This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2009)

Lalu Alex is a Malayali film actor.

Early life[link]

Lalu Alex was born in a orthodox family in Piravom near Muvattupuzha, Kerala, on March 26, 1953.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

He started his career as a supporting actor in "Ee Gaanam Marakkumo" in 1978. His early career involved roles in such I. V. Sasi's films as Thrishna, Thusharam, Ahimsa .His outstanding performance was in Geo movies production, I.V.Sasi directed "Ee nadu" as SP Alexander.After that he had acted in villianous-charecter roles in films like I.V.Sasi's Kanamarayath, Alkootathil Thaniye, John Jaffer Janardhanan, Mrugaya and Balachandra Menon's Karyam Nissaram and Prasnam Gurutharam. Joshy was another director who had given him roles in films like Aa Ratri,Bhookambam,Alakadalin Akkare,Minimol Vathikanil,Muhurtham 11.30,Nair Saab etc.... He has worked with directors such as K. Madhu in Adikkurippu, Chathuangam and Munnam Murra, Sathyan Anthikkad in Kalikkalam Oral Mathram, and Kamal in Manjupole Oru Penkutty and Niram. In the 1990's he turned to comic roles.

His use of comedy, unique dialogue delivery and performance skill has rendered him as a notable figure in the industry.^{[citation needed]} His roles as a police officer, as a Kottayam-based businessman, and as a priest in many movies have been impressive.^{[citation needed]} Lalu Alex and Kunchako Boban form a popular father-son duo. Their combination as father and son respectively in such films as Niram and Mummy and Me are unforgettable.^{[citation needed]}

Filmography[link]

• Maad Dad (2012)
• Cobra: Kottayam Brothers
• Indian Rupee (2011)
• Orma Mathram (2011)
• Seniors (2011)
• Shankaranum Mohananum (2011)
• Ven Shankhu Pol (2011)
• Janapriyan (2011)
• August 15 (2011)
• Shikkar (2010)
• Mummy & Me (2010)
• Ividam Swargamanu (2009) .... Aluva Chandy
• Angel John (2009) .... Joseph
• Pazhassi Raja(2009) .... Emman Nair
• Hailesa (2009) .... Ganapathi Iyer
• Love In Singapore (2009)
• Vellathooval (2009)
• Utharaswayamvaram (2009) .... Ponnuveetil Mahadevan
• Sulthan (2008)
• Twenty:20 (2008) .... D.I.G. Krishnadas
• Maya Bazar (2008)
• Raudram (2008) .... S.P. Thomas Antony
• Pachamarathanalil (2008) .... Alfie
• Kangaroo (2007) .... Stephan
• Chocolate (2007) .... Mathews
• Nasrani (2007) .... K. Rajagopal
• Mission 90 Days (2007) .... DIG Rajiv
• Rakshakan (2007)
• November Rain (2007)
• Inspector Garud (2007) .... Rajan Joseph
• Pathaka (2006) .... Chief Minister
• Bharatchandran IPS (2005) .... Habeeb Basheer I.P.S.
• Vacation (2005) .... Martin
• Sathyam (2004) .... Police Officer
• Manjupoloru Penkutti (2004) .... Immanuel
• Njaan Salperu Raman Kutty (2004) .... Velayudhan
• Sasneham Sumithra (2004)
• Pulival Kalyanam (2003) .... Raghavendra Sett
• Chronic Bachelor (2003) .... Balagangadharan/Shekharankutty
• Mullavalliyum Thenmavum (2003) .... Dr. Alex
• Kalyanaraman (2002) .... Thampi
• Chathurangam (2002) .... Methikkalam Thommichan
• Phantom (2002) .... 'Dhimdhi' Mathai
• Saivar Thirumeni (2001) .... Pappan
• Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal (2000) .... Ashok
• Aayiram Meni (1999) .... Varkey
• Mazhavillu (1999) .... Varkeychan
• Niram (1999) .... Dr. Sunny
• Sidhartha (1998) .... Commissioner
• Irattakuttikalude Achan (1997)
• Oral Mathram (1997) .... Mathews
• Siamese Irattakal (1997)
• Mandrika Kuthira (1996)
• Nirnayam (1995) ....Commisioner Javed Khan
• Sadaram (1995) .... Harichandra Menon
• Vishnu (1994) .... Jailor
• The City (1994) .... Commissioner
• Kashmeeram (1994) .... Rajan
• Manathe Vellitheru (1994) .... Thomas Jacob
• Minnaram (1994)
• Padheyam (1993) .... Harikumara Menon
• Adayalam (1991)
• Kankettu (1991) .... Jaffer
• Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu (1990) .... Joy
• Oliyampukal (1990) .... Jameskutty
• Kalikkalam (1990) .... Mathews
• Appu (1990) .... Adv. Prabhakaran
• Arhatha (1990) .... Sethu
• Nammude Naade (1990)
• Orukkam (1990) .... Narayanankutty
• Varthamana Kalam (1990) .... George Thomas

• Mrigaya (1989)
• Nair Saab (1989)
• Adikkurippu (1989) .... Captain
• Puthiya Karukkal (1989) .... Dr. Thomas Kurien
• Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas (1989) .... Dasan
• Vadakkunokkiyantram (1989) .... Capt. Balan

• Vicharana (1988) .... Johny
• Moonnam Mura (1988) .... Charles
• Simon Peter Ninakku Vendi (1988) .... Arjun

• Aankiliyude Tharattu (1987) .... Rajesh
• Nombarathi Poovu (1987) .... Sethu
• Ithrayum Kalam (1987) .... Alex
• Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham (1987) .... Sethuraman
• Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku (1987) .... George Thomas
• January Oru Orma (1987) .... Minnal Dineshan

• Veendum (1986) .... Sukumaran
• Nyayavidhi (1986) .... Kavil Johnie
• Adukkan Entheluppam (1986) .... Nandakumar
• Snehamulla Simham (1986) .... Venu
• Shyama (1986) .... Chandran
• Ente Entethu Mathram (1986) .... Gowthaman
• Oppam Oppathinoppam (1986) .... Mathachan

• Kandu Kandarinju (1985) .... Grasscourt Kumar
• Karimpin Poovinakkare (1985) .... Vasu
• Aa Neram Alppam Dooram (1985) .... Dinesh Varma
• Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar (1985) .... Sreedharan
• Oru Nokku Kanan (1985) .... Gopan
• Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu (1985) .... Tony
• Ambada Njane! (1985) .... Peethambaran
• Upaharam! (1985) .... Achayan
• Onningu vannegil (1985) ....
• Akkachide Kunjuvava (1985) ....
• Oru Kuda keezil (1985) ....
• Iniyum Katha Thudarum (1985) ....
• Avidathe pole ividayum (1985) ....
• Vannu Kandu keezadakki (1985) ....

• Aalkkoottathil Thaniye (1984) .... Padmanabhan
• Alakadalin Akkare(1984) .... Padmanabhan
• Athirathram (1984) .... Charley
• Inakkilly (1984) .... Raju
• Kanamarayathu (1984) .... Alex
• Koottinilamkili (1984) .... Vikrama Kurup
• Manase Ninakku Mangalam (1984) .... Soman
• Swanthamevide Bandhamevide (1984) .... Balachandran
• Thathamme Poocha Poocha (1984) .... Chanthu
• Unaroo (1984) ....
• Chakkara Umma (1984) ....
• Minimol Vethicanil (1984) ....
• N.H.47 (1984) .... C.I

• Aa Rathri (1983) .... Babu
• Belt Mathai (1983) .... Indrapalan
• Bhookambam (1983) .... Michael
• Iniyenkilum (1983) .... Alex
• Karyam Nissaram (1983) .... Sarala's Husband
• Prasnam Gurutharam (1983) .... Mohan
• Coolie (1983) .... Mohan

• Innalenkil Nale (1982) .... Madhu
• Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam (1982)
• John Jaffer Janardhanan (1982)
• Ee Nadu(1982)
• Kaliyamardhanam (1982)

• Ahimsa (1981) .... Raghu
• Thrishna (1981) .... Ramakrishnan
• Thusharam (1981) ....
• Nidra (1981) ....

• Nayattu (1980) .... Peter
• Meen (1980) ....
• Idimuzhakkam (1980) ....
• Ammayum Makalum (1980) ....
• Air Hostess (1980) ....

• Ee Gaanam Marakkumo (1978) .... first Movie

Awards[link]

Asianet Film Awards[link]

• 2009 Best Actor in a Villain Role - Evidam Swargamanu

Amrita Mathrubhumi Film Awards[link]

• 2009 Best Villain - Lalu Alex for Evidam Swargamanu

Kerala State Film Award[link]

• 2004 Best Supporting Actor in Manjupole oru penkutty

External links[link]

Lalu Alex at the Internet Movie Database

References[link]

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Ramesh Chennitala
President of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee
Incumbent
Assumed office 2005
Preceded by	K. Muraleedharan
Personal details
Born	(1956-05-25) 25 May 1956 (age 56) Alleppey, Kerala, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse(s)	Smt. Anita Ramesh [1]
Children	2
Religion	Hindu

Ramesh Chennithala (born 25 May 1956, in Chennithala, Mavelikkara, Kerala, India) is an Indian politician. He is the son of late Ramakrishnan Nair. He was elected a Member of Parliament thrice and was also a Kerala State Cabinet Minister at the age of 27 under mentor ship of late K. Karunakaran. He is a Working Committee member of Congress Party and is the President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC).^[2]

Positions Held

1980-82 President, Kerala Students Union

1982-84 President, National Students Union of India

1982-89 Member, Kerala Legislative Assembly from harippad

1982-83 Member, Library Committee, Kerala Legislative Assembly

1985-86 General Secretary, Indian Youth Congress (I)

1986-87 Cabinet Minister, Rural Development, Kerala

1986-90 President, Pradesh Youth Congress (I), Kerala

1987-89 Member, Kerala Legislative Assembly from harippad

1989 Member, Committee on Petitions, Kerala Legislative Assembly,

Elected to 9th Lok Sabha from kottayam

1990-91 Member, Committee on Official Language

Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development

1991 Re-elected to 10th Lok Sabha (2nd term)from kottayam

1991-95 President, I.Y.C. (I)

1991-96 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Commerce

1992-94 Executive Member, Congress (I) Parliamentary Party

1993-96 Member, Standing Committee on Commerce

Member, Standing Committee on Labour

1994-96 Member, Committee on Public Undertakings

1994 Joint Secretary, All India Congress Committee

1996 Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (3rd term)from kottayam

1997 Secretary, A.I.C.C

1999 Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (4th term)from mavelikkara

1999-2000 Member, Committee on Human Resource Development

2005- President, Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee

2011- Member Kerala Legislative Assembly from harippad

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ramesh Chennithala

• Ramesh Chennithala Official website
• Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee

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This article about a Kerala politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Tommy Lee Jones
Tommy Lee Jones at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
Born	(1946-09-15) September 15, 1946 (age 65)[1] San Saba, Texas, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, director
Years active	1969–present
Spouse	Katherine "Kate" Lardner (1971–78) Kimberlea Cloughley (1981–96; 2 children) Dawn Laurel (2001–present)

Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and film director. He has received three Academy Award nominations, winning one as Best Supporting Actor for the 1993 thriller film The Fugitive.

His notable film roles include federal marshal Samuel Gerard in The Fugitive and U.S. Marshals, Agent K in Men in Black and its sequels, Ed Tom Bell in No Country for Old Men, the villain "Two-Face" in Batman Forever, terrorist William Strannix in Under Siege, former Texas Ranger Woodrow F. Call in Lonesome Dove, a Texas Ranger in Man of the House and rancher Pete Perkins in The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, and Colonel Chester Phillips in Captain America: The First Avenger. Jones has also portrayed real-life figures such as businessman Howard Hughes, executed murderer Gary Gilmore, Oliver Lynn in Coal Miner's Daughter and baseball great Ty Cobb.

Early life[link]

Jones was born in San Saba, Texas.^[2] His mother, Lucille Marie (née Scott), was a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner, and his father, Clyde C. Jones, was an oil field worker.^[1] The two were married and divorced twice. Jones has stated that his grandmother was of Cherokee ancestry.^[3] He was a resident of Midland, Texas, and attended Robert E. Lee High School.

Jones graduated from the St. Mark's School of Texas,^[4] where he attended on scholarship and is now on the board of directors, and attended Harvard College on a need-based scholarship. He stayed in Mower B-12 as a freshman, across the hall from future Vice President Al Gore, the son of Sen. Albert Gore of Tennessee. As an upperclassman, he was roommates in Dunster House with Gore and Bob Somerby, who later became editor of the media criticism site the Daily Howler. Jones played offensive guard^[5] on Harvard's undefeated 1968 varsity football team, was nominated as a first-team All-Ivy League selection, and played in the 1968 Game, which featured a memorable and literally last-minute Harvard 16-point comeback to tie Yale. He recounts his memory of "the most famous football game in Ivy League history" in the documentary Harvard Beats Yale 29-29. Jones graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1969, and his senior thesis was on "the mechanics of Catholicism" in the works of Flannery O'Connor.^[6][7]

Career[link]

Tommy Lee Jones, August 2006

Jones moved to New York to become an actor, making his Broadway debut in 1969's A Patriot for Me in a number of supporting roles. In 1970 he landed his first film role, coincidentally playing a Harvard student in Love Story (Erich Segal, the author of Love Story, said that he based the lead character of Oliver on the two undergrad roommates he knew while attending Harvard, Jones and Gore).^[8]

In early 1971, he returned to Broadway in Abe Burrows' Four on a Garden where he shared the stage with Carol Channing and Sid Caesar. Between 1971 and 1975 he portrayed Dr. Mark Toland on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live. He returned to the stage for a 1974 production of Ulysses in Nighttown with Zero Mostel.

In films, he played an escaped convict hunted in Jackson County Jail (1976), a Vietnam veteran in Rolling Thunder (1977) and an automobile mogul, co-starring with Laurence Olivier, in the Harold Robbins drama The Betsy.

In 1980, Jones earned his first Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of country singer Loretta Lynn's husband, Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn, in the popular Coal Miner's Daughter. In 1981 he played a drifter opposite Sally Field in Back Roads, a comedy that received middling reviews.^[9]

In 1983, he received an Emmy^[10] for Best Actor for his performance as murderer Gary Gilmore in a TV adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song. That same year he starred in a pirate adventure, Nate and Hayes, playing the heavily-bearded Captain Bully Hayes.

In 1989, he earned another Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Texas Ranger lawman Woodrow F. Call in the acclaimed television mini-series Lonesome Dove, based on the best-seller by Larry McMurtry.

In the 1990s, blockbuster hits such as The Fugitive co-starring Harrison Ford, Batman Forever co-starring Val Kilmer, and Men in Black with Will Smith made Jones one of the best-paid and most in-demand actors in Hollywood. His performance in The Fugitive received broad acclaim and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and a sequel. When he accepted his Oscar, his head was shaved for his role in the film Cobb, which he made light of in his speech: "All a man can say at a time like this is 'I am not really bald.'"

Among his other well-known performances during the 1990s were those of the accused conspirator Clay Shaw/Clay Bertrand in the 1991 film JFK (which earned him another Oscar nomination), as a terrorist who hijacks a U.S. Navy battleship in Under Siege and as a maximum-security prison warden who's in way over his head in Natural Born Killers.

Jones co-starred with director Clint Eastwood as astronauts in the 2000 film Space Cowboys, leading a space rescue mission.

In 2005, the first theatrical feature film Jones directed, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, was presented at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. Jones's character speaks both English and Spanish in the film. His performance won him the Best Actor Award. His first film as a director had been The Good Old Boys in 1995, a made-for-television movie.

Two strong performances in 2007 marked a resurgence in Jones's career, one as a beleaguered father investigating the disappearance of his soldier son in In the Valley of Elah, the other as a Texas sheriff hunting an assassin in the Oscar-winning No Country for Old Men. For the former, he was nominated for an Academy Award.

Jones has been a spokesperson for Japanese brewing company Suntory since 2006. He can be seen in various Japanese TV commercials of Suntory's Coffee brand Boss as a character called "Alien Jones," an extraterrestrial who takes the form of a human being to check on the world of humans. There are 34 such commercials that can be seen on YouTube.^[11]

In 2010, Jones appeared alongside Ben Affleck in the recession drama, The Company Men. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where early reviews praised Jones's performance as "pitch-perfect."^[12] Jones had a role in the Marvel Studios film, Captain America: The First Avenger.^[13] He also directed, produced and co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson in an adaptation of The Sunset Limited.

Personal life[link]

At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, he presented the nominating speech for his college roommate, Al Gore, as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States.

Jones was married to Kate Lardner, the daughter of Ring Lardner Jr. from 1971 to 1978. He has two children from his second marriage to Kimberlea Cloughley, the daughter of Phil Hardberger, former mayor of San Antonio: Austin Leonard (born 1982) and Victoria Kafka (born 1991). On March 19, 2001, he married his third wife, Dawn Laurel.

Jones resides in Terrell Hills, Texas, a suburb of San Antonio and speaks fluent Spanish.^[14] He owns a 3000 acre cattle ranch in San Saba County, Texas^[15] and a ranch near Van Horn, Texas, which served as the set for his film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada. He also owns a home and farm in polo mecca Wellington, Florida. Jones is a serious polo player, he has a house in a polo country club in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is an avid San Antonio Spurs fan, he is often seen courtside at Spurs games.

In 2008, Jones signed on with Chesapeake Energy to be a spokesperson for a public relations campaign to promote shale gas (natural gas derived from shale rock through hydraulic fracturing or "fracking") in Texas.

Film and television credits[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Grunert, Andrea, "Les bons et les méchants selon Tommy Lee Jones", in: Francis Bordat et Serge Chauvin (eds.) Les bons et les méchants Université Paris X, 2005, p. 339–352, ISBN 2-907335-30-8

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tommy Lee Jones

• Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Movie Database
• Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Broadway Database
• Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Tommy Lee Jones at the TCM Movie Database
• Tommy Lee Jones at AllRovi
• Tommy Lee Jones at Emmys.com

Tommy Lee
Tommy Lee, Hollywood, CA, on March 20, 2012
Background information
Birth name	Thomas Lee Bass
Born	(1962-10-03) October 3, 1962 (age 49) Athens, Greece
Genres	Heavy metal, hard rock, glam metal, alternative metal, rap metal, electrohouse, progressive house
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, drummer, DJ
Instruments	Drums, piano, vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass, turntables
Years active	1981–present
Labels	Leathür, Elektra, MCA
Associated acts	Mötley Crüe, Methods of Mayhem, Rock Star Supernova, Fuel, Deadmau5, Sum 41, Jack's Mannequin, Rob Zombie, DJ Aero
Website	tommylee.com
Notable instruments
Pearl Drums Zildjian Cymbals Ahead Sticks Remo Drum Heads MacBook Pro Schecter Guitar Research Randall Amplifiers

Thomas Lee Bass (born October 3, 1962), best known as Tommy Lee, is an American musician and founding member of glam metal band Mötley Crüe. As well as being the band's long-term drummer, Lee founded rap-metal band Methods of Mayhem, and has pursued solo musical projects. He has been married to model Elaine Bergen and actresses Heather Locklear and Pamela Anderson.

Early life[link]

Lee was born on October 3, in Athens, Greece, as Thomas Lee Bass,^[1] the son of David Oliver Bass, a US Army serviceman of Welsh descent,^[2] and Vassiliki Papadimitriou, a 1957 Miss Greece contestant. His family moved to West Covina, California one year after his birth. He received his first drum when he was four and his first drum kit when he was a teenager. Lee has one younger sister, Athena Lee (Athena Michelle Bass, b. 1964), who was married to James Kottak, the drummer for the band Scorpions and she was also the drummer of his solo band KrunK.

As a teen he listened to Queen, Kiss, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin and Judas Priest. After listening to Kiss, his main drum influence became Peter Criss. After transferring from South Hills High School (West Covina, California); he joined the marching band at Royal Oak High School (now Royal Oak Middle School) in Covina, California.

Music career[link]

His first successful band Suite 19 played the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles during the late 1970s. At this time he met future bandmate, Nikki Sixx. Casually, Sixx was forming a theatrical band that would specialize in anthemic heavy metal, and was impressed by Lee's drumming. At this time, he changed his name to Tommy Lee and earned the nickname "T-bone" due to his 6′ 2½″ height and his skinny physique. Shortly afterward, guitarist Mick Mars joined the band. Mars recommended a singer Tommy had met while in high school, Vince Neil, who soon joined the group, and Mötley Crüe was formed.^{[citation needed]}

Mötley Crüe[link]

Mötley Crüe from left to right: Nikki Sixx, Lee, Mick Mars, and Vince Neil.

Mötley Crüe quickly built a strong fan base and they released their debut album Too Fast for Love in 1981, on their own independent label (Leathür Records). Elektra Records decided to sign the band shortly thereafter, reissuing their debut in 1982. The band then began a string of hit releases throughout the decade—1983's Shout at the Devil, 1985's Theatre of Pain, 1987's Girls, Girls, Girls, and 1989's Dr. Feelgood-establishing the quartet as one of the biggest hard rock/metal bands of the '80s.

Lee used several memorable gimmicks during his drum solos at concerts, such as having his entire kit revolving and spinning, or having the entire kit float above the crowd while he continued to play. He was legendary for mooning the crowd at nearly every show. The band was known for their decadent behavior both on and offstage, often consuming excessive amounts of drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, pills and alcohol.

In 2004, Lee reunited with the original Mötley Crüe line-up to release the double-disc album of hits entitled Red, White & Crüe, which went quad platinum and launched a monumental reunion tour to support it, The Red, White & Crüe Tour 2005: Better Live Than Dead, the band's first in six years. They finished the year number 8 on the top concert money earners list. They played 81 shows and grossed $33 million US (Billboard Boxscore).

Solo career[link]

Lee at Digital Playground Party on September 22, 2004.

Tommy Lee came back once with Motley Crüe to go on the Crüe's Greatest Hits tour in 1999. With the popularity of rap metal, Lee formed a band called Methods of Mayhem. The band released a self-titled album the same year and toured in support of it. Although Lee distanced himself from Mötley Crüe after splitting, he agreed to take part in their 2001 autobiography, The Dirt. In addition to Mötley Crüe and Methods of Mayhem, Lee has made guest appearances on albums by other artists, such as Stuart Hamm, Nine Inch Nails and Rob Zombie. He also contributed a song, "Planet Boom" (originally on Mötley Crüe's Quaternary EP) to the soundtrack of then-wife Pamela Anderson's 1996 movie, Barb Wire, and produced an album for the pre-Goldfinger project from John Feldmann and Simon Williams, the Electric Love Hogs.^[3] Lee parted ways with Methods of Mayhem partner Tilo and began recording with members of Incubus. He then released his first solo album. The album, 2002's Never a Dull Moment, has tones of rap metal and electronica. The song "Blue" features guest vocalist Rodleen Getsic (the credits read: "Rolleen"). In August 2002, Tommy Lee and his solo band joined Ozzfest, mainstage. In 2006, he formed a new band called Rock Star Supernova with Jason Newsted (Voivod, ex-Metallica) and Gilby Clarke (ex-Guns N' Roses).

The 2006 season of Rock Star selected Lukas Rossi as the lead singer for Supernova. Dilana, Magni Ásgeirsson, and Toby Rand with his own band Juke Kartel were the three runners up and accepted an offer to go on tour with Supernova. The self titled debut album Rock Star Supernova was released on November 21, 2006.

Lee released his autobiography, Tommyland and his second solo album, Tommyland: The Ride in 2005. The CD featured as a soundtrack to the book and includes the singles, "Tryin to be Me", "Good Times" which was the theme song to his reality TV series "Tommy Lee Goes to College"^[4] and "Hello, Again" which features Andrew McMahon from Something Corporate and Jack's Mannequin. Tommy Lee was also a guest DJ at WXRK "K-Rock" in New York during the Fourth of July Monster Metal Meltdown in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Lee also recorded drum tracks for the alternative rock band Jack's Mannequin, which has released the album Everything in Transit.

Lee with Criss Angel at the 2007 Scream Awards.

In November 2007, it was announced by Nikki Sixx that Tommy Lee was no longer a member of Mötley Crüe. Lee reportedly quit after the rest of the band sued his manager, Carl Stubner, for forcing Tommy to take part in reality TV shows, thus forcing the cancellation of a lengthy leg of Crüe tourdates in 2006. Lee already quit once in 2007 in September before returning to the band. Vince Neil refuted the claims that Tommy Lee resigned from the band and that the band would be going into the studio in January to start recording their newest studio album. In the end, Tommy Lee did end up recording the new album, Saints of Los Angeles, and toured with Crüe in 2008 in their tour, Crüefest. Mötley Crüe is now on their Saints of Los Angeles Tour, which started on February 2, which includes Lee. This tour will be followed by Crüfest 2.^{[citation needed]}

Tommy Lee's current artistic endeavors include touring as an electronic dance music DJ with his Methods Of Mayhem DJ/production partner, DJ Aero (birth name: Chester Deitz). As DJs, they are also known as Electro Mayhem and have clocked over 60 club dates as DJs throughout North America (with stops in the Bahamas and Central America) in 2007 alone, with more international dates planned for 2008 (including a stop in Iceland). Lee and Aero debuted as DJs on the mainstage at Ultra Music Festival during Winter Music Conference (WMC) in 2004. Lee and Aero have been DJing together since 2000, and they will again have a major presence at Miami's WMC in 2008. In 2009, Lee appeared in select cities with Sharam, one half of Grammy Award nominated and Grammy Award winning Deep Dish, accompanying Sharam live on the piano during his house DJ sets. Lee and DJ Aero also accompanied deadmau5 in his 2011 Meowington Hax tour.

In an interview held backstage at the 2009 Download Festival, Tommy Lee confirmed that he is currently working on his yet-to-be-named third solo album. It is expected to be released sometime in 2010. On June 27, 2010 Tommy played drums for Ludacris at the BET Awards 2010. On March 25, 2010, he co-presented the International Dance Music Awards (IDMA) along with Roger Sanchez and DJ Rap.

Television career[link]

In 2004, Lee briefly attended, but did not enroll in, the University of Nebraska for a few weeks in the fall of 2004, while filming a reality television show for NBC called Tommy Lee Goes to College. The show featured a "fish-out-of-water" premise as it followed Lee's effort to fit into the collegiate experience, including trying out for the marching band (as a drummer), taking courses in horticulture, chemistry, and literature, and receiving constant support from a sexy and smart tutor.

Lee was also one of the producers of the show. In spring 2008, Lee commenced filming another reality TV show with rapper Ludacris for Planet Green (Discovery Channel's 24-hour eco-friendly network) titled,"Battleground Earth". The show focuses on environmental challenges between Lee and Ludacris to raise awareness for green causes. The Planet Green shows aired through until September 2008.

In June 2010, it was announced that Lee would guest-star in an episode of Californication as a singer.^[5] Also in 2010, Lee appeared on an episode of the Comedy Central show, Tosh.0.

Personal life[link]

Relationships[link]

Lee was married to Elaine Bergen in 1984; they divorced after one month.^[6]

In 1986, Lee married actress Heather Locklear. The couple divorced in 1993.

In 1995, he married actress and Playboy Playmate Pamela Anderson (1995–98). They have two children. Anderson and Lee married only four days after meeting, after Lee pursued her while she was on vacation with a friend. They wed on a beach, Anderson wearing only a white bikini. The couple divorced in 1998. Although divorced, the couple reunited briefly upon his release from prison but eventually split again.

In 2008 it was announced that he and Pamela Anderson were back together and living with each other and their children.^[7]

Sex tape[link]

Lee and Anderson had videotaped their sexual activities while on vacation. The video was stolen in 1995 and released on the Internet, becoming a prime example of viral pornography. According to The Dirt, Tommy Lee says that he was having work done at his house, and a person (who, according to the book, was a former porn star) working at the house found the tape and sold it. Anderson sued the video distribution company, Internet Entertainment Group. Ultimately, the Lees entered into a confidential settlement agreement with IEG. Thereafter, the company began making the tape available to subscribers to its Web sites again, resulting in triple the normal traffic on the site.^[8]

Legal issues[link]

Lee served four months in prison after pleading no contest to kicking Pamela Anderson while she was holding their son Dylan.^[9]

Lee suffered a 1998 lawsuit when he exposed a swastika tattoo on his arm to public scrutiny (the tattoo was in fact a swastika facing backwards). In 1996, Lee had pled no contest to criminal charges of battery against a Jewish photographer after Lee attacked the man outside the famous Viper Room, in L.A. When the photographer sued Lee, the "swastika" tattoo (which has since been removed) was said to be visible and Lee’s lawyer argued it would inflame the jury and create unfair prejudice against Lee.^[10] Shortly after claiming that the introduction of the tattoo into the court record would produce prejudice, Lee denied its existence.^[11] Lee's attorney reported the swastika was a “stupid tattoo obtained several years ago”.^[12]

In October 1999, Tommy Lee was arrested in North Carolina after instigating a riot during the 1997 concert at Greensboro Coliseum. Mötley Crüe bassist Nikki Sixx allegedly made racist comments to a black security guard, suggesting that the crowd attack him. Sixx and Lee were said to have poured beer over the guard's head.^[13]

On June 16, 2001, four-year-old Daniel Karven-Veres drowned in Lee's swimming pool while attending a birthday party for Lee's 5-year-old son, Brandon. His parents, James Veres and Ursula Karven, sued Lee for negligence. Lee was cleared by a jury in April 2003.^[14]

In September 2007, Lee was kicked out of the MTV Video Music Awards ceremony after engaging in a fight with Kid Rock.^[15][16] Kid Rock was cited for assault on Lee and pled guilty.^[17]

Activism[link]

Tommy Lee is a supporter of animal rights and PETA.^[18] He made a donation to support PETA's campaign against Kentucky Fried Chicken.

Equipment[link]

Drums[link]

• Pearl
  • 18x26 bass drum
  • 6.5x14 snare
  • 11x14 rack tom
  • 11x14 floor tom
  • 14x16 floor tom

Tommy uses the Pearl Tru-Trac drum heads, a Electronic vibe/ triggers. On the 2011 and current (2012) Tour Tommy is using his Pearl Drums rollercoaster drum set. They all are mounted in place while doing his (360 Drum Solo) in which he plays drums upside down!.

Cymbals[link]

• Avedis Zildjian
  • 14" Z Custom Splash
  • 15" A Rock HiHats
  • 15" A New Beat HiHats
  • 18" Z Custom Projection Crash
  • 19" Z Custom Medium Crash
  • 20" A Custom Medium Crash
  • 20" Z Custom Ride
  • 9.5" Large Zil Bell
  • 22" Oriental China Trash

Hardware[link]

• Pearl Demon Double Bass Drum Pedals.
• 9500 Hi-Hat Stand
• 9300 Snare Drum Stand (x2)
• 9900 Double Tom Stand
• 9700 Cymbal Stand (x5)
• 9100 Drum Throne

Sticks[link]

• Vic Firth (1980's-1990's)
• AHEAD Tommy Lee signature drum sticks, Silver Sleves. (2000-present)

Album discography[link]

Solo[link]

Mötley Crüe[link]

• Too Fast for Love (1981) Platinum US US #40
• Shout at the Devil (1983) 4x Platinum US US #10
• Theatre of Pain (1985) 4x Platinum US US #6
• Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) 4x Platinum US US #2
• Dr. Feelgood (1989) 6x Platinum US US #1
• Decade of Decadence compilation (1991) 2x Platinum US US #2
• Mötley Crüe (1994) Gold US US #7
• Quaternary EP (1994)
• Generation Swine (1997) Gold US US #4
• Greatest Hits (1998) compilation Gold US US #20
• Supersonic and Demonic Relics compilation (1999)
• Live: Entertainment or Death live album (1999) US #133
• Millennium Collection (2003)
• Music To Crash Your Car To, Volume 1 box set (2003)
• Music To Crash Your Car To, Volume 2 box set (2004)
• Red, White & Crüe compilation (2005) Platinum US US #6
• Carnival of Sins Live, Vol. 1 live album (2006)
• Carnival of Sins Live, Vol. 2 live album (2006)
• Saints of Los Angeles (2008) Gold US US #4
• Mötley Crüe: Greatest Hits (2009)

Methods of Mayhem[link]

• Methods of Mayhem (1999) Gold US US #71
• A Public Disservice Announcement (2010) US #153

Rock Star Supernova[link]

• Rock Star Supernova (2006) US #101

Guest performances[link]

• Rush Street (1991) - Richard Marx
• The Urge (1991) - Stuart Hamm
• The Downward Spiral (1994) - Nine Inch Nails
• Whore (1996) - Dalbello (drums on "Revenge of Sleeping Beauty" track; remark by Sergey Lavrov)
• Hellbilly Deluxe (1998) - Rob Zombie
• The Sinister Urge (2001) - Rob Zombie
• Everything in Transit (2005) - Jack's Mannequin
• Angels & Devils (2007) - Fuel

Singles[link]

References[link]

1. ↑ "Miss Greece in 1957". http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewFashion/MissGreece.html. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 
2. ↑ "Biography for Tommy Lee (VI)". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005136/bio. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
3. ↑ "Electric Love Hogs In The Studio With Tommy Lee". Youtube. 2008-03-12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0K88GFEJCGc. Retrieved 2010-02-06. 
4. ↑ "Tommy Lee Goes to College soundtrack". http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=18859. 2011
5. ↑ "Tommy Lee to Appear on Californication". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Tommy-Lee-Californication-1019722.aspx. 
6. ↑ Michelle Green (1986-05-26). Dynasty's Heather Locklear Takes a Motley Mate, the Hard-Rocking Tommy Lee. People. Accessed 2010-12-15.
7. ↑ Wells, Melody S. (2008-06-13). "Pamela Anderson and Tommy Lee Back Together Again, but mostly for the chlidren". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20206681,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 
8. ↑ Pelline, Jeff (1997-12-01). "Pamela Lee drops video case". CNET News. CBS Interactive. http://news.cnet.com/Pamela-Lee-drops-video-case/2100-1023_3-205848.html?tag=mncol. Retrieved 2010-08-02. 
9. ↑ The Sun-Herald (2002-06-24). "The trials of Tommy Lee". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/23/1023864527266.html. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 
10. ↑ "Swastika tattoo controversy". Mtv.com. 1998-04-02. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432392/19980402/lee_tommy.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
11. ↑ "News - Lee denies tattoo of swastika". Mtv.com. 1998-04-06. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432391/19980406/lee_tommy.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
12. ↑ "News Lite : Judge Backs Jury In Spelling Case". Thefreelibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NEWS+LITE+:+JUDGE+BACKS+JURY+IN+SPELLING+CASE-a083817255. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
13. ↑ Sorelle Saidman (September 7, 1999). Tommy Lee Gets Naked, Nikki Sixx Gets Arrested... Again. mtv.com. Accessed 2011-04-04.
14. ↑ "Tommy Lee cleared in boy's drowning death". Courttv.com. http://www.courttv.com/trials/tommylee/verdict_ctv.html. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
15. ↑ "E! Online". E! Online. 2007-09-10. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b56122_Kid_Rock_Tommy_Lee_Rock_n_Brawl_at_VMAs.html. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
16. ↑ Rodriguez, Jayson (2007-09-10). "MTV News". Mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1569305/20070910/lee_tommy.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
17. ↑ "Kid Rock Cited for Misdemeanor Assault". Moono.com (UGO Networks). 2007-09-11. http://www.moono.com/news/news05595.html. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
18. ↑ "Tommy Lee: "Ink, Not Mink"". http://www.peta.org.uk/feat/inknotmink.asp. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tommy Lee

• Official website
• Mötley Crüe Videos
• Tommy Lee: The luckiest man alive? Hustler Magazine
• Tommy Lee co-hosts Battleground Earth on Planet Green
• Hollywood A-List News: Tommy Lee
• Rock Star SuperNova official site
• Rock Star SuperNova official site on SonyBMG
• Tommy Lee at the Internet Movie Database
• Ink Not Mink Interview with PETA
• Tommy Lee Interview DJ Interview Clubplanet

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010)

Legatus Marcus Antonius M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N
Bust of Mark Antony (Vatican Museums)
Born	January 14, 83 BC Rome, Roman Republic
Died	August 1, 30 BC (aged 53) Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom
Allegiance	Roman Republic
Years of service	54–30 BC
Rank	General
Commands held	Roman army
Battles/wars	Gallic Wars Caesar's civil war Battle of Pharsalus Roman-Parthian Wars Antony's war on Parthia Post-Caesarian civil war Battle of Mutina Liberators' civil war Battle of Philippi Final War of the Roman Republic Battle of Actium
Other work	Consul of the Roman Republic 44 BC and 34 BC, Master of the Horse, Quaestor, Augur, Tribune

These articles cover Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic

Mark Antony, Cleopatra VII, Assassination of Julius Caesar, Pompey, Theatre of Pompey, Cicero, First Triumvirate, Roman forum, Comitium, Rostra, Curia Julia, Curia Hostilia

Mark Antony (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N)^{[note 1]} (January 14, 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC) was a Roman politician and general. As a military commander and administrator, he was an important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar. After Caesar's assassination, Antony formed an official political alliance with Octavian (the future Augustus) and Lepidus, known to historians today as the Second Triumvirate.

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC. Disagreement between Octavian and Antony erupted into civil war, the final war of the Roman Republic, in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium, and in a brief land battle at Alexandria. He and his lover Cleopatra committed suicide shortly thereafter. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's transformation from Republic to Empire.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

A member of the Antonia clan (gens), Antony was born on January 14, 83 BC.^{[note 2][1][2]} He was the homonymous and thus presumably the eldest son of Marcus Antonius Creticus (praetor 74 BC, proconsul 73–71 BC) and grandson of the noted orator Marcus Antonius (consul 99 BC, censor 97–6 BC) who had been murdered during the Marian Terror of the winter of 87–6 BC.^[3]

Antony's father was incompetent and corrupt, and according to Cicero, he was only given power because he was incapable of using or abusing it effectively.^[4] In 74 BC he was given imperium infinitum to defeat the pirates of the Mediterranean, but he died in Crete in 71 BC without making any significant progress.^[5][3][4] Creticus had two other sons: Gaius (praetor 44 BC, born c.83 BC) and Lucius (quaestor 50 BC, consul 41 BC, born c.81 BC).

Antony's mother, Julia, was a daughter of Lucius Caesar (consul 90 BC, censor 89 BC). Upon the death of her first husband, she married Publius Cornelius Lentulus (consul 71 BC), an eminent patrician.^[6] Lentulus, despite exploiting his political success for financial gain, was constantly in debt due to the extravagance of his lifestyle. He was a major figure in the second Catilinian conspiracy and was extrajudically killed on the orders of Cicero in 63 BC.^[6]

Antony lived a dissipate lifestyle as a youth, and gained a reputation for heavy gambling.^[5] According to Cicero, he had a homosexual relationship with Gaius Scribonius Curio.^[7] There is little reliable information on his political activity as a young man, although it is known that he was an associate of Clodius.^[8] He may also have been involved in the Lupercal cult, as he was referred to as a priest of this order later in life.^[9]

In 58 BC, Antony travelled to Athens to study rhetoric and philosophy, escaping his creditors. The next year, he was summoned by Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, to take part in the campaigns against Aristobulus II in Judea, as the commander of a Gallic cavalry regiment.^[10] Antony achieved important victories at Alexandrium and Machaerus.

Supporter of Caesar[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

In 54 BC, Antony became a staff officer in Caesar's armies in Gaul and Germany. He again proved to be a competent military leader in the Gallic Wars, but his personality quirks caused disruption. Antony and Caesar were the best of friends, as well as being fairly close relatives. Antony made himself ever available to assist Caesar in carrying out his military campaigns.

Raised by Caesar's influence to the offices of quaestor, augur, and tribune of the plebeians (50 BC), he supported the cause of his patron with great energy. Caesar's two proconsular commands, during a period of ten years, were expiring in 50 BC, and he wanted to return to Rome for the consular elections. But resistance from the conservative faction of the Roman Senate, led by Pompey, demanded that Caesar resign his proconsulship and the command of his armies before being allowed to seek re-election to the consulship.

This Caesar would not do, as such an act would at least temporarily render him a private citizen and thereby leave him open to prosecution for his acts while proconsul. It would also place him at the mercy of Pompey's armies. To prevent this occurrence Caesar bribed the plebeian tribune Curio to use his veto to prevent a senatorial decree which would deprive Caesar of his armies and provincial command, and then made sure Antony was elected tribune for the next term of office.

Antony exercised his tribunician veto, with the aim of preventing a senatorial decree declaring martial law against the veto, and was violently expelled from the senate with another Caesar adherent, Cassius, who was also a tribune of the plebs. Caesar crossed the river Rubicon upon hearing of these affairs which began the Republican civil war. Antony left Rome and joined Caesar and his armies at Ariminium, where he was presented to Caesar's soldiers still bloody and bruised as an example of the illegalities that his political opponents were perpetrating, and as a casus belli.

Tribunes of the Plebs were meant to be untouchable and their veto inalienable according to the Roman mos maiorum (although there was a grey line as to what extent this existed in the declaration of and during martial law). Antony commanded Italy whilst Caesar destroyed Pompey's legions in Spain, and led the reinforcements to Greece, before commanding the right wing of Caesar's armies at Pharsalus.

Administrator of Italy[link]

When Caesar became dictator for a second time, Antony was made Master of the Horse, and in this capacity he remained in Italy as the peninsula's administrator in 47 BC, while Caesar was fighting the last Pompeians, who had taken refuge in the province of Africa. But Antony's skills as an administrator were a poor match for his generalship, and he seized the opportunity of indulging in the most extravagant excesses, depicted by Cicero in the Philippics. In 46 BC he seems to have taken offense because Caesar insisted on payment for the property of Pompey which Antony professedly had purchased, but had in fact simply appropriated.

Conflict soon arose, and, as on other occasions, Antony resorted to violence. Hundreds of citizens were killed and Rome itself descended into a state of anarchy. Caesar was most displeased with the whole affair and removed Antony from all political responsibilities. The two men did not see each other for two years. The estrangement was not of long continuance, with Antony meeting the dictator at Narbo (45 BC) and rejecting the suggestion of Trebonius that he should join in the conspiracy that was already afoot. Reconciliation arrived in 44 BC, when Antony was chosen as partner for Caesar's fifth consulship.

Whatever conflicts existed between the two men, Antony remained faithful to Caesar but it is worth mentioning that according to Plutarch (paragraph 13) Trebonius, one of the conspirators, had 'sounded him unobtrusively and cautiously...Antony had understood his drift...but had given him no encouragement: at the same time he had not reported the conversation to Caesar'. On February 15, 44 BC, during the Lupercalia festival, Antony publicly offered Caesar a diadem. This was an event fraught with meaning: a diadem was a symbol of a king, and in refusing it, Caesar demonstrated that he did not intend to assume the throne.

On March 14, 44 BC, Antony was alarmed when Cicero told him the gods would strike Caesar.^{[citation needed]} Casca, Cicero and Cassius decided, in the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should stay alive.^[11] The following day, the Ides of March, he went down to warn the dictator but the Liberatores reached Caesar first and he was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. In the turmoil that surrounded the event, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave; fearing that the dictator's assassination would be the start of a bloodbath among his supporters. When this did not occur, he soon returned to Rome, discussing a truce with the assassins' faction. For a while, Antony, as consul, seemed to pursue peace and an end to the political tension. Following a speech by Cicero in the Senate, an amnesty was agreed for the assassins.

Then came the day of Caesar's funeral. As Caesar's ever-present second in command, co-consul and cousin, Antony wanted to give the eulogy. Brutus and Casius were reluctant at first, but Brutus decided it would be harmless, Cassius disagreed. In his speech, he made accusations of murder and ensured a permanent breach with the conspirators. Showing a talent for rhetoric and dramatic interpretation, Antony snatched the toga from Caesar's body to show the crowd the stab wounds, pointing at each and naming the authors, publicly shaming them.

During the eulogy he also read Caesar's will, which left most of his property to the people of Rome: whatever Caesar's real intentions had been, Antony presumably meant to demonstrate that contrary to the conspirators' assertions, Caesar had no intention of forming a royal dynasty.^{[citation needed]} Public opinion turned, and that night, the Roman populace attacked the assassins' houses, forcing them to flee for their lives.

Enemy of the state and triumvirate[link]

Roman aureus bearing the portraits of Mark Antony (left) and Octavian (right). Struck in 41 BC, this coin was issued to celebrate the establishment of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian, Antony and Marcus Lepidus in 43 BC. Both sides bear the inscription "III VIR R P C", meaning "One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic".^[12]

Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans and forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, which was then administered by Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina.

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony and in January 43 they granted Octavian imperium (commanding power), which made his command of troops legal and sent him to relieve the siege, along with Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, the consuls for 43 BC. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the Battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. However, both consuls were killed, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies.

When they knew that Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome, Antony, Octavian and Lepidus allied in November 43 BC, forming the Second Triumvirate to stop Caesar's assassins. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made between the members of the Second Triumvirate: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east. Lepidus went on to govern Hispania and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero who was killed on December 7, 43 BC.

Antony and Cleopatra[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Antony and Cleopatra, by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1883).

Antony summoned Cleopatra to Tarsus in October 41 BC. There they formed an alliance and became lovers. Antony returned to Alexandria with her, where he spent the winter of 41 BC – 40 BC. In spring 40 BC he was forced to return to Rome following news of his wife Fulvia's involvement in civil strife with Octavian on his behalf. Fulvia died while Antony was en-route to Sicyon (where Fulvia was exiled). Antony made peace with Octavian in September 40 BC and married Octavian's sister Octavia Minor.

The Parthian Empire had supported Brutus and Cassius in the civil war, sending forces which fought with them at Philippi; following Antony and Octavian's victory, the Parthians invaded Roman territory, occupying Syria, advancing into Asia Minor and installing Antigonus as puppet king in Judaea to replace the pro-Roman Hyrcanus. Antony sent his general Ventidius to oppose this invasion. Ventidius won a series of victories against the Parthians, killing the crown prince Pacorus and expelling them from the Roman territories they had seized.

Antony now planned to retaliate by invading Parthia, and secured an agreement from Octavian to supply him with extra troops for his campaign. With this military purpose on his mind, Antony sailed to Greece with Octavia, where he behaved in a most extravagant manner, assuming the attributes of the Greek god Dionysus in 39 BC. But the rebellion in Sicily of Sextus Pompeius, the last of the Pompeians, kept the army promised to Antony in Italy. With his plans again disrupted, Antony and Octavian quarreled once more. This time with the help of Octavia, a new treaty was signed in Tarentum in 38 BC. The triumvirate was renewed for a period of another five years (ending in 33 BC) and Octavian promised again to send legions to the East.

But by now, Antony was skeptical of Octavian's true support of his Parthian cause. Leaving Octavia pregnant with her second child Antonia in Rome, he sailed to Alexandria, where he expected funding from Cleopatra, the mother of his twins. The queen of Egypt lent him the money he needed for the army, and after capturing Jerusalem and surrounding areas in 37 BC, he installed Herod as puppet king of Judaea, replacing the Parthian appointee Antigonus.

Antony then invaded Parthian territory with an army of about 100,000 Roman and allied troops but the campaign proved a disaster. After defeats in battle, the desertion of his Armenian allies and his failure to capture Parthian strongholds convinced Antony to retreat, his army was further depleted by the hardships of its retreat through Armenia in the depths of winter, losing more than a quarter of its strength in the course of the campaign.

Meanwhile, in Rome, the triumvirate was no more. Octavian forced Lepidus to resign after the older triumvir attempted an ill-judged political move. Now in sole power, Octavian was occupied in wooing the traditional Republican aristocracy to his side. He married Livia and started to attack Antony in order to raise himself to power. He argued that Antony was a man of low morals to have left his faithful wife abandoned in Rome with the children to be with the promiscuous queen of Egypt. Antony was accused of everything, but most of all, of "going native", an unforgivable crime to the proud Romans. Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.

A map of the Donations of Alexandria (by Mark Antony to Cleopatra and her children) in 34 BC.

Again with Egyptian money, Antony invaded Armenia, this time successfully. In the return, a mock Roman Triumph was celebrated in the streets of Alexandria. The parade through the city was a pastiche of Rome's most important military celebration. For the finale, the whole city was summoned to hear a very important political statement. Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian.

He distributed kingdoms between his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia (which were never conquered by Rome), his twin Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia. As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt. Most important of all, Caesarion was declared legitimate son and heir of Caesar. These proclamations were known as the Donations of Alexandria and caused a fatal breach in Antony's relations with Rome.

While the distribution of nations among Cleopatra's children was hardly a conciliatory gesture, it did not pose an immediate threat to Octavian's political position. Far more dangerous was the acknowledgment of Caesarion as legitimate and heir to Caesar's name. Octavian's base of power was his link with Caesar through adoption, which granted him much-needed popularity and loyalty of the legions. To see this convenient situation attacked by a child borne by the richest woman in the world was something Octavian could not accept. The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed. Another civil war was beginning.

The Battle of Actium, by Lorenzo Castro, 1672, National Maritime Museum, London.

During 33 and 32 BC, a propaganda war was fought in the political arena of Rome, with accusations flying between sides. Antony (in Egypt) divorced Octavia and accused Octavian of being a social upstart, of usurping power, and of forging the adoption papers by Caesar. Octavian responded with treason charges: of illegally keeping provinces that should be given to other men by lots, as was Rome's tradition, and of starting wars against foreign nations (Armenia and Parthia) without the consent of the Senate.

Antony was also held responsible for Sextus Pompeius' execution with no trial. In 32 BC, the Senate deprived him of his powers and declared war against Cleopatra – not Antony, because Octavian had no wish to advertise his role in perpetuating Rome's internecine bloodshed. Both consuls, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius, and a third of the Senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece.

In 31 BC, the war started. Octavian's loyal and talented general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa captured the Greek city and naval port of Methone, loyal to Antony. The enormous popularity of Octavian with the legions secured the defection of the provinces of Cyrenaica and Greece to his side. On September 2, the naval battle of Actium took place. Antony and Cleopatra's navy was destroyed, and they were forced to escape to Egypt with 60 ships.

Octavian, now close to absolute power, did not intend to give them rest. In August 30 BC, assisted by Agrippa, he invaded Egypt. With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so. When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra's monument in which she was hiding, and he died in her arms.

Cleopatra was allowed to conduct Antony's burial rites after she had been captured by Octavian. Realising that she was destined for Octavian's triumph in Rome, she made several attempts to take her life and was finally successful in mid-August. Octavian had Caesarion murdered, but he spared Antony's children by Cleopatra, who were paraded through the streets of Rome. Antony's daughters by Octavia were spared, as was his son, Iullus Antonius. But his elder son, Marcus Antonius Antyllus, was killed by Octavian's men while pleading for his life in the Caesareum.

Aftermath and legacy[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Cicero's son, Cicero Minor, announced Antony's death to the senate. Antony's honours were revoked and his statues removed (damnatio memoriae). Cicero also made a decree that no member of the Antonii would ever bear the name Marcus again. “In this way Heaven entrusted the family of Cicero the final acts in the punishment of Antony.”^[13]

When Antony died, Octavian became uncontested ruler of Rome. In the following years, Octavian, who was known as Augustus after 27 BC, managed to accumulate in his person all administrative, political, and military offices. When Augustus died in 14 AD, his political powers passed to his adopted son Tiberius; the Roman Principate had begun.

The rise of Caesar and the subsequent civil war between his two most powerful adherents effectively ended the credibility of the Roman oligarchy as a governing power and ensured that all future power struggles would centre upon which of two (or more) individuals would achieve supreme control of the government, rather than upon an individual in conflict with the Senate. Thus Antony, as Caesar's key adherent and one of the two men around whom power coalesced following his assassination, was one of the three men chiefly responsible for the fall of the Roman Republic.

Marriages and issue[link]

Antony had been married in succession to Fadia, Antonia, Fulvia, Octavia and Cleopatra, and left behind him a number of children. Through his daughters by Octavia, he would be ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius and Nero.

1. Marriage to Fadia, a daughter of a freedman. According to Cicero, Fadia bore Antony several children. Nothing is known about Fadia or their children. Cicero is the only Roman source that mentions Antony’s first wife.
2. Marriage to first paternal cousin Antonia Hybrida Minor. According to Plutarch, Antony threw her out of his house in Rome, because she slept with his friend, the tribune Publius Cornelius Dolabella. This occurred by 47 BC and Antony divorced her. By Antonia, he had a daughter:
   • Antonia, granddaughter of Gaius Antonius Hybrida, married the wealthy Greek Pythodoros of Tralles.
3. Marriage to Fulvia, by whom he had two sons:
   • Marcus Antonius Antyllus, murdered by Octavian in 30 BC.
   • Iullus Antonius, married Claudia Marcella Major, daughter of Octavia.
4. Marriage to Octavia the Younger, sister of Octavian, later Augustus; they had two daughters:
   • Antonia Major, married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC); maternal grandmother of the Empress Valeria Messalina and paternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero.
   • Antonia Minor, married Nero Claudius Drusus, the younger son of the Empress Livia Drusilla and brother of the Emperor Tiberius; mother of the Emperor Claudius, grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, and maternal great-grandmother of the emperor Nero.
5. Children with the Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, the former lover of Julius Caesar:
   • The twins Alexander Helios & Cleopatra Selene II. Selene married King Juba II of Numidia and later Mauretania; the queen of Syria, Zenobia of Palmyra, is reportedly descended from Selene and Juba II.
   • Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Descendants[link]

Through his youngest daughters, Antony would become ancestor to most of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the very family he had fought unsuccessfully to defeat. Through his eldest daughter, he would become ancestor to the long line of kings and co-rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom, the longest-living Roman client kingdom, as well as the rulers and royalty of several other Roman client states. Through his daughter by Cleopatra, Antony would become ancestor to the royal family of Mauretania, another Roman client kingdom, while through his sole surviving son Iullus, he would be ancestor to several famous Roman statesmen.

1. Antonia, born 50 BC, had 1 child

A. Pythodorida of Pontus, 30 BC or 29 BC – 38 AD, had 3 children

I. Artaxias III, King of Armenia, 13 BC – 35 AD, died without issue

II. Polemon II, King of Pontus, 12 BC or 11 BC – 74 AD, died without issue

III. Antonia Tryphaena, Queen of Thrace, 10 BC – 55 AD, had 4 children

a. Rhoemetalces II, King of Thrace, died 38 AD, died without issue

b. Gepaepyris, Queen of the Bosporan Kingdom, had 2 children

i. Tiberius Julius Mithridates, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 68 AD, died without issue

ii. Tiberius Julius Cotys I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 90 AD, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Sauromates I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Cotys II, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, had 1 child

i. Rhoemetalces, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 153 AD, had 1 child

i. Eupator, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 174 AD, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Sauromates II, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 210 AD or 211 AD, had 2 children

i. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis II, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 227 AD, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis III,King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 227 AD

ii. Tiberius Julius Cotys III, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 235 AD, had 3 children

i. Tiberius Julius Sauromates III, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 232 AD

ii. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 235 AD

iii. Tiberius Julius Ininthimeus, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 240 AD, had 1 child

i. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis V, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 276 AD, had 3 children

i. Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 254 AD

ii. Synges, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 276 AD

iii. Tiberius Julius Teiranes, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 279 AD, had 2 children

i. Tiberius Julius Sauromates IV, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 276 AD

ii. Theothorses, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 309 AD, had 3 children

i. Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 342 AD

ii. Rhadamsades, King of the Bosporan Kingdom, died 323 AD

iii. Nana, Queen of Caucasian Iberia, died 363 AD

i. Rev II of Iberia

ii. Aspacures II of Iberia

c. Cotys IX, King of Lesser Armenia

d. Pythodoris II of Thrace, died without issue

2. Marcus Antonius Antyllus, 47 BC – 30 BC, died without issue

3. Iullus Antonius, 43 BC – 2 BC, had 3 children

A. Lucius Antonius, 20 BC – 34 AD, had 2 children

I. Marcus Antonius Primus, 30/35 AD – after 81 AD

II. Antonia Postuma, born 34 AD

B. Gaius Antonius

C. Iulla Antonia, born after 19 BC

4. Prince Alexander Helios of Egypt, born 40 BC, died without issue (presumably)^[14]

5. Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania, 40 BC – 6 AD, had 2 children

A. Ptolemy, King of Mauretania, 1 BC – 40 AD, had 1 child

I. Drusilla, Queen of Emesa, 38 AD – 79 AD, had 1 child

a. Gaius Julius Alexio, King of Emesa, had 1 child

i. Gaius Julius Fabia Sampsiceramus III Silas, King of Emesa, had at least 1 child^[15]

B. Princess Drusilla of Mauretania, born 5 AD or 8 BC

6. Antonia Major, 39 BC – before 25 AD, had 3 children

A. Domitia Lepida the Elder, c. 19 BC – 59 AD, had 1 child

I. Quintus Haterius Antoninus

B. Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, 17 BC – 40 AD, had 1 child

I. Nero (see line of Antonia Minor below)

C. Domitia Lepida the Younger, 10 BC – 54 AD, had 3 children

I. Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus

II. Valeria Messalina, 17 AD or 20 AD – 48 AD, had 2 children

a. (Messalina was the mother of the two youngest children of the Roman Emperor Claudius listed below)

III. Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, 22 AD – 62 AD, had 1 child

a. a son (this child and the only child of the Claudia Antonia listed below are the same person)

7. Antonia Minor, 36 BC – 37 AD, had 3 children

A. Germanicus, 16 BC or 15 BC – 19 AD, had 6 children

I. Nero Caesar, 6 AD – 30 AD, died without issue

II. Drusus Caesar, 7 AD – 33 AD, died without issue

III. Caligula, 12 AD – 41 AD, had 1 child;

a. Julia Drusilla, 39 AD – 41 AD, died young

IV. Agrippina the Younger, 15 AD – 59, had 1 child;

a. Nero, 37 AD – 68 AD , had 1 child;

i. Claudia Augusta, Jan. 63 AD – April 63 AD, died young

V. Julia Drusilla, 16 AD – 38 AD, died without issue

VI. Julia Livilla, 18 AD – 42 AD, died without issue

B. Livilla, 13 BC – 31 AD, had three children

I. Julia, 5 AD – 43 AD, had 4 children

a. Gaius Rubellius Plautus, 33 AD – 62 AD, had several children^[16]

b. Rubellia Bassa, born between 33 AD and 38 AD, had at least 1 child^[17]

i. Octavius Laenas, had at least 1 child

i. Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus

c. Gaius Rubellius Blandus

d. Rubellius Drusus

II. Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus, 19AD – 37 AD or 38 AD, died without issue

III. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus II Gemellus, 19 AD – 23 AD, died young

C. Claudius, 10 BC – 54 AD, had 4 children

I. Claudius Drusus, died young

II. Claudia Antonia, c. 30 AD – 66 AD, had 1 child

a. a son, died young

III. Claudia Octavia, 39 AD or 40AD – 62 AD, died without issue

IV. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, 41 AD – 55 AD, died without issue

8. Prince Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt, 36 BC – 29 BC, died without issue (presumably)^[14]

Artistic portrayals[link]

Works in which the character of Mark Antony plays a central role include:

Dramas[link]

• William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra, and the films made from these two plays (played by Marlon Brando and Robert Speaight, respectively).
• John Dryden's All for Love
• The 1934 film Cleopatra (played by Henry Wilcoxon)
• The 1963 film Cleopatra (played by Richard Burton)
• The TV series Xena: Warrior Princess (played by Manu Bennett)
• The HBO/BBC TV series Rome (see Mark Antony (character)) (played by James Purefoy)
• The Capcom Video Game Shadow of Rome, in which he is depicted as the main antagonist
• The 1999 film Cleopatra (played by Billy Zane)
• The 2005 TV mini series Empire (played by Vincent Regan)
• Giles Coren portrayed Mark Antony in the sixth episode of the second series of The Supersizers Eat (aired BBC One, 9:00 pm Monday July 27, 2009)
• BBC One docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (played by Alex Ferns)
• The 2010 EA video game Dante's Inferno as a boss alongside a giant Cleopatra in the second circle of hell (lust), his last words to Cleopatra are "you said we'd be together for eternity" before disappearing.

Novels[link]

• Colleen McCullough's Masters of Rome series, Antony is portrayed as a deeply flawed character, a brave warrior but sexually promiscuous, often drunk and foolish, and a monster of vanity who loves riding in a chariot drawn by lions.
• The Memoirs of Cleopatra, a novel by Margaret George
• Conn Iggulden's Emperor novels

Poetry[link]

• Constantine P. Cavafy's poem The God Abandons Antony, a hymn to human's dignity, depicts the imaginary last moments of Mark Antony while he sees his fortunes turning around.
• Lytle, William Haines (1826–1863), Antony and Cleopatra

Notes[link]

References[link]

Wikinews has related news: Egyptian archaeologist finds artifacts which may lead to Cleopatra's tomb

Primary sources[link]

• Dio Cassius xli.–liii
• Appian, Bell. Civ. i.–v.
• Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili
• Cicero, Letters and Philippics
  • Orations: The fourteen Philippics against Marcus Antonius ~ Tufts University Classics Collection
• Plutarch, Parallel Lives (Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans)
  • Plutarch's Parallel Lives: "Antony" ~ Internet Classics Archive (MIT)
  • Plutarch's Parallel Lives: "Life of Antony" – Loeb Classical Library edition, 1920
  • Plutarch's Parallel Lives: "The Comparison of Demetrius and Antony" ~ Internet Classics Archive (MIT)

Secondary sources[link]

• Babcock, C.L. (1965). "The early career of Fulvia". American Journal of Philology 86: 1–32. 
• Charlesworth, M. P.; Tarn, W. W. (1965). Octavian, Antony, and Cleopatra. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• Eyben, Emiel (1993). Restless youth in ancient Rome. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-04366-2. 
• Gowing, Alain M. (1992). The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio. Michigan Monographs in Classical Antiquity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 
• Huzar, Eleanor G. (1978). Mark Antony: A Biography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0863-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Pos8_zvVYDUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=biography&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HzMfT8a1KsSc2AXTouyTDw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Jones, A.M.H. (1938). The Herods of Judaea. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 
• Lindsay, Jack (1936). Marc Antony, His World and His Contemporaries. London: G. Routledge & Sons. 
• Scullard, Howard Hayes (1984). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02527-3. 
• Southern, Pat (1998). Mark Antony. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1406-2. 
• Syme, R. (1939). The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon. 
• Weigall, Arthur (1931). The Life and Times of Marc Antony. New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5J8OAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+life+and+times+of+mark+antony&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rdkjT4v1DOjS0QWj0tDNCg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20life%20and%20times%20of%20mark%20antony&f=false. 
• Suerbaum, Werner (1980). "Merkwürdige Geburtstage". Chiron (10): 327–355. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

Media related to Marcus Antonius at Wikimedia Commons