- published: 17 Mar 2008
- views: 54229
- author: Adam Csernay
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
More Videos
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Alans
- Alsace
- Andronovo Culture
- Argentina
- Armenians
- Asia
- Augsburg
- Australia
- Austria
- Balaton
- Balaton principality
- Balkan Peninsula
- Bashkortostan
- Basle
- Battle of Lechfeld
- Battle of Pressburg
- Bavaria
- Besermyan
- Brazil
- Budapest
- Bulgar language
- Bulgaria
- Bulgarians
- Bulgars
- Burgenland
- Burgundy (region)
- Byzantine Empire
- Béla Bartók
- Carpathian Basin
- Carpathian Mountains
- Carpathian Ruthenia
- Christianity
- Chronicon Pictum
- Circa
- Citizenship
- Covasna
- Covasna County
- Croatia
- Croatia-Slavonia
- Croats
- Csangos
- Csángó
- Csárdás
- Cumans
- Cyclorama
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dnieper River
- Don River, Russia
- Dârjiu
- Early Middle Ages
- East Francia
- East Germany
- Eastern Magyars
- Eger
- Endonym
- Enets people
- Estonians
- Eszterháza
- Etelköz
- Ethnic group
- Ethnicity
- Eurasian Avars
- Europe
- Exonym
- Finno-Ugric peoples
- Finns
- Francis II Rákóczi
- German people
- Germans
- Germany
- Great Moravia
- Gábor Bethlen
- Harghita
- History of Hungary
- Hollókő
- Hungarian American
- Hungarian animals
- Hungarian Australian
- Hungarian Brazilian
- Hungarian Canadians
- Hungarian diaspora
- Hungarian language
- Hungarian mythology
- Hungarian people
- Hungarian prehistory
- Hungarians
- Hungarians (film)
- Hungarians in Chile
- Hungarians in Israel
- Hungary
- Iberian Peninsula
- Irreligion
- István Széchenyi
- Izhorians
- Jassic people
- János Arany
- János Bolyai
- József Eötvös
- Kabar
- Kamasins
- Karelians
- Khagan
- Khanty people
- Khazars
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Komi people
- Kunság
- Latin
- Library of Congress
- List of Hungarians
- Livonians
- Loránd Eötvös
- Louis the Child
- Lutheranism
- Magyar tribes
- Magyar Tudomány
- Magyarab
- Magyarab people
- Magyars
- Mansi people
- Mari people
- Matthias Corvinus
- Medieval Latin
- Middle Ages
- Mokshas
- Mordvins
- Mureş County
- Name of Hungary
- Nation
- Nenets people
- Neolog Judaism
- New York
- New Zealand
- Nganasan people
- North America
- Oceania
- Onogurs
- Ottoman Empire
- Palóc
- Pannonia
- Pechenegs
- Perm Krai
- Philippines
- Poland
- Pope
- Poverty
- Prekmurje
- Protestant
- Provence
- Przemyśl
- Puerto Rico
- Puszta
- Pécs
- Referendum
- Republic of Ireland
- Rimetea
- Romani people
- Romania
- Romanianization
- Romanians
- Russia
- Saltov Culture
- Sami people
- Samoyedic peoples
- Savonians
- Saxony
- Selkup people
- Serbia
- Serbs
- Setos
- Seversky Donets
- Skorenovac
- Slavonia
- Slavs
- Slovakia
- Slovakization
- Slovaks
- Slovenia
- Sopron
- South America
- St. Kitts and Nevis
- Stephen I of Hungary
- Székely
- Székelys
- Székelys of Bukovina
- Tavastians
- Thailand
- Tisza
- Transdanubia
- Transylvania
- Treaty of Trianon
- Turkey
- Turkic languages
- Turul
- Udmurts
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Ural Mountains
- Uralic languages
- Utigur
- Varangians
- Vepsians
- Vlachs
- Vojvodina
- Volga River
- Voter turnout
- Votes
- Võros
- Western Europe
- World Heritage Site
- World War II
- Zoltán Kodály
- Árpád
- Árpád Feszty
- Ópusztaszer
-
Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
wn.com/Alsace -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Bashkortostan
The Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н, tr. Respublika Bashkortostan; IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bəʂkərtɐˈstan]; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Başqortostan Respublikahı), also known as Bashkiria (Russian: Башки́рия, tr. Bashkiriya; IPA: [bɐʂˈkʲirʲɪjə]) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa. Population: 4,072,292 (2010 Census).
The state has strong relations with its Muslim neighbor Tatarstan.
"Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group and the Persian suffix -stan (an ending common to many Central Asian countries).
The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan were set up in the early Paleolithic period; however, it was the Bronze Age which served as a spur to populate this territory. When people of Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons, and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.
wn.com/Bashkortostan -
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
wn.com/Bavaria -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Budapest
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre, sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi) within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its population—which dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
wn.com/Budapest -
Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
wn.com/Bulgaria -
Burgenland
Burgenland (help·info) is the easternmost and least populous state or Land of Austria. It consists of two Statutarstädte (towns with a charter) and seven districts with in total 171 municipalities. It is 166 km long from north to south but much narrower from west to east (5 km wide at Sieggraben). The region is a part of the Centrope Project.
Burgenland is the 7th largest of Austria's 9 states, or Bundesländer, at 3,962 km². The highest point in the province is Geschriebenstein, at 884 metres, the lowest point is 114 metres, near Apetlon.
Burgenland borders the Austrian provinces of Niederösterreich and Steiermark to the west, to the northeast it borders Slovakia, Hungary to the east and Slovenia to the farthest south.
Burgenland and Hungary share the Neusiedler See, known for its reeds and shallowness, as well as the mild climate throughout the year. The Neusiedler See is Austria's largest lake serving as a large tourist attraction bringing ornithologists, sailors, and wind and kite surfers into the region north of the lake.
wn.com/Burgenland -
Carpathian Ruthenia
Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine, or Zakarpattia (Rusyn and Ukrainian: Карпатська Русь, Karpats’ka Rus’; or Закарпаття, Zakarpattya; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia; Polish: Zakarpacie; German: Karpatenukraine) is a region in Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’), with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj and Košice kraj) and Poland's Lemkovyna.[citation needed]
It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited by Ukrainian, Rusyn, Lemko, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Bulgarian and Russian populations. It also has small Bogomil, Hutsul, Jewish, Romani, Szekler and Csango minorities.
The nomenclature of the region depends on geographic perspective and political point of view. Thus from a Hungarian, Slovak and Czech perspective the region is described as Sub-Carpathia, (i.e. below the Carpathians) while from a Ukrainian and Russian perspective it is referred to as Trans-Carpathia (on the other side of the Carpathian mountains). The use of Carpathian Ruthenia is an attempt to provide a neutral term.
wn.com/Carpathian_Ruthenia -
Covasna
Covasna (Romanian pronunciation: [koˈvasna]; Hungarian: Kovászna, Hungarian pronunciation: [kovaːsnɒ]; German: Kowasna) is a town in Covasna county, Transylvania, Romania, at an altitude of 550–600 m.
Known as the "town of 1,000 mineral springs," Covasna is famous for its mineral waters. Each spring has a different mixture of minerals, chiefly carbon dioxide, sulfur, and ammonia. Its name is derived from the Slavic word Cvaz, meaning sour, referring to the taste of its mineral waters.
The town administers one village, Chiuruş (Hungarian: Csomakőrös). The village has a population of 451 and has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority.
According to the 2002 Census, Covasna has 11,369 inhabitants. It has a Hungarian majority: 7,549 or 66.4%. 3,672 (32.3%) Romanians also live in the town.
Demographic movement according to the censuses:
<timeline> Colors=
ImageSize = width:300 height:220 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:15000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:2500 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:500 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo
wn.com/Covasna -
Covasna County
Covasna (Romanian pronunciation: [koˈvasna], Hungarian: Kovászna, Hungarian pronunciation:[’kovaːsnɒ]) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe.
In 2002, it had a population of 222,449 and the population density was 60/km².
Covasna County has the second-greatest percentage of Hungarian population in Romania, just behind the neighboring county of Harghita. The Hungarians of Covasna are primarily Szeklers.
Covasna county has a total area of 3,710 km².
The main part of the relief consists of mountains from the Eastern Carpathians group. Most localities can be found in the valleys and depressions located along the different rivers crossing the county. The main river is the Olt River; along its banks lies the capital city Sfântu Gheorghe.
Covasna County has been one of the preferred counties for foreign investments, mainly by Hungarian investors, due to the population profile.
The predominant industries in the county are:
The main tourist destinations in the county are:
wn.com/Covasna_County -
Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
wn.com/Croatia -
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
wn.com/Denmark -
Dârjiu
Dârjiu (Hungarian: Székelyderzs, Hungarian pronunciation: [’seːkɛjdɛrʒ]) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania.
The toponym "Székelyderzs" was first mentioned as "De ers" in a papal list of tithes taken in 1334. In 1525, it was recorded as Ders, while in 1760, it was already mentioned by its modern Hungarian name as Székely Derzs.
The first written mention of the toponym Székelyderzs as De Ers is from a list of papal tithes taken in 1334. In 1525, it was mentioned as Ders, while in 1760, the modern form of its Hungarian name was already used as Székely Derzs. The name Derzs is thought to be from the Old Bulgar.
The commune is composed of two villages:
The commune has an absolute Székely (Hungarian) majority. According to the 2002 census it has a population of 1,177 of which 98.3% or 1,157 are Hungarian.
The village is home to a 13th century fortified Unitarian Church, which is on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
wn.com/Dârjiu -
East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʀaːtɪʃə ʀepuˈbliːk] or DDR), informally known as East Germany (German: Ostdeutschland), was a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city. The GDR had an area of 107,771 km2 (41,610 mi2), bordering Czechoslovakia to the south, West Germany to the south and west, Poland to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. East Germany was dissolved upon joining the institutions of West Germany in the German reunification, on 3 October 1990.
wn.com/East_Germany -
Eger
Eger (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɛɡɛr]; German: Erlau; Turkish: Eğri ) is the second largest city in Northern Hungary, the county seat of Heves, east of the Mátra Mountains. Eger is best known for its castle, thermal baths, historic buildings (including the northernmost Turkish minaret), and red and white wines.
The name Eger is thought to derive from the Hungarian word égerfa (alder tree). In German, the town is known as Erlau, in Latin as Agria, in Serbian and Croatian as Jegar / Јегар or Jegra / Јегра, in Czech and Slovene as Jager, in Slovak as Jáger, in Polish as Jagier, and in Turkish as Eğri.
Eger has been inhabited since the Stone Age. Today's Eger was formed in the 10th century by St. Stephen (997–1038), the first Christian king of Hungary, who founded an episcopal see in Eger. The first cathedral of Eger was built on Castle Hill, within the present site of Eger Castle. Eger grew up around its former cathedral and has remained an important religious centre in Hungary since its foundation. The 14th-16th centuries were an age of prosperity for Eger. Winegrowing, for which the town is still famous for, began to be important around that time. The bishops of Eger built beautiful buildings in the city during 18th and 19th centuries.
wn.com/Eger -
Eszterháza
Esterháza is a palace in Fertőd, Hungary, built by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. Sometimes called the "Hungarian Versailles", it is Hungary's grandest Rococo edifice.
Esterháza was not the primary or ancestral home of the Esterházy family; that was Schloss Esterházy, a palace nearby (40 kilometers (25 mi)), in Eisenstadt. Nikolaus Esterhazy began his plans for a new palace not long after he became reigning prince in 1762 on the death of his brother Paul Anton. Before this time, Nikolaus was accustomed to spending much of his time at a hunting lodge called Süttör, built in the same location around 1720 with a design by Anton Erhard Martinelli. The hunting lodge was the nucleus around which Esterháza was built.
The first architect to work on the project was Johann Ferdinand Mödlhammer, succeeded in 1765 by Melchior Hefele. While the palace is often compared to Versailles, which the Prince had visited in 1767, H. C. Robbins Landon claims that a more direct influence can be found in "Austrian prototypes, particularly Schönbrunn palace in Vienna."
wn.com/Eszterháza -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Hollókő
Hollókő ([ˈholːoːkøː]) is a Palóc ethnographic village in Hungary, part of the World Heritage. Its name means "Raven-stone" in Hungarian.
The village is located in Nógrád county, approximately 91.1 kilometres northeast from Budapest, the capital of Hungary. It lies in a valley of Cserhát Mountains, surrounded by low peaks. The natural environment is protected.
Hollókő castle
Hollókő village
The castle of Hollókő
Aerial view of the castle
Coordinates: 48°00′N 19°36′E / 48°N 19.6°E / 48; 19.6
wn.com/Hollókő -
Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
wn.com/Hungary -
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
wn.com/Iberian_Peninsula -
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a country in Central Europe covering what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania (now part of Romania), Carpatho Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), Burgenland (now part of Austria), and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders. From 1102 it also included Croatia (except Istria), being in personal union with it, united under the Hungarian king. The kingdom existed for almost one thousand years (1000–1918 and 1920–1946) and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centers of the Western world.
The Latin Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (Kingdom of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official Latin documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s. The German name (Königreich Ungarn) was used from 1849 to the 1860s, and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) was used in the 1840s, and again from the 1860s to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Croatian: Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo, Italian (for the city of Fiume), Regno d'Ungheria.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_Hungary -
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
wn.com/Library_of_Congress -
New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
wn.com/New_York -
New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
wn.com/New_Zealand -
Perm Krai
Perm Krai (Russian: Пе́рмский край, Permsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai) that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm is the administrative center. Population: 2,635,276 (2010 Census).
Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relies heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.
Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains. 99.8% of its area are located in Europe, 0.2% - in Asia.
The krai borders with the Komi Republic in the north, Kirov Oblast in the northwest, the Udmurt Republic in the southwest, the Republic of Bashkortostan in the south, and Sverdlovsk Oblast in the east.
wn.com/Perm_Krai -
Philippines
The Philippines
i/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
wn.com/Philippines -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Prekmurje
Prekmurje ( pronunciation (help·info)) (dialectically: Prèkmürsko or Prèkmüre) is a geographically, linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined region settled by Slovenes and lying between the Mur River in Slovenia and the Rába Valley (the watershed of the Rába) (Slovene: Porabje) in the most western part of Hungary. It maintains certain specific linguistic, cultural and religious features that differentiate it from other Slovenian traditional regions.
It is named after the Mur river, which separates it from the rest of Slovenia (a literal translation from Slovene would be Over-Mur or Transmurania). In Hungarian, the region is known as Muravidék, and in German as Übermurgebiet.
wn.com/Prekmurje -
Przemyśl
Przemyśl ([ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] ( listen)) (Ukrainian: Перемишль, Peremyshl’) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.
Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate, with open lines of transportation, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes passed through Przemyśl and ensured the city's importance.
Different names in various languages have identified the city throughout its history. Selected languages include: Bulgarian: Пшемишъл (Pshemishl); German: Premissel; Latin: Premislia; Russian: Перемышль (Pjerjemyshlj); Ukrainian: Перемишль (Peremyshlj); and Yiddish: פּשעמישל (Pshemishl).
Przemyśl, the second-oldest city in southern Poland (after Kraków), appears to date from as early as the 8th century. The region subsequently became part of the 9th-century Great Moravian state. Archeological remains testify to the presence of a monastic settlement as early as the 9th century. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians of the area declared allegiance to the Hungarian authorities. The Przemyśl region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus and Hungary beginning in at least the 9th century. The area was mentioned for the first time in 981 by Nestor, when Vladimir I of Kievan Rus took it over on the way into Poland. In 1018 Przemyśl returned to Poland, and in 1031 it was retaken by Rus. Between the 11th and 12th century the city was a capital of the Principality of Peremyshl, one of the principalities that made up the Kievan Rus' state. Sometime before 1218 an Eastern Orthodox eparchy was founded in the city. Przemyśl later became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia.
wn.com/Przemyśl -
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Pécs
Pécs (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpeːtʃ] ( listen); known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia. It is the administrative and economical centre of Baranya county. Pécs is also the seat of Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs.
The city Sopianae was founded by Romans at the beginning of the 2nd century, on an area peopled by Celts and Pannoni tribes. By the 4th century it became the capital of Valeria province and a significant early Christian center. The early Christian necropolis is from this era which became an UNESCO World Heritage Site in December 2000.
Its episcopate was founded in 1009 by Steven I, and the first university in Hungary was founded in Pécs in 1367 by Louis I the Great. (The largest university still resides in Pécs with about 34,000 students). Pécs was formed into one of the cultural and arts center of the country by bishop Janus Pannonius, the great, Hungarian, humanist poet. Pécs has a rich heritage from the age of a 150 year long Ottoman occupation, like the mosque of Pasha Qasim the Victorious on Széchenyi square.
wn.com/Pécs -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Rimetea
Rimetea (Hungarian: Torockó; German: Eisenmarkt, Eisenburg) is a commune located in Alba County, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Colţeşti (Torockószentgyörgy; Sankt Georgen) and Rimetea. A former mining town, today it is known as the location of the Piatra Secuiului (Hungarian: Székelykő, lit. "Rock of the Szeklers") mountain and as a Székely cultural center. In 1999 the village was awarded the Europa Nostra award.
The first time it was mentioned was in 1257 under the name Toroczko. As part of the Kingdom of Hungary it belonged to Torda-Aranyos County; after the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 it became part of Alba County in Romania.
At the 2002 census, 87.3% of inhabitants were Hungarians and 12% Romanians. 76.2% were Unitarian, 12.6% Romanian Orthodox, 5% Reformed, 2.6% Roman Catholic and 2.8% stated they belonged to another religion.
Coordinates: 46°27′N 23°34′E / 46.45°N 23.567°E / 46.45; 23.567
wn.com/Rimetea -
Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
wn.com/Romania -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
wn.com/Saxony -
Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
wn.com/Serbia -
Skorenovac
Skorenovac (Serbian: Скореновац, Skorenovac, Hungarian: Székelykeve, German: Skorenowatz, Banat Bulgarian: Gjurgevo) is a village located in the Kovin municipality, in the South Banat District of Serbia, in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
The closest towns are Kovin (6 km), Smederevo (17 km), Pančevo (30 km), and Belgrade (46 km).
The village named Gyurgyova-Rádayfalva (Đurđevo) existed between 1869 and 1886 at the location between Banatski Brestovac and Danube river. In 1869, the population of Gyurgyova numbered 396 people. After initial settlement, which included Hungarian (Palóc) families from Banatsko Novo Selo (hun: Újfalu), Jermenovci (hun: Ürményháza), Sándorfalva, Szeged county and Banatski Dušanovac (hun: Szőlősudvarnok, ger: Rogendorf), in 1883 came the first Székely settlement with total of 645 families or around 2,000 individuals.
Later, in 1886, the population of this village was resettled to the location of present day Skorenovac and Ivanovo. The reason for resettlement to Skorenovac and Ivanovo was the flooding of the Danube river and the yearly annihilation of property in the village and its agricultural land. At the same time, the inhabitants' lives were in constant danger.
wn.com/Skorenovac -
Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
wn.com/Slavonia -
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
wn.com/Slovakia -
Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
wn.com/Slovenia -
Sopron
Sopron (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʃopron]; German: Ödenburg, Croatian: Šopron, Latin: Scarbantia) is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near the Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő.
When the area that is today Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire, a city called Scarbantia stood here. Its forum was located where the main square of Sopron can be found today.
During the Migration Period Scarbantia was believed to be deserted and by the time Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The town received its Hungarian name at this time from a castle steward named Suprun. In 1153 it was mentioned as an important town.
In 1273 King Otakar II of Bohemia occupied the castle. Even though he took the children of Sopron's nobility with him as hostages, the city opened its gates when the armies of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. The king awarded Sopron by elevating it to the rank of free royal town.
wn.com/Sopron -
Thailand
Thailand (
/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
wn.com/Thailand -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (Bashkir: Урал тауҙары, Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, Uralskiye gory, or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan. Their eastern side is usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic.
The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and Ural economic region. They are rich in various deposits, including metal ores, coal, precious and semi-precious stones, and since the 18th century have been the major mineral base of Russia.
As attested by Sigismund von Herberstein, in the 16th century Russians called the range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (Урал, Ural), first appearing in the 16th-17th century when the Russian expansion into Siberia was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might be a borrowing from either Turkic (Bashkir, where the same name is used for the range), or Ob-Ugric. From the 13th century, in Bashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave which later turned into the Ural Mountains.
wn.com/Ural_Mountains -
Vojvodina
Vojvodina, officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина / Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina [ʋǒjʋodina] ( listen) (see Name for other languages)), is an autonomous province of Serbia, located in the northern part of the country, in the Pannonian Plain of Central Europe. Its capital and largest city is Novi Sad.
Vojvodina has a population of about 2 million (approximately 27% of Serbia's total). It has a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural identity, with a number of mechanisms for the promotion of minority rights; there are more than 26 ethnic groups in the province, which has six official languages.
The name "Vojvodina" in Serbian language means a type of duchy – more specifically, a voivodeship. It derives from the word "vojvoda" (See: voivode) which stems from the Proto-Slavic language word "voevoda". Those words are etymologically connected with modern-day words "vojnik" (soldier) and "voditi" (to lead). Its original name (from 1848) was the "Serbian Voivodeship" (Srpska Vojvodina).
wn.com/Vojvodina -
Ópusztaszer
Ópusztaszer (till 1974 Sövényháza) is a village in Csongrád county, in the Southern Great Plain region of southern Hungary. It is most known as the location of the National Historical Memorial Park.
It covers an area of 59.5 km2 (23 sq mi) and has a population of 2290 people (2001).
Coordinates: 46°29′N 20°05′E / 46.483°N 20.083°E / 46.483; 20.083
wn.com/Ópusztaszer
-
Alans
The Alans, or the Alani, occasionally termed Alauni or Halani, were a group of Sarmatian tribes, nomadic pastoralists of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian.
The various forms of Alan — Greek: Αλανοί, Αλαννοί; Chinese: 阿蘭聊 Alanliao (Pinyin) in the 2nd century, 阿蘭 Alan (Pinyin) in the 3rd century — and Iron (a self-designation of the Alans' modern Ossetian descendants, indicating early tribal self-designation) are Iranian dialectical forms of Aryan. These and other variants of Aryan (such as Iran), were common self-designations of the Indo-Iranians, the common ancestors of the Indo-Aryans and Iranian peoples to whom the Alans belonged.
The Alans were also known over the course of their history by another group of related names including the variations Asi, As, and Os (Bulgarian Uzi, Hungarian Jász, Russian Jasy, Georgian Osi). It is this name that is the root of the modern Ossetian.
<timeline> ImageSize = width:680 height:200 PlotArea = left:72 right:8 bottom:20 top:2 AlignBars = justify Define $wide = width:35
wn.com/Alans -
Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
wn.com/Alsace -
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.
The largest concentration is in Armenia, having a nearly homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably the Russian Empire, the Near East, the United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe (see Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church, which is also the world's oldest national church.
wn.com/Armenians -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Besermyan
The Besermyan, Biserman, Besermans or Besermens (Russian: бесермяне, besermyane singular: besermyanin, Udmurt: бесерманъёс, Tatar Cyrillic: бисермәннәр, Latin: bisermännär) are a small numbered Finno-Ugric ethnic group in Russia.
There were 10,000 Besermyans in 1926, but according to the Russian Census (2002), there were 3,122 of them in Russia. The Russian Empire Census of 1897 listed 10.8 thousand besermens.
The Besermyan live in the northwest region of Yukamen, Glazov, Balezino, and Yar Districts of Udmurtia. There are ten villages of pure Besermyan ethnicity in Russia, and 41 villages with a partial Besermyan population.
The Besermyans' language is a dialect of the Udmurt language with Tatar influences.
Some Besermyans' traditions differ from other Udmurtian customs due to the Islamic influence during the Volga Bulgaria and Khanate of Kazan periods.
wn.com/Besermyan -
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bolgars, Bulghars, Huno-Bulgars) were a semi-nomadic people who flourished in the Pontic Steppe and the Volga basin in the 7th century. Ethnically, the Bulgars comprised Turkic and probably Scytho-Sarmatian elements. They had enveloped also other ethnic groups by their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppe.
The Bulgars emerged after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the 5th century. Initially, they conquered the Pontic-Caspian steppe and around the lower Volga basin, by the 7th century dispersing further towards Bessarabia. Originating as nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, they became sedentary during the 7th century, establishing the polities (khanates) of Old Great Bulgaria in the Pontic steppe and Volga Bulgaria on the middle Volga.
Old Great Bulgaria was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in the 8th century, but in the 680s, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, which was however Slavicized by the 10th century. Volga Bulgaria preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. But they were eventually subdued, and their capital Bolghar city became one of major cities of the Mongol Golden Horde. Later, Volga Bulgars mixed with Tatars of Kazan.
wn.com/Bulgars -
Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók ( /ˈbɑrtɒk/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbeːlɒ ˈbɒrtoːk]; March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and is regarded, along with Liszt, as Hungary's greatest composer (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of ethnomusicology.
Béla Bartók was born in the small Banatian town of Nagyszentmiklós in the Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (since 1920 Sânnicolau Mare, Romania) on March 25, 1881. Bartók's family reflected some of the ethno-cultural diversities of the country. His father, Béla Sr., considered himself thoroughly Hungarian, because on his father's side the Bartók family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsod county (Móser 2006a, 44; Bartók 1981, 13), though his mother was from a Roman Catholic Serbian family (Bayley 2001, 16). His mother, Paula (born Paula Voit), had German as a mother tongue, but was ethnically of "mixed Hungarian" origin: Her maiden name Voit is German, probably of Saxon origin from Upper Hungary (Since 1920 in Czechoslovakia, since 1993 in Slovakia), though she spoke Hungarian fluently.[citation needed] Among her closest forefathers there were family names like Polereczky (Magyarized Polish or Slovak) and Fegyveres (Magyar). Béla displayed notable musical talent very early in life: according to his mother, he could distinguish between different dance rhythms that she played on the piano before he learned to speak in complete sentences (Gillies 1990, 6). By the age of four, he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano; his mother began formally teaching him the next year.
wn.com/Béla_Bartók -
Croats
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Peru, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which has been influenced by a number of other neighbouring cultures through the ages. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean where, at the same time, Croats have made their own contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic with minor groups of Protestants, Muslims, Orthodox, Jews and secular non religious atheists and agnostics. Their language is Croatian.
Croatia is the nation state of the Croats, while in the adjacent Bosnia and Herzegovina they are one of the three constituent peoples alongside Bosniaks and Serbs.
wn.com/Croats -
Eastern Magyars
The page of the Eastern Magyars or Eastern Hungarians is concerned with Hungarians who remained in Eastern Europe during the Migration Period and did not participate in the Hungarian conquest.
Friar Julian named the country of the Eastern Hungarians for Magna Hungaria or Great Hungary. It was situated in the area of present day Bashkortostan. Prior to the Mongol Invasion, he reached the territory bordered by the rivers Volga – Kama – Bjelaja – Ural as a companion to a Muslim priest. There he found the Hungarians and found, which the chronicles of the time referred to as Magna Hungaria. Julian was able to communicate with them in Hungarian (irrespective of the gap of at least 300-400 years since the split). He set off home anxious to give account on his mission, as well as the news he gathered about the upcoming invasion of the Mongols and Tartars.
In the 8th century, the Savard Hungarians, one section of the Hungarian people, broke off and moved to the country south of the Caucasus. Contemporary Byzantine source reports that around the mid- tenth century the Hungarians maintained contact with the Savard Hungarians who remained in Eastern Europe.
wn.com/Eastern_Magyars -
Enets people
The Enets people (Russian: энцы; singular: энец), or Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei, Yenisei-Samoyed, Yenisey Samoyeds or Yeniseian people are a traditionally nomadic people who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River. Many live in the village of Potapovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai in western Siberia near the arctic circle. According to the 2002 Census, there are 237 Enets. In Ukraine, there were 26 Entsi in 2001, of whom 18 were capable of speaking the language.
The Enets language is a Samoyedic language, formerly known as Yenisei Samoyedic (not to be confused with the Yeniseian language family, which is completely unrelated). They still speak their language, but education is in Russian so there is fear they may lose their language.
The town of Potapovo was visited in the late 1990s by the British travel writer, Colin Thubron who found the Entsi deculturated and demoralized, beset with problems of alcoholism. The reindeer collective established in Nikita Khrushchev's day had been severely impacted by acid rain from the nickel smelters at Norilsk. A fur farm which raises fox was similarly diminished. About half the population was unemployed with a few employed in reindeer herding on the west side of the river, the remainder living by fishing in the Yenisei River. Fisherman from Potapovo sometimes catch red sturgeon and Omul, a type of salmon, as well as char, gang fish, and northern pike. Thubron mentions a salted muksun fish product (muksun is a type of fish, like salmon).
wn.com/Enets_people -
Estonians
Estonians (Estonian: eestlased) are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting, primarily, the country of Estonia. They speak a Finnic language known as Estonian. Although Estonia is traditionally grouped as one of the Baltic countries, Estonians are linguistically unrelated to the Baltic peoples of Latvia and Lithuania.
Estonia was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago, just after the Baltic ice lake had retreated from Estonia. While it is not certain what languages were spoken by the first settlers, it is often maintained that speakers of early Uralic languages related to modern Estonian had arrived in what is now Estonia by about 5000 years ago. Living in the same area for more than 5000 years would put the ancestors of Estonians among the oldest permanent inhabitants in Europe. On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that Fenno-Ugrian language arrived around the Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BCE).
The name "Eesti", or Estonia, is thought to be derived from the word Aestii, the name given by the ancient Germanic people to the Baltic people living northeast of the Vistula River. The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 A.D. was the first to mention the "Aestii" people, and early Scandinavians called the land south of the Gulf of Finland "Eistland" ("Eistland" is also the current word in Icelandic for Estonia), and the people "eistr". Proto-Estonians (as well as other speakers of the Finnish language group) were also called Chuds (чудь) in Old East Slavic chronicles.
wn.com/Estonians -
Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars ( /ˈævɑrz/) were a Turkic people from the steppes of Central Asia, and later they became a confederation of Eurasian tribes of mixed origin. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid-sixth century AD, when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Their state was the Avar Khaganate. The rule of their country over much of the Pannonian Plain persisted until the early 9th century.
The origin of the Eurasian Avars is unclear. Information about origins is derived primarily from the works of Byzantine historians Menander Protector and Theophylact Simocatta. John of Ephesus used the term "those, who are called "Avars," because of their long hair." The confusion is compounded by the fact that many clans carried a particular name because they believed it to be prestigious, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin or reputation.[citation needed] Such a case has been seen repeatedly for many nomadic confederacies.
wn.com/Eurasian_Avars -
Francis II Rákóczi
Francis II Rákóczi (Hungarian: II. Rákóczi Ferenc, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈraːkoːtsi ˈfɛrɛnts]; 27 March 1676 in Borsi, Royal Hungary – 8 April 1735 in Tekirdağ, Ottoman Empire) Hungarian aristocrat, he was the leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince (fejedelem) of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was also Prince of Transylvania, an Imperial Prince, and a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Today he is considered a national hero in Hungary.
His full title was: Franciscus II. Dei Gratia Sacri Romani Imperii & Transylvaniae princeps Rakoczi. Particum Regni Hungariae Dominus & Siculorum Comes, Regni Hungariae Pro Libertate Confoederatorum Statuum necnon Munkacsiensis & Makoviczensis Dux, Perpetuus Comes de Saros; Dominus in Patak, Tokaj, Regécz, Ecsed, Somlyó, Lednicze, Szerencs, Onod.
His name is historically also spelled Rákóczy, in Hungarian: II. Rákóczi Ferenc, in Slovak: František II. Rákoci, in German: Franz II. Rákóczi, in Croatian: Franjo II. Rakoci.
wn.com/Francis_II_Rákóczi -
Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
wn.com/Germans -
Hungarian American
Hungarian Americans (Hungarian: amerikai magyarok) are American citizens of Hungarian descent. The constant influx of Hungarian immigrants was marked by several waves of sharp increase.
Europeans have long settled in the New World, with Hungarian Americans such as Michael de Kovats, the founder of United States Cavalry, active in the American Revolution. Hungarians have maintained a constant state of immigration to the United States since then; however, they are best known for three principle waves of immigration.
Agoston Haraszthy, who settled in Wisconsin in 1840, was the first Hungarian to permanently settle in the United States and the second Hungarian to write a book about the United States in his native language. After he moved to California in 1849, Haraszthy founded the Buena Vista Vineyards in Sonoma (now Buena Vista Carneros) and imported more than 100,000 European wine cuttings for the use of California winemakers. He is widely remembered today as the "Father of California Viticulture" or the "Father of Modern Winemaking in California."
wn.com/Hungarian_American -
Hungarian Australian
Most Hungarian immigrants to Australia came after World War II and after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The Hungarian descent in Australia, mostly live in State capital cities. Responses to the last 2006 ABS conducted national census questionnaires could reflect the true numbers of Hungarian Australians only if one takes into account not just of the ones born in Hungary. In addition to that, the ethnic Hungarian origin people born outside Hungary who officially and specifically identified themselves of Hungarian ancestry would make up the total of 67,616 Hungarian Australian persons, residents of Australia as per ABS tabulation under “Hungarian Ancestry”(Refer to Hungarian history as guide for clarification). The breakdown according to State and Territory was: NSW 23,577; VIC 21,727; QLD 9795; SA 5,427; WA 4,230; TAS 877; ACT 1,652; NT 331. Of the 67,616 total 20,166 or 29.82% were born in Hungary, 31,103 or 46% were aged 65 and over, 40,570 or 60% had tertiary or trade qualifications. In the same 2006 Census, among Hungarian-born persons, the religious breakdown was as follows: 72.9% declared Christianity, 11.8% declared no religion or atheism, 7.4% declared Judaism, 0.6% declared other religions and 6.6% did not answer the question. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
wn.com/Hungarian_Australian -
Hungarian Brazilian
Hungarian Brazilian (Portuguese: húngaro-brasileiro or magiar-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of full, partial, or predominantly Hungarian ancestry, or a Hungarian-born person residing in Brazil.
Although ethnic Hungarians live in all the countries of South America, active community life and organizations exist only in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, and Uruguay. Even though official census data are not available, according to greatly varying local estimates, 850,000 to 1,000,000 Brazilians are of Hungarian descent. In the case of Argentina and Brazil, the discrepancy between estimates may originate from the fact that the Hungarian diasporas in those two countries can look back to one-and-half century of history, and the fact that the ethnic identity of the non-first generation population of Hungarian origin is already vague in many cases. In terms of organization and social cohesion, the strongest Hungarian communities are those in Brazil and Argentina.
According to the data received from the local Hungarian communities, the number of grandparents and parents who immigrated from Hungary to Brazil is between 33,000 and 65,000. Their descendants already born in the country and who still record their Hungarian origin may number some 145,000 to 310,000.
wn.com/Hungarian_Brazilian -
Hungarian Canadians
Hungarian-Canadians are persons in Canada of Hungarian ancestry. According to Canada 2001 Census, there are 315,510 Canadians of Hungarian ancestry. The Hungarian minority is the 23rd largest ethnic group of Canada. The majority of Hungarian immigration occurred after World War II, the wave peaked after the 1956 Hungarian revolution against communist rule and over 100,000 Hungarian refugees went to Canada. The Hungarian-Canadian community is among the country's multiple ethnicities and one of the top five countries of the Hungarian diaspora.
After the Canada 2006 Census 48,665 people (1,48 % of the population) have Hungarian roots and 6,770 of them speak the Hungarian language (0.21 %).
The first Hungarians arrived in Alberta in 1866 with Count Paul Oskar Eszterhazy, who wanted Hungarians to re-settle after they had emigrated originally to Pennsylvania. The memorial of János Mráz, in 1895 in Bashaw indicated that there were already 25 Hungarian families, each of which farmed a homestead. The 1900 Census in Lethbridge counted 167 Hungarians in the area.
wn.com/Hungarian_Canadians -
Hungarian people
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (Hungarian: magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 14-15 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011). About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 1918-1920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbour countries, especially Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada and Australia. Unlike the Hungarians living on the former territory of pre-1918-20 Kingdom of Hungary, only some of the ethnic Hungarians in other areas preserve the Hungarian language and traditions. The Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székely, the Csángó, the Palóc, and the Jassic people.
wn.com/Hungarian_people -
Hungarians in Chile
Hungarians in Chile include immigrants from Hungary to Chile and their descendants. In South America, more Hungarians settled in Argentina and Brazil. However, Chile was a major point of passage for Hungarians to North America (the United States) and Australia. Most Hungarian immigrants to Australia from South America during the first half of the 20th century came via Chile. There are around 40,000 people of Hungarian descent living in Chile, with the main concentration in Santiago.[citation needed]
wn.com/Hungarians_in_Chile -
István Széchenyi
Count István Széchenyi de Sárvár-Felsővidék (pronounced [ˈiʃtvaːn ˈseːtʃeːɲi]; September 21, 1791 – April 8, 1860) was a Hungarian politician, theorist and writer, one of the greatest statesmen of Hungarian history. István is a Hungarian name equivalent of the name Stephen.
Széchenyi was born in Vienna. The Széchenyis were an old and influential noble family of Hungary. Traditionally loyal to the Habsburg dynasty, they were linked with noble families, such as the Liechtenstein, the Esterházy and the Lobkowitz. He himself spoke better German than Hungarian.
István Széchenyi's father, Count Ferenc Széchényi, was an enlightened aristocrat. He founded the Hungarian National Museum. His mother was Countess Juliána Festetics. They had two daughters and three sons of which István was the youngest. He spent his childhood both in Vienna and on the family estate of Nagycenk, Hungary.
After his private education, the young Széchenyi joined the Austrian army and participated in the Napoleonic wars. He left the service as a first lieutenant in 1826 and turned his interest towards politics. Széchenyi travelled extensively in Europe and established important personal connections. The rapid modernisation of Britain fascinated him the most, and utterly influenced his thinking. The Count quickly became aware of the growing gap between modern world and his native Hungarian land. This recognition made him a determined reformer in the rest of his life. Széchenyi found early political support from his friend, the Transylvanian noble, Baron Miklós Wesselényi, however their relation later weakened.
wn.com/István_Széchenyi -
Izhorians
The Izhorians (sg. inkerikot, isurit, ižoralaine, inkeroine, ižora, ingermans, ingers, ingrian), along with the Votes are an indigenous people of Ingria. Small numbers can still be found in the Western part of Ingria, between the Narva and Neva rivers in northwestern Russia.
The history of the Izhorians is bound to the history of Ingria. It is supposed that shortly after 1000, the Izhorians moved from Karelia to the west and south-west. In 1478, the Novgorod Republic, where Ingrians had settled, was united with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and some of the Izhorians were transferred to the east. The establishment of St Petersburg in 1703 had a great influence on Izhorian culture. World War II had the biggest impact on Izhorian culture, as devastating battles (Siege of Leningrad) took place nearby. A lot of Izhorians perished in during the World War II, so in honour of Izhorians was named legendary Izhorians's battalion (created of volunteers for the defensive of St-Petersburg).
In 1848, P. von Köppen counted 17,800 Izhorians, and by 1926 there were 26,137 Izhorians in the Russian SFSR. In the 1959 census, however, only 1,100 Izhorians were counted in the USSR. In 1989, 820 self-designated Izhorians, 302 of whom were speakers of the Ingrian language were registered. 449 Izhorians lived in the territory of the USSR. According to the 2002 Russian Census, there were 327 Izhorians in Russia, of whom 177 lived in Leningrad oblast and 53 in St Petersburg. There were also 812 Ingrians in Ukraine according to Ukrainian Census (2001) (more than in Russian Federation and Estonia altogether) and a further 358 Ingrians in Estonia.
wn.com/Izhorians -
Jassic people
The Jassic people or Jász are an ethnic group of Hungarians who mostly live in the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county of the Republic of Hungary. They are of Ossetic (Sarmatian, Iranian) origin and originally spoke the Jassic dialect of the Ossetic language. Today, they speak Hungarian and consider themselves to be Hungarians, but a sense of the "Jassic ethnic identity" is also preserved among them.
The Jassic people live in the region known as "Jászság" (roughly translatable as Jász-land), which comprise the north-western part of the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. Their cultural and political center is the town of Jászberény.
It is a common mistake to call Jászság by the name "Jazygia", which derives from the name of another Iranian people – the Iazyges, who lived in the same territory between the Danube and Tisza rivers in ancient times.
The Jassic (Jász) people were a nomadic Sarmatian (Iranian) tribe which settled in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges, one of the Sarmatian Alanic tribes which, along with the Roxolani, reached the borders of Dacia during the late 1st century BC (the city of Iași is named for them). Residual elements of these tribes, ancestors of the Jassic people, remained behind in the central North Caucasus, mingling with Caucasian peoples to form the present-day Ossetes.
wn.com/Jassic_people -
János Arany
János Arany (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈjaːnoʃ ˈɒrɒɲ], March 2, 1817—October 22, 1882), was a Hungarian journalist, writer, poet, and translator. He is often said to be the "Shakespeare of ballads" – he wrote more than 40 ballads which have been translated into over 50 languages, as well as the Toldi trilogy, to mention his most famous works.
He was born in Nagyszalonta, Bihar county, Habsburg Hungary (now Salonta, Bihor county, Romania). He was the youngest of ten children, but because of tuberculosis running in the family, only two of them lived beyond childhood. At the time of his birth, his older sister Sára was already married and his parents, György Arany and Sára Megyeri, were 60 and 44 years old, respectively. János Arany learned to read and write early on, and was reported to read anything he could find in Hungarian and Latin. Since his parents needed support early in Arany's life, he began working at the age of 14 as an associate teacher.
From 1833 he attended the Reformed College of Debrecen where he studied German and French, though he quickly became tired of scholarly life, and temporarily joined an acting troupe. Later on, he worked in Nagyszalonta, Debrecen, and Budapest as teacher, newspaper editor, and in various clerk positions.
wn.com/János_Arany -
János Bolyai
János Bolyai (pronounced [ˈjaː.noʃ ˈboː.jɒ.i]) (December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry.
Bolyai was born in the Transylvanian town of Kolozsvár (Klausenburg), then part of the Habsburg Empire (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania), the son of Zsuzsanna Benkő and the well-known mathematician Farkas Bolyai.
By the age of 13, he had mastered calculus and other forms of analytical mechanics, receiving instruction from his father. He studied at the Royal Engineering College in Vienna from 1818 to 1822.
He became so obsessed with Euclid's parallel postulate that his father wrote to him: "For God's sake, I beseech you, give it up. Fear it no less than sensual passions because it too may take all your time and deprive you of your health, peace of mind and happiness in life". János, however, persisted in his quest and eventually came to the conclusion that the postulate is independent of the other axioms of geometry and that different consistent geometries can be constructed on its negation.
wn.com/János_Bolyai -
József Eötvös
József baron Eötvös de Vásárosnamény (13 September 1813 – 2 February 1871) was a Hungarian writer and statesman, the son of Ignacz baron Eötvös de Vásárosnamény and Anna von Lilien, who stemmed from an Erbsälzer family of Werl in Germany.
He received an excellent education and also spent many years in western Europe, assimilating the new ideas both literary and political, and making the acquaintance of the leaders of the Romantic school. On his return to Hungary he wrote his first political work, Prison Reform; and at the diet of 1839–1840 he made a great impression by his eloquence and learning. One of his first speeches (published, with additional matter, in 1841) warmly advocated Jewish emancipation. In 1842 he married Ágnes Rosty, daughter of Adalbert Rosty.
Eötvös disseminated his progressive ideas in the columns of the Pesti Hírlap, as well as in his novels The Village Notary (1844–1846) - one of the classics of Hungarian literature - Hungary in 1514, and the comedy Long live Equality! The February Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was the complete triumph of Eötvös's ideas, and he held the portfolio of public worship and instruction in the first Hungarian ministry. Eötvös, Ferenc Deák and István Széchenyi represented the pacific, moderating influence in the council of ministers, but when the premier, Lajos Batthyány, resigned, Eötvös retired for a time to Munich during the War of Independence. Yet he continued to serve the cause in his influential writings, for example Influence of the Ruling Ideas of the 19th century on the State (Pest, 1851–1854, German editions at Vienna and Leipzig the same year).
wn.com/József_Eötvös -
Kabar
The Kabars (Greek: Κάβαροι) or Khavars were Khazarian Turkic people who joined the Magyar confederation in the 9th century.
The Kabars consisted of three Khazar tribes who rebelled against the Khazar Khaganate some time in the ninth century; the rebellion was notable enough to be described in Constantine Porphyrogenitus's work De Administrando Imperio. Subsequently the Kabars were expelled from the Khazar Khaganate and sought refuge by joining the Magyar tribal confederacy called Hét-Magyar (meaning "seven Hungarians.") The three Kabar tribes accompanied the Magyar invasion of Pannonia and the subsequent formation of the Principality of Hungary in the late 9th century.
Around 833 the Hungarian tribal confederacy was living in Levedia, between the Don and the Dnieper rivers, within the orbit of the Khazar empire. Toward 850 or 860, driven from Levedia by the Pechenegs, they entered Atelkuzu (Etelköz). The Magyars reached the Danube river basin around 880. Shortly afterward, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI, then at war with Simeon, the Bulgarian czar, called the Hungarians to his aid. The Magyars, led by Árpád, crossed the Danube and attacked Bulgaria. The Bulgarian, in turn, appealed to the Pechenegs, now masters of the steppe, who attacked the Hungarians in the rear and forced them to take refuge in the mountains of Transylvania. At that moment, Arnulf, king of Carinthia, at war with the Slav ruler Svatopluk, king of Great Moravia, decided like the Byzantines to appeal to the Hungarians. The Hungarians overcame Svatopluk, who disappeared in the conflict (895). Great Moravia collapsed, and the Hungarians took up permanent abode in Hungary (907).
wn.com/Kabar -
Karelians
The Karelians (also Karels, Russian Karelians and East Karelians) are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation. The historic homeland of Karelians includes also parts of present-day Eastern Finland (North Karelia) and the formerly Finnish territory of Ladoga Karelia. In a process starting during the 17th century and culminating after the Second World War, the ethnic Karelians in Finland have been linguistically and ethnically assimilated with the closely related Finnish people and are included in the wider group of Finnish Karelians, who are considered to form a sub-group of the ethnic Finns.
The separation between the Finnish Karelians and the Russian or East Karelians has been created and maintained by different religions, dialects and historical experiences. The Karelians in Russia have lived for centuries under the Slavic cultural influence, adopted the Russian Orthodox religion and have been to some extent assimilated by Russians.
wn.com/Karelians -
Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti (obsolete: Ostyaks) are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek (Khanty), living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian. In the 2002 Census, 28,678 persons identified themselves as Khanty. Of those, 26,694 were resident in Tyumen Oblast, of which 17,128 were living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 8,760—in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 873 were residents of neighbouring Tomsk Oblast, and 88 lived in the Komi Republic.
Khanty appear most likely in Russian records under the name Yugra (ca. 11th century), when they had contact with Russian hunters and merchants. The name comes from Komi-Zyrian language jögra (Khanty). It is also possible that they were first recorded by the English King Alfred the Great (ca. 9th century), who located Fenland (wetland) to the east of the White Sea in Western Siberia.
wn.com/Khanty_people -
List of Hungarians
The following is a list of prominent Hungarians, the majority of whom grew to be famous within Hungary rather than abroad. For a list of famous Hungarian abroad see List of Hungarian Americans or List of famous Hungarians who were born outside present-day Hungary.
wn.com/List_of_Hungarians -
Loránd Eötvös
Baron Loránd Eötvös de Vásárosnamény (Hungarian: Vásárosnaményi báró Eötvös Loránd Ágoston or Loránd Eötvös, pronounced [ˈloraːnd ˈøtvøʃ]; 27 July 1848 – 8 April 1919), more commonly called Baron Roland von Eötvös in English literature, was a Hungarian physicist. He is remembered today largely for his work on gravitation and surface tension.
Born in 1848, the year of the Hungarian revolution, Eötvös was the son of József Eötvös, a well-known poet, writer, and liberal politician, who was cabinet minister at the time, and played an important part in 19th century Hungarian intellectual and political life.
Loránd Eötvös first studied law, but soon switched to physics and went abroad to study in Heidelberg and Königsberg. After earning his doctorate, he became a university professor in Budapest and played a leading part in Hungarian science for almost half a century. He gained international recognition first by his innovative work on capillarity, then by his refined experimental methods and extensive field studies in gravity.
wn.com/Loránd_Eötvös -
Louis the Child
Louis the Child (893 – 20 or 24 September 911), sometimes called Louis IV or Louis III, was the last Carolingian ruler of East Francia.
Louis was the only legitimate son of the Emperor Arnulf and his wife, Ota, a member of the Conradine Dynasty. He was born in September or October 893, in Altötting, Bavaria. He succeeded his father as king upon the latter's death in 899, when he was only six. During his reign, the country was ravaged by Magyar raids.
Louis was crowned in Forchheim on 4 February 900. This is the earliest German royal coronation about which records are known to exist. Louis was of a weak personal constitution, often sick, and with his young age, the reins of government were entirely in the hands of others, the nobles and bishops. Indeed, the coronation was probably a result of the fact that there was little Louis could gain at the expense of the nobles. Louis also inherited Lotharingia with the death of his elder illegitimate half-brother, Zwentibold, in 900.
The most influential of Louis's councillors were Hatto I, Archbishop of Mainz, and Solomon III, Bishop of Constance. It was these two who assured that the royal court decided in favour of the Conradines against the Babenbergers in the matter of the Duchy of Franconia. They appointed Louis's nephew, Conrad, as duke. In 903 Louis promulgated the first customs regulations in the German part of Europe.
wn.com/Louis_the_Child -
Magyar tribes
The Magyar tribes (Hungarian: magyar törzsek) were the fundamental political units whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived within, until these clans from Asia, more accurately from the region of Ural Mountains,invaded the Carpathian Basin and established the Principality of Hungary.[unreliable source?][verification needed]
The locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains. Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto Magyar language began.
Around 830, the seven related tribes (Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék and Tarján) formed a confederation in Etelköz, called "Hétmagyar" (ie, "The Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars, besides Álmos included Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, took a blood oath, swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos. Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans.
The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the kende (their spiritual ruler) and the gyula (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the Khagan of the Khazars who had been exerting influence over the Magyars. Around 862 the seven tribes separated from the Khazars.
wn.com/Magyar_tribes -
Magyarab people
The Magyarab are a people living along the Nile River in Egypt and Sudan. They are of Hungarian ancestry, probably dating back to the late 16th century.
The name "Magyarab" is not a combination of the words "Magyar" and "Arab" as is commonly assumed. Rather, the name is a concatenation of "Magyar" (Hungarian) and "Ab" which in Nubian simply means "tribe." So Magyarab combined translates to "Tribe of the Magyars." In fact, to the Magyarab people, their Hungarian identity specifically sets them apart from the surrounding Arabs.
According to legend, Christian Hungarians who had only recently been brought under the control of the Ottoman Empire formed a part of the Ottoman army that was fighting in southern Egypt. Evidently, a portion or the entirety of the fighting unit remained there and intermarried with the local Nubian women.
According to local Magyarabs, their ancestor was Ibrahim el-Magyar, a general who came from Buda (present-day Budapest) in 1517, he married with a local Nubian woman, they had a son called Ali, Ali had five sons: Selabi, Mustafa, Djelaleddin, Musa and Iksa, Ali's five sons were the ancestor of all Magyarabs. Magyarabs are the members of the World Federation of Hungarians (Magyarok Világszövetsége) since 1992 and still consider themselves as Hungarians.
wn.com/Magyarab_people -
Mansi people
Mansi (obsolete: Voguls) are an endangered indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi languages have co-official status with Russian.
The Mansi have been in contact with the Russian state at least since the 16th century when most of western Siberia was brought under Russian control by Ermak. Due to their higher exposure to Russian and Soviet control, they are generally more assimilated than their northern neighbours, the Khanty.
In the 1960s, exploitation of the rich oil deposits of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug began, causing the Soviet Union's largest internal migration wave since the Second World War. This led to a dramatic marginalisation of the Mansi and Khanty who today constitute slightly more than one percent of the district's population.
As for most other Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, the Soviet state ordered the creation of a "national literature" for the Mansi people which consisted mostly of works hailing the enlightenment and progress brought to the Mansi by Lenin's revolution. The most prominent Mansi representative of this genre was the writer Yuvan Shestalov, who after the breakup of the Soviet Union converted to shamanism. Since then he claims that the Mansi are in fact the descendants of the ancient Sumerians, an assertion shared by few.
wn.com/Mansi_people -
Mari people
The Mari (Russian: черемисы (old name), марийцы (modern name)), are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the Cheremis in Russian and the Çirmeş in Tatar.
The Mari people consists of three different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Mountain Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan republic. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas.
The Mari have their own language, also called Mari, which is a member of the Uralic language family. It is written with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River; and North-Western Mari.
wn.com/Mari_people -
Matthias Corvinus
Matthias Corvinus (Hungarian: Hunyadi Mátyás or very rarely Corvin Mátyás) (23 February 1443 – 6 April 1490), also called the Just in folk tales, was King of Hungary (as Matthias I) and Croatia from 1458, at the age of 14 until his death. After conducting several military campaigns he became also King of Bohemia (1469–1490), and Duke of Austria (1486–1490). As a Renaissance ruler, he established education institutions, patronized art and science, and introduced a new legal system in the Kingdom of Hungary.[citation needed] With his patronage Hungary became the first European country which adopted the Renaissance from Italy.
Medieval Latin: Mattias Corvinus, Romanian: Matia/Matei/Mateiaş Corvin/Corvinul, Croatian: Matija/Matijaš Korvin, Czech: Matyáš Korvín, German: Matthias Corvinus, Polish: Maciej Korwin, Rusyn:Матяш Корвiн/Matiash Corvin, Serbian: Матија Корвин/Matija Korvin, Slovak: Matej Korvín, Slovene: Matija Korvin, Russian: Матьяш Корвин/Matyash Korvin.
Matthias was born in Kolozsvár (Kingdom of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in a house now known as the Matthias Corvinus House. He was second son of John Hunyadi, a successful general of the Kingdom of Hungary, and had risen through the ranks of the nobility to become regent of Hungary. Matthias' mother was Erzsébet Szilágyi, from a Hungarian noble family.
wn.com/Matthias_Corvinus -
Mokshas
The Mokshas (also Mokshans, Moksha people, in Moksha: Мокшет/Mokshat) are an ethnic group belonging to Volgaic branch of Finnic peoples who live mostly on the west side and to the south of the great bend of the Volga river, and along a tributary of the Oka, the Moksha river in Russian Federation.
Their native language is Moksha (Mokshan), one of the three surviving Finno-Volgaic branch members of the Finno-Ugric language family. According to the Russian census conducted in 1994, 49% of autochthonal Finnic population in Mordovia identified themselves as Mokshas (more than 180,000). Most Mokshas belong to Russian Orthodox Church, there are also Lutherans and Paganists.
wn.com/Mokshas -
Mordvins
The Mordvins also Mordva, Mordvinians, Mordovians (Erzya self name Erzya: эрзят/Erzyat, Moksha self name Moksha: мокшет/Mokshet, Tatar: мухшилар/Muhshilar, Russian name for Moksha and Erzya Russian: мордва/Mordva, for Qaratai Russian: каратаи/Karatayi) are the members of a people speaking a Mordvinic languages of the Uralic language family and living mainly in Mordοvia republic and other parts of the middle Volga River region of Russia One of larger indigenous peoples of Russia. The Mordvins identify themselves as separate ethnic groups: the Erzya and Moksha, besides the smaller subgroups of the Qaratay, Teryukhan and Tengushev (or Shoksha) Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries.
Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, in the basin of the Volga River. The rest are scattered over the Russian oblasts of Samara, Penza, Orenburg and Nizhny Novgorod, as well as Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Central Asia, Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the USA.
wn.com/Mordvins -
Nation
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic make-up. In international relations, nation can refer to a country or sovereign state. The word nation can more specifically refer to people of North American Indians, such as the Cherokee Nation that prefer this term over the contested term tribe.
According to Joseph Stalin writing in 1913 in Marxism and the National Question: "a nation is not a racial or tribal, but a historically constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable community of people;" "a common language is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation;" "a common territory is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common economic life, economic cohesion, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common psychological make-up, which manifests itself in a common culture, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture." According to Stalin, this would exclude Jews as they have no common territory.
wn.com/Nation -
Nenets people
The Nenets (Nenets: ненэцяˮ, Russian: ненцы), also known as Samoyeds, are an indigenous people in northern arctic Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They speak either the Tundra or Forest varieties of Nenets.
Due to a false etymology, the name Samoyed entered the Russian language as a corruption of the self-reference Saamod, Saamid (the Samoyedic suffix "-d" denotes plurality). It is the same as Saami (formerly Lapps or Lapons) in Finland, and Suomi, the Finnish name of Finland. In Russian ethnographic literature of the 19th century, they were also called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodijtsy, samodijskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as Samodi.
The literal morphs samo and yed in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater", which appears as derogatory. Therefore the name Samoyed quickly went out of usage in the 20th century, and the people bear the name of Nenets, which means "man".
wn.com/Nenets_people -
Nganasan people
The Nganasans are an indigenous Samoyedic people inhabiting the Taymyr Peninsula in central Siberia. In the Russian Federation, they are recognized as being one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North. They reside primarily in the settlements of Ust-Avam, Volachanka, and Novaya in the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, with smaller populations residing in the towns of Dudinka and Norilsk as well.
The Nganasans are thought to be the descendants of Paleo-Siberian peoples who were culturally assimilated by Samoyedic migrants from the south and went on to absorb various neighboring Tungusic peoples. The Nganasans were traditionally a semi-nomadic people whose main form of subsistence was wild reindeer hunting, in contrast to the related Nenets, who herded reindeer. Beginning in the early 17th century, the Nganasans were subjected to the yasak system of Czarist Russia. They lived relatively independently, until the 1970s, when they were settled in the villages they live in today, which are at the southern edges of the Nganasans' historical nomadic routes.
wn.com/Nganasan_people -
Onogurs
The Onogurs, also known as (Bulgar) Utigurs, were a horde of equestrian nomads in the North Eurasian steppe east of the Don River (Russia) during the 5th to 8th centuries. The Onogurs crossed the Volga and entered into Europe around the year 460 within the larger context of the Great Migrations and the Turkic expansion.
In a old Turkic language interpretation of Onogurs: On~Ono means "10" and Gar~Gurs~Gur~Gundur, mean "tribes", so Onogurs means "People of 10 tribes" or "People of 10 Arrows". Hungarians call the tribes as being the following: 3 tribes (Ság, Ladány, Berény-Tárkány - the Kabar federation) settled in Hungarian Transilvania plus 7 tribes (Megyer~Magyar~Madar~Madjar~Muageris -the dominant tribe-, Jenő, Keszi, Nyék, Kér, Tarján and Kürt~Kubat~Kubrat) settled in Pannonia.[citation needed] A common misunderstanding that has arisen is the identification of the onogurs as Bulgars, since "bul-gar" could derive from a parallel wording: Bul~Bol meaning "Many" and Gar~Gurs~Gur~Gundur meaning "Tribe", thus the "people of 10 tribes" is easily misidentified as the "People of many tribes" or "Bulgars". There is also a historical relationship between Onogurs and the Khazars Empire, until the breakdown of Great Prince Arpad Almos.
wn.com/Onogurs -
Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Russian: Печенег(и), Turkish: Peçenek(ler), Hungarian: Besenyő(k), Croatian: Pečenezi, Greek: Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, Georgian: პაჭანიკი, Bulgarian: печенеги, pechenegi or печенези, pechenezi; Serbian: Печенези, Latin: Pacinacae, Bisseni) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.
In Mahmud Kashgari's 11th-century work Dīwānu Lughati t-Turk (Arabic: ديوان لغات الترك), the name Beçenek is given two meanings. The first is "a Turkish nation living around the country of the Rum", where Rum was the Turkish word for the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire. Kashgari's second definition of Beçenek is "a branch of Oghuz Turks"; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the 19th branch was named Beçenek. Max Vasmer derives this name from the Turkic word for "brother-in-law, relative" (Turkmen: bacanak and Turkish: bacanak). According to Kashgari, Pechenegs are one of Üçok tribes of the Oghuz.
wn.com/Pechenegs -
Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.
wn.com/Romani_people -
Romanianization
Romanianization or Rumanization is the term used to describe a number of ethnic assimilation policies implemented by the Romanian authorities during the 20th century. The term particularly refers to Romanian government policy in several periods toward the Hungarian minority in Romania as well as the Ukrainian minority in Bukovina or Bessarabia.
At the end of World War I, Transylvania, at the time a territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire, was occupied by the Romanian army. Shortly before, the Romanian National Council (representing the majoritary Romanian population) and representatives of the German population had taken the decision of unifying the province with Romania. The decision was contested by the Hungarian minority. The Treaty of Trianon established the Romanian border with the new Hungarian state. However, Transylvania had a large Hungarian minority, of 25.5% according to the 1920 census. A portion of them fled to Hungary after the union; however, most of them remained in Romania and in the 1930s their number increased to 26.7% of the whole Transylvanian population. While Romania included large national minorities, the 1923 Constitution declared the country to be a nation-state, following the French model which was popular in many European nations at that time.
wn.com/Romanianization -
Romanians
The Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania.
The Romanian people are a nation in the meaning of ethnos (Romanian: etnie), defined by the sense of sharing a common Romanian culture, descent, and having Romanian as mother tongue, as well as by citizenship or by being subjects to the same country. The Romanian citizenship law legislated in March 1991 establishes the rights of second and third generation descendants of Romanian citizens to obtain a Romanian citizenship, if they speak fluent Romanian and are able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge in Romanian history and culture. 89.4 percent of Romania's people declared themselves as Romanians at the 2002 Romanian Census.
In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries.
wn.com/Romanians -
Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are the indigenous people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sámi are the only indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized under the international conventions of Indigenous peoples, and hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe.Sami ancestral lands span an area of approximately 388,350 km2 (150,000 sq. mi.), which is approximately the size of Sweden, in the Nordic countries. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. The Sami languages are endangered.
Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding, with which about 10% of the Sami are connected and 2,800 actively involved on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.
wn.com/Sami_people -
Samoyedic peoples
The term Samoyedic peoples (also Samodeic peoples) is used to describe peoples speaking Samoyedic languages, which are part of the Uralic family. They are a linguistic grouping, not an ethnic or cultural one. The name derives from the obsolete term Samoyed used in Russia for some indigenous peoples of Siberia. The term "Samoyed" was originally a Russian word, a corrupted form of the ethnonym "Saamod". "Samoyed" in Russian literally means "Self-Eating", but this is not the original meaning and is thus considered pejorative.
Samoyedic peoples include:
The largest of these peoples are Nenets numbering 34,000. They live in three autonomous districts of Russia: Nenetsia, Yamalia (also known as Yamalo-Nenetsia), and Taymyria (formerly known as Dolgano-Nenetsia).
Nenets child
Nenets inside a tent
wn.com/Samoyedic_peoples -
Selkup people
The Selkup (Russian: сельку́пы), until 1930s called Ostyak-Samoyeds (остя́ко-самое́ды) are a people in Siberia, Russia. They live in the northern parts of Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Selkups speak the Selkup language, which belongs to the Samoyedic languages of the Uralic language family. Selkups as a people formed as a result of a long interaction and interbreeding between the Yeniseian aboriginal population of the middle basin of the Ob River and Samoyedic peoples, who had come to this region from the Sayan Mountains in the beginning of the 1st millennium.
In the 17th century, some of the Selkups relocated up north to live along the Taz River and Turukhan River. They were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and reindeer breeding. In the 18th century, Selkups participated in a massive baptism campaign. However, they returned to their ancient religious beliefs and customs.
According to the 2002 Census, there were 4,249 Selkups in Russia (4,300 in 1970).
wn.com/Selkup_people -
Serbs
The Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs live mainly in Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form significant minorities in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in Romania, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There is also a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German-speaking countries, including Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1.8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%). Outside Europe, there are significant Serbian communities in the United States (198,000 Serbian plus additional 326,000 "Yugoslav" nationals),Canada (72,690 in 2006) and Australia (95,000 in 2006).
The Serbs are a Slavic people, specifically of the South Slavic subgroup, which has its origins in the 6th and 7th century communities developed in Southeastern Europe (see Great Migration). Slav raids on Eastern Roman territory are mentioned in 518, and by the 580s they had conquered large areas referred to as Sclavinia (transl. Slavdom, from Sklavenoi – Σκλαυηνοι, the early South Slavic tribe which is eponymous to the current ethnic and linguistic Indo-European people). In 649, Constantine III relocates conquered Slavs "from the Vardar" to Gordoservon (Serb habitat). Among communities part in the Serb ethnogenesis are the Romanized Paleo-Balkan tribes of Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, Celts, Greek colonies and Romans.
wn.com/Serbs -
Setos
Setos (Seto: setokõsõ, Estonian: setud) are an autochthonous ethnic and linguistic minority in south-eastern Estonia and north-western Russia. Setos are mostly Seto-speaking Orthodox Christians of Estonian nationality. Their dialect, that some consider an independent language - the Seto language (like Finnish and Estonian) belongs to the Finnic group of the Uralic languages. The Setos seek greater recognition, rather than having their language considered a dialect of Estonian. Along with Orthodox Christianity, vernacular traditional folk religion is widely practiced and supported by Setos.
There are approximately 10,000 Setos all around the world. The bulk of Setos, however, are found in the Seto region (Seto: Setomaa), which is divided between south-eastern Estonia (Põlva and Võro counties) and north-western Russian Federation (Pskov Oblast). Setos are an officially protected ethnic minority of Pskov Oblast.
The culture of Setos blossomed in early 20th century when many national societies of Setos were organized. In 1905 the number of Setos reached its maximum. After the proclamation of independence of Estonia its authorities adopted a policy of Estonification of its population which eventually led to virtual disappearance of Setos as distinct linguistic entity of Estonia. In Russia, due to influence of Estonian language schools, high rates of mixed marriages, and emigration to Estonia, the number of Setos drastically decreased as well.
wn.com/Setos -
Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 5,050,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.
The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.
Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.
wn.com/Slovaks -
Stephen I of Hungary
Saint Stephen I (Hungarian: I. (Szent) István) (Latin: Sanctus Stephanus) (Esztergom, Principality of Hungary, 967 or 969 or 975 – 15 August 1038, Esztergom or Székesfehérvár, Kingdom of Hungary), born as Vajk, was the Grand Prince of the Hungarians (997–1000) and the first King of Hungary (1000–1038). He greatly expanded Hungarian control over the Carpathian Basin during his lifetime, broadly established Christianity in the region, and is generally regarded as the founder of the Kingdom of Hungary. Pope Gregory VII canonized Stephen I, together with his son, Saint Emeric of Hungary and Bishop Gerard of Csanád, on the 20 August 1083. Stephen became one of the most popular saints in Hungary, and 20 August, which was also his feast day until 1687, is celebrated as a public holiday in Hungary commemorating the foundation of the state.
He was born as Vajk in the town of Esztergom. His father was Grand Prince Géza of Hungary; his mother was Sarolt, daughter of Gyula of Transylvania a Hungarian nobleman who had been baptized in Greece. Though Sarolt was baptized into the Orthodox Christian faith at her father's court in Transylvania by the Greek bishop Hierotheos, she did not persist in the religion. According to his legends, Vajk was baptized a Christian by Saint Adalbert of Prague. He was given the baptismal name Stephen (István) in honour of the original early Christian Saint Stephen. The baptised name was possibly chosen on purpose, as it means not only "crown" as mentioned, but also "norm, standard" in Hebrew. So the mission of St. Stephen was to grant a norm to Hungary through the Holy Crown (also called the Doctrine of the Holy Crown). However, another reason could be thought of: that Stephen, as fiancé of a woman from the diocese of Passau, simply wanted to do honour to the then-major saint of Passau, Saint Stephen, after whom the Passau Cathedral is named up to today.
wn.com/Stephen_I_of_Hungary -
Székelys
The Székelys or Székely (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈseːkɛj]), sometimes also referred to as Szeklers (Hungarian: Székelyek, Romanian: Secui, German: Szekler, Latin: Siculi), are a subgroup of the Hungarian people living mostly in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, Romania. A significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungary and in certain districts of Vojvodina, Serbia. In 1952 the former province of Mureş (with the highest concentration of Szekler population) was legally designated as the Hungarian Autonomous Region. It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureş Magyar Autonomous Region, itself divided in 1968 into two nonautonomous districts, Mureş and Harghita.
In the Middle Ages, the Székelys, along with the Saxons, played a key role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture of guards of the eastern border. With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Transylvania (including the Székely Land) became part of Romania, and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts. In post-Cold War Romania, where the Székelys form roughly a third of the ethnic Hungarian population, members of the group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomous Hungarian region in Transylvania. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in the 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government
wn.com/Székelys -
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 165 to 200 million people; and the total number of Turkic speakers is over 300 million, including speakers of a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian [and Balkan] Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
Characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz influenced Crimean Tatar.
The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and other affixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean language families, as well as (with the exception of vowel harmony) with Japonic, which are considered by some linguists to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in an Altaic language family.
wn.com/Turkic_languages -
Varangians
The Varangians or Varyags (Old Norse: Væringjar; Swedish: Väringar; Greek: Βάραγγοι, Βαριάγοι, Varangoi, Variagoi; Russian and Ukrainian: Варяги, Varyagi / Varyahy; Belarusian: Варагі, Varahi) was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, who between the 9th and the 11th centuries ruled the medieval state of Rus', and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
According to the 12th century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Before Rurik, the Rus' might have ruled an earlier hypothetical polity. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882, and established the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.
wn.com/Varangians -
Vepsians
Veps or Vepsians are a Finnic people that speak the Veps language, which belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. The self-designations of these people in various dialects are vepslaine, bepslaane, and (in northern dialects, southwest of Lake Onega) lüdinik and lüdilaine. According to the 2002 census, there were 8,240 Veps in Russia. Of the 281 Veps in Ukraine, 11 spoke Vepsian. (Ukr. Census 2001). The most prominent researcher in Finland is Eugene Holman. Western Vepsians have kept their language and culture. Nowadays almost all Vepsians speak fluently in Russian. The young generation in general does not speak the language.
In modern times, they live in the area between Lake Ladoga, Onega, and Lake Beloye - in the Russian Republic of Karelia in the former Veps National Volost, in Leningrad Oblast along the Oyat River in the Podporozhsky and Lodeynopolsky Districts and further south in the Tikhvinsky District, in the Vytegorsky, Babayevski and Boksitogorsky Districts.
Archeological and linguistic studies suggest that Vepsians lived in the valleys of the Sheksna, the Suda, and the Syas rivers, developing, according to Kalevi Wiik, from the proto-Vepsian Kargopol culture to the east of Lake Onega. They probably also lived in East Karelia and on the northern coast of Lake Onega. It is possible that the earliest mention of the Veps dates to the sixth century CE, when the Gothic historian Jordanes mentioned a people called Vasina broncas, which may have indicated the Vepsians. One of the eastern routes of the Vikings went through their area, and the bjarm people mentioned by the Vikings as inhabiting the coast of the White Sea may have referred to the Veps. Evidence from tombs prove that they had contact with Staraya Ladoga, Finland and Meryans, other Volga Finnic tribes and later with the Principality of Novgorod and other Russian states. Later Vepsians inhabited also the western and eastern shores of Onega.
wn.com/Vepsians -
Vlachs
Vlach ( /ˈvlɑːk/ or /ˈvlæk/) is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. English variations on the name include: Wallachians, Walla, Wlachs, Wallachs, Vlahs, Olahs or Ulahs. Groups that have historically been called Vlachs include: modern-day Romanians or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians or Macedo-Romanians, Morlachs, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians. Since the creation of the Romanian state, the term in English has mostly been used for those living outside Romania.
The Vlachs, which would develop into the modern Romanian ethnicity, do not become tangible before the High Middle Ages in Kedrenos (11th century), and their prehistory during the Migration period is a matter of scholarly speculation but according to the linguists and to many scholars, the existence of the present Eastern Romance languages prove the survival of the Thraco-Romans in the low-Danube basin during the Migration period and the Vlachs are all being well considered descendants of Romanised peoples of the area (incl. Thracians, Dacians and Illyrians).
wn.com/Vlachs -
Zoltán Kodály
Zoltán Kodály (Hungarian: Kodály Zoltán, [ˈkodaːj ˈzoltaːn]; 16 December 1882 – 6 March 1967) was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue, linguist, and philosopher. He is best known internationally as the creator of the Kodály Method.
Born in Kecskemét, Kodály learned to play the violin as a child.
In 1905 he visited remote villages to collect songs, recording them on phonograph cylinders. In 1906 he wrote the thesis on Hungarian folk song ("Strophic Construction in Hungarian Folksong"). Around this time Kodály met fellow composer Béla Bartók, whom he took under his wing and introduced to some of the methods involved in folk song collecting. The two became lifelong friends and champions of each other's music.
All these works show a great originality of form and content, a very interesting blend of highly sophisticated mastery in the Western-European style of music, including classical, late-romantic, impressionistic and modernist tradition and at the other hand profound knowledge and respect for the folk music on Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Albania and other Eastern-European countries. Due to the outbreak of the First World War and subsequent major geopolitical changes in the region and partly because of the personal shyness Kodály had no major public success until 1923 when his Psalmus Hungaricus premiered at a concert to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the union of Buda and Pest (Bartók's Dance Suite premiered on the same occasion.)
wn.com/Zoltán_Kodály -
Árpád
Árpád (c. 840 – c. 907) was the second Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Magyars) (c. 895 – c. 907 or 907). Under his rule the Hungarian people settled in the Carpathian basin. The dynasty descending from him ruled the Principality of Hungary and later the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301.
Árpád was the son of Grand Prince Álmos (Grand Prince of the Magyars), leader of the Hungarian tribal federation; his mother's name and descent is unknown.[citation needed] According to a Hungarian legends, he was a son of an Émésé and Turul (Sacred Hawk), following the old concept of "son of heaven", "Tanyu" or "Shanyu", same title of his supposed ancestor Attila.
The emergence of the Magyar tribes and their leaders is a specific period in the history of the Hungarian people that refers to the time starting from when the Hungarians were considered a people separate and identifiable from other Ugric speakers (1000-500 BC) up until their occupation and settlement of the Carpathian Basin around 896 AD (Hungarian: Honfoglalás). According to Koestler the Onogurs were led by Prince Árpad, breaking part of the Khazars empire. Árpad led 10 tribes (Onogurs) doing what was known as the second hun invasion in Europe. The ten tribes were: 3 tribes (Ság, Ladány, Berény-Tárkány) settled in Hungarian Transilvania plus 7 tribes (Megyer/Magyar/Madar/Madjar/Muageris, Jenő, Keszi, Nyék, Kér, Tarján e Kürt/Kubat/Kubrat) settled in Panonia
wn.com/Árpád -
Árpád Feszty
Árpád Feszty (December 24, 1856 – June 1, 1914) was a Hungarian painter. He was born in the town of Ógyalla (then Hungary, now Hurbanovo, Slovakia). His ancestors were German settlers (the original family name was Rehrenbeck). He was the fifth child of Silvester Rehrenbeck (1819–1910), an affluent landowner at Ógyalla, and his wife Jozefa (Linzmayer). Silvester was ennobled by the emperor on 21 April 1887, and the family thereafter took the name Martosi Feszty (or, in German: Feszty von Martos). Feszty mostly painted scenes from Hungarian history and religion.
He studied in Munich from 1874, and later (1880–81) in Vienna. After returning home to Hungary, he was made famous by his two works entitled Golgota ("Calvary") and Bányaszerencsétlenség ("Accident in a Quarry"). He painted his well-known monumental picture, the Arrival of the Hungarians, depicting the Magyar conquest of Hungary in 896, for the 1000th anniversary of the Conquest, with the help of many others, including Jenő Barcsay, Dániel Mihalik and László Mednyánszky. It was seriously damaged during World War II (the painting, a cyclorama with a circumference of almost 120 metre and 15 metre tall, and thus some 1800 m2 in area, was cut up into 8-metre-long pieces, which were rolled up and stored in various museum warehouses). It wasn't until 1995 that it was restored and exhibited at the Ópusztaszer National Memorial Site in Hungary.
wn.com/Árpád_Feszty
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Proud to be a Magyar (Hungarian)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
I'm sick and tired of politicians and some anti-Nationalists telling me and my fellow Magyars that we shouldn't be proud to be Magyars (Hungarians). We should be ashamed of our heritage, the "Turul" as our symbol and the deeds of our ancestors. We have had and still have some Magyars we should be ashamed of, but the Magyar Nation in general is smart, innovative, good and educated. We have defended Europe from the Tatar and the Ottomans and while we were on the wrong side of some issues in some cases, mostly it wasn't our fault or we were just pulled in by chance. Nobody should take it from those rats that say we should not be "Proud Magyars". The only time I'm not proud of is 1947 to 1955 and 1957 to 1990. The socialist pigs ruled us for way too many years and they should not be in power ever again in Hungary! A Magyar forditassal lathatod: www.videoplayer.hu A videoplayer.hu-n (van tobb videom is ott "csernayadam" felhasznalo alatt.
http://wn.com/Proud_to_be_a_Magyar_Hungarian
I'm sick and tired of politicians and some anti-Nationalists telling me and my fellow Magyars that we shouldn't be proud to be Magyars (Hungarians). We should be ashamed of our heritage, the "Turul" as our symbol and the deeds of our ancestors. We have had and still have some Magyars we should be ashamed of, but the Magyar Nation in general is smart, innovative, good and educated. We have defended Europe from the Tatar and the Ottomans and while we were on the wrong side of some issues in some cases, mostly it wasn't our fault or we were just pulled in by chance. Nobody should take it from those rats that say we should not be "Proud Magyars". The only time I'm not proud of is 1947 to 1955 and 1957 to 1990. The socialist pigs ruled us for way too many years and they should not be in power ever again in Hungary! A Magyar forditassal lathatod: www.videoplayer.hu A videoplayer.hu-n (van tobb videom is ott "csernayadam" felhasznalo alatt.
Özü Türk - (Hungarian- Macar-Magyar) Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
A documentary about cultural, language and historical similarities between Hungarians and Turkish nation. Home is neither Turkey for Turks nor Turkistan, it is a great and perpetual country, Turan! Ziya Gokalp
http://wn.com/Özü_Türk_Hungarian_Macar-Magyar_Part_1
A documentary about cultural, language and historical similarities between Hungarians and Turkish nation. Home is neither Turkey for Turks nor Turkistan, it is a great and perpetual country, Turan! Ziya Gokalp
- published: 15 Mar 2008
- views: 53453
- author: Uralic
"The steppe people" Part 1 - Bulgars, Magyars, Scyths
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Video about the nomad steppe people - Proto-Bulgarians, Hungarians, Scythains
http://wn.com/The_steppe_people_Part_1_Bulgars,_Magyars,_Scyths
Video about the nomad steppe people - Proto-Bulgarians, Hungarians, Scythains
- published: 24 Apr 2009
- views: 9193
- author: thracianglad
DNA OF ANCIENT MAGYARS, TÜRKS, URALICS, MONGOLS, SZÉKELY-MAGYARS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
DNA OF ANCIENT MAGYARS, TÜRKS, URALICS, MONGOLS, SZÉKELY-MAGYARS
http://wn.com/DNA_OF_ANCIENT_MAGYARS,_TÜRKS,_URALICS,_MONGOLS,_SZÉKELY-MAGYARS
DNA OF ANCIENT MAGYARS, TÜRKS, URALICS, MONGOLS, SZÉKELY-MAGYARS
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 1412
- author: GOGesMAGOG
The Injustice of Trianon for Ethnic Magyar - Hungarians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
The Treaty of Trianon of 1920 devastated historic Hungary by taking 72% of her territory and severing 3300000 ethnic Magyars from the motherland.
http://wn.com/The_Injustice_of_Trianon_for_Ethnic_Magyar_Hungarians
The Treaty of Trianon of 1920 devastated historic Hungary by taking 72% of her territory and severing 3300000 ethnic Magyars from the motherland.
- published: 17 Feb 2010
- views: 20079
- author: BetyarPali
right origin of bulgars, chuvashes, magyars and uyghurs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
2500 BC In the historical period, Sabirs had inglorious beginning. In earliest Mesopotamia, the word "Subarian" became a synonym for slave. Apparently, Sabirs were kyshtyms of the Sumerian Kangars 750 BC Hesiod, 7th Century BC, writes: Inventors of bronze working were Scythians. The early Mesopotamian name for metal is Zubur, indicating that northern Mesopotamian Subartuans or a people of that region were indeed inventors of process. 124 BC Sabir (Sabaroi) are allied with Asi (Ases, Yazig, or Asiani), and Tochars, break into Sogdiana and Bactria. In next five years two Parthian emperors loose their lives in wars. Later Sakauraka tribe is also conquered by them. Sakauraka may be any semi-sedentary Saka people living in Aral, Sary-Kamysh, and Caspian river deltas who do not need to resort to meridional or mountainous pasturing. 139 AD Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia 'below Agathyrsi live Savari , between Basternae and Rhoxolani (Tr. Uraksy Alans, ie 'Alans-farmers') live Huns 420 WHITE HUN EMPIRE 420 - 552 AD Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Atillas hun Empire (sabir, onogur, kutrigur, sragur)
http://wn.com/right_origin_of_bulgars,_chuvashes,_magyars_and_uyghurs
2500 BC In the historical period, Sabirs had inglorious beginning. In earliest Mesopotamia, the word "Subarian" became a synonym for slave. Apparently, Sabirs were kyshtyms of the Sumerian Kangars 750 BC Hesiod, 7th Century BC, writes: Inventors of bronze working were Scythians. The early Mesopotamian name for metal is Zubur, indicating that northern Mesopotamian Subartuans or a people of that region were indeed inventors of process. 124 BC Sabir (Sabaroi) are allied with Asi (Ases, Yazig, or Asiani), and Tochars, break into Sogdiana and Bactria. In next five years two Parthian emperors loose their lives in wars. Later Sakauraka tribe is also conquered by them. Sakauraka may be any semi-sedentary Saka people living in Aral, Sary-Kamysh, and Caspian river deltas who do not need to resort to meridional or mountainous pasturing. 139 AD Ptolemy (83?-161? AD) writes that in European Sarmatia 'below Agathyrsi live Savari , between Basternae and Rhoxolani (Tr. Uraksy Alans, ie 'Alans-farmers') live Huns 420 WHITE HUN EMPIRE 420 - 552 AD Founder - Aksuvar (Aksungur) Atillas hun Empire (sabir, onogur, kutrigur, sragur)
- published: 12 Jun 2011
- views: 3770
- author: HungarianHistory
Hungarian Faces Anthropology of the Magyars
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
pics from Kiszely István , Ágnes Kustár könyvajánló: A Föld népei Európa, A Magyar Ember, A Magyarság Embertana, Sírok Csontok Emberek
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Faces_Anthropology_of_the_Magyars
pics from Kiszely István , Ágnes Kustár könyvajánló: A Föld népei Európa, A Magyar Ember, A Magyarság Embertana, Sírok Csontok Emberek
- published: 25 Jan 2012
- views: 665
- author: HungarianHistory2
From Huns to Hungarians (Reloaded)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
This video shows the direct lineage between the Huns and Hungarians (Magyars). The Magyars lived in the Carpathian Basin 16 to 20000 years ago. About 6 to 8000 years ago they left the Basin and went to Mesopotamia (Sumeria) only to later return under the Scythian Empire. For thousands of years they were traveling between the Caucasian, Ural and Carpathian Mountains and came back to the Carpathian Basin on many occasions. Amongst others they came back as part of the Hun Empire. This is where the video starts and explains the Hun-Magyar connection. As we all know the Magyars came back to the Carpathian Basin in 896AD for the last and final time taking back their ancient land of the Basin and Erdely.
http://wn.com/From_Huns_to_Hungarians_Reloaded
This video shows the direct lineage between the Huns and Hungarians (Magyars). The Magyars lived in the Carpathian Basin 16 to 20000 years ago. About 6 to 8000 years ago they left the Basin and went to Mesopotamia (Sumeria) only to later return under the Scythian Empire. For thousands of years they were traveling between the Caucasian, Ural and Carpathian Mountains and came back to the Carpathian Basin on many occasions. Amongst others they came back as part of the Hun Empire. This is where the video starts and explains the Hun-Magyar connection. As we all know the Magyars came back to the Carpathian Basin in 896AD for the last and final time taking back their ancient land of the Basin and Erdely.
- published: 25 Sep 2008
- views: 6022
- author: TrianonTruth
Hungarian historical anthropology - A magyar történeti embertan (bc 35 000- ad 1400)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:36
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
upper paleolitic, mesolitic, neolitic carpathians copper age mezopotamia, bronze age eurasian scythians sarmatians, huns, germans, avars, bulgars, hungarins, magyars
http://wn.com/Hungarian_historical_anthropology_A_magyar_történeti_embertan_bc_35_000_ad_1400
upper paleolitic, mesolitic, neolitic carpathians copper age mezopotamia, bronze age eurasian scythians sarmatians, huns, germans, avars, bulgars, hungarins, magyars
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 224
- author: HungarianHistory
Tribute to the Mighty Magyars
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
This is a tribute to one of the best (if not the best) national teams on history: Puskas's Hungary, an unstopabble squad that played together from 1950 to 1956. This fantastic group had not only Ferenc Puskas, which was a legitimate Football legend, but also other notable players, like Sandor Kocsis, Nandor Hidegkuti, Laszlo Budai, Zoltan Czibor and Josef Bozsik. The manager of the team was Gustav Sebes. The most fascinating achievments of the Golden team was triunphyng on the 1952 Olympics, and two matches against England, a 6-3, at the Wembley Stadium, and a 7-1, which took place on the Nepstadion. The 6-3 victory is also known as the "Match of the Century". Unfortunately, they lost the 1954 World Cup to West Germany, and theteam was definitely dismantled after the Soviet Invasion of Hungary in 1956. But their magical passes and revolutionary game will stay forever printed on the memory of Hungary and of the world. Hope you enjoy! PS: The music on the background is a Hungarian translation of the 1944 version of the Soviet National Anthem, performed by the chorus and symphony orchestra of the Hungarian radio and conducted by Andras Korodi.
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_the_Mighty_Magyars
This is a tribute to one of the best (if not the best) national teams on history: Puskas's Hungary, an unstopabble squad that played together from 1950 to 1956. This fantastic group had not only Ferenc Puskas, which was a legitimate Football legend, but also other notable players, like Sandor Kocsis, Nandor Hidegkuti, Laszlo Budai, Zoltan Czibor and Josef Bozsik. The manager of the team was Gustav Sebes. The most fascinating achievments of the Golden team was triunphyng on the 1952 Olympics, and two matches against England, a 6-3, at the Wembley Stadium, and a 7-1, which took place on the Nepstadion. The 6-3 victory is also known as the "Match of the Century". Unfortunately, they lost the 1954 World Cup to West Germany, and theteam was definitely dismantled after the Soviet Invasion of Hungary in 1956. But their magical passes and revolutionary game will stay forever printed on the memory of Hungary and of the world. Hope you enjoy! PS: The music on the background is a Hungarian translation of the 1944 version of the Soviet National Anthem, performed by the chorus and symphony orchestra of the Hungarian radio and conducted by Andras Korodi.
- published: 21 Dec 2010
- views: 5414
- author: FootballSocialism
MAGYARS/HUNGARIANS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
MAGYARS/HUNGARIANS -1. pic Nimrod first king of Scythians -2. pic Hunor and Magyar -3. pic Atilla -4. pic Árpád the last movie hunor and Magyar are following the mythical white stag
http://wn.com/MAGYARS_HUNGARIANS
MAGYARS/HUNGARIANS -1. pic Nimrod first king of Scythians -2. pic Hunor and Magyar -3. pic Atilla -4. pic Árpád the last movie hunor and Magyar are following the mythical white stag
- published: 17 Sep 2010
- views: 2238
- author: HungarianHistory
Opos the Magyar vs. Islamic Caliphate
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Upas Ibn Madar In ad 738, the Caliphate attacked Opos' castle in Magyar-Savaria (Caucasian Hungary). In a night Opos with their defenders attacked frontal the arabs and cut way to freedom! It was the most important moment in Hungarian history, coz after this heroistic manauver the Magyars joined to Batbaján Bezmer's Onogurs in Khazaria, and were bor the allie which migrated to Pannonia, made unio with 7th century Onogurs and made by Hungarian Kahante in 895.
http://wn.com/Opos_the_Magyar_vs_Islamic_Caliphate
Upas Ibn Madar In ad 738, the Caliphate attacked Opos' castle in Magyar-Savaria (Caucasian Hungary). In a night Opos with their defenders attacked frontal the arabs and cut way to freedom! It was the most important moment in Hungarian history, coz after this heroistic manauver the Magyars joined to Batbaján Bezmer's Onogurs in Khazaria, and were bor the allie which migrated to Pannonia, made unio with 7th century Onogurs and made by Hungarian Kahante in 895.
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 328
- author: HungarianHistory2
FINNS AND MAGYARS are NOT FROM URAL!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
THE ANCESTOR OF FINNS AND MAGYARS ARE THE GRAVETTIAN CULTURE. THIS MIGRATED TO NORTH EU AFTER ICE AGE, 10 000 YEAR AGO. THEY HAVE runes, suffix language. the ancestors of magyars are stayed at home- LINEAR POTTERY BC 8000
http://wn.com/FINNS_AND_MAGYARS_are_NOT_FROM_URAL!
THE ANCESTOR OF FINNS AND MAGYARS ARE THE GRAVETTIAN CULTURE. THIS MIGRATED TO NORTH EU AFTER ICE AGE, 10 000 YEAR AGO. THEY HAVE runes, suffix language. the ancestors of magyars are stayed at home- LINEAR POTTERY BC 8000
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 2206
- author: GOGesMAGOG
AoFE - Magyars Preview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
IMPORTANT: The expansion is still in beta and there are likely to be some changes to various things before it is released! AoFE Facebook Page: www.facebook.com The expansion is not released yet! It is currently in closed beta and will be released for FREE later this year. Play AoC Online at www.voobly.com This video was created under Microsoft's "Game Content Usage Rules" using assets from Age of Empires II: The Conquerors, © Microsoft Corporation. Game Content Usage Rules: www.xbox.com
http://wn.com/AoFE_Magyars_Preview
IMPORTANT: The expansion is still in beta and there are likely to be some changes to various things before it is released! AoFE Facebook Page: www.facebook.com The expansion is not released yet! It is currently in closed beta and will be released for FREE later this year. Play AoC Online at www.voobly.com This video was created under Microsoft's "Game Content Usage Rules" using assets from Age of Empires II: The Conquerors, © Microsoft Corporation. Game Content Usage Rules: www.xbox.com
- published: 10 Apr 2012
- views: 13199
- author: ZeroEmpires
Özü Türk - (Hungarian- Macar-Magyar) Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
A documentary about cultural, language and historical similarities between Hungarian and Turkish nation. Home is neither Turkey for Turks nor Turkistan, it is a great and perpetual country, Turan! Ziya Gokalp
http://wn.com/Özü_Türk_Hungarian_Macar-Magyar_Part_2
A documentary about cultural, language and historical similarities between Hungarian and Turkish nation. Home is neither Turkey for Turks nor Turkistan, it is a great and perpetual country, Turan! Ziya Gokalp
- published: 15 Mar 2008
- views: 13784
- author: Uralic
Magyar Uyghur Bashkir - Ancient Turanian Roots (Sumer-Subartu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:02
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Genetic evidence has linked early Magyars eastward as well to the Ujghurs, living in East-Eurasia around the town of Ürümqi (today in China, East Turkestan). The name of several Magyar tribes is of Oghur origin which may prove that Oghur tribes also joined to the Magyars. Approaches based on "map-stratification" have compared burial sites, ornamental motifs (tulips, cranes), leather and felt garments, mythological images, sacrificial cauldrons, folk poetry, folk music, lullabies, together with written documents and genetic findings to narrow down the most likely Magyar urheimat to the grassy land surrounded by four freshwater lakes (Caspian, Aral, Balkhash, and Baikal). Scientists has been struggling with the ancient roots of the nomadic Turkic tribes for a long time, and while they lean toward Mesopotamian roots, at least in the case of their ruling caste, there were many tribes and we know little about these people or the route of their migration from the Near East to Mongolia due to an immense falsification of history. Obviously commited by "Power-X"-like organizations such as the Vatican. We do know that reports of the "Turkic" Xiongnu, as the Chinese called these peoples collectively, appear in their annals around 1200 BC This would have, assumedly, been after the Trojan War which spurred so much movement of peoples around the Black Sea region. Various myths and name-connections suggest that Subartu was the fount from where these Turkic nomadic tribes originated, and ...
http://wn.com/Magyar_Uyghur_Bashkir_Ancient_Turanian_Roots_Sumer-Subartu
Genetic evidence has linked early Magyars eastward as well to the Ujghurs, living in East-Eurasia around the town of Ürümqi (today in China, East Turkestan). The name of several Magyar tribes is of Oghur origin which may prove that Oghur tribes also joined to the Magyars. Approaches based on "map-stratification" have compared burial sites, ornamental motifs (tulips, cranes), leather and felt garments, mythological images, sacrificial cauldrons, folk poetry, folk music, lullabies, together with written documents and genetic findings to narrow down the most likely Magyar urheimat to the grassy land surrounded by four freshwater lakes (Caspian, Aral, Balkhash, and Baikal). Scientists has been struggling with the ancient roots of the nomadic Turkic tribes for a long time, and while they lean toward Mesopotamian roots, at least in the case of their ruling caste, there were many tribes and we know little about these people or the route of their migration from the Near East to Mongolia due to an immense falsification of history. Obviously commited by "Power-X"-like organizations such as the Vatican. We do know that reports of the "Turkic" Xiongnu, as the Chinese called these peoples collectively, appear in their annals around 1200 BC This would have, assumedly, been after the Trojan War which spurred so much movement of peoples around the Black Sea region. Various myths and name-connections suggest that Subartu was the fount from where these Turkic nomadic tribes originated, and ...
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 604
- author: IdelUralState
DNA OF ANCIENT MAGYARS, TÜRKS, URALICS, MONGOLS, SZÉK ELY-MAGYARS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
maternal lines mitocondrinal dnas of native european,altqyan, uralic, mongolic folks
http://wn.com/DNA_OF_ANCIENT_MAGYARS,_TÜRKS,_URALICS,_MONGOLS,_SZÉK_ELY-MAGYARS
maternal lines mitocondrinal dnas of native european,altqyan, uralic, mongolic folks
- published: 06 Jan 2010
- views: 6438
- author: ZulcaCarpathius
Age of Empires II: Forgotten Empires Preview: Italians & Incas vs Magyars & Indians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:18
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
More information: www.forgottenempires.net Follow us www.facebook.com This video was created under Microsoft's "Game Content Usage Rules" using assets from Age of Empires II: The Conquerors, © Microsoft Corporation. Game Content Usage Rules: www.xbox.com
http://wn.com/Age_of_Empires_II_Forgotten_Empires_Preview_Italians_Incas_vs_Magyars_Indians
More information: www.forgottenempires.net Follow us www.facebook.com This video was created under Microsoft's "Game Content Usage Rules" using assets from Age of Empires II: The Conquerors, © Microsoft Corporation. Game Content Usage Rules: www.xbox.com
- published: 01 Oct 2012
- views: 14599
- author: Cysion
Ferenc Puskás 1954, 1958 FIFA World Cup Classic Players
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Final heartbreak All eyes were on the Hungary captain going into the 1954 Final. Was he completely over his injury? Not wanting to miss the match, the pinnacle of his career to date, Puskas played despite suggestions that he was not fully fit. The Magical Magyars enjoyed a perfect start, Puskas seemingly silencing all the doubters by opening the scoring in just the sixth minute. Two minutes later it was 2-0 but in the pouring rain in Berne, West Germany responded. By the break it was 2-2, and with three minutes remaining Helmut Rahn struck the Germans' third goal. There was still time for Puskas to find the net but his effort was disallowed for offside. After 31 matches undefeated, Hungary were beaten. Following the Final, that great Hungary team gradually disintegrated and Puskas' own life was soon to change dramatically. In 1956, he travelled with Honved to Spain for a UEFA European Cup fixture against Athletic Bilbao that coincided with a period of national uprising in Hungary. Puskas and a number of his team-mates never returned home, taking sanctuary in the West. After a 15-month suspension from football, the now 31-year-old's friend Emil Oestreicher, Honved's financial secretary during his latter years at the club who had scored a job as Real Madrid's technical director, persuaded his new employers to recruit Puskas. There he embarked on the next hugely successful chapter of his career. Forging one of the game's most famous strike partnerships alongside the great ...
http://wn.com/Ferenc_Puskás_1954,_1958_FIFA_World_Cup_Classic_Players
Final heartbreak All eyes were on the Hungary captain going into the 1954 Final. Was he completely over his injury? Not wanting to miss the match, the pinnacle of his career to date, Puskas played despite suggestions that he was not fully fit. The Magical Magyars enjoyed a perfect start, Puskas seemingly silencing all the doubters by opening the scoring in just the sixth minute. Two minutes later it was 2-0 but in the pouring rain in Berne, West Germany responded. By the break it was 2-2, and with three minutes remaining Helmut Rahn struck the Germans' third goal. There was still time for Puskas to find the net but his effort was disallowed for offside. After 31 matches undefeated, Hungary were beaten. Following the Final, that great Hungary team gradually disintegrated and Puskas' own life was soon to change dramatically. In 1956, he travelled with Honved to Spain for a UEFA European Cup fixture against Athletic Bilbao that coincided with a period of national uprising in Hungary. Puskas and a number of his team-mates never returned home, taking sanctuary in the West. After a 15-month suspension from football, the now 31-year-old's friend Emil Oestreicher, Honved's financial secretary during his latter years at the club who had scored a job as Real Madrid's technical director, persuaded his new employers to recruit Puskas. There he embarked on the next hugely successful chapter of his career. Forging one of the game's most famous strike partnerships alongside the great ...
- published: 07 Apr 2010
- views: 19682
- author: SeppMaier74
Magyars rule instrumental ( J mix) by asd
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:27
- Updated: 17 Dec 2011
Magyars rule instrumental ( J mix) by asd Electronica,Dance,instrumental mag r4 in 373
http://wn.com/Magyars_rule_instrumental_J_mix_by_asd
Magyars rule instrumental ( J mix) by asd Electronica,Dance,instrumental mag r4 in 373
- published: 13 Nov 2011
- views: 2599
- author: Ducketsproductions
The Magyars Live @ Abbott's Backyard 08/28//10 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/The_Magyars_Live_@_Abbott's_Backyard_08_28_10_Part_1
Török-Magyar Barátság / Türk-Macar Dostluğu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Turkish-Hungarian Friendship / Török-Magyar Barátság / Türk-Macar Dostluk Group www.youtube.com HUNS UNITED ONCE AGAIN! Mete! Csaba! Attila! Lehel! Árpád! Mahmut of Ghazna! Alp Arslan! Timur! Osman! Babur! Horthy Miklós! Mustafa Kemal Atatürk! And many, many more! Magyarország és Törökország! Egy Lélek! Türkiye ve Macaristan! Bir Can! Hajrá Turán! Hedef Turan! This group is open to all Hungarians (Magyars), Turks (N. Cypriots, Azeris, etc), all our Ural-Altaic siblings (Finns, Estonians, Mongols, Koreans, Native Americans, etc), and all those interested in the historic interaction of Hungary and Turkey. To learn more about Hungary (Magyarország) & Turkey (Türkiye) and the wider Turkic World please visit these sites: www.hunmagyar.org http hungaria.org hungaria.org magyariszlam.hu http turkishculture.org www.turkiye-online.com http www.geographic.hu www.geographic.hu azerbaijan.az www.ramilsafarov.org www.khazaria.com www.turkishweekly.net www.lmntl.com www.museum.hu en.wikipedia.org hu.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Török-Magyar_Barátság_Türk-Macar_Dostluğu
Turkish-Hungarian Friendship / Török-Magyar Barátság / Türk-Macar Dostluk Group www.youtube.com HUNS UNITED ONCE AGAIN! Mete! Csaba! Attila! Lehel! Árpád! Mahmut of Ghazna! Alp Arslan! Timur! Osman! Babur! Horthy Miklós! Mustafa Kemal Atatürk! And many, many more! Magyarország és Törökország! Egy Lélek! Türkiye ve Macaristan! Bir Can! Hajrá Turán! Hedef Turan! This group is open to all Hungarians (Magyars), Turks (N. Cypriots, Azeris, etc), all our Ural-Altaic siblings (Finns, Estonians, Mongols, Koreans, Native Americans, etc), and all those interested in the historic interaction of Hungary and Turkey. To learn more about Hungary (Magyarország) & Turkey (Türkiye) and the wider Turkic World please visit these sites: www.hunmagyar.org http hungaria.org hungaria.org magyariszlam.hu http turkishculture.org www.turkiye-online.com http www.geographic.hu www.geographic.hu azerbaijan.az www.ramilsafarov.org www.khazaria.com www.turkishweekly.net www.lmntl.com www.museum.hu en.wikipedia.org hu.wikipedia.org
- published: 20 Oct 2007
- views: 102727
- author: turanifarkas
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Itsuo Inouye
29 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A millennium before the English statesmen Edmund Burke, regarded as the father of Western Conservatism and who wrote, "good order is the foundation of all things," Japan's Seventeen-Article Constitution began with this conservative principle. "Harmony is to be cherished, and opposition for opposition's sake must be avoided as a matter of principle." ... militarism, those protesting U.S....(size: 9.7Kb)
Buffalo News
30 Dec 2012
INCREASED DIVIDENDS. Quarterly unless noted otherwise. Bank of Kentucky Fin .17Q from .32S. EXTRA OR SPECIAL DIVIDENDS. Natl Health Investors .22. New Mountain Finance .14. DECLARED STOCK DIVIDEND. 1st Constitution Bncp 5pc. STOCK SPLITS THIS WEEK. Active Power Inc 1-5 reverse. Nike Inc 2 for 1 ... Magyar Bancorp .09 vs (.04)....(size: 2.0Kb)
Houston Chronicle
29 Dec 2012
ASSOCIATED PRESS . December 28, 2012. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1. Increased dividends. Quarterly unless noted otherwise. Bank of Kentucky Fin .17Q from .32S. Extra or special dividends. Natl Health Invest .22. New Mountain Financial .14. Declared stock dividend. 1st Constitution Bncp 5pc. Stock splits this week. Active Power 1-5 reverse. Nike 2-for-1. Oxigene 1-for-12 reverse. ProAssurance 2-for-1 ... Magyar Bancorp .09 vs (.04) ... THQ ... ....(size: 12.6Kb)
noodls
28 Dec 2012
(Source. Government of the Republic of Hungary). Hungary is a strong nation, which "stands the storms of a crisis" more successfully than several other nations "of more fortunate history and stronger economic fundamentals", Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said in an interview published in national daily Magyar Nemzet on December 24 ... (MTI; EMMI). distributed by ... (noodl. 17072739) ....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Guardian
24 Dec 2012
Who was known as the Queen of the Blues? Where are the branchy trees white with rime? And what truth was officially revealed on the anniversary of Marx's birth? Yes, it's that time of year for truly testing the grey matter. What became of Robin's friend? And which event this year recalled the first moon landing? Photograph. guardian.co.uk ... In what work. ... Who. ... Who. ... 7. Where. ... Who. ... 10 Which Magyar> product is literally eosinophilic?14 ... ....(size: 13.8Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. PFA - Professional Footballers' Association) Published 2012/12/21 02.53 by Paul Bailey ... However, Falcao's latest entry for goal of the year has a new rival in the form of Safar Tony - a player from Hungarian side Dunakeszi Kinizsi, who produced another mesmerising piece of skill in a Futsal Magyar Cup match against Vasas....(size: 2.2Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
21 Dec 2012
Did you know that San Francisco has a French Quarter? Or that Stratford-upon-Avon has vanished from the face of the earth? Or that Sydney's famed Bondi Beach has been moved inland?. That's what people using the mapping app on the new version of Apple's mobile software were being told in September ... Ignore geography at your peril. Which brings us to this year's geography quiz ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... What country claims Magyar as its national language?....(size: 10.7Kb)
Reuters
20 Dec 2012
-- In the nine months of 2012, the liquidity profile of Netherlands-based holding company Magyar Telecom B.V ... -- We anticipate that Magyar Telecom's liquidity sources will decline substantially during 2013 and believe that the group's capital structure could become unsustainable in the near term, heightening the risk of a distressed exchange offer ... The rating on Magyar Telecom B.V ... Magyar Telecom B.V....(size: 9.3Kb)
Bloomberg
20 Dec 2012
Hungary is planning to end a 19- month hiatus on international bond markets in early 2013 as it seeks funds to service foreign debt. Hungary plans to issue 4 billion euros ($5.3 billion) to 4.5 billion euros in foreign-currency bonds on the international market in 2013, the Debt Management Agency said today ... 13. “There are still huge inflows to emerging-market bond funds ... State-owned Magyar Export-Import Bank Zrt ... 17 ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
... Levente Magyar said at the inauguration of two roads crossing the Hungarian-Austrian border at Zsira, on Wednesday. Deputy State Secretary Magyar said the Government would soon start talks with officials of Burgenland, Austria's easternmost province, on a medium-term infrastructure development plan....(size: 1.8Kb)
Reuters
19 Dec 2012
-- We are therefore lowering our long-term rating on Magyar Takarekszovetkezeti Bank ZRt to 'BB-' from 'BB'. The outlook is stable ... The outlook is stable ... Dec 19 - Standard & Poor's Ratings Services said today it had lowered its long-term counterparty credit rating on Magyar Takarekszovetkezeti Bank ZRt ... RATINGS LIST Downgraded; Upgraded; Ratings Affirmed; CreditWatch/Outlook Action To From DOWNGRADED Magyar Takarekszovetkezeti Bank ZRt....(size: 10.6Kb)
Bloomberg
19 Dec 2012
The currency appreciated 0.2 percent to 287.40 per euro by 10.00 a.m ... The Magyar Nemzeti Bank yesterday cut its benchmark rate by 25 basis points to a two-year low of 5.75 percent to help the country emerge from recession ... To contact the reporter on this story ... Wojciech Moskwa at wmoskwa@bloomberg.net. ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Business Day
19 Dec 2012
In this article. Companies and organisations. European Union Topics. European debt crisis. STOCKHOLM — SWEDEN’s central bank on Tuesday reduced its benchmark interest rate for a fourth time in a year to revive growth as the largest Nordic economy succumbs to the European debt crisis ... The Magyar Nemzeti Bank lowered the two-week deposit rate to 5.75% from 6%, the fifth quarter-point cut in as many months ... Bloomberg. ....(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
18 Dec 2012
(Source. MNB - Magyar Nemzeti Bank). Monetary policy over the past quarter. In the period from September to November, the Monetary Council reduced the central bank base rate in three successive steps, by a total of 75 basis points ... Macroeconomic developments and outlook ... MAGYAR NEMZETI BANK ... This noodl was issued by MNB - Magyar Nemzeti Bank and was distributed, unedited and unaltered, by noodls on 2012-12-18 19.31.12 CET ... (noodl....(size: 12.0Kb)
 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st row: Saint Stephen I • Matthias Corvinus • Gábor Bethlen • Béla Bartók 2nd row: Tivadar-K Csontváry • János Bolyai • Loránd Eötvös • József Eötvös 3rd row: Zoltán Kodály • János Arany • István Széchenyi • Francis II Rákóczi |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 14-15 million | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Hungary 9,979,000[1] |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (Hungarian: magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 14-15 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011).[18] About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 1918-1920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbour countries, especially Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada and Australia. Unlike the Hungarians living on the former territory of pre-1918-20 Kingdom of Hungary, only some of the ethnic Hungarians in other areas preserve the Hungarian language and traditions. The Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székely, the Csángó, the Palóc, and the Jassic people.
Contents |
Name[link]
Further information: Name of Hungary
The exonym "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from the Bulgar-Turkic On-Ogur (meaning "ten" Ogurs),[19] which was the name of the Utigur Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars, and prior to the arrival of Magyars. The Hungarians must have belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is quite possible they became its ethnic majority.[19] In the Early Middle Ages the Hungarians had many different names as "Ungar" or "Hungarus".[20]
The Hungarian people refer to themselves by the denomination "Magyar", instead of the term "Hungarian", which is used by foreigners.[19]
The "H-" prefix is an addition in Medieval Latin. The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was known in Latin as either Regnum Hungariae or as Regnum Ungariae.
The Hungarian endonym is Magyar. There are several theories about the origin and meaning of the word "Magyar."[citation needed]
Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins[link]
Main article: Hungarian prehistory
The linguistic heritage of the Hungarians comes from Finno-Ugric peoples. A branch of Uralic speakers migrated from their original homeland near the Ural mountains and settled in various places in eastern Europe, until they conquered the present-day area of Hungary between the 9th and 10th centuries. Genetically, the present-day Hungarian population preserves much of an older European genetic makeup.[21][22] In the Middle Ages, according to genetic and palaeoanthropological studies, the majority of Hungarians showed features of European biological descent.[23][24]
Pre-fourth century AD[link]
During the fourth millennium BC, the Uralic-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions of the Urals split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards.[25] From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugrian speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the Andronovo Culture,[26] furthermore, type of Hungarians of the Conquest period shows related features to that of Andronovo people.[27]
Fourth century to c.830 AD[link]
In the fourth and 5th centuries AD, the Magyars moved to the west of the Ural Mountains to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River known as Bashkiria (Bashkortostan) and Perm Krai.
In the early 8th century, some of the Magyars moved to the Don River to an area between the Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers.[28] Meanwhile, the descendants of those Magyars who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241.
The Magyars around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar khaganate. Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov Culture, i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, Onogurs) and the Alans, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Magyars were organized in a confederacy of tribes called hétmagyar (lit. seven Hungarians). The tribes of the hétmagyar were: Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján.
|
|
|
| Magyar Migrations, 300-900 AD | Magyar location, 600 AD | Migration to Carpathian Basin, 895-955 (Hungarian: honfoglalás) |
c.830 to c.895[link]
Around 830, a civil war broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes[29] of the Khazars joined the Magyars and they moved to what the Magyars call the Etelköz, i.e. the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River (today's Ukraine)[citation needed]. Around 854, the Magyars faced a first attack by the Pechenegs.[28] (According to other sources, the reason for the departure of the Magyars to Etelköz was the attack of the Pechenegs.) Both the Kabars and earlier the Bulgars may have taught the Magyars their Turkic languages. The new neighbours of the Magyars were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs. From 862 onwards, the Magyars (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz to the Carpathian Basin–mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia, but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria.[30]
Entering the Carpathian Basin (after 895)[link]
Main articles: History of Hungary, Pannonian basin before Hungary, Hungarian prehistory, Pannonia, and Székely
In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád, some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin. The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c.895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war, Magyars in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The Bulgarians won the decisive battle of Southern Buh. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts were the cause of the Hungarian departure from Etelköz.
From the upper Tisza region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their looting raids across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia (Pannonia)[citation needed], which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000,[28] who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians.[28]
After the battle of Augsburg (955), the Hungarians stopped their raids against Western Europe.
Many of the Hungarians, however, remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896, as archaeological findings suggest (e.g. Polish Przemyśl). They seem to have joined the other Hungarians in 900. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the Székelys, comprise 40% of the Hungarians in Romania.[31][32] The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy.
History after 900[link]
Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France, and the population of medieval Hungary was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Hungarian leader Árpád is believed to have led the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin in 896. In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France and Italy open to Hungarian raids. These raids were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated Louis the Child's Imperial Army near Augsburg in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through Basle, Alsace, Burgundy, Saxony, and Provence.[33] Magyar expansion was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. Although the battle at Lechfeld stopped the Hungarian raids against Western Europe, the raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970.[34] Hungarian settlement in the area was approved by the Pope when their leaders accepted Christianity, and Stephen I the Saint (Szent István) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the Magyars' arrival from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (Denmark) to the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal).[35] After the country's acceptance into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially against the Turks.
At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered between 25,000[36] and 1,000,000 people.[28][37]
The name "Hungarian" has also a wider meaning, as it once referred to all inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary irrespective of their ethnicity.[38]
The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially Slovak and Romanian) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure throughout history.
Some historians support the theory that the Magyars' proportion in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages[39][40][41][42][43] – non Magyars numbered hardly more than 20% to 25% of the total population[39] and began to decrease only at the time of the Ottoman conquest,[39][40][43] – reaching as low as around 39% in the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Magyars was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule.[39][40][43] The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Magyars, so the death toll attrited them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities.[39][43] In the 18th century their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and Germans.[39][40][43][44] Droves of Romanians entered Transylvania during the same period.[40][44][45] As a consequence of the Turkish occupation and the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition.[43] Hungary's population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, however, only 39% of its people were Magyars, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.[39][40][41]
Other historians, particularly Slovak and Romanian ones, tend to argue that the drastic change in the ethnic structure hypothesized by Hungarian historians in fact did not occur. Therefore, the Magyars are supposed to have accounted only for about 30–40%[citation needed] of the Kingdom's population since its establishment. In particular, there is a fierce debate among Magyar and Romanian historians about the ethnic composition of Transylvania through the times; see Origin of the Romanians.
In the 19th century, the proportion of Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900, mostly because of Magyarization. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (of whom about two-thirds were non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty.[46]
The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Magyars' history. By the Treaty of Trianon, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One third of the Magyars became minorities in the neighbouring countries.[47] During the remainder of the 20th century, the Magyar population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the Second World War and the wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956. The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization)[48][49][50] and emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina).
After the "baby boom" of the 1950s (Ratkó era), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours.[51] The Magyar population reached its maximum in 1980, after which it began to decline. This decline is expected to continue at least until 2050, at which time the population will probably be between 8 and 9 million.[51]
Today, the Magyars represent around 35% of the population of the Carpathian Basin. Their number is around 12–13 million. While other ethnic groups increased their numbers two, three or even more times during the 20th century, the Magyar population stagnated. Between 1950 and 1980, the increase in Hungary's population was the fourth-slowest in the world, after East Germany, Bulgaria and St. Kitts and Nevis: 16.4% (from 9,204,799 to 10,709,463).
For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania), Slovakia, Serbia (in Vojvodina). Sizable minorities live also in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Croatia (primarily Slavonia) and Austria (in Burgenland). Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the Prekmurje region. Today, more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries.[52]
There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Magyars living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout. On May 26, 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed a bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. The neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minority expressed concerns over the legislation[53].
Later influences[link]
Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars assimilated or were influenced by subsequent peoples arriving in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the Cumans, Pechenegs, Jazones, Germans and other Western European settlers in the Middle Ages. Vlachs (Romanians) and Slavs have lived together and blended with Magyars since early medieval times. Ottomans, who occupied the central part of Hungary from c.1526 until c.1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats and others) that resettled depopulated territories after their departure. Similar to other European countries, Jewish, Armenians, and Roma (Gypsy) minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages.
Maps[link]
-
Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th century
-
Redmap.jpg
-
-
Hungarians in Greater Hungary
(census 1890) -
Migrations of the Székely Hungarians
-
Hungarians in Vojvodina (2002 census)
-
Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia
-
Regions where Hungarian is spoken
-
Areas with ethnic Hungarian majorities in the neighboring countries of Hungary, according to László Sebők.[54]
_in_Hungary,_census_1890.jpg)
Traditional costumes[link]
Folklore and Landscapes[link]
-
Hungarians in Southern Transdanubia in Hungary
-
Voivodina Hungarians women's national costume
-
Csárdás folk dance in Skorenovac, Vojvodina, Serbia
-
Kalotaszeg folk Costume in Transylvania, Romania
-
Budapest, the Hungarian capital
-
Pécs, the Hungarian city was the European Capital of Culture in 2010
-
Sopron, "The Most Loyal Town"
-
Eszterháza, the "Hungarian Versailles"
-
A Hungarian town, Eger
-
Hollókő, Hungarian village part of the World Heritage.
-
Hungarian round-church at Öskü
-
Typical Hungarian Church in Magyarvalkó
-
Traditionally Hungarian house from Balatonfelvidék, Hungary
-
Traditionally Hungarian house from Transdanubia, Hungary
-
Rimetea (Torockó), hungarian village in Transylvania, Romania
-
Székelykő in Transylvania
-
The Hungarian Puszta
-
A Székely village in Covasna County, Romania
-
The Turul, the mythical bird of the origin myth of the Hungarian people
-
The "Tree of Life" on an ancient Magyar sabertache (tarsoly) plate
-
Hungarian Church at Óföldeák
See also[link]
|
|
Notes[link]
- ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ (Romanian) "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011", at the 2011 Romanian census site; accessed February 11, 2012
- ^ 2001 Slovakian Census
- ^ 2002 Serbian Census
- ^ National composition of population
- ^ 2001 Austrian census
- ^ Položaj Nacionalnih Manjina U Republici Hrvatskoj - Zakonodavstvo I Praska
- ^ Slovenia
- ^ Bund Ungarischer Organisationen in Deutschland
- ^ Národnost ve sčítání lidu v českých zemích
- ^ a b c d e 2006 community survey
- ^ Russia Report to COE
- ^ CSO Ireland - 2006 Census
- ^ Republic of Macedonia - State Statistical Office
- ^ Revista Época Edição 214 24 June 2002
- ^ Hungarian Embassy in Buenos Aires 20 June 2009
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (Census 2006)
- ^ Eurostat. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ a b c Peter F. Sugar, ed. (1990-11-22). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA9&dq=hungary+onogur+turkish&hl=en&ei=cH4UTo_cCNDPsgbezriBDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
- ^ Edward Luttwak, The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 156
- ^ "Genetic structure in relation to the history of Hungarian ethnic groups". Human Biology. 1996. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199606/ai_n8745452/pg_6.
- ^ Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyses of ancient and modern Hungarian populations, U.S. National Library of Medicine
- ^ Csanád Bálint (10 2008). "A történeti genetika és az eredetkérdés(ek)". Magyar Tudomány: 1170. http://www.matud.iif.hu/08okt/02.html. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ Pál Lipták: A magyarság etnogenezisének paleoantropológiája (The paleoanthropology of Hungarian people's ethnogenesis) (Antropológiai Közl., 1970. 14. sz.)
- ^ Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. pp. 96.
- ^ Blench, Roger; Matthew Briggs (1999). Archaeology and Language. Routledge. pp. 210. ISBN 0-415-11761-5. http://books.google.com/?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA209&dq=Hungarian+people+settlements+Andronovo+Culture+. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ István Fodor (1982). In search of a new homeland: the prehistory of the Hungarian people and the conquest. Corvina. p. 122. http://books.google.com/books?ei=oWQcTZq5LI-zhAeKhJC3Dg&ct=result&id=XMxnAAAAMAAJ&dq=Hungarians++Andronovo+Culture&q=Andronovo#search_anchor.
- ^ a b c d e A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 page 11. Google Books
- ^ Magyars
- ^ Piotr Eberhardt (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY and London, England, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5. http://books.google.com/?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-century+Central-Eastern#PRA1-PA334,M1.
- ^ "Szekler people". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/579333/Szekler.
- ^ The Hungarians of Hungary
- ^ History of Hungary, 895-970
- ^ The Magyars (650-997 AD)
- ^ Milan Tutorov, Banatska rapsodija, istorika Zrenjanina i Banata, Novi Sad, 2001.
- ^ Hungarian historians give the lowest estimates as 70,000 people, while Serbian and Slovak authors suggest much lower numbers; around 25,000.
- ^ Specifically, the Latin term natio hungarica referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary regardless of their ethnicity.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ a b c d e f A Country Study: Hungary. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0028). Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^ a b "International Boundary Study – No. 47 – April 15, 1965 – Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary". US Bureau of Intelligence and Research. http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf.
- ^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9CM
- ^ a b c d e f Steven W. Sowards. "Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism), Lecture 4: Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority". Michigan State University Libraries. http://staff.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lecture4.html. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ a b C. A. MaCartney D. Litt. (1962). Hungary A Short History. Edinburgh University Press. http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02086/02086.htm.
- ^ Robert A. Kann (1980). A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. University of California Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-520-04206-9, 9780520042063. http://books.google.com/?id=w5iJ1tfLnnoC&pg=PA544&dq=petzval+hungarian+of+german.
- ^ Peaks/waves of immigration
- ^ Kocsis, Károly (1998). "Introduction". Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 1-931313-75-X. http://books.google.com/?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA9&dq=one+third+of+Hungarian+people+minorities+in+the+neighbouring+countries+Trianon. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Bugajski, Janusz (1995). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. M.E. Sharpe (Washington, D.C.). ISBN 1-56324-283-4, 9781563242830.
- ^ Kovrig, Bennett (2000), Partitioned nation: Hungarian minorities in Central Europe, in: Michael Mandelbaum (ed.), The new European Diasporas: National Minorities and Conflict in Eastern Europe, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, pp. 19–80.
- ^ Raffay Ernő: A vajdaságoktól a birodalomig. Az újkori Románia története (From voivodeships to the empire. The modern history of Romania). Publishing house JATE Kiadó, Szeged, 1989, pp. 155–156)
- ^ a b "Nyolcmillió lehet a magyar népesség 2050-re". origo. http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20050414nyolcmillio.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
- ^ Hungary: Transit Country Between East and West. Migration Information Source. November 2003.
- ^ Veronika Gulyas (May 26, 2010). "Hungary Citizenship Bill Irks Neighbor". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2010/05/26/hungary-angers-neighbor-with-citizenship-bill.
- ^ Sebők László's ethnic map of Central and Southeastern Europe
References[link]
- Molnar, Miklos (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories (Fifth printing 2008 ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
2. Korai Magyar Torleniti Lexicon (9-14 szazad) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History -9-14th Centuries) Budapest, Akademiai Klado; 753. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
External links[link]
- Origins of the Hungarians from the Enciklopédia Humana (with many maps and pictures)
- Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin
- Hungary and the Council of Europe
- Facts about Hungary
- Hungarians outside Hungary - Map
Genetic studies
- MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool
- Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis
- Human Chromosomal Polymorphism in a Hungarian Sample
- Hungarian genetics researches 2008-2009 (in Hungarian)
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
http://wn.com/Hungarian_people
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Magiari
http://cs.wn.com/Maďaři
http://es.wn.com/Magiares
http://ru.wn.com/Венгры
http://nl.wn.com/Hongaren
http://pt.wn.com/Magiares
http://id.wn.com/Bangsa Hongaria
http://pl.wn.com/Węgrzy
http://fr.wn.com/Magyars
http://de.wn.com/Magyaren
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_people
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
The native form of this personal name is Puskás Ferenc. This article uses the Western name order.
| 200px | ||||||||||||
| Personal information | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Ferenc Purczeld | |||||||||||
| Date of birth | (1927 -04-01)1 April 1927 | |||||||||||
| Place of birth | Budapest, Hungary | |||||||||||
| Date of death | 17 November 2006(2006-11-17) (aged 79) | |||||||||||
| Place of death | Budapest, Hungary | |||||||||||
| Height | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | |||||||||||
| Playing position | Inside-left[1] | |||||||||||
| Senior career* | ||||||||||||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† | |||||||||
| 1943–1949 | Kispest | 177 | (187) | |||||||||
| 1949–1955 | Budapest Honvéd | 164 | (165) | |||||||||
| 1958–1966 | Real Madrid | 182 | (157) | |||||||||
| 1943–1966 | Total | 523 | (509) | |||||||||
| National team | ||||||||||||
| 1945–1956 | Hungary | 85 | (84) | |||||||||
| 1961–1962 | Spain | 4 | (0) | |||||||||
| Teams managed | ||||||||||||
| 1967 | San Francisco Golden Gate Gales | |||||||||||
| 1968 | Vancouver Royals | |||||||||||
| 1968–1969 | Alavés | |||||||||||
| 1970–1974 | Panathinaikos | |||||||||||
| 1975 | Murcia | |||||||||||
| 1975–1976 | Colo-Colo | |||||||||||
| 1976–1977 | Saudi Arabia | |||||||||||
| 1978–1979 | AEK Athens | |||||||||||
| 1979–1982 | Al-Masry | |||||||||||
| 1985–1986 | Sol de América | |||||||||||
| 1986–1989 | Cerro Porteño | |||||||||||
| 1989–1992 | South Melbourne Hellas | |||||||||||
| 1993 | Hungary | |||||||||||
|
Honours
|
||||||||||||
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
||||||||||||
Ferenc Puskás (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈpuʃkaːʃ]; born Ferenc Purczeld; 1 April 1927[2] – 17 November 2006) was a Hungarian footballer and manager. He scored 84 goals in 85 international matches for Hungary,[3] and 514 goals in 529 matches in the Hungarian and Spanish leagues.[3] He became Olympic champion in 1952 and was a World Cup finalist in 1954. He won three European Cups (1959, 1960, 1966), 10 national championships (5 Hungarian & 5 Spanish Primera División) and 8 top individual scoring honors. He is regarded as the best Hungarian football player ever and one of the best football players of all time.
Puskás started his career in Hungary playing for Kispest and Budapest Honvéd. He was top scorer in the Hungarian League on four occasions, and in 1948, he was the top goal scorer in Europe. During the 1950s, he was both a prominent member and captain of the Hungarian national team, known as the Mighty Magyars. In 1958, two years after the Hungarian Revolution, he emigrated to Spain where he played for Real Madrid.
While playing with Real Madrid, Puskás won four Pichichis and scored seven goals in two European Champions Cup finals. In 1995, he was recognized as the top scorer of the 20th century by the IFFHS.[4][5][6]
After retiring as a player, he became a coach. The highlight of his coaching career came in 1971 when he guided Panathinaikos to the European Cup final, where they lost 2–0 to AFC Ajax. Despite his defection in 1956, the Hungarian government granted him a full pardon in 1993, allowing him to return and take temporary charge of the Hungarian national team.[7] In 1998, he became one of the first ever FIFA/SOS Charity ambassadors.[8] In 2002, the Népstadion in Budapest was renamed the Puskás Ferenc Stadion in his honor.[9] He was also declared the best Hungarian player of the last 50 years by the Hungarian Football Federation in the UEFA Jubilee Awards in November 2003.[10] In October 2009, FIFA announced the introduction of the FIFA Puskás Award, awarded to the player who has scored the "most beautiful goal" over the past year. Puskas' successful career led him to become one of the greatest footballers whoever lived. He was listed in Pelé's FIFA 100 as the only Hungarian in history.
Contents |
Career in Hungary[link]
Early years[link]
Puskás was born as Ferenc Purczeld in Budapest and brought up in Kispest, then a village near the city. His father, Ferenc Sr. was a Danube Swabian of German ethnicity, who Magyarized his family surname to Puskás in 1937.[11][12] He began his career as a junior with Kispest AC,[9] where his father, who had previously played for the club, was a coach.
He initially used the pseudonym Miklós Kovács to help circumvent the minimum age rules[13] before officially signing at the age of 12. Among his early teammates was his childhood friend and future international teammate József Bozsik. He made his first senior appearance for Kispest in November 1943 in a match against Nagyváradi AC.[14] It was here where he got the nickname "Öcsi" or "Buddy".[15]
Kispest was taken over by the Hungarian Ministry of Defence in 1949, becoming the Hungarian Army team and changing its name to Budapest Honvéd. As a result, football players were given military ranks. Puskás eventually became a major, which led to the nickname "The Galloping Major".[12] As the army club, Honvéd used conscription to acquire the best Hungarian players, leading to the recruitment of Zoltán Czibor and Sándor Kocsis.[16] During his career at Budapest Honvéd, Puskás helped the club win five Hungarian League titles. He also finished as top goal scorer in the league in 1947–48, 1949–50, 1950 and 1953, scoring 50, 31, 25 and 27 goals, respectively. In 1948, he was the top goal scorer in Europe.[17]
Mighty Magyars[link]
Main article: Golden Team
Puskás made his debut for Hungary team on 20 August 1945 and scored in a 5–2 win over Austria.[18] He went on to play 85 games and scored 84 times for Hungary. His international goal record included two hat tricks against Austria, one against Luxembourg and four goals in a 12–0 win over Albania.[19] Together with Zoltán Czibor, Sándor Kocsis, József Bozsik, and Nándor Hidegkuti, he formed the nucleus of the Golden Team that was to remain unbeaten for 32 consecutive games.[20] During this run, they became Olympic Champions in 1952, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final in Helsinki. Puskás scored four times at the Olympic tournament,[19] including the opening goal in the final. They also defeated England twice, first with a 6–3 win at Wembley Stadium.,[18] and then 7–1 in Budapest. Puskás scored two goals in each game against England. In 1953, they also became Central European Champions. Hungary won the championship after finishing top of the table with 11 points. Puskás finished the tournament as top scorer with 10 goals and scored twice as Hungary claimed the trophy with a 3–0 win over Italy at the Stadio Olimpico in 1953.
Puskás scored three goals in the two first-round matches Hungary played at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. They defeated South Korea 9–0 and then West Germany 8–3. In the latter game, he suffered a hairline fracture of the ankle after a tackle by Werner Liebrich, and did not return until the final.
Puskás played the entire 1954 World Cup final against West Germany with the hairline fracture. Despite this, he scored his fourth goal of the tournament to put Hungary ahead after six minutes, and with Czibor adding another goal two minutes later, it seemed that the pre-tournament favorites would take the title. However, the West Germans pulled back two goals before half time, with six minutes left the West Germans scored the winner. Two minutes from the end of the match, Puskás appeared to score an equalizer but the goal was disallowed due to an offside call.[21]
Ferenc Puskás’ statistics in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics[link]
The scores contain links to the article on football in the Helsinki Olympics and the round in question.
| Game no. | Round | Date | Opponent | Puskás’ playing time | Score | Puskás’ goals | Score | Times | Venue | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Prel. R. | 15 July 1952 |  Romania |
90 min. | 2–1 (1–0) | 0 | — | — | Kupittaa, Turku | [22] |
| 2 | 1st R | 21 July 1952 |  Italy |
90 min. | 3–0 (2–0) | 0 | — | — | Pallokenttä, Helsinki | [23] |
| 3 | QF | 24 July 1952 |  Turkey |
90 min | 7–1 (2–0) | 2 | 4–0 6–1 |
 54' 72' |
Urheilukeskus, Kotka | [24] |
| 4 | SF | 28 July 1952 |  Sweden |
90 min | 6–0 (3–0) | 1 | 1–0 | 1' |
Helsinki Olympic Stadium | [25] |
| 5 | Final | 2 August 1952 |  Yugoslavia |
90 min | 2–0 (0–0) | 1 | 1–0 | 70' |
Helsinki Olympic Stadium | [26] |
Ferenc Puskás’ statistics in the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland[link]
The scores contain links to the article on 1954 FIFA World Cup and the round in question. When there is a special article on the match in question, the link is in the column for round.
| Game no. | Round | Date | Opponent | Puskás’ playing time | Score | Puskás’ goals | Score | Times | Venue | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Group 2 | 17 June 1954 |  South Korea |
90 min. | 9–0 (4–0) | 2 | 1–0 9–0 |
12' 89' |
Hardturm Stadium, Zürich | [27] |
| 2 | Group 2 | 20 June 1954 |  West Germany |
90 min | 8–3 (3–1) | 1 | 2–0 | 17' |
St. Jakob Stadium, Basel | [28] |
| – | QF | 27 June 1954 |  Brazil |
Did not play | 4–2 (2–1) | 0 | – | — | Wankdorf Stadium, Bern | [29] |
| – | SF | 30 June 1954 |  Uruguay |
Did not play | 4–2 (a.e.t.) (2–2, 1–0) |
0 | – | — | Stade Olympique de la Pontaise, Lausanne | [30] |
| 3 | Final | 4 July 1954 | West Germany |
90 min | 2–3 (2–2) | 1 | 1–0 | 6' |
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern | [31] |
Honvéd World Tour[link]
Budapest Honvéd entered the European Cup in 1956 and were drawn against Atlétic Bilbao in the first round. Honvéd lost the away leg 2–3, but before the home leg could be played, the Hungarian Revolution erupted in Budapest. The players decided against going back to Hungary and arranged for the return with Atlético to be played at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium.[20] Puskás scored in the subsequent 3–3 draw but Honvéd were eliminated 6–5 on aggregate, and the Hungarian players were left in limbo. They summoned their families from Budapest, and despite opposition from FIFA and the Hungarian football authorities, they organised a fundraising tour of Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Brazil. After returning to Europe, the players parted ways. Some, including Bozsik, returned to Hungary while others, including Czibor, Kocsis and Puskás, found new clubs in Western Europe.[32]
Spanish career[link]
Real Madrid[link]
After refusing to return to Hungary, Puskás initially played a few unofficial games for RCD Espanyol[citation needed]. At the same time, both AC Milan and Juventus attempted to sign him, but then he received a two-year ban from UEFA (for refusing to return to Budapest [33]) which prevented him from playing in Europe. He moved to Austria and then Italy.[20] After his ban, Puskás tried to play in Italy but was not able to find a top-flight club willing to sign him, as Italian managers were concerned about his age and weight.[16] He was considered by Manchester United to strengthen a squad ravaged by the Munich Air Disaster in 1958, but because of FA rules regarding foreigners and Puskás' not knowing the English language, stand-in manager Jimmy Murphy could not fulfill his wish of signing the Hungarian. However, a few months later, Puskás joined Real Madrid and at the age of 31 embarked on the second phase of his career.
During his first La Liga season, Puskás scored four hat-tricks, including one in his second game, against Sporting de Gijón on 21 September 1958. In the game against UD Las Palmas on 4 January 1959, Puskás and Alfredo di Stéfano scored hat-tricks in a 10–1 win.[34] During the 1960–61 season, Puskás scored four times in a game against Elche CF and the following season, he scored five goals against the same team. Puskás scored two hat-tricks against FC Barcelona in 1963, one at the Bernabéu and one at the Camp Nou. During eight seasons with Real, Puskás played 180 La Liga games and scored 156 goals. He scored 20 or more goals in each of his first six seasons in the Spanish league, and won the Pichichi four times: in 1960, 1961, 1963, and 1964, scoring 26, 27, 26 and 20 goals, respectively. He helped Real win La Liga five times in a row between 1961 and 1965 and the Copa del Generalísimo in 1962. He scored both goals in the 2–1 victory over Sevilla FC in the Copa final.
Puskás also played a further 39 games for Real in the European Cup, scoring 35 goals. He helped Real reach the final of the 1959 European Cup, scoring in the first leg and in the decisive replay of the semi-final against Atlético Madrid, but missed the final due to injury. In the following season he began Real's 1960 European Cup campaign with a hat-trick against Jeunesse Esch and in the semi-final against FC Barcelona, he once again guided Real into the final with three goals over two legs. In the final itself, Real beat Eintracht Frankfurt 7–3 with Puskás scoring four goals[9] and di Stéfano scoring three. In subsequent European campaigns, he would score a further three hat-tricks, including one in the 1962 final against Benfica, which Real lost 5–3. In 1965, he scored five goals over two games against Feyenoord as he helped Real Madrid to the 1966 European Cup final - Real won the game, but Puskas did not play in the final.
Spanish national appearances[link]
In 1962, Puskás took Spanish nationality,[35] and subsequently played four times for Spain. Three of these games were at the 1962 World Cup. For once, his goalscoring form deserted him and he failed to score any goals for Spain.
Appearance for South Liverpool[link]
In 1967, at the age of 40, he appeared in a fundraising friendly game for South Liverpool, the English non-league side, in front of a 10,000-strong sell-out crowd at the club's Holly Park stadium.[36]
Coaching career[link]
After retiring as a player, Puskás became a coach and managed teams in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
In 1971 he guided Panathinaikos of Greece to the European Cup final, the only time a Greek club has reached a European final to date. In the qualifying rounds they beat Everton in the quarter-finals on away goals, then defeated Red Star Belgrade in the semi's. In the final Panathinaikos lost 2–0 to Johan Cruyff's Ajax.[37] During his five-year tenure at Panathinaikos, Puskás helped the team secure two Greek Championships. However, with the notable exception of his spell at Panathinaikos, Puskás failed to transfer his success as a player to his coaching career.
Despite his wide travels, his only other success came with South Melbourne Hellas, with whom he won the National Soccer League title in 1991.
When Wolverhampton Wanderers opened their new stadium Molineux in 1993, Puskás visited the newly opened stadium as an honorary guest to watch the friendly match between Wolves and Budapest Honvéd, which was a match to christen the new opening of the stadium. This was because in the 1950s, Wolves played a game against Honvéd in a memorable friendly match, which Puskás played in. Wolves won the match 3–2.
In 1993 he took charge of the Hungarian national football team for four games, including a 4-2 friendly victory against the Republic of Ireland in Dublin, where Hungary came from two goals down to eventually beat their opponents.[38]
Later life and death[link]
Puskás was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2000.[39] He was admitted to a Budapest hospital in September 2006[40] and died on 17 November 2006[39] of pneumonia. He is survived by his wife of 57 years, Erzsébet,[41] and their daughter, Anikó.[42] In a state funeral, his coffin was moved from Puskás Ferenc Stadion to Heroes' Square for a military salute. He was buried under the dome of the St Stephen's Basilica in Budapest on 9 December 2006.
A street named Újtemető utca near Stadium Bozsik in the Hungarian capital of Budapest (specifically the district of Kispest) was renamed after Puskás precisely one year after the footballer's death.
Honours[link]
Club[link]
- Budapest Honvéd
- Hungarian League: 1949–50, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955
Real Madrid
- Intercontinental Cup: 1960
- European Cup: 1958–1959, 1959–1960, 1965–1966
- Spanish League: 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65
- Spanish Cup: 1961–1962
- European Cup Runners-up: 1961–1962, 1963–1964
Country[link]
- Hungary
- Olympic Champions: 1952
- Central European Champions: 1953
- World Cup Runners-up: 1954
- Balkan Cup: 1947
Individual[link]
- Central European International Cup: Top Scorer (10 Goals): 1954
- Hungarian Top Scorer: 1947–48, 1949–50, 1950, 1953
- Spanish League Top Scorer: 1959-60, 1960-61, 1962-63, 1963-64
- European Player of the 20th century L'Equipe
- Hungarian Player of the 20th century[citation needed]
- Hungarian Top Scorer of the 20th century
- Silver Ball European Footballer of the Year France Football : 1960
- Named in FIFA 100
- European Cup Top Scorer (12 goals)(7 goals): 1960, 1964
- Pichichi Trophy: 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64
- Golden Boot of the World in 1948: (50 goals)
Manager[link]
Panathinaikos
- Alpha Ethniki: 1970–71, 1971–72
- European Cup
- Runners-Up: 1971
South Melbourne Hellas
- National Soccer League: 1990–91
- NSL Cup: 1989–90
- Dockerty Cup: 1989 and 1991
Career statistics[link]
| Club performance | League | Cup | Continental | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Hungary | League | Hungarian Cup | Europe | Total | ||||||
| 1943–44 | Kispest | National Championship I | 18 | 7 | ||||||
| 1944 | 14 | 7 | ||||||||
| 1945 | 20 | 10 | ||||||||
| 1945–46 | 33 | 35 | ||||||||
| 1946–47 | 30 | 32 | ||||||||
| 1947–48 | 32 | 50 | ||||||||
| 1948–49 | 30 | 46 | ||||||||
| 1949–50 | Budapest Honvéd | National Championship I | 30 | 31 | ||||||
| 1950 | 15 | 25 | ||||||||
| 1951 | 21 | 21 | ||||||||
| 1952 | 26 | 22 | ||||||||
| 1953 | 26 | 27 | ||||||||
| 1954 | 20 | 21 | ||||||||
| 1955 | 26 | 18 | 4 | 4 | 30 | 22 | ||||
| Spain | League | Copa del Rey | Europe | Total | ||||||
| 1958–59 | Real Madrid | La Liga | 24 | 21 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 29 | 23 |
| 1959–60 | 24 | 25 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 36 | 47 | ||
| 1960–61 | 28 | 28 | 9 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 39 | 42 | ||
| 1961–62 | 23 | 20 | 8 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 40 | 40 | ||
| 1962–63 | 30 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 39 | 31 | ||
| 1963–64 | 25 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 33 | 28 | ||
| 1964–65 | 18 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 25 | 17 | ||
| 1965–66 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 10 | ||
| Country | Hungary | 341 | 352 | 11 | 17 | 6 | 5 | 358 | 374 | |
| Spain | 180 | 156 | 41 | 49 | 41 | 37 | 262 | 242 | ||
| Total | 521 | 508 | 52 | 66 | 47 | 42 | 620 | 616 | ||
| Hungary national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1945 | 2 | 3 |
| 1946 | 3 | 3 |
| 1947 | 5 | 5 |
| 1948 | 6 | 7 |
| 1949 | 8 | 11 |
| 1950 | 6 | 12 |
| 1951 | 3 | 4 |
| 1952 | 12 | 10 |
| 1953 | 7 | 6 |
| 1954 | 11 | 8 |
| 1955 | 12 | 10 |
| 1956 | 10 | 5 |
| Total | 85 | 84 |
| Spain national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1961 | 1 | 0 |
| 1962 | 3 | 0 |
| Total | 4 | 0 |
International Goals for Hungary[link]
- Scores and results list Hungary's goal tally first.
International Appearances for Spain[link]
| Date | Venue | Opponent | Goals | Appearances | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 November 1961 |  Casablanca, Casablanca |
Morocco |
0 | 1 | 1-0 | 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 31 May 1962 |  Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar |
 Czechoslovakia |
0 | 2 | 0-1 | 1962 FIFA World Cup |
| 3 June 1962 | Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar |
 Mexico |
0 | 3 | 1-0 | 1962 FIFA World Cup |
| 6 June 1962 | Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar |
 Brazil |
0 | 4 | 1-2 | 1962 FIFA World Cup |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Glanville, Brian (17 November 2006). "Obituary:Ferenc Puskas". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/nov/17/newsstory.sport8.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Puskás's Hungary career is often said to be 83 goals in 84 games. The extra game and goal here is from a match vs Lebanon that was played in 1956, however it was only recognised as an official game by the Hungarian FA in May 2002 [2]
- ^ "FIFA President: FIFA to help the Galloping Major". FIFA. 2005-10-12. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/president/news/newsid=100845.html. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ "Coronel Puskas, el zurdo de oro" (in Spanish). AS. 2006-11-17. http://www.as.com/articulo/Futbol/Coronel/Puskas/zurdo/oro/dasftb/20061117dasdasftb_2/Tes/. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ Mackay, Duncan (2005-10-13). "Lineker tees up another nice little earner". London: Guardian Unlimited. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/golf/story/0,10069,1590809,00.html. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
- ^ "Obituary:Ferenc Puskas". The Scotsman. 2003-11-20. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/obituaries.cfm?id=1716212006.
- ^ "SOS Children mourns Ferenc Puskas". http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk. SOS Children's Villages. 2005-11-17. http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/puskas-obituary.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
- ^ a b c Bell, Jack (2006-11-18). "Ferenc Puskas, 79, International Soccer Star, Dies". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/18/sports/soccer/18puskas.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Golden Players take centre stage". UEFA. 2003-11-29. http://www.uefa.com/uefa/news/Kind=256/newsId=130150.html.
- ^ "Isten futballistának teremtette" (in Hungarian). Nemzeti Sport. 27 November 2006. http://www.nemzetisport.hu/migralt_cikkek/20061127/isten_futballistanak_teremtette/. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
- ^ a b "Soccer Great Puskas dead at 79". TSN. http://www.tsn.ca/story/?id=184708. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ "Puskás, Hungary's greatest". uefa.com. http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/Kind=2/newsId=479442.html. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ Glanville, Brian (2006-11-17). "Obituary: Ferenc Puskas". The Guardian (London). http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,1950662,00.html. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ http://www.kulker-online.eu/content/view/1009
- ^ a b "Hall of Fame, Ferenc Puskas". IFHOF. http://www.ifhof.com/hof/puskas.asp. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ Corkhill, Barney (2008-09-29). "A Tribute To...Ferenc Puskas". Bleacher Report (USA). http://bleacherreport.com/articles/63194-a-tribute-to-ferenc-puskas.
- ^ a b Hosking, Patrick; Wighton, David (2006-11-17). "Ferenc Puskas". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-2458262,00.html. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ a b "Ferenc Puskás — Goals in International Matches". RSSSF. http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/puskas-intlg.html. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ a b c "Galloping Major gave us finest hour at Hampden". The Scotsman. http://sport.scotsman.com/football_international.cfm?id=1709652006. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
- ^ The World Cup: The Complete History by Terry Crouch. 2006.
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197058/matches/match=32373/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197058/matches/match=32384/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197058/matches/match=32391/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197058/matches/match=32393/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197058/matches/match=32396/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=9/results/matches/match=1294/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=9/results/matches/match=1277/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=9/results/matches/match=1248/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=9/results/matches/match=1295/report.html
- ^ http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=9/results/matches/match=1278/report.html
- ^ Behind the Curtain: Football in Eastern Europe by Jonathan Wilson. 2006.
- ^ http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=591759&cc=5901
- ^ Web Oficial de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional
- ^ "Ferenc Puskas dies aged 79". The Guardian (London). 2006-11-17. http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,1950418,00.html. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ Rich, Tim (2009-05-19). "The heavenly virtues: 10 kind footballers". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/may/19/seven-deadly-sins-football-heavenly-virtues-kind.
- ^ 50 Years of the European Cup and Champions League by Keir Radnedge. 2005.
- ^ [3]
- ^ a b "Hungary legend Puskas dies at 79". BBC. 2006-11-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/6155766.stm.
- ^ "Puskas 'taken to intensive care'". BBC. 2006-09-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/5343726.stm.
- ^ "Ferenc Puskas". London: Telegraph.co.uk. 2003-11-18. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/18/db1801.xml. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Jones, Grahame L. (2003-11-18). "Ferenc Puskas, 79; Hungarian was one of soccer's all-time greats". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-puskas18nov18,1,2453964.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california&ctrack=1&cset=true. Retrieved 2010-05-02. [dead link]
- ^ http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=21792
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/puskas-intlg.html
- ^ [4]
- ^ http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/puskas-intlg.html
References[link]
- (Autobiography) Ferenc Puskas: Captain of Hungary: Ferenc Puskas (1955). Reprinted in 2007 [5]
- Behind the Curtain — Travels in Eastern European Football: Jonathan Wilson (2006) [6]
- The World Cup — The Complete History: Terry Crouch (2002) [7]
- 50 Years of the European Cup and Champions League: Keir Radnedge (2005) [8]
- Obituary in The Guardian by Brian Glanville, 18 November 2006
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ferenc Puskás |
- Ferenc Puskás (career statistics) (Hungarian)
- BDFutbol player profile
- BDFutbol coach profile
- National team data (Spanish)
- Ferenc Puskás at National-Football-Teams.com
- Biography at Real Madrid Fans (Spanish)
- Real Madrid profile (Spanish)
- Goals in European Cups at RSSSF
- Goals in International Matches at RSSSF
- Ferenc Puskás – FIFA competition record
- Puskas Goal - England 3:6 Hungary 1954 (video)
- Real Madrid tribute to Ferenc Puskas (video)
- Poetry dedicated to Puskas (Spanish)
- Ferenc Puskás at Find a Grave
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Puskas, Ferenc |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | footballer |
| Date of birth | 2 April 1927 |
| Place of birth | Budapest, Hungary |
| Date of death | 17 November 2006 |
| Place of death | Budapest, Hungary |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ferenc Puskás |
http://wn.com/Ferenc_Puskás
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://cs.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://id.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://es.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://ru.wn.com/Пушкаш, Ференц
http://pt.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://pl.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://fr.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://de.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
http://nl.wn.com/Ferenc Puskás
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Puskás
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
More Videos
Wiki Summary
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (Hungarian: magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group who speak Hungarian and are primarily associated with Hungary. There are around 14-15 million Hungarians, of whom 10 million live in today's Hungary (as of 2011). About 2.2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the 1918-1920 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Treaty of Trianon, and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbour countries, especially Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Canada and Australia. Unlike the Hungarians living on the former territory of pre-1918-20 Kingdom of Hungary, only some of the ethnic Hungarians in other areas preserve the Hungarian language and traditions. The Hungarians can be classified into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székely, the Csángó, the Palóc, and the Jassic people.
