Meadow in full flower near Grindelwald in the Swiss Alps. Such meadows even on steep hillsides are traditionally hand mown with hay scythes in late summer

A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by grass and other non-woody plants (grassland). The term is from Old English mædwe.^[1] In agriculture a meadow is grassland which is not grazed by domestic livestock but rather allowed to grow unchecked in order to make hay. It may be naturally occurring or artificially created from cleared woodland.

Agricultural meadow[link]

Especially in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term meadow is commonly used in its original sense to mean a haymeadow, signifying grassland mown annually in the summer for making hay. "Pasture" is the term used in contrast for land which is grazed throughout the summer, which may include grassland ("grass pasture"), but also includes non-grassland habitats such as heathland, moorland and wood pasture. "Grassland" is used to include both meadow and grass pasture.

Transitional meadows[link]

A transitional meadow occurs when a field, pasture, farmland, or other cleared land is no longer grazed by livestock and starts to display luxuriant growth extending to the flowering and seeding of its grass and wild flower species. The condition is however only temporary because the grasses eventually become shaded out when scrub and woody plants become well-established, being the forerunners of the return to a fully wooded state.

In North America prior to European colonization, Algonquian, Iroquois and other Native American people regularly cleared areas of forest to create transitional meadows where deer could find nutrition and be hunted. Many places named "Deerfield" are located at sites where Native Americans once practised this form of land management.

Perpetual meadow[link]

Coastal meadow at the Bay of Biscay near Tapia de Casariego, Spain

A perpetual meadow is one in which environmental factors restrict the growth of woody plants indefinitely. Examples include:

• Alpine meadows occur at high elevations above the tree line and are maintained by harsh climatic conditions
• Coastal meadows are maintained by salt sprays
• Desert meadows are restricted by low precipitation
• Prairies are maintained by periods of severe drought and are subject to wildfires
• Wet meadows are semi-wetland areas saturated with water throughout much of the year.

See also[link]

Flood-meadow near Hohenau an der March, Austria

• Coastal plain
• Field
• Flooded grasslands and savannas
• Flood-meadow
• Grassland
• Marsh
• Pampa
• Pasture
• Plain
• Plateau
• Prairie
• Rangeland
• Savanna
• Sods
• Steppe
• Tundra
• Water-meadow
• Wet meadow
• Veld

Notes[link]

1. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary meadow

References[link]

• Cornell University^{[dead link]}
• The Washington Post, "Today, 32,000 seedlings; tomorrow, a meadow"^{[dead link]}

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Meadows

• UK Wild Meadows Website
• Irish Wild Meadows Website
• Flora locale - information on creating wildflower meadows
• Meadow Planting
• A Year in a Meadow (Ottawa Canada)
• Grow a Back Yard Meadow (Ottawa Canada)

Alexandre Michel Gérard Desplat (born 23 August 1961) is a French film composer. He has received four Academy Award nominations, five BAFTA nominations, five Golden Globe nominations, and two Grammy nominations. Desplat won his first Golden Globe for The Painted Veil in 2006, his first British Academy Film Award in 2011 and his first Grammy Award in 2012 for The King's Speech. Among various projects, Desplat has worked on a variety of Hollywood films including independent and commercial successes like The Queen, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, New Moon, Fantastic Mr. Fox, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2.

Early life[link]

Desplat was born in Paris to a French father and a Greek mother who met at the University of California, Berkeley.^[1] After their marriage, they moved back to France, where Alexandre was born. Alexandre is the younger brother of Vic Desplat. At the age of five, he began playing piano. He also became proficient on trumpet and flute. He studied with Claude Ballif, Iannis Xenakis in France and Jack Hayes in the U.S. Desplat's musical interests were wide, and he was also influenced by South American and African artists and teachers, among whom were Carlinhos Brown and Ray Lema. Desplat swiftly became skilled, both as a performer and a composer.

Career[link]

Desplat has composed extensively for French cinema, Hollywood, and incidental music for over 100 films including Lapse of Memory (1992), Family Express (1992), Regarde Les Hommes Tomber (1994), Les Péchés Mortels (1995), César-nominated Un Héros Très Discret (1996), Une Minute de Silence (1998), Sweet Revenge (1998), Le Château des Singes (1999), Home Sweet Home (2001), Reines d'un Jour (2001), the César-nominated Sur mes lèvres (2002), Rire et Châtiment (2003), Césars-Winning The Beat That My Heart Skipped (2005), The Queen (2006), Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010), The Ghost Writer (2010), Daniel Auteuil's remake of La Fille du Puisatier (2011), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).

Desplat has composed individual songs that have been sung in films by such artists as Akhenaton, Kate Beckinsale, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Valérie Lemercier, Miosotis, and Catherine Ringer. He has also written music for the theatre, including pieces performed at the Comédie Française. Desplat has conducted performances of his music played by the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Munich Symphony Orchestra. Desplat has also given Master Classes at La Sorbonne in Paris and the Royal College of Music in London.

In 2007, he composed the scores for Philip Pullman's The Golden Compass; Zach Helm's directorial debut Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium with American composer Aaron Zigman; and the Ang Lee movie Lust, Caution. Prior to these break-out works, he contributed scores for The Luzhin Defence, Girl with a Pearl Earring, Syriana, Birth, Hostage, Casanova, The Nest and The Painted Veil, for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music, and the 2006 World Soundtrack Award. He won the 2007 BMI Film Music Award, 2007 World Soundtrack Award, 2007 European Film Award, and received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score for The Queen. He also won the Silver Berlin Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for Best Film Music in The Beat that My Heart Skipped. In 2008, Desplat received his second Oscar nomination for David Fincher's The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. Desplat received his third Oscar nomination and a BAFTA nomination for Fantastic Mr. Fox in 2010, both of which were won by Michael Giacchino for Up.

Recently, Desplat has composed music for Largo Winch, based on the Belgian comic; Afterwards a French-Canadian psychological thriller film directed by Gilles Bourdos in English; Anne Fontaine's Coco avant Chanel based on the life of designer Coco Chanel; Robert Guédiguian's L'Armée du Crime; Cheri, reuniting him with director Stephen Frears, whom he collaborated with on The Queen; Un Prophète reuniting with director Jacques Audiard; Julie & Julia directed by Nora Ephron; Fantastic Mr. Fox, directed by Wes Anderson and based on the novel by Roald Dahl; New Moon, directed by Chris Weitz; Roman Polanski's The Ghost Writer; Tamara Drewe; The Special Relationship; and The King's Speech which earned Desplat his fourth Oscar nomination.

In early 2011, Desplat began to write the music to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2. He reunited with director David Yates, who offered Desplat the opportunity to score the second part after his work on the Part 1 soundtrack "enchanted everyone in the control room".^[2][3] Desplat's soundtrack sequel to the 2008 film Largo Winch was released in 2011 and was well received. Desplat's 2011 projects included The Tree of Life, directed by Terrence Malick (which he actually recorded in early 2010), A Better Life, La Fille du Puisatier, Roman Polanski's Carnage, and George Clooney's The Ides of March.

Desplat started 2012 with Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close and will continue with scores for The Spider's House, the Florent Emilio Siri-directed biopic Cloclo, and Dreamworks Animation's Rise of the Guardians.

Filmography (English Language)[link]

• The Revengers' Comedies (1998)
• The Luzhin Defence (2000)
• Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)
• Birth (2004)
• The Upside of Anger (2005)
• Hostage (2005)
• Casanova (2005)
• Syriana (2005)
• The Alibi (2006)
• Firewall (2006)
• The Queen (2006)
• The Painted Veil (2006)
• Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007)
• The Golden Compass (2007)
• Afterwards (2008)
• The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
• Julie & Julia (2009)
• Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
• The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009)
• The Ghost Writer (2010)
• The Special Relationship (2010)
• Tamara Drewe (2010)
• Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010)
• The King's Speech (2010)
• The Tree of Life (2011)
• A Better Life (2011)
• Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
• The Ides of March (2011)
• Carnage (2011)
• My Week with Marilyn - [Marilyn's Theme] (2011)
• Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2012)
• The Spider's House (2012)
• Moonrise Kingdom (2012)
• Renoir (2012)
• Rust and Bone (2012)
• Argo (2012)
• Rise of the Guardians (2012)
• The Emperor (2013 film) (2013)
• Zulu (2013)

Filmography (selected – other language(s))[link]

• Une autre femme [France (original title)]
• Tous les chagrins se ressemblent (2002) [French (original title)]
• Paroles d'étoiles (2002) [French (original title)]
• Rire et châtiment [France (original title)]
• Les baisers des autres (2003) [French (original title)]
• Le pacte du silence (2003) [French (original title)]
• Virus au paradis (2003) [French (original title)]
• Eager Bodies (2003) [Les corps impatients – France (original title)]
• Les beaux jours (2003) [French (original title)]
• A Sight for Sore Eyes (2003) [Inquiétudes – France (original title)]
• Le pays des enfants perdus (2004) [French (original title)]
• L'enquête Corse (2004) [French (original title)]
• À boire (2004)[French (original title)]
• Tu vas rire, mais je te quitte (2005) [French (original title)]
• The Beat That My Heart Skipped (2005) [De battre mon coeur s'est arrêté – France (original title)]
• Une aventure (2005)
• Lies & Alibis (2006) [The Alibi – Netherlands (original title)]
• The Valet (2006) [La doublure – France (original title)]
• Quand j'étais chanteur (2006) [French (original title)]
• Michou d'Auber (2007) [French (original title)]
• Ségo et Sarko sont dans un bateau... (2007) [French (original title)]
• L'Ennemi Intime (2007) – French (original title)
• Lust, Caution (2007) [Se, jie – Chinese (original title)]
• Largo Winch (2008)
• Coco Before Chanel (2009) [Coco avant Chanel – France (original title)]
• A Prophet (2009) [Un prophète – France (original title)]
• The Army of Crime (2009) [L'armée du crime – France (original title)]
• La Fille du Puisatier (2011)
• Largo Winch 2 (2011)
• Cloclo (2012)
• Reality (2012)

Awards and nominations[link]

César Awards[link]

Academy Awards[link]

Golden Globes[link]

BAFTA[link]

Awards[link]

• 2005 Silver Berlin Bear for Best Film Music – The Beat That My Heart Skipped
• 2006 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music – The Painted Veil and The Queen
• 2007 BMI Film Music Award – The Queen
• 2007 European Film Award for Best Composer – The Queen
• 2007 Golden Horse Award for Best Original Film Score – Lust, Caution
• 2007 World Soundtrack Award for Film Composer of the Year – The Queen and The Painted Veil
• 2008 Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 BMI Film Music Award – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Score of the Year – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 World Soundtrack Award for Film Composer of the Year – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Coco Before Chanel, Largo Winch and Chéri
• 2010 Étoile d'Or for Best Music (Meilleure musique) – A Prophet, The Army of Crime, Afterwards, Coco Before Chanel and Chéri
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Drama Film – The King's Speech
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Film Composer of the Year
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure/Thriller Film – The Ghost Writer
• 2011 Sammy Film Music Award for Best New Film Score – The King's Speech
• 2011 César Award for Best Music Written for a Film (Meilleure musique écrite pour un film) – The Ghost Writer
• 2011 World Soundtrack Award for Film Composer of the Year
• 2011 Étoile d'Or for Film Music Composer for The Ghost Writer
• 2011 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Score - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Nominations[link]

• 2004 European Film Award for Best Composer – Girl with a Pearl Earring
• 2005 Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score – Birth
• 2006 Étoile d'Or for Best Music (Meilleure musique) – The Beat That My Heart Skipped
• 2006 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score – The Queen
• 2007 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score – Lust, Caution
• 2008 Étoile d'Or for Best Music (Meilleure musique) – L'ennemi intime
• 2008 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2008 Critics Choice Award for Best Composer – Lust, Caution
• 2008 Asian Film Award for Best Composer – Lust, Caution
• 2008 World Soundtrack Award for Film Composer of the Year – The Golden Compass
• 2009 Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 European Film Award for Best Composer – Coco Before Chanel
• 2009 Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score – Fantastic Mr. Fox (film)
• 2009 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Score – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 Critic Choice Award for Best Composer – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2009 Saturn Award for Best Music – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
• 2010 Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score – Fantastic Mr. Fox
• 2010 Satellite Award for Best Original Score – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Film Score of the Year – The King's Speech, The Ghost Writer
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy/Science Fiction/Horror Film – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
• 2010 IFMCA Award for Film Music Composition of the Year – Truth About Ruth from The Ghost Writer
• 2011 Hollywood Music in Media Award for Original Score-Feature Film- The Ides of March
• 2011 World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Film Score of the Year- The King's Speech
• 2011 Satellite Award for Best Original Score – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2
• 2011 Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score - Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close
• 2011 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Score - The Tree of Life (film)
• 2011 San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Score - Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close
• 2011 IFMCA Award for Film Composer of the Year
• 2011 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy/Science Fiction/Horror Film – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

References[link]

External links[link]

• Alexandre Desplat, official website (French) (English)
• Alexandre Desplat, fan website (French) (English)
• Alexandre Desplat at the Internet Movie Database

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

Dead Meadow is an American hard rock band that formed in Washington, D.C. in 1998. Currently comprising vocalist and guitarist Jason Simon, bassist Steve Kille and drummer Mark Laughlin, the band has released five studio albums and one live album.

Biography[link]

Dead Meadow formed in 1998 from the remnants of two young indie DC bands, The Impossible Five "Gern Blandsten Records" and its immediate follow-up Colour.^[1] The band started as Jason Simon on vocals and guitar, Steve Kille on bass, and Mark Laughlin on drums. They began to combine 70s hard rock and 60s psychedelic rock with themes from authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien and H. P. Lovecraft.^[1] The first album, Dead Meadow, was released in 2000 on Tolotta Records, a label run by Fugazi bassist Joe Lally. The LP version was released by Planaria Records. This was quickly followed by 2001's Howls from the Hills, also released on Tolotta Records. At the completion of "Howls from the Hills" John Peel asked Dead Meadow to record a Peel Session which was recorded in Fugazi's home studio, the first time a Peel Session was recorded outside the BBC studios.^[1]

In Spring 2002, Laughlin parted ways with the band in order to pursue a career as a lawyer. He was replaced by long-time friend Stephen McCarty (previously with Canyon, also of Gern Blandsten). A live album, Got Live If You Want It, was released in mid-2002, which documented one of the last shows with drummer Mark and was produced by Anton Newcombe of Brian Jonestown Massacre. In early 2003 the band signed with Matador Records and released Shivering King and Others. Along with the heavy song and blues-influenced songs as on the previous two records, the band continued in their psychedelic style, with acoustic elements and ballads. With the addition of second guitarist Cory Shane, Feathers was released in 2005. Simon’s guitar virtuosity is as influenced by the droning modal character of Eastern music as by classic rock riffs.

Jason Simon is the nephew of The Wire creator David Simon. Dead Meadow's music was used briefly in both the season four premiere "Boys of Summer" and the season five episode "React Quotes" of The Wire.

In 2007 the band has reverted back to a three piece, made an appearance at the fifth annual Green Man Festival in Crickhowell, Wales and relocated from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles, California.

In the beginning of 2008, Dead Meadow released Old Growth on Matador Records. A collection of songs that brought the band back initially to the same farm that their second release Howls from the Hills was created and eventually finished up at the Sunset Sound studio in Los Angeles. As with the last three albums Old Growth was produced by bassist Steve Kille.

Later in that same year a brief session with Andrew Stockdale of Wolfmother led to the reinterpretation of the Dead Meadow song "Everything's Goin' On" as a new song "Pilgrim" landing on the second release for Wolfmother, "Cosmic Egg".

In March 2010 the band released a feature length live film and soundtrack, "Three Kings", that spotlights their stage show along with psychedelic dream scenarios. The live footage and audio was captured at the bombastic final show of the five month "Old Growth" tour. The film premiered at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California^[2] and was released on the NYC label Xemu Records, co-run by Kille. The film was directed by Simon Chan & Joe Rubalcaba of Artificial Army.

In August 2010, a tour of Australia is announced with original drummer Mark Laughlin. The tour will include U.S. reunion shows and a headline run of Australia in October 2010.^[3] A new studio album is in the works which will have more of a "Jimi Hendrix" feel to it. In January 2011, Mark Laughlin threw away a not-so-promising career in law to rejoin the band and tour Europe and the Pacific Northwest.

Jason Simon also announced his September release of his first solo "self-titled" acoustic album on TeePee Records.

The song "Sleepy Silver Door", "Greensky Greenlake" and "That Old Temple" were featured in the skate video Emerica, Stay Gold.

Band members[link]

Current members

• Jason Simon – vocals, guitar
• Steve Kille – bass, sitar
• Mark Laughlin – drums

Former members

• Stephen McCarty – drums
• Cory Shane – guitar

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• "Peel Sessions" (2000)
• Dead Meadow (2001)
• Howls from the Hills (2001)
• Shivering King and Others (2003)
• Feathers (2005)
• Old Growth (2008)
• Three Kings (2010)

Live albums

• Got Live If You Want It (2002)

References[link]

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2011)

• Official website
• Dead Meadow on Myspace
• Interview with Dead Meadow's Stephen Kille on Ground Control
• Dead Meadow player and info on REVERBNation

Eleni Karaindrou (Greek: Ελένη Καραΐνδρου) is a Greek composer, born in the village of Teichio in Phocis, Central Greece, on November 25, 1939^[1]. She studied piano and theory at the Hellenikon Odeion (Hellenic Conservatory) in Athens. She is best known for scoring the films of director Theo Angelopoulos.

Discography[link]

• Dust of Time - ECM 2009
• The 10 (Greek TV: "το 10") - Mikri Arktos/ECM 2008
• Elegy of the Uprooting (live) - ECM 2005; Also released as DVD
• The Weeping Meadow - ECM 2004
• Trojan Women - ECM 2001
• Eternity and a Day - ECM 1998
• Rosa, Wandering - Lyra 1996
• Ulysses' Gaze - ECM 1995
• The Suspended Step of the Stork - ECM 1992
• Music For Films - ECM 1991
• The Suspended Step of the Stork - Minos 1991
• Unreleased Recordings - Minos 1991
• L'Africana - Minos 1990
• Herod Atticus Odeon (live) - Minos 1988
• Landscape in the Mist - Milan 1986
• The Beekeeper - Minos 1986
• Voyage to Cythera - Minos 1984
• The Price of Love - Minos 1983
• The Great Vigil - Minos 1975

References[link]

External links[link]

• Eleni Karaindrou by Steve Lake
• Eleni Karaindrou in IMDB

This article about a Greek composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Dave Brubeck
Dave Brubeck at the White House for the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors
Background information
Birth name	David Warren Brubeck
Born	(1920-12-06) December 6, 1920 (age 91) Concord, California United States
Genres	Jazz Cool jazz West Coast jazz Third stream
Occupations	Pianist Composer Bandleader
Instruments	Piano
Years active	1940s–present
Associated acts	Dave Brubeck Quartet

David Warren "Dave" Brubeck (born December 6, 1920) is an American jazz pianist. He has written a number of jazz standards, including "In Your Own Sweet Way" and "The Duke". Brubeck's style ranges from refined to bombastic, reflecting his mother's attempts at classical training and his improvisational skills. His music is known for employing unusual time signatures, and superimposing contrasting rhythms, meters, and tonalities.

His long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, wrote the Dave Brubeck Quartet's best remembered piece, "Take Five",^[1] which is in 5/4 time and has endured as a jazz classic on the top-selling jazz album, Time Out.^[2] Brubeck experimented with time signatures throughout his career, recording "Pick Up Sticks" in 6/4, "Unsquare Dance" in 7/4, and "Blue Rondo à la Turk" in 9/8. He is also a respected composer of orchestral and sacred music, and wrote soundtracks for television such as Mr. Broadway and the animated mini-series This Is America, Charlie Brown.

Early life and career[link]

Brubeck was born in Concord, California^[1] and grew up in Ione. He is of English (maternal), Swiss and possibly Native American Modoc Tribe ^[3] multi-ethnic (paternal) ancestry^[4] His father, Howard "Pete" Brubeck, was a cattle rancher, and his mother, Elizabeth (née Ivey), who had studied piano in England under Myra Hess and intended to become a concert pianist, taught piano for extra money.^[5] Brubeck originally did not intend to become a musician (his two older brothers, Henry and Howard, were already on that track), but took lessons from his mother. He could not read sheet music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but "faked" his way through, well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed.^[6]

Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific (now the University of the Pacific) studying veterinary science, but transferred on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr. Arnold, who told him "Brubeck, your mind's not here. It's across the lawn in the conservatory. Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours".^[7] Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music. Several of his professors came forward, arguing that his ability with counterpoint and harmony more than compensated. The college was still afraid that it would cause a scandal, and agreed to let Brubeck graduate only after he promised never to teach piano.^[8]

After graduating in 1942, Brubeck was drafted into the army and served overseas in George Patton's Third Army. He was spared from service in the Battle of the Bulge when he volunteered to play piano at a Red Cross show; he was such a hit he was ordered to form a band. Thus he created one of the US armed forces' first racially integrated bands, "The Wolfpack".^[8] While serving in the military, Brubeck met Paul Desmond in early 1944.^[9] He returned to college after serving nearly four years in the army, this time attending Mills College and studying under Darius Milhaud, who encouraged him to study fugue and orchestration, but not classical piano. While on active duty, he received two lessons from Arnold Schoenberg at UCLA in an attempt to connect with High Modernism theory and practice.^[10] However, the encounter did not end on good terms since Schoenberg believed that every note should be accounted for, an approach which Brubeck could not accept.

After completing his studies under Milhaud, Brubeck helped to establish Berkeley, California's Fantasy Records. He worked with an octet (the recording bears his name only because Brubeck was the best-known member at the time), and a trio including Cal Tjader and Ron Crotty. Highly experimental, the group made few recordings and got even fewer paying jobs. The trio was often joined by Paul Desmond on the bandstand, at Desmond's prodding.^[11]

Quartet era[link]

Following a near-fatal swimming accident which incapacitated him for several months, Brubeck organized The Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951, with Desmond on saxophone. They took up a long residency at San Francisco's Black Hawk nightclub and gained great popularity touring college campuses, recording a series of albums with such titles as Jazz at Oberlin (1953), Jazz at College of the Pacific (1953), and Brubeck's debut on Columbia Records, Jazz Goes to College (1954). In that same year, he was featured on the cover of Time magazine, the second jazz musician to be so honored (the first was Louis Armstrong on February 21, 1949^[13]). Brubeck personally found this accolade embarrassing since he considered Duke Ellington more deserving of it and was convinced that himself being Caucasian as opposed to Ellington being African American was a factor for why he was favored.^[14]

Early bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bob Bates, and Bob's brother Norman Bates; Lloyd Davis and Joe Dodge held the drum chair. In 1956, Brubeck hired Joe Morello, who had been working with Marian McPartland; Morello's presence made possible the rhythmic experiments that were to come. In 1958 Eugene Wright joined for the group's US State Department tour of Europe and Asia. Wright became a permanent member in 1959, making the "classic" Quartet's personnel complete. Wright, however, is African-American. During the late 1950s and early 1960s Brubeck canceled several concerts because the club owners or hall managers continued to resisted the idea of an integrated band on their stages. He also canceled a television appearance when he found out that the producers intended to keep Wright off-camera.{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

In 1959, the Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded Time Out, an album their label was enthusiastic about but nonetheless hesitant to release. Featuring the album art of S. Neil Fujita, the album contained all original compositions, almost none of which were in common time: 9/8, 5/4, 3/4, and 6/4 were used inspired by Eurasian folk music they experienced during that US State Department sponsored tour.^[15] Nonetheless, on the strength of these unusual time signatures (the album included "Take Five", "Blue Rondo à la Turk", and "Three To Get Ready"), it quickly went platinum.

Dave Brubeck Quartet 1967. From left to right: Joe Morello, Eugene Wright, Brubeck and Paul Desmond.

Time Out was followed by several albums with a similar approach, including Time Further Out: Miro Reflections (1961), using more 5/4, 6/4, and 9/8, plus the first attempt at 7/4; Countdown: Time in Outer Space (dedicated to John Glenn) (1962), featuring 11/4 and more 7/4; and Time Changes (1963), with much 3/4, 10/4 (which was really 5+5), and 13/4. These albums were also known for using contemporary paintings as cover art, featuring the work of Joan Miró on Time Further Out, Franz Kline on Time in Outer Space, and Sam Francis on Time Changes.

A high point for the group was their 1963 live album At Carnegie Hall, described by critic Richard Palmer as "arguably Dave Brubeck's greatest concert".

In the early 1960s, Brubeck and his wife Iola developed a jazz musical, The Real Ambassadors, based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the US State Department. The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, and Carmen McRae was recorded in 1961; the musical itself was performed at the 1962 Monterey Jazz Festival.

At their peak in the early '60s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year. Apart from the 'College' and the 'Time' series, Brubeck recorded four LPs featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered. Jazz Impressions of the USA (1956, Morello's debut with the group), Jazz Impressions of Eurasia (1958), Jazz Impressions of Japan (1964), and Jazz Impressions of New York (1964) are less well-known albums, but all are brilliant examples of the quartet's studio work, and they produced Brubeck standards such as "Summer Song," "Brandenburg Gate," "Koto Song," and "Theme From Mr. Broadway." (Brubeck wrote, and the Quartet performed, the theme song for the Craig Stevens CBS drama series; the music from the series became material for the "New York" album.)

In 1961 Dave Brubeck appeared in a few scenes of the British Jazz/Beat film All Night Long, which starred Patrick McGoohan and Richard Attenborough. Brubeck merely plays himself, and his piano playing includes closeups of his fingerings. Brubeck performs "It's a Raggy Waltz" from the Time Further Out album and duets briefly with bassist Charles Mingus in "Non-Sectarian Blues".

In the early 1960s Dave Brubeck was the program director of WJZZ-FM radio (now WEZN). He achieved his vision of an all jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.

The final studio album for Columbia by the Desmond/Wright/Morello quartet was Anything Goes (1966) featuring Cole Porter songs. A few concert recordings followed, and The Last Time We Saw Paris (1967) was the "Classic" Quartet's swansong.

Later career[link]

Brubeck in a 1972 performance in Hamburg

Brubeck's disbanding of the Quartet at the end of 1967 allowed him more time to compose the longer, extended orchestral and choral works that were occupying his attention (to say nothing of Brubeck's desire to spend more time with his family). February 1968 saw the premiere of The Light in the Wilderness for baritone solo, choir, organ, the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel, and Brubeck improvising on certain themes within. The piece is an oratorio on Jesus's teachings. The next year, Brubeck produced The Gates of Justice, a cantata mixing Biblical scripture with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Personal life[link]

Four of Brubeck's six children are professional musicians. Darius, the eldest, is an accomplished pianist, producer, educator and performer. (He was named after Dave Brubeck's mentor Darius Milhaud.^[16]) Dan is a renowned percussionist, Chris is a multi-instrumentalist and composer. Matthew, the youngest, is a versatile cellist with an impressive list of composing and performance credits. Brubeck's children often join with him in concerts and in the recording studio.

Brubeck in 2005

Brubeck believed what he saw during World War II contradicted the Ten Commandments, and the war evoked a spiritual awakening.^{[citation needed]} He became a Catholic in 1980, shortly after completing the Mass To Hope which had been commissioned by Ed Murray, editor of the national Catholic weekly Our Sunday Visitor. Although he had spiritual interests before that time, he said, "I didn't convert to Catholicism, because I wasn't anything to convert from. I just joined the Catholic Church."^[17] In 1996, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, Brubeck was awarded the University of Notre Dame's Laetare Medal, the oldest and most prestigious^[18] honor given to American Catholics, during the University's commencement. He performed "Travellin' Blues" for the graduating class of 2006.

Brubeck founded the Brubeck Institute with his wife Iola at their alma mater, the University of the Pacific in 2000. What began as a special archive, consisting of the personal document collection of the Brubecks has since expanded to provide fellowships and educational opportunities in jazz for students, also leading to having one of the main streets the school resides on named in his honor, Dave Brubeck Way.^[19]

Recognition[link]

Dave Brubeck (third from left), amongst Kennedy Center honorees 2009, flanked by President and Mrs. Obama at the Blue Room, White House, December 6, 2009.

On April 8, 2008, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice presented Brubeck with a "Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy" for offering an American "vision of hope, opportunity and freedom" through his music.^[20] "As a little girl I grew up on the sounds of Dave Brubeck because my dad was your biggest fan," said Rice.^[21] The State Department said in a statement that "as a pianist, composer, cultural emissary and educator, Dave Brubeck's life's work exemplifies the best of America's cultural diplomacy."^[20] At the ceremony Brubeck played a brief recital for the audience at the State Department.^[20] "I want to thank all of you because this honor is something that I never expected. Now I am going to play a cold piano with cold hands," Brubeck stated.^[20]

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008 that Brubeck would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony occurred December 10, and he was inducted alongside eleven other legendary Californians.^[22]

In September 2009, the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts announced Brubeck as a Kennedy Center Honoree for exhibiting excellence in performance arts.^[23] The Kennedy Center Honors Gala took place on Sunday, December 6 (Brubeck's 89th birthday) and was broadcast nationwide on CBS on December 29 at 9:00 pm EST.

On September 20, 2009, at Monterey Jazz Festival, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (D.Mus. honoris causa) from Berklee College of Music.^[24]

On May 16, 2010, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (honoris causa) from The George Washington University in Washington, DC. The ceremony took place on the National Mall.^{[citation needed]}

On July 5, 2010, Brubeck was awarded the Miles-Davis Award at the Montreal International Jazz Festival.^{[citation needed]}In 2010, Bruce Ricker and Clint Eastwood produced a documentary Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way about Brubeck for Turner Classic Movies (TCM) to commemorate his 90th birthday in December 2010.^[25]

Brubeck has become a supporter of the Jazz Foundation of America in their mission to save the homes and the lives of elderly jazz and blues musicians, including musicians that survived Hurricane Katrina.^[26] Brubeck supported the Jazz Foundation by performing in their annual benefit concert "A Great Night in Harlem" in 2006.^[27]

Awards[link]

• Connecticut Arts Award (1987)
• National Medal of Arts, National Endowment for the Arts (1994)
• DownBeat Hall of Fame (1994)
• Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1996)
• Doctorate honoris causa University of Fribourg, Switzerland (2004)
• Laetare Medal (University of Notre Dame) (2006)
• BBC Jazz Lifetime Achievement Award (2007)
• Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy (2008)^[20]
• Inducted into California Hall of Fame (2008)
• Kennedy Centre Honour (2009)^[28]
• George Washington University Honorary Degree (2010)^[29]
• Honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton, New Jersey (2011)

Discography[link]

• Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 1 (1949)
• Brubeck Trio with Cal Tjader, Volume 2 (1949)
• Brubeck/Desmond (1951)
• Stardust (1951)
• Dave Brubeck Quartet (1951)
• Jazz at the Blackhawk (1952)
• Dave Brubeck/Paul Desmond (1952)
• Jazz at Storyville (live) (1952)
• featuring Paul Desmond In Concert (live) (1953)
• Two Knights at the Black Hawk (1953)
• Jazz at Oberlin (1953) Fantasy Records
• Dave Brubeck & Paul Desmond at Wilshire Ebell (1953)
• Jazz at the College of the Pacific (1953) Fantasy Records
• Jazz Goes to College (1954) Columbia Records
• Dave Brubeck at Storyville 1954 (live) (1954)
• Brubeck Time (1955)
• Jazz: Red Hot And Cool (1955)
• Brubeck Plays Brubeck (1956)
• Dave Brubeck and Jay & Kai at Newport (1956)
• Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A. (1956)
• Plays and Plays and... (1957) Fantasy Records
• Reunion (1957) Fantasy Records
• Jazz Goes to Junior College (live) (1957)
• Dave Digs Disney (1957)
• In Europe (1958)
• Complete 1958 Berlin Concert (released 2008)
• Newport 1958
• Jazz Impressions of Eurasia (1958)
• Gone with the Wind (1959) Columbia Records
• Time Out (1959) Columbia Records/Legacy (RIAA: Platinum)
• Southern Scene (1960)
• The Riddle (1960)
• Brubeck and Rushing (1960)
• Brubeck a la Mode (1961) Fantasy Records
• Tonight Only with the Dave Brubeck Quartet (1961, with Carmen McRae)
• Take Five Live (1961, Live, Columbia Records, with Carmen McRae, released 1965)
• Near-Myth (1961) Fantasy Records
• Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein (1961)
• Time Further Out (1961) Columbia Records/Legacy
• Countdown—Time in Outer Space (1962) Columbia Records
• The Real Ambassadors (1962)
• Music From West Side Story (1962)
• Bossa Nova U.S.A. (1962)
• Brubeck in Amsterdam (1962, released 1969)
• Brandenburg Gate: Revisited (1963) Columbia Records
• At Carnegie Hall (1963)
• Time Changes (album) (1963)
• Dave Brubeck in Berlin (1964)
• Jazz Impressions of Japan (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy
• Jazz Impressions of New York (1964) Columbia Records/Legacy
• Angel Eyes (1965)
• My Favorite Things (1965)
• The 1965 Canadian Concert (released 2008)
• Time In (1966) Columbia Records
• Anything Goes (1966)
• Bravo! Brubeck! (1967)
• Buried Treasures (1967, released 1998)
• Jackpot (1967) Columbia Records
• The Last Time We Saw Paris (1968)
• Adventures in Time (Compilation, 1972) Columbia Records
• The Light in the Wilderness (1968)
• Compadres (1968)
• Blues Roots (1968)
• Brubeck/Mulligan/Cincinnati (1970)
• Live at the Berlin Philharmonie (1970)
• The Last Set at Newport (1971) Atlantic Records
• Truth is Fallen (1972)
• We're All Together Again For the First Time (1973)
• Two Generations of Brubeck (1973)
• Brother, the Great Spirit Made Us All (1974)
• All The Things We Are (1974)
• Brubeck & Desmond 1975: The Duets
• DBQ 25th Anniversary Reunion (1976) A&M Records
• The New Brubeck Quartet Live at Montreux (1978)
• A Cut Above (1978)
• La Fiesta de la Posada (1979)
• Back Home (1979) Concord Records
• A Place in Time (1980)
• Tritonis (1980) Concord Records
• To Hope! A Celebration By Dave Brubeck (A Mass in the Revised Roman Ritual) - Original now out-of-print 1980 recording conducted by Erich Kunzel. Pastoral Arts Associates (PAA) of North America, Old Hickory, Nashville, Tennesses 37187 LP record number DRP-8318. Music Copyright 1979 St. Francis Music. Recording Copyright 1980 Our Sunday Visitor, Inc.
• Paper Moon (1982) Concord Records
• Concord on a Summer Night (1982)
• For Iola (1984)
• Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz with guest Dave Brubeck (1984, released 1993)
• Reflections (1985)
• Blue Rondo (1986)
• Moscow Night (1987)
• New Wine (1987, released 1990)
• The Great Concerts (Compilation, 1988)
• Quiet As The Moon (Charlie Brown soundtrack) (1991)
• Once When I Was Very Young (1991)
• Time Signatures: A Career Retrospective (Compilation, 1992) Sony Colombia Legacy
• Trio Brubeck (1993)
• Late Night Brubeck (1994)
• Just You, Just Me (solo) (1994)
• Nightshift (1995)
• Young Lions & Old Tigers (1995)
• To Hope! A Celebration (1996)
• A Dave Brubeck Christmas (1996)
• In Their Own Sweet Way (1997)
• So What's New? (1998)
• The 40th Anniversary Tour of the U.K. (1999)
• One Alone (2000)
• Double Live From the USA & UK (2001)
• The Crossing (2001)
• Vocal Encounters (Compilation, 2001) Sony Records
• Classical Brubeck (with the London Symphony Orchestra, 2003) Telarc
• Park Avenue South (2003)
• The Gates of Justice (2004)
• Private Brubeck Remembers (solo piano + Interview disc w. Walter Cronkite) (2004)
• London Flat, London Sharp (2005) Telarc
• Indian Summer (2007) Telarc
• Live at the Monterey Jazz Festival 1958–2007 (2008)
• Yo-Yo Ma & Friends Brubeck tracks: Joy to the World, Concordia. (2008)Sony BMG
• Everybody Wants To Be A Cat: Disney Jazz Volume 1 Brubeck tracks: Some Day My Prince Will Come, Alice In Wonderland (with Roberta Gambarini) (2011)
• Their Last Time Out (DBQ recorded Live, 12/26/67) (2011)

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Isenberg, Barbara. State of the Arts: California Artists Talk About Their Work. 2005

Others[link]

• Photographs, documents, and video clips of oral history interviews from the Brubeck Collection are available at the University of the Pacific Library's Digital Collections.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dave Brubeck

• Official website