Dodona

Saturday, 29 December 2012

George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor, Leesburg, VA Loudoun

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Dodona
Dodona (Doric Greek: Δωδώνᾱ, Dōdṓnā, Ionic and Attic Greek: Δωδώνη,Dōdṓnē) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was an oracle devoted to a Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione, who was joined and partly supplanted in historical times by the Greek god Zeus.
The shrine of Dodona was regarded as the oldest Hellenic oracle, possibly dating to the second millennium BCE according to Herodotus. Situated in a remote region away from the main Greek poleis, it was considered second only to the oracle of Delphi in prestige. Priestesses and priests in the sacred grove interpreted the rustling of the oak (or beech) leaves to determine the correct actions to be taken. Aristotle considered the region around Dodona to have been part of Hellas and the region where the Hellenes originated. The oracle was first under the control of the Thesprotians before it passed into the hands of the Molossians. It remained an important religious sanctuary until the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman era.

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Egypt
Egypt ⁱ/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

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Greece
Greece ⁱ/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ‏ليبيا‎ Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.

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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.

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Thesprotia
Thesprotia (Greek: Θεσπρωτία) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the Epirus region. Its capital is the town of Igoumenitsa. It is named after the Thesprotians, an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region in antiquity.
The territory of Thesprotia remained under Ottoman rule until 1913, when it was annnexed by the Greek state after the First Balkan War. Until 1937, when the separate prefecture of Thesprotia was established, the area was part of the Ioannina Prefecture.
Thesprotia borders Albania to the north, the regional unit of Ioannina to the east and Preveza to the south. The Ionian Sea lies to the west. Much of the prefecture is mountainous. Most farmland is located in the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. Two of Thesprotia's rivers are legendary: the Thyamis and the Acheron of Greek mythology, lined with reedbeds and plane trees.
Thesprotia's coastal climate is Mediterranean. Cold winters of a semi-alpine climate dominate the eastern part and higher elevations.

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Apollonius of Rhodes
Apollonius of Rhodes, or Apollonius Rhodius (Latin; Greek Ἀπολλώνιος Ῥόδιος Apollṓnios Rhódios), floruit first half of 3rd century BCE, is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece. The poem is one of the few extant examples of the epic genre and it was both innovative and influential, providing Ptolemaic Egypt with a "cultural mnemonic" or national "archive of images", and offering the Latin poets Virgil and Gaius Valerius Flaccus a model for their own epics. His other poems, which survive only in small fragments, concerned the beginnings or foundations of cities, such as Alexandria and Cnidus – places of interest to the Ptolemies, whom he served as a scholar and librarian at the Library of Alexandria. A literary dispute with Callimachus, another Alexandrian librarian/poet, is a topic much discussed by modern scholars since it is thought to give some insight into their poetry, athough there is very little evidence that there ever was such a dispute between the two men. In fact almost nothing at all is known about Apollonius and even his connection with Rhodes is a matter for speculation. Once considered a mere imitator of Homer, and therefore a failure as a poet, his reputation has been enhanced by recent studies, with an emphasis on the special characteristics of Hellenistic poets as scholarly heirs of a long literary tradition writing at a unique time in history.

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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.

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Epirus
Epirus /ɨˈpaɪərəs/ is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, shared between Greece and Albania. It lies between the Pindus Mountains and the Ionian Sea, stretching from the Bay of Vlorë in the north to the Ambracian Gulf in the south. It is currently divided between the region of Epirus in northwestern Greece and the counties of Gjirokastër, Vlorë, and Berat in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is Ioannina, seat of the region of Epirus, with Gjirokastër the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus.
A rugged and mountainous region, Epirus lay on the periphery of the ancient Greek world. It was inhabited by the Greek tribes of the Chaonians, Molossians, and Thesprotians, and home to the sanctuary of Dodona, the oldest ancient Greek oracle, and the most prestigious one after Delphi. Unified into a single state in 370 BC by the Aeacidae dynasty, Epirus achieved fame during the reign of Pyrrhus I of Epirus, whose campaigns against Rome are the origin of the term "Pyrrhic victory". Epirus subsequently became part of the Roman Empire along with the rest of Greece in 146 BC, which was followed by the Byzantine Empire. Following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, Epirus became the center of the Despotate of Epirus, one of the successor states to the Byzantine Empire. Conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, Epirus became semi-independent during the rule of Ali Pasha in the early 19th century, but the Ottomans re-asserted their control in 1821. Following the Balkan Wars and World War I, southern Epirus became part of Greece, while northern Epirus became part of the newly created state of Albania.

wn.com/Epirus
Euripides
Euripides (Ancient Greek: Εὐριπίδης) (ca. 480 – 406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived complete (there has been debate about his authorship of Rhesus, largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly due to mere chance and partly because his popularity grew as theirs declined — he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.
Euripides is identified with theatrical innovations that have profoundly influenced drama down to modern times, especially in the representation of traditional, mythical heroes as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. This new approach led him to pioneer developments that later writers adapted to comedy, some of which are characteristic of romance. Yet he also became "the most tragic of poets", focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown. He was "the creator of...that cage which is the theatre of Shakespeare's Othello, Racine's Phèdre, of Ibsen and Strindberg," in which "...imprisoned men and women destroy each other by the intensity of their loves and hates", and yet he was also the literary ancestor of comic dramatists as diverse as Menander and George Bernard Shaw.

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Herodotus
Herodotus ( /hɨˈrɒdətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (circa 484 – 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" (or ἱστορία historía, a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history"), being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.
The Histories, otherwise known as The Researches or The Inquiries, were divided by later Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively. At its simplest and broadest level of meaning, The Histories is structured as a dynastic history of four Persian kings:

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Homer
In the Western classical tradition, Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.
When he lived is unknown. Herodotus estimates that Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus' own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; while other ancient sources claim that he lived much nearer to the supposed time of the Trojan War, in the early 12th century BC. Modern researchers appear to place Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC.
The formative influence played by the Homeric epics in shaping Greek culture was widely recognized, and Homer was described as the teacher of Greece. Homer's works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval Greek worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half of all identifiable Greek literary papyrus finds.

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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.

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Philip V of Macedon
Philip V (Greek: Φίλιππος Ε΄) (238 BC – 179 BC) was King of Macedon from 221 BC to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by an unsuccessful struggle with the emerging power of Rome. Philip was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was inevitably compared to Alexander the Great and was nicknamed the darling of all Greece (Greek: ἐρώμενος ἐγένετο τῶν Ἑλλήνων).
The son of Demetrius II and Chryseis, Philip was nine years old at his father's death in 229 BC. He had an elder paternal half sister called Apame. His cousin, Antigonus Doson, administered the kingdom as regent until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old.
On his ascent to the throne, Philip quickly showed that while he was young, this did not mean that Macedon was weak. In the first year of his rule, he pushed back the Dardani and other tribes in the north of the country.
In the Social War (220 BC-217 BC), the Hellenic League of Greek states was assembled at Philip V’s instigation in Corinth. He then led the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis. At the same time he was able to stamp on his own authority amongst his own ministers. His leadership during the Social War made him well-known and respected both within his own kingdom and abroad.

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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.

wn.com/Phoenicia
Phoenicians
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.

wn.com/Phoenicians
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (Greek: Πύρρος, Pyrros; 319/318 BC–272 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from circa 297 BC), and later he became king of Epirus (r. 306–302, 297–272 BC) and Macedon (r. 288–284, 273–272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives (Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι).
Pyrrhus was the son of Aeacides and Phthia, a Thessalian woman, and a second cousin of Alexander the Great (via Alexander's mother, Olympias). He had two sisters: Deidamia and Troias. Pyrrhus was only two years old when his father was dethroned, in 317 BC, his family taking refuge with Glaukias, king of the Taulantians, one of the largest Illyrian tribes. Pyrrhus was raised by Beroea, Glaukias's wife and a Molossian of the Aeacidae dynasty.

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Thesprotians
The Thesprotians (Greek: Θεσπρωτοί – Thesprōtoi) were an ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotis, Epirus, akin to the Molossians. The poet Homer frequently mentions Thesprotia which had friendly relations with Ithaca and Doulichi. On their northeast frontier they had the Chaonians and to the north the kingdom of the Molossians. The Thesprotians were part of the League of Epirus until they were annexed into the Roman Empire.
Strabo puts the Thesprotian's territory, Thesprotis, on the coast of southwest Epirus. Thesprotis stretched between the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the River Thyamis (modern-day Kalamas) in the north, and between the Pindus mountains and the Ionian Sea. According to legend, the nation got its name from the Pelasgian leader and first governor Thesprotos, who built Kichyro (Cichorus), which later was called Ephyra, the capital of Thesprotia. Other important cities of Thesprotia include Pandosia,Titani, Chimerion, Torine, Fanoti, Kassopa, Fotiki, Boucheta and Batiai. There was a city called Thesprotia sharing the same name with the tribe itself.

wn.com/Thesprotians

Dodoni /GREECE/ Epirus Ancient Theater

Dodoni Epirus Ancient Theater Ioannina Greece Musiem GREECE HELLAS...

published: 17 Jun 2008

author: Athanasios Papatheodorou

Szűcs Judith - Dodona

1981 - Ilyen ma egy lány - Pepita SLPX 17682...

published: 29 May 2011

author: retroboy53

Greece Oct 31 - Oracle at Dodona

From our classroom on the River Acheron - and on a bay of Greece's northwest coast - we tr...

published: 01 Nov 2010

author: Dan Gauthier

Dodona

Szücs Judit...

published: 04 Aug 2010

author: István Varga

George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor, Leesburg, VA Loudoun

The George C. Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor offers tours of the restored f...

published: 21 Mar 2009

author: VisitLoudounHD

Dodona Manor Veterans Day Ceremony

Rear Admiral William Cross (retired) was one of the keynote speakers at the sixth annual V...

published: 12 Nov 2010

author: loudountimesdotcom

Ne Teatrin Dodona!

...

published: 02 Nov 2009

author: Kujtim Morina

Sorapo::Dodona

Sorapo::Dodona...

published: 05 Jun 2009

author: rabehasy

Radio Dodona-Emisjoni ENERGY ( 88.2 Fm )

Radio DoDoNa 88.2 Fm Stero : DRENAS Emisioni i Nates ENERGY...

published: 24 Aug 2012

author: driton hoxha

dodona

ne tuz...

published: 02 Apr 2008

author: armendbaloku

KENGETARJA TULLACE-DODONA 15.11.2012

KENGETARJA TULLACE-DODONA 15.11.2012...

published: 15 Nov 2012

author: rtv21video

Vista 2 (macedonia corner dodona)

macedonia corner dodona steet...

published: 05 Nov 2008

author: bidyobidyobidyo

Vista 5 (arriving at dodona street)

arriving at dodona street...

published: 05 Nov 2008

author: bidyobidyobidyo

dodona adnu 2

...

published: 02 Oct 2012

author: relan ortiz

Island In The Sun

Performed by moi...

published: 23 Jul 2011

author: Dodona

TWYLT

With my deepest apologies to anybody else who has actually sung this song and sung it well...

published: 20 Jul 2011

author: Dodona

Dodona fan

The story of a burlesque fandancer turning into an oracle of zeus...

published: 15 May 2012

author: Mette Sterre

GUITAR JEANS / DODONA FALL WINTER 2012 - 13

published: 10 Oct 2012

author: Ozgur Kaynar

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photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives

U.S. Army Spc. Jacob Bobbe, security force team member for Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) Farah, maintains security on the street during a key leader engagement in the Lash-e Juwayn district of Farah province, Afghanistan, Dec. 11 2012.

Imperial Lockstep

CounterPunch

27 Dec 2012

Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)

photo: AP / Ben Curtis

In this Sunday, April 29, 2012 file photo, troops from the Central African Republic stand guard at a building used for joint meetings between them and U.S. Army special forces, in Obo, Central African Republic, where U.S. special forces have paired up with local troops and Ugandan soldiers to seek out Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

CAR seeks foreign help against rebels

Al Jazeera

28 Dec 2012

The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)

photo: WN / Janice Sabnal

Six dead as winter snowstorms pound US

Zeenews

27 Dec 2012

Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary

Supporters of Pakistan's slain leader Benazir Bhutto, stand beside her portrait after lighting earth lamps at a ceremony to mark the second anniversary of her death

Pakistan marks fifth anniversary of Benazir Bhutto murder

BBC News

27 Dec 2012

Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

photo: AP

Free Syrian Army soldiers stand guard at a checkpoint in the northern town of Ariha, on the outskirts of Idlib, Syria, Sunday, June 10, 2012.

Syria military police chief defects to rebels

The Guardian

26 Dec 2012

News of defection comes as activists say 20 people, including eight children, have been killed by shelling in north of country. Assad’s forces are hitting back at a string of rebel advances across the country. Photograph. Abdalghne Karoof/REUTERS. The head of Syria's military police has defected from the army and declared allegiance to the uprising against the president, Bashar al-Assad, according to a video and a Syrian security source....(size: 3.4Kb)

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Loudoun County volunteer opportunities

The Washington Post

17 Dec 2012

AARP tax assistance program needs volunteers to file federal and state income tax forms. A five-day training session on IRS computers and software is provided. Volunteers become IRS-certified tax counselors after completing training and passing a test. Information. www.aarp.org/taxaide. American Red Cross needs volunteers to greet donors at blood drives and offer reading materials and refreshments ... Dodona Manor needs docents for tours ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)

Loudoun County community calendar,Dec. 9-16

The Washington Post

08 Dec 2012

Sunday, Dec. 9. Celtic jam session, refreshments sold by Hill High Orchard. 1-4 p.m., Round Hill Arts Center, 35246 Harry F. Byrd Hwy., Round Hill. Suggested donation, $5. 540-338-5022 or www.roundhillartscenter.org. Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post. Holiday open house, tours of the historic home of Gen. Marshall ... Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor, 217 Edwards Ferry Rd, Leesburg. Free. 703-777-1301 ... $7....(size: 3.8Kb)

Going Out Guide

The Washington Post

05 Dec 2012

THU 06. “A Trip to the Moon” It takes a cannon to get six astronauts to the moon in this play directed by Natsu Onoda Power, based on the 1902 silent film by Georges Melies. Wednesday-Saturday at 8 p.m., Sunday at 2 p.m., through Jan. 6. Synetic Theater at Crystal City, 1800 S. Bell St., Arlington. 800-494-8497. www.synetictheater.org. $35-$55 ... George C. Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor, 217 Edwards Ferry Rd, Leesburg....(size: 3.7Kb)

Loudoun County community calendar,Dec. 6-13

The Washington Post

03 Dec 2012

Thursday, Dec. 6. Christmas at Oatlands, includes displays of vintage toys and dolls, and historic and handcrafted decorations. 10 a.m.-5 p.m. daily, except 1 to 5 p.m. Sundays, through Dec. 30. Go to www.oatlands.org for a schedule of special events. Oatlands Plantation, 20850 Oatlands Plantation Lane, Leesburg ... 703-777-3174. Loading... Recommend. Personal Post ... Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor, 217 Edwards Ferry Rd, Leesburg ... Free ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)

Loudoun County community calendar, Nov. 11-18

The Washington Post

09 Nov 2012

Sunday, Nov. 11. Purcellville’s Turkey Trot 5K and Fun Run, a benefit for child-care and preschool programs, and camps at the center. 8 a.m., Loudoun Valley Community Center, 320 W. School St., Purcellville. $30. 540-338-4122 or www.pvilleturkeytrot.shutterfly.com. Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post ... 8 a.m., Philip A ... Free ... Marshall International Center at Dodona Manor, 217 Edwards Ferry Rd, Leesburg. Free ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)

Volunteers sought in Loudoun County

The Washington Post

29 Oct 2012

AARP tax assistance program needs volunteers to file federal and state income tax forms for 2012. A five-day training session on IRS computers and software is provided. Volunteers become IRS-certified tax counselors after completing training and passing an examination. Information. www.aarp.org/taxaide ... One-hour training sessions. 800-272-0094, Ext. 1, or karlofft@usa.redcross.org. Loading... Recommend ... Dodona Manor needs docents for tours ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)

Goldman loses bid to end lawsuit by hedge fund over CDO

Sun Sentinel

20 Oct 2012

(Note. Language in paragraph 14 may be offensive to some readers) ... Goldman has argued the losses were caused by the collapse of the housing market. The fraud claims survive for the "big picture of fraudulent conduct," not only on the representations in the complaint, Kornreich wrote in her decision, citing a similar case in Manhattan federal court against Goldman by Dodona I, LLC, a hedge fund that invested in another CDO ... 652996/2011 ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)

Fall travel to the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area

The Examiner

02 Oct 2012

Related topics. Historical travelFall travelfall travel destinations. Advertisement. Veterans Day provides a great opportunity to visit the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area ... Traveling down Route 15, the Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Scenic Byway, visitors should stop by Dodona Manor in historic Leesburg, Virginia. Dodona Manor is the former home of General George C ... flag ... The 11.00 a.m ... Tweet. 0 Email ... Pics ... ....(size: 11.6Kb)

Size matters

IMDb

07 Jul 2012

A new report by exhibition specialists Dodona has revealed that the number of super-size screens has doubled in the last four years and is set to quadruple in the next five ... Dodona's ......(size: 0.9Kb)

Study: Big-Screen Theaters Promise More Exhibition Riches

The Hollywood Reporter

05 Jul 2012

based exhibition specialists Dodona Research admissions for the large screen experience – think IMAX, Cinemark XD and Regal RPX -- will hit 170 million by 2016, up from 2011's 42 million level ... However Dodona notes that in the light of experience with 3D, and with the example of IMAX there is evidence that what looks like a threat is most likely an opportunity....(size: 3.3Kb)

The Zacks Analyst Blog Highlights: The Goldman Sachs Group, Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, HSBC Holdings Plc and M&T; Bank

PR Newswire

23 Mar 2012

The US District Judge, Victor Marrero, has ordered the plaintiff, Dodona I LLC, to pursue the proceedings over its claims against Goldman relating to the $2 billion offering of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Established in 2007, hedge fund Dodona filed a lawsuit against Goldman in the federal court in over Hudson Mezzanine Funding 2006-1 and 2006-2 CDOs....(size: 11.5Kb)

Goldman Sachs loses bid to end lawsuit over risky collateralized debt obligations

The Times of India

22 Mar 2012

Marrero said the hedge fund Dodona I LLC may pursue nearly all its claims against Goldman, including that the Wall Street bank recklessly or intentionally sold the Hudson Mezzanine Funding CDOs to offload subprime risk on unsuspecting investors ... Lawrence Lederer, a lawyer representing Dodona, called Marrero's decision "extremely well-reasoned, measured, and very substantially supported....(size: 3.0Kb)

Goldman loses bid to end lawsuit over risky CDO

The Guardian

21 Mar 2012

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For other uses, see Dodona (disambiguation).

Localization of the sanctuary of Dodona.

Dodona (Doric Greek: Δωδώνᾱ, Dōdṓnā, Ionic and Attic Greek: Δωδώνη,^[1] Dōdṓnē) in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was an oracle devoted to a Mother Goddess identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione, who was joined and partly supplanted in historical times by the Greek god Zeus.

The shrine of Dodona was regarded as the oldest Hellenic oracle, possibly dating to the second millennium BCE according to Herodotus. Situated in a remote region away from the main Greek poleis, it was considered second only to the oracle of Delphi in prestige. Priestesses and priests in the sacred grove interpreted the rustling of the oak (or beech) leaves to determine the correct actions to be taken. Aristotle considered the region around Dodona to have been part of Hellas and the region where the Hellenes originated.^[2] The oracle was first under the control of the Thesprotians before it passed into the hands of the Molossians.^[3] It remained an important religious sanctuary until the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman era.

1 History
2 Herodotus
3 See also
4 References
- 4.1 Citations
- 4.2 Sources
5 Further reading
6 External links

History [link]

The theater of Dodona.

Though the earliest inscriptions at the site date to ca. 550–500 BCE,^[4] archaeological excavations over more than a century have recovered artifacts as early as the Mycenaean era,^[5] many now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, and some in the archaeological museum at nearby Ioannina. Archaeologists have also found Illyrian dedications and objects that were received by the oracle during the 7th century BCE.^[6] Until 650 BCE, Dodona was a religious and oracular centre mainly for northern tribes: only after 650 BCE did it become important for the southern tribes.^[7]

Location of Dodona.

At Dodona, Zeus was worshipped as "Zeus Naios" or "Naos" (god of the spring cf. Naiads)^[8] — there was a spring below the oak in the temenos or sanctuary — and "Zeus Bouleus" (Counsellor).^[9] Originally an oracle of the Mother Goddess, the oracle was shared by Dione (whose name, like "Zeus," simply means "deity") and Zeus. Many dedicatory inscriptions recovered from the site mention both "Dione" and "Zeus Naios". Elsewhere in Classical Greece, Dione was relegated to a minor role by classical times, being made into an aspect of Zeus's more usual consort, Hera, but never at Dodona.^[10]

View of the bouleuterion in Dodona.

The god could also be invoked from a distance. In Homer's Iliad (circa 750 BCE),^[11] Achilles prays to "High Zeus, Lord of Dodona, Pelasgian, living afar off, brooding over wintry Dodona".^[12] No buildings are mentioned, and the priests (called Selloi) slept on the ground with unwashed feet.^[13] The oracle also features in Odysseus's fictive yarn about himself told to the swineherd Eumaeus:^[14] Odysseus, he tells Eumaeus, has been seen among the Thesprotians, having gone to inquire of the oracle at Dodona whether he should return to Ithaca openly or in secret (as the disguised Odysseus is actually doing). Odysseus later repeats the same tale to Penelope, who may not yet have seen through his disguise.^[15] His words "bespeak a familiarity with Dodona, a realization of its importance,and an understanding that it was normal to consult Zeus there on a problem of personal conduct."^[16]

Not until the 4th century BCE, was a small stone temple to Zeus added to the site. By the time Euripides mentioned Dodona (fragmentary play Melanippe), and Herodotus wrote about the oracle, priestesses had been restored. Though it never eclipsed the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Dodona gained a reputation far beyond Greece. In Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica, a retelling of an older story of Jason and the Argonauts, Jason's ship, the "Argo", had the gift of prophecy, because it contained an oak timber spirited from Dodona.

Theatre of Pyrrhus in Dodona.

In c. 290 BCE, King Pyrrhus made Dodona the religious capital of his domain and beautified it by implementing a series of construction projects (i.e. grandly rebuilt the Temple of Zeus, developed many other buildings, added a festival featuring athletic games, musical contests, and drama enacted in a theatre).^[13] A wall was built around the oracle itself and the holy tree, as well as temples to Heracles and Dione.

In 219 BCE, the Aetolians, under the leadership of General Dorimachus, invaded and burned the temple to the ground.^[17] During the late 200s BC, King Philip V of Macedon (along with the Epirotes) reconstructed all the buildings at Dodona.^[18] In 167 BCE, Dodona was destroyed by the Romans^[19] (led by Aemilius Paulus^[20]), but was later rebuilt by Emperor Augustus in 31 BCE. By the time the traveller Pausanias visited Dodona in the 2nd century CE, the sacred grove had been reduced to a single oak.^[21] In 241 CE, a priest named Poplius Memmius Leon organized the Naia festival of Dodona.^[22] In 362 CE, Emperor Julian consulted the oracle prior to his military campaigns against the Persians.^[23] Pilgrims still consulted the oracle until 391-392 CE when Emperor Theodosius closed all pagan temples, banned all pagan religious activities, and cut the ancient oak tree at the sanctuary of Zeus.^[24] Though the surviving town was insignificant, the long-hallowed pagan site must have retained significance for Christians given that a Bishop Theodorus of Dodona attended the First Council of Ephesus in 431 CE.^[20]

Herodotus [link]

Herodotus^[25] (Histories 2:54–57) was told by priests at Egyptian Thebes in the 5th century BCE "that two priestesses had been carried away from Thebes by Phoenicians; one, they said they had heard was taken away and sold in Libya, the other in Hellas; these women, they said, were the first founders of places of divination in the aforesaid countries." The simplest analysis: Egypt, for Greeks and for Egyptians themselves, was a spring of human culture of all but immeasurable antiquity. This mythic element says that the oracles at the oasis of Siwa in Libya and of Dodona in Epirus were equally old, but similarly transmitted by Phoenician culture, and that the seeresses — Herodotus does not say "sibyls" — were women.

Plan of the sanctuary.

Herodotus follows with what he was told by the prophetesses, called peleiades ("doves") at Dodona:

"...that two black doves had come flying from Thebes in Egypt, one to Libya and one to Dodona; the latter settled on an oak tree, and there uttered human speech, declaring that a place of divination from Zeus must be made there; the people of Dodona understood that the message was divine, and therefore established the oracular shrine. The dove which came to Libya told the Libyans (they say) to make an oracle of Ammon; this also is sacred to Zeus. Such was the story told by the Dodonaean priestesses, the eldest of whom was Promeneia and the next Timarete and the youngest Nicandra; and the rest of the servants of the temple at Dodona similarly held it true."

In the simplest analysis, this was a confirmation of the oracle tradition in Egypt. The element of the dove may be an attempt to account for a folk etymology applied to the archaic name of the sacred women that no longer made sense. Was the pel- element in their name actually connected with "black" or "muddy" root elements in names like "Peleus" or "Pelops"? Is that why the doves were black? Herodotus adds:

"But my own belief about it is this. If the Phoenicians did in fact carry away the sacred women and sell one in Libya and one in Hellas, then, in my opinion, the place where this woman was sold in what is now Hellas, but was formerly called Pelasgia, was Thesprotia; and then, being a slave there, she established a shrine of Zeus under an oak that was growing there; for it was reasonable that, as she had been a handmaid of the temple of Zeus at Thebes, she would remember that temple in the land to which she had come. After this, as soon as she understood the Greek language, she taught divination; and she said that her sister had been sold in Libya by the same Phoenicians who sold her."

"I expect that these women were called 'doves' by the people of Dodona because they spoke a strange language, and the people thought it like the cries of birds; then the woman spoke what they could understand, and that is why they say that the dove uttered human speech; as long as she spoke in a foreign tongue, they thought her voice was like the voice of a bird. For how could a dove utter the speech of men? The tale that the dove was black signifies that the woman was Egyptian."

Thesprotia, on the coast west of Dodona, would have been available to the sea-going Phoenicians, whom Herodotus's readers would not have expected to have penetrated as far inland as Dodona.

References [link]

Citations [link]

^ Liddell & Scott 1996, "Dodone"
^ Hammond 1986, p. 77; Aristotle. Meteorologica. 1.14.
^ Potter 1751, Chapter VIII, "Of the Oracles of Jupiter", p. 265.
^ Lhôte 2006, p. 77.
^ Tandy 2001, p. 23.
^ Boardman 1982, p. 653; Hammond 1976, p. 156.
^ Boardman 1982.
^ Kristensen 1960, p. 104; Tarn 1913, p. 60.
^ LSJ: bouleus.
^ Vandenberg 2007, p. 29.
^ Homer. Iliad, 16.233-16.235.
^ Richard Lattimore translation.
^ ^a ^b Sacks, Murray & Bunson 1997, "Dodona", p. 85.
^ Homer. Odyssey, 14.327-14.328.
^ Homer. Odyssey, 19.
^ Gwatkin, Jr. 1961, p. 100.
^ Dakaris 1971, p. 46; Wilson 2006, p. 240; Sacks, Murray & Bunson 1997, "Dodona", p. 85.
^ Sacks, Murray & Bunson 1997, "Dodona", p. 85; Dakaris 1971, p. 46.
^ Sacks, Murray & Bunson 1997, "Dodona", p. 85; Dakaris 1971, p. 62.
^ ^a ^b Pentreath 1964, p. 165.
^ Pausanias. Description of Greece, 1.18.
^ Dakaris 1971, p. 26.
^ Dakaris 1971, p. 26; Fontenrose 1988, p. 25.
^ Flüeler & Rohde 2009, p. 36.
^ Vandenberg 2007.

Sources [link]

Boardman, John (1982). The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23447-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC.
Boardman, John (1982). The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22496-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC.
Dakaris, S. I. (1971). Archaeological Guide to Dodona. Cultural Society "The Ancient Dodona". http://books.google.com/books?id=BSbjAAAAMAAJ.
Flüeler, Christoph; Rohde, Martin (2009). Laster im Mittelalter/Vices in the Middle Ages. New York, New York and Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-020274-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=Arly1t2ILksC.
Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1988). Didyma: Apollo's Oracle, Cult, and Companions. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05845-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=wOtqfmkUZA8C.
Gwatkin, Jr., William E. (1961). "Dodona, Odysseus, and Aeneas". The Classical Journal 57 (3): 97–102.
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986). A History of Greece to 322 B.C. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-873096-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=KwHBQgAACAAJ.
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press. ISBN 0-8155-5047-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=O9saAAAAYAAJ.
Kristensen, William Brede (1960). The Meaning of Religion: Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion. The Hague, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff. http://books.google.com/books?id=KMLjAAAAMAAJ.
Lhôte, Éric (2006). Les Lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone. Genève, Switzerland: Librairie Droz. ISBN 2-600-01077-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=FARJLKZqnR8C.
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1996) [1940]. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-864226-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=8-uXQgAACAAJ.
Pentreath, Guy (1964). Hellenic Traveller: A Guide to the Ancient Sites of Greece. London, United Kingdom: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-09718-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=H0VoAAAAMAAJ.
Potter, John (1751). Archaeologia Graeca or the Antiquities of Greece. I. London, United Kingdom: Printed for G. Strahan, R. Ware, W. Innys, J. and P. Knapton, S. Birt, D. Browne, H. Whitridge, T. Longman, C. Hitch, J. Hodges, B. Barker, R. Manry and S. Cox, J. Whiston, J. and J. Rivington, J. Ward, M. Cooper, and M. Austen. http://books.google.com/books?id=flUPAAAAQAAJ.
Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Bunson, Margaret (1997). A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World. New York, New York and Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511206-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C.
Tandy, David W. (2001). Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Black Rose Books Limited. ISBN 1-55164-188-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC.
Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1913). Antigonos Gonatas. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-8244-0142-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=FqBMAAAAMAAJ.
Vandenberg, Philipp (2007). Mysteries of the Oracles: The Last Secrets of Antiquity. New York, New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (I.B. Tauris). ISBN 1-84511-402-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=d_elJua3hD0C.
Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York, New York and Oxford, Great Britain: Taylor & Francis Group (Routledge). ISBN 978-0-415-97334-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=-aFtPdh6-2QC.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dodona

A. E. Housman, "The Oracles"
C. E. Witcombe, "Sacred Places: Trees and the Sacred"
Harry Thurston Peck (1898). Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, s.v. "Dodona".
Joe Stubenrauch - Dodona: Pathways to the Ancient World

Coordinates: 39°32′47″N 20°47′16″E / 39.54639°N 20.78778°E / 39.54639; 20.78778

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Contents

History [link]

Herodotus [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

Citations [link]

Sources [link]

Further reading [link]

External links [link]

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