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Juluka was a South African music band formed in 1969 by Johnny Clegg and Sipho Mchunu. Juluka means "sweat", and was the name of a bull owned by Mchunu.

Career[link]

At the age of 14, Clegg met Zulu street musician Charlie Mzila, who taught him Zulu music and dancing over the following two years. In 1969 Clegg and Mchunu met in Johannesburg when the latter went there to find work. The 18 year-old Mchunu challenged the 16 year-old Clegg to a guitar contest, and the two became friends. Soon, they were performing together on the streets and in what few other unofficial venues a multi-racial band could safely play in under apartheid. They were forced to keep a low profile and their success came from word of mouth instead of through traditional publicity. Clegg himself was arrested and beaten up by the police on several occasions for his activities and also for the band's lyrics.

In 1976, they released their debut single, "Woza Friday", followed three years later by a critically acclaimed album, Universal Men.^[1] The album's poetic lyrics were strongly influenced by John Berger's A Seventh Man as well as Pablo Neruda and Jean-Paul Sartre.^{[citation needed]} Expanding to a quartet, they released a second album, African Litany, in late 1981. The album's lead single, "Impi", with its pointedly political lyrics about a defeat of the colonial British army by the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana, was banned by South African radio but became an underground hit. In contemporary South Africa it is often associated with national sports teams. The album garnered them their first international attention, and they were able to successfully tour in Europe and North America in 1982 and 1983. However, in June 1983, the British music magazine, NME, reported that they were initially banned by the Musicians Union as, ..."since it would not be possible to approve one of our bands working in South Africa, there is no possibility of an exchange". The ban was eventually lifted, with the group donating their fees to charity.^[2]

The group disbanded in 1985 when Mchunu moved back to the farm where he was born in Natal in order to take care of his family. Clegg went on to form a new band, Savuka, with whom he achieved even greater international success. In 1997, however, the two friends came back for a final album together. It did not receive the critical acclaim of early Juluka albums like Universal Men, African Litany, Work for All and Scatterlings.

Music[link]

The styles incorporated into Juluka's music are maskanda and mbaqanga, popular musics native to South Africa, and western folk and rock. The band employed various instruments besides the guitar and traditional Zulu instruments, such as the saxophone and, later, synthesizers.

Discography[link]

• "Woza Friday" - 1976 (debut single)
• Universal Men - 1979
• African Litany - 1981
• Ubuhle Bemvelo - 1982
• Scatterlings - 1982
• Work For All - 1983
• The International Tracks - 1984
• Stand Your Ground - 1984
• Musa Ukungilandela - 1984
• The Good Hope Concerts - 1986
• Le Rock Zoulou de Johnny Clegg & Sipho Mchunu - 1988 (consisting of most of the tracks from Ubuhle Bemvelo and Musa Ukungilandela)
• Crocodile Love - 1997 (released in South Africa as Ya Vuka Inkunzi)

Members (1979-1985)[link]

• Sipho Mchunu - vocals, guitar, percussion (born 1951, Kranskop, South Africa)
• Johnny Clegg - guitar, vocals (born 31 October 1953, Rochdale, England)
• Cyril Mnculwane - keyboards (b. South Africa)
• Glenda Millar - keyboards (b. South Africa)
• Robbie Jansen - flute, saxophone
• Scorpion Madondo - saxophone, flute (b. South Africa)
• Johnny Boshoff - bass
• Gary Van Zyl - bass (b. Riversdale, South Africa)
• Derek De Beer - drums (b. 1954, Johannesburg, South Africa)
• Lee Turner - keyboards

References[link]

External links[link]

• Juluka discography at discogs

Johnny Clegg
Johnny Clegg at la fête de l'Humanité, France, 2007
Background information
Birth name	Jonathan Clegg
Also known as	Johnny Clegg Le Zoulou Blanc
Born	(1953-06-07) 7 June 1953 (age 59) Bacup, Lancashire, England
Genres	Mbaqanga, Afro-pop
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, concertina
Years active	1980–present
Labels	Capitol Records
Associated acts	Juluka, Savuka
Website	johnnyclegg.com
Past members
Sipho Mchunu (Juluka), Dudu Mntowaziwayo Ndlovu (Savuka)

Jonathan "Johnny" Clegg (born 7 June 1953) is a musician from South Africa, who has recorded and performed with his bands Juluka and Savuka. Sometimes called Le Zoulou Blanc ("The White Zulu"), he is an important figure in South African popular music history, with songs that mix Zulu with English lyrics, and African with various Western European music styles.

Early life and career[link]

Clegg was born in Bacup, Lancashire, to an English father and a Rhodesian mother. Clegg's mother's family were Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Poland,^[1] and Clegg had a "secular Jewish" upbringing. Already in his youth, Clegg, a white, English-speaking person who was raised in the U.K., Israel, Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe), Zambia, and South Africa, became interested in Zulu street music and took part in traditional Zulu dance competitions.

As a young man, in the early stages of his musical career, he combined his music with the study of anthropology, a subject which he also taught for a while at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, where he was influenced, among others, by the work of David Webster, a social anthropologist who was assassinated in 1989.

In 1969, Clegg formed the first prominent racially mixed South African band, Juluka, with gardener and Zulu musician Sipho Mchunu. Because it was illegal for racially mixed bands to perform in South Africa during the apartheid era, their first album Universal Men^[2] received no air play on the state owned SABC, but it became a word-of-mouth hit.

Juluka's / Clegg's music was both implicitly and explicitly political; not only was the fact of the success of the band (which openly celebrated African culture in a bi-racial band) a thorn in the flesh of a political system based on racial separation, the band also produced some explicitly political songs. For example, the album "Work for All" (which includes a song with the same title) picked up on South African trade union slogans in the mid-80's. Even more explicit was the later Savuka album Third World Child in 1987, with songs like "Asimbonanga" ("We haven't seen him"),^[3] which called for the release of Nelson Mandela, and which called out the names of three representative martyrs of the South African liberation struggle - Steve Biko, Victoria Mxenge, and Neil Aggett.

As a result, Clegg and other band members were arrested several times and concerts routinely broken up.^[4]

Successes[link]

Juluka were able to tour in Europe, and had two platinum and five gold albums, becoming an international success. Juluka was disbanded in 1986, when Mchunu was asked by his father to return home to look after the family cattle, although Mchunu made some solo recordings afterwards. Clegg went on to form his second inter-racial band, Savuka, continuing to blend African music with European influences. The Savuka albums Shadow Man (which sold 250,000 copies within a week after its release went on to sell more than 1,000,000 copies in France alone),^[5] and "Cruel Crazy, Beautiful World" were dealing with more romantic topics, including "Cruel Crazy Beautiful World", where a father gives a message to his son, "Dela" where the essence of love is explored, and more politically focused songs, such as "Warsaw 1943" and "One (Hu)'man one vote" which go back to political messages. Third World Child and Shadow Man occupied 1st and 2nd position respectively in France and became the most successful foreign band in France and Shadow Man topped the charts in Montréal, Québec, Canada.^[5] At the height of the band's success in 1988, Michael Jackson had to cancel his show in Lyon, France, as he attracted a smaller audience than Johnny Clegg and Savuka. A newspaper headline in France read "white man singing black music, out sells black man singing white music"^[5] Their last album Heat, Dust and Dreams was nominated for a Grammy Award for best album in the category of World Music.^[5]

Touring[link]

Briefly reunited with Mchunu in the mid 1990s, Clegg reformed Juluka and toured throughout the world including a tour of the USA in 1996, on which King Sunny Ade was the opening act.

The name Juluka is based on the Zulu word for "sweat", and Savuka is based on the Zulu word for "we have risen" or "we have awakened".^{[citation needed]}

His song "Scatterlings of Africa" was featured on the soundtrack to the 1988 Oscar winning film, Rain Man. The track gave him his only entry in the UK Singles Chart to date, reaching #75 in May 1987.^[6]

Savuka's song "Dela" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1997 film George of the Jungle and its 2003 sequel, while "Great Heart" was the title song for the 1992 film Jock of the Bushveld. "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World" was featured in the 1990 film Opportunity Knocks and 1991 film Career Opportunities. "Great Heart" was also the end credits song for the 2000 Disney movie Whispers: An Elephant's Tale.^{[citation needed]} Jimmy Buffett recorded "Great Heart" for his 1988 album Hot Water. In 2002 Clegg provided several songs and incidental background music for Jane Goodall's "Wild Chimpanzees" DVD. Included in the extras on the disc are rare scenes of Clegg in the recording studio.^[7]

He co-wrote Diggah Tunnah with Lebo M. for Disney's 2004 direct-to-video animated film The Lion King 1½.

Clegg and his band often make an international tour during May–August (South African winter). However, the tours are usually limited to France and surrounding countries. In June 2004, Johnny Clegg toured North America for the first time in over eight years, doing 22 concerts in one month. Even though they had no albums for sale in North America during those eight years, and no significant media coverage, they filled most of their venues.

Clegg returned to North America with his band in July 2005, with dates booked throughout the U.S. and Canada. His new album One Life was remixed at Real World Studios in Bath, England, and released on October 30, 2006 in the UK.^{[citation needed]}

In 2008 Clegg's son, Jesse Clegg, displaying a style markedly different from that of his father, released his debut album called "When I Wake Up". As a rock musician the younger Clegg has quickly built up a following, with the album being nominated for two South African Music Awards.^[8]

Clegg toured Europe and North America in 2011.^[9] He has also announced that he will play in Western Sahara city of Dakhla, which has caused a campaign of rejection, as that concert is considered as a support for Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara.^[10]

Recognition[link]

• Clegg was awarded the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres (Knight of Arts and Letters) by the French Government in 1991.
• In 2004, he was voted 23rd in the SABC3's Great South Africans.
• In 2007, Clegg received an honorary doctorate in music from the University of the Witwatersrand.^[11]

Bibliography[link]

• Clegg, Jonathan (1981). Phil Bonner. ed. ""Ukubuyisa Isidumbu", "Bringing back the body": An examination of the ideology of vengeance in the Msinga and Mpofana Rural Locations, 1822-1944". Working Papers in Southern African Studies (Johannesburg: Ravan Press) 2. 
• Clegg, Jonathan (1981). Andrew Tracey. ed. "The Music of Zulu Immigrant Workers in Johannesburg: A Focus on Concertina and Guitar". Papers presented at the Symposium on Ethnomusicology (Grahamstown: International Library of African Music). 
• Clegg, Jonathan (1982). Andrew Tracey. ed. "Towards an understanding of African Dance: The Zulu Isishameni Style". Papers read at Second Symposium on Ethnomusicology, 24–26 September 1981, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa (Grahamstown: Institute of Social and Economic Research). 

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Studio albums

• 1977: World Network 9 (Duo Juluka / Ladysmith Black Mambazo, released 1992)
• 1979: Universal Men (Juluka)
• 1981: African Litany (Juluka)
• 1982: Ubuhle Bemvelo (Juluka)
• 1982: Scatterlings (Juluka)
• 1983: Work For All (Juluka)
• 1984: Stand Your Ground (Juluka)
• 1984: Musa Ukungilandela (Juluka)
• 1984: The International Tracks (Juluka)
• 1985: Third World Child (solo version) (Johnny Clegg)
• 1987: Third World Child (Savuka)
• 1988: Shadow Man (Savuka)
• 1990: Cruel, Crazy Beautiful World (Savuka)
• 1991: Scatterlings of Africa (re-recording by Savuka)
• 1993: Heat, Dust and Dreams (Savuka)
• 1997: Crocodile Love / Ya Vuka Inkunzi (Juluka)
• 1998: Le Rock Zoulou de Johnny Clegg & Sipho Mchunu
• 2002: New World Survivor (Johnny Clegg)
• 2006: Heart of the Dancer (Johnny Clegg)
• 2006: One Life (Johnny Clegg)
• 2010: Human (Johnny Clegg)

Live albums

• 1986: The Good Hope Concerts
• 1994: Live And Rarities (Savuka)
• 2003: A South African Story - Live At The Nelson Mandela Theatre (Johnny Clegg)
• 2003: Best of Live (Johnny Clegg)

DVD

• 2003: Live! and more...
• 2006: Johnny Clegg Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre
• 2010: Johnny Clegg 30th Anniversary Concert at Emmarentia Dam (in production)

Soundtracks

• 1992: The Power of One (Johnny Clegg)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Official Johnny Clegg community site
• World Music Central biography
• Scatterlings: a fan-run Yahoo-group that discusses various aspects of Johnny Clegg and his music
• In My African Dream: the Johnny Clegg Discography, and more...
• Magazine article (1990) on Johnny Clegg and how his work was shaped by the South Africa context
• Newspaper article looking back at the first Juluka album 21 years after it was released
• Newspaper article about new album 'One Life'

Sipho Mchunu (born 1951, Kranskop, South Africa) is a Zulu musician best known for his partnership with 'white Zulu' Johnny Clegg in the band Juluka from the 1970s to the 1990s.^[1] Mchunu's Zulu compositions, vocals and guitar work brought traditional Zulu styles such as maskanda and mbaqanga to a wider crossover audience both in South Africa and internationally.^[2]

References[link]

1. ^ Graham, Renee (8 July 2004). "For South African Johnny Clegg, music is a road to racial harmony". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/07/08/for_south_african_johnny_clegg_music_is_a_road_to_racial_harmony/. Retrieved 1 December 2009. 
2. ^ Wren, Christopher S. (15 April 1990). "A South African Bruce Springsteen Blends Zulu With Rock". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/15/arts/a-south-african-bruce-springsteen-blends-zulu-with-rock.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved 1 December 2009. 

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