Sight & Sound accolade has come to be regarded as one of the most important of the "greatest ever film" polls. Roger Ebert described it as "by far the most respected of the countless polls of great movies--the only one most serious movie people take seriously."^[1] The first poll, in 1952, was topped by Bicycle Thieves. The five subsequent polls (1962–2002) were won by Citizen Kane (which finished 13th in 1952).^[2] Just two films have appeared in all six of the magazine's six decennial polls: The Battleship Potemkin and La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game).

Sight & Sound has in the past been the subject of criticism, notably from Raymond Durgnat, who often accused it of elitism, puritanism and upper-middle-class snobbery, although he did write for it in the 1950s, and again in the 1990s.^{[citation needed]}

Critics' Top Ten Poll[link]

1952[link]

01. Bicycle Thieves (25 mentions)

02. City Lights (19 mentions)

02. The Gold Rush (19 mentions)

04. The Battleship Potemkin (16 mentions)

05. Intolerance (12 mentions)

05. Louisiana Story (12 mentions)

07. Greed (11 mentions)

07. Le Jour se leve (11 mentions)

07. The Passion of Joan of Arc (11 mentions)

10. Brief Encounter (10 mentions)

10. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (10 mentions)

10. Le Million (10 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: Citizen Kane, La Grande Illusion, and The Grapes of Wrath (9 mentions apiece)

1962[link]

01. Citizen Kane (22 mentions)

02. L'avventura (20 mentions)

03. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (19 mentions)

04. Greed (17 mentions)

04. Ugetsu Monogatari (17 mentions)

06. The Battleship Potemkin (16 mentions)

07. Bicycle Thieves (16 mentions)

07. Ivan the Terrible (16 mentions)

09. La terra trema (14 mentions)

10. L'Atalante (13 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: Hiroshima Mon Amour, Pather Panchali and Zero de Conduite (11 mentions apiece)

1972[link]

01. Citizen Kane (32 mentions)

02. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (28 mentions)

03. The Battleship Potemkin (16 mentions)

04. 8½ (15 mentions)

05. L'avventura (12 mentions)

05. Persona (12 mentions)

07. The Passion of Joan of Arc (11 mentions)

08. The General (10 mentions)

08. The Magnificent Ambersons (10 mentions)

10. Ugetsu Monogatari (9 mentions)

10. Wild Strawberries (9 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: The Gold Rush, Hiroshima mon Amour, Ikiru, Ivan the Terrible, Pierrot le Fou, and Vertigo (8 mentions apiece)

1982[link]

01. Citizen Kane (45 mentions)

02. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (31 mentions)

03. Seven Samurai (15 mentions)

04. Singin' in the Rain (15 mentions)

05. 8½ (14 mentions)

06. The Battleship Potemkin (13 mentions)

07. L'avventura (12 mentions)

07. The Magnificent Ambersons (12 mentions)

07. Vertigo (12 mentions)

10. The General (11 mentions)

10. The Searchers (11 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: 2001: A Space Odyssey and Andrei Rublev (10 mentions apiece)

1992[link]

01. Citizen Kane (43 mentions)

02. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (32 mentions)

03. Tokyo Story (22 mentions)

04. Vertigo (18 mentions)

05. The Searchers (17 mentions)

06. L'Atalante (15 mentions)

06. The Passion of Joan of Arc (15 mentions)

06. Pather Panchali (15 mentions)

06. The Battleship Potemkin (15 mentions)

10. 2001: A Space Odyssey (14 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: Bicycle Thieves and Singin' in the Rain (10 mentions apiece)

2002[link]

01. Citizen Kane (46 mentions)

02. Vertigo (41 mentions)

03. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) (30 mentions)

04. The Godfather and The Godfather Part II (23 mentions)

05. Tokyo Story (22 mentions)

06. 2001: A Space Odyssey (21 mentions)

07. The Battleship Potemkin (19 mentions)

07. Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (19 mentions)

09. 8½ (18 mentions)

10. Singin' in the Rain (17 mentions)

• Closest runners-up: The Seven Samurai and The Searchers (15 mentions apiece)

2012[link]

A new rule was imposed for this ballot: related films that are considered part of a larger whole (e.g. "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II", Krzysztof Kieslowski's "Three Colors trilogy" and "Dekalog", or Satyajit Ray's "Apu trilogy") were to be treated as separate films for voting purposes.

Directors' Top Ten Poll[link]

1992[link]

01. Citizen Kane

02. 8½

03. Raging Bull

04. La Strada

05. L'Atalante

06. The Godfather

06. Modern Times

06. Vertigo

09. The Godfather Part II

10. The Passion of Joan of Arc

10. Rashomon

10. Seven Samurai

2002[link]

01. Citizen Kane

02. The Godfather and The Godfather Part II

03. 8½

04. Lawrence of Arabia

05. Dr. Strangelove

06. Bicycle Thieves

06. Raging Bull

06. Vertigo

09. Rashomon

09. La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game)

09. Seven Samurai

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Pam Cook and Philip Dodd (eds): Women and Film. A Sight and Sound Reader, London: Scarlet Press, 1994, 287 p.
• Jacqueline Louviot: Le regard de Sight and Sound sur le cinéma britannique des années 50 et 60 (What Sight and Sound Saw: Sight and Sound on British Cinema during the Fifties and Sixties), French doctoral thesis, University of Strasbourg II, 1997, 980 p.
• David Wilson (ed): Sight and Sound. A Fiftieth Anniversary Selection, London: Faber and Faber in association with BFI Publishing, 1982, 327 p.

External links[link]

• Sight & Sound website

Chris Rock
Rock at the 2012 premiere of What to Expect When You're Expecting
Birth name	Christopher Julius Rock III
Born	(1965-02-07) February 7, 1965 (age 47) Andrews, South Carolina, U.S.
Medium	comedy, television, film
Nationality	American
Years active	1984–present
Genres	Black humor, musical comedy, observational comedy, political satire, satire
Subject(s)	African-American culture, American politics, current events, human sexuality, marriage, pop culture, race relations, racism
Influences	Bill Cosby, Redd Foxx, Dick Gregory, Flip Wilson, Richard Pryor, Steve Martin, Pigmeat Markham, Woody Allen, Eddie Murphy,[1] Sam Kinison, George Carlin, Mort Sahl,[2] Rodney Dangerfield,[3] Bill Hicks
Influenced	Dave Chappelle,[2] Christian Finnegan,[4] George Lopez[5]
Spouse	Malaak Compton-Rock (November 23, 1996 – present; 2 children)
Website	ChrisRock.com
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Writing for a Variety or Music Program 1997 Chris Rock: Bring the Pain 1999 The Chris Rock Show Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special 1997 Chris Rock: Bring the Pain Outstanding Writing For Variety, Music or Comedy Special 2009 Chris Rock: Kill the Messenger
Grammy Awards
Best Spoken Comedy Album 1998 Roll with the New 2000 Bigger & Blacker Best Comedy Album 2006 Never Scared
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Male Performer in a TV Special 2000 Chris Rock: Bigger & Blacker

Christopher Julius "Chris" Rock III^[6] (born February 7, 1965)^[7][8] is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, television producer, film producer, and director.

After working as a standup comic and appearing in small film roles, Rock came to wider prominence as as a cast member of Saturday Night Live in the early 1990s. He went on to more prominent film roles, and a series of acclaimed comedy specials for HBO.

He was voted in the US as the 5th greatest stand-up comedian of all time by Comedy Central.^[9] He was also voted in the UK as the 9th greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007, and again in the updated 2010 list as the 8th greatest stand-up comic.

Early life[link]

Rock was born in Andrews, South Carolina. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved to Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York. A few years later, they relocated and settled in the working-class area of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn.^[6] His mother, Rosalie (née Tingman), was a teacher and social worker for the mentally handicapped; his father, Julius Rock, was a former truck driver and newspaper deliveryman.^[10] Julius died in 1988 after ulcer surgery.^[11] His younger brothers Tony, Kenny^[12] and Jordan^[13] are also in the entertainment business. His older half-brother, Charles, died in 2006 after a long struggle with alcoholism.^[14][15] Rock has said that he was influenced by the performing style of his paternal grandfather, Allen Rock, a preacher.^[6][16]

Rock was bused to schools in predominately white neighborhoods of Brooklyn, where he endured bullying and beatings from white students.^[17][18][19] As he got older, the bullying became worse and Rock's parents pulled him out of James Madison High School.^[19] He decided to drop out of high school altogether and later received a GED. Rock worked menial jobs at various fast-food restaurants.^[17][18]

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Rock began doing stand-up comedy in 1984 in New York City's Catch a Rising Star.^[6][17] He slowly rose up the ranks of the comedy circuit in addition to earning bit roles in the film I'm Gonna Git You Sucka and the TV series Miami Vice. Upon seeing his act at a nightclub, Eddie Murphy befriended and mentored the aspiring comic. Murphy gave Rock his first film role in Beverly Hills Cop II.

George Carlin was probably the biggest influence for him.^[3] Other major influences have been Sam Kinison, with whom he managed to hang out with,^[3] Richard Pryor and Eddie Murphy.^[3][1] Other influences have been Mort Sahl,^[2] Rodney Dangerfield,^[3] Bill Cosby, Woody Allen, Bill Hicks, Redd Foxx, Dick Gregory, Flip Wilson, Steve Martin and Pigmeat Markham. Among the contemporaries, in 2008 he said he enjoys Chris Tucker and Adam Sandler.^[3]

[edit] Saturday Night Live

Rock became a cast member of the popular sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live in 1990. He and other new cast members Chris Farley, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider and David Spade became known as the Bad Boys of SNL. In 1991, he released his first comedy album Born Suspect and won acclaim for his dramatic role as a crack addict in the film New Jack City. His tenure on SNL gave Rock national exposure.

Standup success[link]

A frustrated Rock left Saturday Night Live in 1993, appearing instead as a "special guest" star on the predominantly African American sketch show In Living Color. The show, however, was canceled months later. Rock then decided to concentrate on a film career. He wrote and starred in the mockumentary CB4 but the film was not a success. Acting jobs became scarce, and Rock abandoned Hollywood to concentrate on stand-up comedy.^[16]

Rock starred in his first HBO comedy special in 1994 titled Big Ass Jokes. But it was his second stand-up special, 1996's Bring the Pain, that reinvented Rock as one of the best comedians in the industry.^[20][21] For it Rock won two Emmy Awards and gained large critical acclaim.^[22] The segment on race in America, in which Rock used the "N word" extensively was most talked about.^[22] Adding to his popularity was his much-publicized role as a commentator for Comedy Central's Politically Incorrect during the 1996 Presidential elections^[20] which earned him another Emmy nomination.^[23] Rock also was the voice for the "Lil Penny" puppet who was the alter ego to basketball star Penny Hardaway in a series of Nike shoe commercials from 1994–1998,^[20] and hosted the '97 MTV Video Music Awards.

Rock later had two more HBO comedy specials: Bigger & Blacker in 1999, and Never Scared in 2004. Articles relating to both specials called Rock "the funniest man in America" in Time^[24] and Entertainment Weekly.^[2] HBO also aired his talk show, The Chris Rock Show, which gained critical acclaim for Rock's interviews with celebrities and politicians. The show won an Emmy for writing. His television work has won him a total of three Emmy Awards and 15 nominations.^[23] By the end of the decade, Rock was established as one of the preeminent stand-up comedians and comic minds of his generation.

During this time, Rock also translated his comedy into print form in the book Rock This! and released the Grammy Award-winning comedy albums, Roll with the New, Bigger & Blacker and Never Scared.

Rock's fifth HBO special, Kill the Messenger, premiered on September 27, 2008, and won him another Emmy for outstanding writing for a variety or music program.^[25]

Film and television[link]

Rock at the Israeli premiere of Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, on November 22, 2008.

It was not until the success of his stand-up act in the late 1990s that Rock began receiving major parts in films. These include roles in Dogma, Beverly Hills Ninja, Lethal Weapon 4, Nurse Betty, The Longest Yard, Bad Company, and a starring role in Down to Earth. Rock has also increasingly worked behind the camera, both as a writer and director of Head of State and I Think I Love My Wife. In the fall of 2005, the UPN television network premiered a comedy series called Everybody Hates Chris, based on Rock's school days, of which he is the executive producer and narrator. The show has garnered both critical and ratings success.^[26] The series was nominated for a 2006 Golden Globe for Best TV Series (Musical or Comedy), a 2006 People's Choice Award for Favorite New Television Comedy, and two 2006 Emmy Awards for costuming and cinematography.^[27]

Following the release of his first documentary, 2009's Good Hair, Rock is working on a documentary about debt called Credit Is the Devil.^[28]

Academy Awards[link]

In early 2005, Rock hosted the 77th Academy Awards ceremony. The decision to have Rock host the awards was seen by some as a chance to bring an "edge" to the ceremony, and to make it more relevant or appealing to younger audiences. Jokingly, Rock opened by saying "Welcome to the 77th and LAST Academy Awards!" During one segment Rock asked, "Who is this guy?" in reference to actor Jude Law seemingly appearing in every movie Rock had seen that year and implied Law was a low-rent Tom Cruise (he made a joke about filmmakers rushing production when unable to get the actors they want: "If you want Tom Cruise and all you can get is Jude Law, wait [to make the film]!"). Subsequently, a defensive Sean Penn took the stage to present and said, "In answer to our host's question, Jude Law is one of our finest young actors." (At the time, Penn and Law were shooting All the King's Men.) Law was not the only actor that Rock poked fun at that evening, however—he turned the joke on himself at one point, saying, "If you want Denzel [Washington] and all you can get is me, wait!" Older Oscar officials were reportedly displeased with Rock's performance, which did not elevate ratings for the ceremony.^[29] Rock was also criticized for referring to the Oscars as "idiotic", and asserting that heterosexual men do not watch them, in an interview prior to Oscar night.^[30][31]

Music videos[link]

Rock's first music video was for his song "Your Mother's Got a Big Head" from his album Born Suspect. Rock also made videos for his songs "Champagne" from Roll With the New and "No Sex (In the Champagne Room)" from Bigger & Blacker. Chris Rock also directed and appeared in the music video for the Red Hot Chili Peppers song "Hump de Bump".

Rock appeared in the Big Daddy Kane music video "Smooth Operator" as a guy getting his hair cut.

He also appeared in Johnny Cash's "God's Gonna Cut You Down", one of the many celebrities seen lip-synching the song.

Stage plays[link]

In 2011, Rock appeared on Broadway in Stephen Adly Guirgis' play The Motherfucker with the Hat^[32] with Bobby Cannavale and Annabella Sciorra.^[32] Rock was nominated for a Drama League Award.

Comedic style and views[link]

Rock's subject matter typically involves family, politics, romance, music, class relationships, and race relations in the United States. Though not strictly autobiographical, much of his comic standpoint seem rooted in his teenage experience; his strict parents, concerned about the inadequacies of the local school system, arranged to have the adolescent Rock bused to a nearly all-white high school in Bensonhurst (an Italian-ethnic neighborhood of Brooklyn known at the time for poor race relations). In his memoir Rock This, the comedian recalls, "My parents assumed I'd get a better education in a better neighborhood. What I actually got was a worse education in a worse neighborhood. And a whole bunch of ass-whippings."^[33]

The comedian has also expressed discomfort with the notion that success in standup comedy—or, indeed, in any aspect of the entertainment industry—should oblige him to serve as a role model. In this position, he finds himself directly at odds with one of his comic idols, Bill Cosby. Cosby has reprimanded Rock both explicitly—for his famous/notorious Niggas vs. Black People track—and implicitly, for heavy use of the word "nigger."^[34] Rock has not wavered from a position explored in his 1996 Roll With The New show, and reiterated in his 1997 memoir: "Why does the public expect entertainers to behave better than everybody else? It's ridiculous...Of course, this is just for black entertainers. You don't see anyone telling Jerry Seinfeld he's a good role model. Because everyone expects whites to behave themselves...Nowadays, you've got to be an entertainer and a leader. It's too much."^[35] Often the subject of tabloids, when asked about paparazzi and the other negative aspects of fame, Rock says he accepts the bad with the good: "You can't be happy that fire cooks your food and be mad it burns your fingertips."^[36]

At the London Live Earth concert on July 7, 2007, which was broadcast live on the BBC, before introducing the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rock called the crowd "motherfuckers" and "shit" after a brief sigh when he said he was joking. Due to the broadcast being at 5:45 pm Rock was immediately cut off, and the BBC made several apologies for his use of the word "motherfucker".^[37]

Personal life[link]

Rock has been married to Malaak Compton-Rock since November 23, 1996.^[38] She is the founder and executive director of StyleWorks, a non-profit, full-service salon that provides free services for women leaving welfare and entering the workforce.^[38] They have two daughters together, Lola Simone (born June 28, 2002) and Zahra Savannah (born May 22, 2004).^[39]

In November 2006, the entertainment news website TMZ.com reported that Rock was filing for divorce after nearly ten years of marriage to Malaak.^[40] Two weeks later, however, TMZ reported that Rock had not filed divorce papers, and that it appeared that the couple had been able to work out their differences and stay together.^[41] In response to the reports, the Rocks released a statement to the press denouncing them as "untrue rumors and lies".^[38]

In 2007, freelance journalist and former actress Kali Bowyer filed a paternity suit against Chris Rock, claiming he was the father of her son, and in need of hospitalization.^[42] DNA testing proved that Rock was not the child's father.^{[43][dead link]}

Rock resides in Alpine, New Jersey.^[44]

In 2008, Rock's family history was profiled on the PBS series African American Lives 2. A DNA test showed that he is descended from the Udeme people of northern Cameroon.^[45] Rock's great-great-grandfather, Julius Caesar Tingman, was a slave for 21 years before serving as part of the United States Colored Troops until 1866; Tingman fought in the American Civil War. During the 1940s, Rock's paternal grandfather moved from South Carolina to New York City to become a taxicab driver and preacher.^[46]

Work[link]

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

Television[link]

Books[link]

• Rock This! (Hyperion Books, 1997) – ISBN 0-7868-6289-0

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chris Rock

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Chris Rock

• Official website
• Chris Rock at the Internet Movie Database
• Chris Rock on Charlie Rose