Arapaho

Tuesday, 18 December 2012

Northern Arapaho Tribal Celebration 2010

Jana Mashonee - Silent Night (Sung in Arapaho)

Cheyenne and Arapaho Language Conference

Arapaho Nation @ Arapaho Tribal Celebration

Descente Arapaho Pla d'Adet 1700 à St Lary Village Caméra Embarquée

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Canton, Oklahoma
Canton is a town in Blaine County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 625 at the 2010 census.
Canton is located at 36°3′20″N 98°35′20″W / 36.05556°N 98.58889°W / 36.05556; -98.58889 (36.055563, -98.588991).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 618 people, 268 households, and 165 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,186.3 people per square mile (458.9/km²). There were 322 housing units at an average density of 618.1 per square mile (239.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 83.66% White, 10.68% Native American, 3.40% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.53% of the population.
There were 268 households out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.02.

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Clinton, Oklahoma
Clinton is a city in Custer and Washita counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 9,033 at the 2010 census.
The community began in 1899 when two men, J.L. Avant and E.E. Blake, decided to locate a town in the Washita River Valley.
Because of governmental stipulations that an Indian could sell no more than one half of a 160-acre (0.6 km²) allotment, the men made plans to purchase 320 acres (1.3 km²) from four different Indians - Hays, Shoe-Boy, Nowahy, and Night Killer - and paid them each $2,000 for 80 acres (320,000 m²) to begin the small settlement of Washita Junction.
Congressional approval for the sale was granted in 1902 and Washita Junction quickly developed. The first businesses were the townsite office, a newspaper called the Custer County Chronicle, and the First National Bank Building. When a post office was started, the postal department would not accept the name of Washita Junction, so the town was named after the late Judge Clinton Irwin. The Frisco Railroad later turned the town into an important shipping center for the area.

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Colorado
Colorado (ⁱ/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.

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Denver, Colorado
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.

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Ethete, Wyoming
Ethete (Arapaho: Koonóutoséií' ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fremont County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 1,455 at the 2000 census.
Ethete is located at 43°1′5″N 108°44′39″W / 43.01806°N 108.74417°W / 43.01806; -108.74417 (43.018169, -108.744048).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 32.4 square miles (83.9 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there are 1,455 people, 342 households, and 298 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 44.9 people per square mile (17.3/km²). There are 367 housing units at an average density of 11.3/sq mi (4.4/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 4.95% White, 94.23% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 2.06% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 342 households out of which 45.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.6% are married couples living together, 33.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% are non-families. 11.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 1.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 4.25 and the average family size is 4.49.

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Limon, Colorado
Limon is a Statutory Town that is the most populous town in Lincoln County, Colorado, United States immediately east of Elbert County. The population was 1,880 at the 2010 census. Limon has been called the "Hub City" of Eastern Colorado because Interstate 70, U.S. Highways 24, 40, and 287, and State Highways 71 and 86 all pass through the town. The Limon Correctional Facility is part of the Colorado Department of Corrections system and is a major employer in the area with employment of roughly 350. Limon is listed as the official AASHTO control city for signs on Interstate 70 between Denver and Hays, Kansas, although westbound signs in both Colorado and Kansas often omit Limon and list the larger city of Denver.
Limon is the western terminus of the Kyle Railroad and it is here the shortline interchanges with the Union Pacific Railroad. Trains previously stopped at Limon Railroad Depot.
The town was named for John Limon (or Lymon), a railroad construction supervisor.
Limon was the site of one of the most gruesome lynchings in American history on November 16, 1900. Preston Porter Jr, accused of the murder of a white girl, was led by rope through town, and then tied to a stake and burned while he was reading the Bible. He screamed out to be shot, but onlookers only heaped on more fuel, according to an article in the November 17, 1900 edition of The New York Times.

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Minnesota
Minnesota (ⁱ/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.

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Nebraska
Nebraska (ⁱ/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.

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North Dakota
North Dakota (ⁱ/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.

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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (ⁱ/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.

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Red Cloud
Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta), (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux). He led as a chief from 1868 to 1909. One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866–1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.
After signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), he led his people in the important transition to reservation life. Some of his US opponents mistakenly thought of him as overall chief of the Sioux. The large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, even though some individual leaders such as Red Cloud were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders.
Red Cloud was born close to the forks of the Platte River, near the modern-day city of North Platte, Nebraska. His mother, Walks As She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Man, was a Brulé Lakota chief. These were two of the major seven Lakota divisions.

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Sand Creek massacre
The Sand Creek Massacre (also known as the Chivington Massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated a National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service.
By the terms of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States and seven Indian nations, including the Cheyenne and Arapaho, the US recognized that the Cheyenne and Arapaho held a vast territory encompassing the lands between the North Platte River and Arkansas River and eastward from the Rocky Mountains to western Kansas. This area included present-day southeastern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, most of eastern Colorado, and the westernmost portions of Kansas.

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Sand Creek Massacre
The Sand Creek Massacre (also known as the Chivington Massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Indians, about two-thirds of whom were women and children. The location has been designated a National Historic Site and is administered by the National Park Service.
By the terms of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States and seven Indian nations, including the Cheyenne and Arapaho, the US recognized that the Cheyenne and Arapaho held a vast territory encompassing the lands between the North Platte River and Arkansas River and eastward from the Rocky Mountains to western Kansas. This area included present-day southeastern Wyoming, southwestern Nebraska, most of eastern Colorado, and the westernmost portions of Kansas.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Watonga, Oklahoma
Watonga (Pawnee: Sariʾitihkawiruʾ ) is a city in Blaine County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 5,111 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Blaine County.
Watonga is located on former Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation lands that were allotted to individual tribal members and the excess opened to white settlers in the Land Run of 1892. Watonga is named after Arapaho Chief Watonga whose name means "Black Coyote".
One of Watonga's most notable citizens was Clarence Nash (1904–1985) whom Walt Disney hired to be the voice of Donald Duck in the 1930s. Nash provided Donald's voice exclusively for over 50 years. Robert J. Helberg, who was born in Watonga, was awarded the Public Service Medal by NASA for his contributions to the Lunar Orbiter program.
Watonga is located at 35°50′57″N 98°24′42″W / 35.84917°N 98.41167°W / 35.84917; -98.41167 (35.849249, -98.411591).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.7 square miles (7.0 km²), all of it land.
As of the 2000 census^[update], there were 4,658 people, 1,273 households, and 858 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,703.1 people per square mile (656.4/km²). There were 1,507 housing units at an average density of 551.0 per square mile (212.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 61.19% White, 15.33% African American, 8.24% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 2.02% Pacific Islander, 4.89% from other races, and 6.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.91% of the population.

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Wyoming
Wyoming (ⁱ/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km²) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.

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Algonquian languages
The Algonquian languages ( /ælˈɡɒŋkwiən/ or /ælˈɡɒŋkiən/; also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a member of the Algonquian language family. The term "Algonquin" has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word elakómkwik (pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]), "they are our relatives/allies". Most Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, with few native speakers. A number of the languages have already become extinct.
Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken at least 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus as to the territory where this language was spoken. For information on the peoples speaking Algonquian languages, see Algonquian peoples.

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Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
Before Europeans came into contact, most Algonquian settlements lived by hunting and fishing, although quite a few supplemented their diet by cultivating corn, beans, squash, and (particularly among the Ojibwe) wild rice.
The Algonquians of New England (who spoke Eastern Algonquian) practiced a seasonal economy. The basic social unit was the village of a few hundred people related by a kinship structure. Villages were temporary and mobile. The people moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or recombining as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of cross-tribal mobility, especially in troubled times.
In warm weather, they constructed light wigwams for portability. In the winter, they erected the more substantial long houses, in which more than one clan could reside. They cached food supplies in more permanent, semi-subterranean structures.

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Antonine Barada
Antonine Barada (1807–1887), alternatively spelled Antoine Barada, was an American folk hero in the state of Nebraska; son of an Omaha mother, he was also called Mo shi-no pazhi in the tribal language. While Barada was an historic man, contemporary accounts of his prodigious strength helped establish him as a regional legend, in the mold of Paul Bunyan and Febold Feboldson. Barada's exploits have been counted as fakelore by historians.
Antoine Barada was born in 1807 at St. Mary's, Iowa, which was once located across the Missouri River from Nemaha County, Nebraska. His parents were Michel Barada, a French-American fur trapper and interpreter, and Ta-ing-the-hae, or "Laughing Buffalo", a full-blood Omaha and sister to the chief. His namesake grandfather, Antoine Barada, Sr. (1739–1782), was born in Gascony, France, and was one of the first settlers of St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1813 Antoine was kidnapped by the Lakota while the family lived near Fort Lisa (Nebraska). Six months later he was returned, after Michel Barada paid the ransom of two ponies. His father immediately sent the boy to live with an aunt in St. Louis. At the age of nine, Antoine returned to the Plains with an Indian hunting party.

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Arapaho
The Arapaho (in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, whose people are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfoot and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian-speakers on the Plains, but their languages are quite different from Arapaho. By the 1850s, Arapaho bands had coalesced into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.
Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho Nation has lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. This is the seventh-largest reservation in the United States. The Southern Arapaho Tribe live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together their members are enrolled as a federally recognized tribe, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.

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Arapaho people
The Arapaho (in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, whose people are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfoot and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian-speakers on the Plains, but their languages are quite different from Arapaho. By the 1850s, Arapaho bands had coalesced into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.
Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho Nation has lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. This is the seventh-largest reservation in the United States. The Southern Arapaho Tribe live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together their members are enrolled as a federally recognized tribe, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.

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Arikara people
Arikara (also Sahnish,The Arikara call themselves Sahnish.Arikaree, Ree) are a group of Native Americans in North Dakota. Today they are enrolled in the federally recognized tribe the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation.
Sometimes called the Arikaree, or the Ree, the Arikara's name is believed to mean "horns", in reference to the ancient custom of wearing two upright bones in their hair. The name also could mean "elk people" or "corn eaters".
The Arikara language is a member of the Caddoan language family. Arikara is close to the Pawnee language, but they are not mutually intelligible.^{[citation needed]} Arikara is now spoken mainly by a few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, Maude Starr, died on January 20, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs.
In previous centuries, the Arikara were a semi-nomadic people who lived on the Great Plains of the United States of America for several hundred years. They lived primarily in earth lodges during the sedentary seasons. They created portable tipis as temporary shelter while traveling from their villages, or on seasonal bison hunts. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as "Mother Corn".

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Big Elk
Big Elk, also known as Ontopanga (1770–1846/1853), was a principal chief of the Omaha tribe for many years on the upper Missouri River. He is notable for his oration delivered at the funeral of Black Buffalo in 1813.
Big Elk led his people during a time of increasing changes, with threats from Sioux warfare, disease and European-American encroachment. He created alliances to protect his people and prepare for a future which he thought depended on a closer relationship with the United States. He was willing to exchange land for the promise of protection for his people but was often disappointed by the failures of the US government.
Big Elk struggled to protect his people from encroachment by European Americans, but more importantly, from warfare by the Sioux. The Omaha suffered from smallpox epidemics in the early nineteenth century and were much reduced in number. Big Elk was among the Native American allies of the United States during the War of 1812, through his relations with the French-American trader Lucien Fontenelle. He also was seeking United States aid for protection against the Sioux.

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Carl Sweezy
Carl Sweezy (1881–1953) was a Southern Arapaho painter from Oklahoma. He painted individual portraits, but was best known for his portrayals of ceremonies and dances.
Carl Sweezy was born in 1881 near the Darlington Agency on the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation in Indian Territory. His Arapaho name was Wattan, meaning "Black." Sweezy's father was Hinan Ba Seth, meaning "Big Man." His tribe still hunted buffalo when he was a child.
Sweezy's mother died early, so he lived full time at the Mennonite Mission School at Darlington Agency. He later attended the Mennonite Boarding School of Halstead, Kansas, Carlisle Indian Boarding School in Pennsylvania, and Chilocco Indian Agricultural School, north of Ponca City, Oklahoma. For a season Sweezy was a professional baseball player, and later he worked as a tribal policeman. Although he never received formal art training, he loved drawing and painting from an early age. An agency employee encouraged whim with a gift of watercolor paints.
Around 1895, when Sweezy was 14 years old, ethnographer James Mooney commissioned Sweezy to paint images of traditional Arapaho life. Later, Sweezy also worked with anthropologist George Dorsey. Sweezy continued to be a prolific painter, expanding his media and materials into the mid-20th century. By the 1920s Sweezy was a fulltime painter.

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Cheyenne
Cheyenne (/ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN) are an indigenous people of the Great Plains, who are of the Algonquian language family. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taeo'o (more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese (more commonly spelled as Tsitsistas). Today Cheyenne people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma and the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana.
The Cheyenne are thought to have branched off other tribes of Algonquian stock inhabiting lands around the Great Lakes in present-day Minnesota, perhaps ca. 1500. In historic times they moved west, migrating across the Mississippi River and into North and South Dakota. During the early 19th century, the Cheyenne formed a unified tribe, with more centralized authority through ritual ceremonies and structure than other Plains Indians. Having settled the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Powder River Country of present-day Montana, they introduced the horse culture to Lakota (Sioux) bands about 1730. Allied with the Arapaho, the Cheyenne pushed the Kiowa to the South. In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous Lakota.

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Cheyenne people
Cheyenne (/ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN) are an indigenous people of the Great Plains, who are of the Algonquian language family. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taeo'o (more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese (more commonly spelled as Tsitsistas). Today Cheyenne people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma and the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana.
The Cheyenne are thought to have branched off other tribes of Algonquian stock inhabiting lands around the Great Lakes in present-day Minnesota, perhaps ca. 1500. In historic times they moved west, migrating across the Mississippi River and into North and South Dakota. During the early 19th century, the Cheyenne formed a unified tribe, with more centralized authority through ritual ceremonies and structure than other Plains Indians. Having settled the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Powder River Country of present-day Montana, they introduced the horse culture to Lakota (Sioux) bands about 1730. Allied with the Arapaho, the Cheyenne pushed the Kiowa to the South. In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous Lakota.

wn.com/Cheyenne_people
Chief Blackbird
Chief Blackbird (Wash-ing-guhsah-ba) (ca. 1750 – 1800) was the leader of the Omaha Native American Indian tribe who commanded the trade routes used by Spanish, French, British and later American traders until the late 18th century. He was one of the first of the Plains Indian chiefs to trade with white explorers and also believed to be the first of the Plains Indian chiefs to openly question white encroachment. Blackbird used trade as a means to prosperity for his people and as a way to ensure white explorers were aware that they were the guests. The Omaha were not warlike people, yet they were the first on the Great Plains to have mastered equestrianism around 1770 and were at one point, while Chief Blackbird was alive, the most powerful Indian tribe in the Great Plains.
Chief Blackbird died during a smallpox epidemic in 1800. In 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition members were led to Chief Blackbird's burial site, which sits on a bluff on the west side of the Missouri River, in present day Nebraska.

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Chief Niwot
Chief Niwot or Left Hand(-ed) (c. 1825-1864) was a tribal leader of the Southern Arapaho people and played an important part in the history of Colorado. Chief Niwot and his people lived along the Front Range often wintering in Boulder Valley, site of the future Boulder, Colorado. Despite breaching the borders of Arapaho territory, early prospectors were welcomed by Niwot in Boulder Valley during the Colorado Gold Rush. Niwot died with many of his people at the hands of the Third Colorado Cavalry in the Sand Creek Massacre, which was one of the precipitating events that led to some three decades of Indian Wars throughout the American West. Throughout Boulder County, many places pay tribute to Chief Niwot and the Arapaho Tribe. The census-designated place of Niwot, Colorado, Left Hand Canyon, Niwot Mountain, Niwot High School, Niwot Elementary, and Niwot Ridge are all named for him. Additionally, a main thoroughfare through Boulder is Arapahoe (sic) Avenue.
Up through the mid-19th century Southern Arapaho hunting parties had ventured as far north as Boulder Creek. In fact, the tribe considers Valmont Butte, east of present day Boulder, a sacred site where rituals and ceremonies have been performed. It was one of these hunting parties, led by Chief Niwot, that encountered the first Caucasian gold seekers to enter Boulder Valley in the fall of 1858.

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Chief Yellow Horse
Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse (also Yellowhorse) (January 28, 1898 – April 10, 1964), was an American baseball player who pitched for the Pittsburgh Pirates, from 1921 until 1922. A Native American from the Pawnee tribe, he is the first full-blooded American Indian to have played in the Major Leagues.
Yellow Horse was born in Oklahoma, United States to Clara and Thomas Yellow Horse in the early part of 1898 (one source lists his given name as "Mose," though all other sources give it as "Moses"). Yellow Horse was a full-blooded Native American since his parents were Native Americans of unmixed ancestry.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, he was ordered to attend a traditional school by the Indian Agency. It was at the Chilocco Indian Agricultural School that Yellow Horse started his baseball career. In 1917, he performed at a high level for the school, and compiled a win–loss record of 17–0.
After Yellow Horse left Chilocco, he went to pitch for the Arkansas Travelers of the minor league Southern Association. In 1920, under the tutelage of Kid Elberfeld, he helped the team to its first championship.

wn.com/Chief_Yellow_Horse
Francis La Flesche
Francis La Flesche (1857–1932) was the first professional Native American ethnologist; he worked with the Smithsonian Institution, specializing first in his own Omaha culture, followed by that of the Osage. Working closely as a translator and researcher with the anthropologist Alice C. Fletcher, La Flesche wrote several articles and a book on the Omaha, plus more numerous works on the Osage. He made valuable original recordings of their traditional songs and chants. Beginning in 1908 he collaborated with the composer Charles Wakefield Cadman to develop an opera, Da O Ma (1912), based on his stories of Omaha life. A collection of his stories was published in 1998.
Of Omaha, Ponca, and French descent, La Flesche was the son of the Omaha chief Joseph LaFlesche (also known as Iron Eye) and his second wife Ta-in-ne. He grew up on the Omaha Reservation at a time of major transition for the tribe. Before the establishment of anthropology programs, he earned undergraduate and master's degrees at the National University Law School in Washington, DC. He made his professional life among European Americans.

wn.com/Francis_La_Flesche
Fremont culture
The Fremont culture or Fremont people is a pre-Columbian archaeological culture which received its name from the Fremont River in the U.S. state of Utah where the first Fremont sites were discovered. The Fremont River itself is named for John Charles Frémont, an American explorer. It inhabited sites in what is now Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from AD 700 to 1300. It was adjacent to, roughly contemporaneous with, but distinctly different from the Anasazi culture.
Fremont Indian State Park in the Clear Creek Canyon area in south-central Utah contains the biggest Fremont culture site in Utah. A recent, major discovery of a new site at Range Creek, Utah, has drawn a great deal of interest because it has stayed undisturbed for centuries. Nearby Nine Mile Canyon has long been known for its large collection of Fremont rock art. Other sites are found in Dinosaur National Monument, Zion National Park and Arches National Park.

wn.com/Fremont_culture
Great Sioux Nation
The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux. The Great Sioux Nation is divided into three linguistically and regionally based groups and several subgroups:

The term "Great Sioux Nation" is also sometimes applied to a hypothetical state in the western and midwestern United States, which would occupy the following recognized Indian Reservations:
The hypothetical state would also include the defunct Great Sioux reservation and other "unceded Indian territory" in four states, as well as parts of the following states:
Therefore, the theoretical Great Sioux Nation occupies only parts of the United States where Sioux tribes have some legal claim with regard to treaties with the Federal government. (See, e.g., Treaty of Fort Laramie and map of treaty land in External Links section, below.)
Historically, the Great Sioux Nation and the United States have had a turbulent relationship. The last great Indian battles, the Battle of Little Bighorn and the Wounded Knee Massacre, were fought between these two peoples.

wn.com/Great_Sioux_Nation
Harvey Pratt
Harvey Phillip Pratt (born 1941) is an American forensic artist and Native American artist, who has worked for over forty years in law enforcement, completing thousands of composite drawings and hundreds of soft tissue postmortem reconstructions. To this end, his work has assisted in thousands of arrests and hundreds of identification of unidentified human remains throughout America. His expertise in witness description drawing, skull reconstruction, skull tracing, age progression, soft tissue postmortem drawing and restoration of photographs and videos have aided law enforcement agencies both nationally and internationally. Pratt also assists investigations though training classes, besides lecturing before universities, colleges, schools and civic groups.
Pratt was born in El Reno, Oklahoma and is a member of the Cheyenne & Arapaho tribes where he is recognized as one of the traditional Cheyenne Peace Chiefs, also known as the Council of Forty-Four. He has been recognized by the Cheyenne People as an Outstanding Southern Cheyenne. He is the great grandson of scout, guide, interpreter and Sand Creek massacre survivor, Edmund Guerrier. He is the great great grandson of American frontiersman, William Bent. Pratt lives in Guthrie, Oklahoma.

wn.com/Harvey_Pratt
James A. Michener
James Albert Michener ( /ˈmɪtʃnər/; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American author of more than 40 titles, the majority of which were sweeping sagas, covering the lives of many generations in particular geographic locales and incorporating historical facts into the stories. Michener was known for the meticulous research behind his work.
Michener's major books include Tales of the South Pacific (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948), Hawaii, The Drifters, Centennial, The Source, The Fires of Spring, Chesapeake, Caribbean, Caravans, Alaska, Texas, and Poland. His nonfiction works include the 1968 Iberia about his travels in Spain and Portugal, his 1992 memoir The World Is My Home, and Sports in America. Return to Paradise combines fictional short stories with Michener's factual descriptions of the Pacific areas where they take place.
Michener wrote that he did not know who his biological parents were or exactly when or where he was born. He claimed he was raised a Quaker by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

wn.com/James_A._Michener
James Young Deer
James Young Deer (April 1, 1876 - April 1946), born J. Younger Johnston and also known as Jim Young Deer, was a Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) who became an early film actor, director, writer, and producer. He is considered the first Native American director. Together with his wife and partner Lillian St. Cyr, also Ho-Chunk, the couple were an "influential force" in the production of one-reel Westerns during the first part of the silent film era.
He was born J. Younger Johnston in Dakota City, Nebraska, as the Indian Wars were ending and Native Americans were increasingly settled on reservations. He was said to be a member of the Nebraska Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe. He grew up learning to ride and carry out ranching skills.
He began his entertainment career in the 1890s, when shows featuring performers from the Wild West were popular across the United States and in Europe. He performed as a cowboy with the Barnum and Bailey Circus and Miller Brothers' 101 Ranch Wild West Show, riding as a son of the Wild West.

wn.com/James_Young_Deer
Jim Thorpe
James Francis "Jim" Thorpe (Sac and Fox (Sauk): Wa-Tho-Huk, translated to "Bright Path") (May 28, 1888 – March 28, 1953) was an American athlete of mixed ancestry (Caucasian and Native American). Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals for the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon, played American football (collegiate and professional), and also played professional baseball and basketball. He lost his Olympic titles after it was found he was paid for playing two seasons of semi-professional baseball before competing in the Olympics, thus violating the amateurism rules. In 1983, 30 years after his death, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals.
Of Native American and European American ancestry, Thorpe grew up in the Sac and Fox nation in Oklahoma. He played as part of several All-American Indian teams throughout his career, and "barnstormed" as a professional basketball player with a team composed entirely of American Indians.

wn.com/Jim_Thorpe
Joba Chamberlain
Justin Louis "Joba" Chamberlain ( /ˈdʒɒbə/ JOB-ə; born Justin Louis Heath; September 23, 1985) is a Major League Baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees.
Chamberlain was born and grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. Chamberlain's parents, Harlan Chamberlain and Jackie Standley, were never married and split up when Joba was 18 months old. Some sources say that Harlan obtained full custody of Joba when Joba was 3 years old, but Standley claims that Joba lived with her most of the time until Joba was 10 when she had Joba's surname legally changed from Heath, her maiden name, to Chamberlain. Standley began abusing drugs when Joba was 4 or 5 and says that she and Joba currently speak to each other only rarely.
Chamberlain's father was born on the Winnebago Indian Reservation, but had to leave to be treated for polio. Harlan spent his childhood in hospitals and foster homes and now uses a motor scooter (which he has named "Humphrey") to get around. Now retired from his job as a supervisor at the state penitentiary, he works as a substitute teacher and takes tickets at University of Nebraska Cornhuskers' games. Chamberlain still has family living on American Indian reservations. As of 2008, he was one of only three active non-Hispanic Native American players in Major League Baseball, with the others being Kyle Lohse of the St. Louis Cardinals and Jacoby Ellsbury of the Boston Red Sox.

wn.com/Joba_Chamberlain
Joe Ben Wheat
Dr. Joe Ben Wheat (1916–1997) was an archaeologist, curator, teacher, and author known for his expertise on blanket weavings and textiles of the Navajo and other Indians in Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. His research focused on Mogollon, Anasazi, Great Plains Paleo-Indian, and African Paleolithic archaeology.
He served as president of the Society for American Archaeology for two years (1966–67) and was the first Curator of Anthropology for the University of Colorado Museum; a position in which he held from 1953 to 1988. Dr. Wheat taught for decades at the University of Colorado in Boulder and contributed to numerous archaeological articles, including the Encyclopædia Britannica. Dr. Wheat conducted excavations, most notably the Yellow Jacket Canyon site named the Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex which he investigated for more than 30 years. He conducted other excavations, too, such as the Olsen-Chubbuck Bison Kill Site and the Jurgens Site.
Joe Ben Wheat was born April 21, 1916 and was raised in the town of Van Horn, Texas by his parents, Luther Peers Wheat, a merchant, and Elizabeth Wheat, a housewife. His exploration of the local countryside as a child piqued his interest in archaeology. Wheat married musician Frances Irene Moore on April 6, 1947. Joe Ben Wheat died of heart complications June 12, 1997 at the age of 81 and his ashes were scattered at his prized excavation site in Yellow Jacket Canyon.

wn.com/Joe_Ben_Wheat
Joseph LaFlesche
Joseph LaFlesche, also known as E-sta-mah-za or Iron Eye (1822–1888), was the last recognized head chief of the Omaha tribe of Native Americans who was selected according to the traditional tribal rituals. The head chief Big Elk had adopted LaFlesche as an adult into the Omaha and designated him as his successor. LaFlesche became a chief in 1853, after Big Elk's death. An 1889 account contends that he had been the only chief of any European ancestry among the Omaha.
In 1854 LaFlesche was among the seven Omaha chiefs in the delegation who went to Washington, DC for the final negotiations and signed the treaty with the United States by which they ceded most of the Omaha territory. About 1856, the people moved to the Omaha reservation in what is now northeastern Nebraska. LaFlesche served as principal chief until 1888. He led during the Omaha transition to the reservation and other major social changes.
Joseph LaFlesche, also called E-sta-mah-za (Iron Eye), was the son of Joseph LaFlesche, a French-Canadian fur trader, and Waoowinchtcha, his Ponca wife. (An 1889 account said she was related to Big Elk, chief of the Omaha.)

wn.com/Joseph_LaFlesche
Larry EchoHawk

Larry Echo Hawk (born August 2, 1948) is an attorney, legal scholar and politician and since April 2012 has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Prior to becoming a general authority, he was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs. On May 20, 2009, Echo Hawk joined the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama as the head of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. He served as Attorney General of Idaho from 1991 to 1995.
Echo Hawk was born in Cody, Wyoming to Ernest and Emma Jane Echo Hawk. His father worked with the oil and gas industry. Shortly before starting first grade the family moved to Farmington, New Mexico. He and his family joined the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints when he was 14. He baptized Teresa "Terry" Pries, whom he had been dating for several years and in 1967 and their marriage in the Salt Lake Temple was performed by Spencer W. Kimball, then a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Echo Hawk attended Brigham Young University (BYU) on a football scholarship (playing as a safety). He earned a degree in physical education and zoology from BYU and served for two years in the Marines. He then received his Juris Doctor degree in 1973 from the University of Utah. From 1974 to 1975 Echo Hawk was enrolled in Stanford University's MBA program.

wn.com/Larry_EchoHawk
Logan Fontenelle
Logan Fontenelle (1825 – July 16, 1855), also known as Shon-ga-ska (White Horse), was a trader of French and Omaha ancestry, who served for years as an interpreter to the US Indian agent at the Bellevue Agency in Nebraska. He was especially important during the negotiations with Omaha leaders in 1853-1854 about ceding land to the United States prior to settlement on a reservation. His mother was a daughter of Big Elk, the principal chief, and his father was a respected French-American fur trader.
European Americans thought Fontenelle was a chief, but he was never adopted into the tribe. According to tribal practices at the time, which had a patrilineal system, because of his white father, adoption would have been the only way he could have advanced to chief. The Omaha considered him a half-breed and a "white man." Fontenelle lived on the reservation and died young at the age of 30, killed with five Omaha by an enemy band of Sioux while on the tribal summer buffalo hunting trip.
Fontenelle acted as an interpreter in Omaha negotiations during 1853-1854 for land cessions, first in Nebraska, with 60 Omaha men and the US Indian agent Gatewood; they came to agreement in January 1854. Later that year, Fontenelle accompanied a delegation of seven gente chiefs of the Omaha who went to Washington, DC for further talks. Fontenelle was one of the signatories of the treaty. The Omaha were forced to accept changes to the treaty, but signed on that trip to cede 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km²) of Omaha land to the United States. Within a couple of years, the Omaha removed to a reservation in northeast Nebraska in the Blackbird Hills, essentially present-day Thurston County.

wn.com/Logan_Fontenelle
Meskwaki
The Meskwaki (sometimes spelled Mesquakie or Meskwahki) are a Native American people often known to outsiders as the Fox tribe. They have often been closely linked to the Sauk people. In their own language, the Meskwaki call themselves Meshkwahkihaki, which means "the Red-Earths." Historically their homelands were in the Great Lakes region. The tribe coalesced in the St. Lawrence River Valley in Ontario; it later moved to Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. In the 19th century, Euro-American colonization and settlement proceeded, forcing resettlement of the people south into the tall grass prairie in the American Midwest. The Meskwaki, within the designation 'Sac and Fox,' currently have reservations in Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska.
The name is derived from the Meskwaki creation myth, in which their culture hero, Wisaka, created the first humans out of red clay. The name Fox originated from a French mistake of applying a clan 'fox' name to the entire tribe. Anglo-Americans, including the United States government, adopted the French term Renards (the Foxes) into English.

wn.com/Meskwaki
Northern Cheyenne
The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, formerly named the Tongue River Indian Reservation, is an Indian reservation that is home to the Northern Cheyenne tribe of the Native Americans. It is located around the small towns of Lame Deer and Ashland, Montana, in parts of Rosebud and Big Horn counties. This land is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) east of the site of the 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn, or "Battle of Greasy Grass", as it is called by the Lakota. Small parcels of non-contiguous off-reservation trust lands are in Meade County, South Dakota, northeast of the city of Sturgis. The total land area is 706.976 square miles (1,831.059 km²), and a population of 4,789 was reported in the 2010 census.
Approximately 91% of the population were Native Americans (full or part race), with 72.8% identifying as Cheyenne. Some Crow also live in this reservation. Slightly more than a quarter of the population 5 years or older spoke a language other than English.
The Northern Cheyenne were allies of the Lakota in the Black Hills War of 1876–77. Numerous Cheyenne work as foresters, fire fighters and Emergency medical services employees, to help save the land they have left. The special binding to the land, common to many Native American tribes, is especially visible in traditional communities, like Birney, and has been emphasized by the 2006 split vote on development coal and coalbed methane on the reservation.

wn.com/Northern_Cheyenne
Omaha-Ponca language
Omaha–Ponca is a Siouan language spoken by the Omaha (Umoⁿhoⁿ) people of Nebraska and the Ponca (Paⁿka) people of Oklahoma and Nebraska. There are today only 60 speakers of Omaha, and 25 fluent speakers, all over 60; and a handful of semi-fluent speakers of Ponca. The two dialects differ minimally but are considered distinct languages by their speakers.
One consonant, sometimes written l or th, is a velarized lateral approximant with interdental release, [ɫᶞ], found for example in ní btháska [ˌnĩ ˈbɫᶞaska] "flat water" (Platte River), the source of the name Nebraska. It varies freely from [ɫ] to a light [ð̞], and derives historically from Siouan *r.
Initial consonant clusters include approximates, as in /blᶞ/ and /ɡlᶞ/.
Consonants are written as in the IPA in school programs, apart from the alveopalatals j, ch, chʰ, zh, sh, shʼ, the glottal stop ’, the voiced velar fricative gh, and the dental approximant th. Historically, this th has also been written dh, ð, ¢, and the sh and x as c and q; the tenuis stops p t ch k have either been written upside-down or double (pp, kk, etc.). These latter unusual conventions serve to distinguish these sounds from the p t ch k of other Siouan languages, which are not specified for voicing and so may sound like either Omaha–Ponca p t ch k or b d j g. The consonants f, l, q, r, v are not used in writing Omaha-Ponca.

wn.com/Omaha-Ponca_language
Oshara Tradition
Oshara Tradition, the northern tradition of the Picosa culture, was a Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in New Mexico and Colorado. Cynthia Irwin-Williams, developed the sequence of Archaic culture for Oshara during her work in the Arroyo Cuervo area of northwestern New Mexico. Irwin contends that the Anasazi developed, at least in part, from the Oshara.
This sequence defines no fewer than six phases of occupation, each identified by Projectile point forms and other less well defined artifacts.
Oshara sites have been found near Denver, the Upper Gunnison River basin, and the Mesa Verde area of Colorado and in several sites in New Mexico and Arizona.

wn.com/Oshara_Tradition
Otoe people
The Otoe or Oto are a Native American people. The Otoe language, Chiwere, is part of the Siouan family and closely related to that of the related Iowa and Missouri tribes.
The Otoe were once part of the Siouan tribes of the Great Lakes region, a group commonly known as the Winnebago. At some point, a large group split off and began to migrate to the South and West. This group eventually split again, coalescing into at least three distinct tribes: the Ioway, the Missouria and the Otoe. The latter settled in the lower Nemaha River valley. They adopted the horse culture and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Great Plains, making the American bison central to their diet and culture.^{[citation needed]}
Following the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, the Lewis and Clark Expedition headed up the Missouri River to explore the new territory. The Otoe were the first tribe they encountered. They met at a place on the west bank of the Missouri River that would become known as the Council Bluff.
Like other Great Plains tribes, the Otoe periodically left their villages to hunt for buffalo. Between 1817 and 1841, the Otoe lived around the mouth of the Platte River in present-day Nebraska. During this time, the remaining families of the Missouria rejoined them. They gathered with others to trade for European goods.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Otoe_people
Pawnee people
Pawnee people (also Paneassa, Pari, Pariki) are a Caddoan-speaking Native American tribe. They are federally recognized as the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.
Historically, the Pawnee lived along outlying tributaries of the Missouri River: the Platte, Loup and Republican rivers in present-day Nebraska and in northern Kansas. They lived in permanent earth lodge villages where they farmed. They left the villages on seasonal buffalo hunts, using tipis while traveling.
In the 1830s, the Pawnee numbered about 2,000 people, as they had escaped some of the depredations of exposure to Eurasian infectious diseases. By 1859, their numbers were reduced to about 1,400; however, by 1874 they were back up to 2,000. Still subject to encroachment by the Lakota and European Americans, finally most accepted relocation to a reservation in Indian Territory. This is where most of the enrolled members of the nation live today. Their autonym is Chatickas-si-Chaticks, meaning "men of men".
There are approximately 3,240 enrolled Pawnee, with 1,791 living in Oklahoma. Their tribal headquarters is in Pawnee and their tribal jurisdictional area is in parts of Noble, Payne, and Pawnee Counties. Their elected president is George E. Howell. Enrollment into the tribe requires a minimum 1/8th blood quantum.

wn.com/Pawnee_people
Petalesharo
Petalesharo (c. 1797 – c. 1832) was a Skidi Pawnee chief who rescued an Ietan Comanche girl from a ritual human sacrifice in 1817 (in present-day Nebraska) and earned publicity for his act in national newspapers. In 1821, he was one of numerous Great Plains tribal chiefs to go to Washington, DC as part of the O'Fallon Delegation where they met President James Monroe.
As was their traditional practice, the Pawnee had captured an enemy girl to sacrifice her as part of the spring solstice Morning Star ceremony. They would care well for her before the sacrifice in the weeks or months beforehand.
Petalesharo’s father Knife Chief (Lachelasharo) opposed the ceremony, but the tribe ignored his concerns. The ritual had a long tradition and the people believed that their crops and hunting would suffer if the Morning Star did not receive a human sacrificial offering. The Comanche girl was tied to a pyre and prepared for execution when Petalesharo approached the warriors gathered for the ritual. Announcing that his father, also a chief, disapproved of the ceremony, he released the woman and led her away. Petalesharo gave the freed woman a horse and provisions, then sent her home to rejoin her tribe.

wn.com/Petalesharo
Red Cloud
Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta), (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a war leader and a chief of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux). He led as a chief from 1868 to 1909. One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866–1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.
After signing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), he led his people in the important transition to reservation life. Some of his US opponents mistakenly thought of him as overall chief of the Sioux. The large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, even though some individual leaders such as Red Cloud were renowned as warriors and highly respected as leaders.
Red Cloud was born close to the forks of the Platte River, near the modern-day city of North Platte, Nebraska. His mother, Walks As She Thinks, was an Oglala Lakota and his father, Lone Man, was a Brulé Lakota chief. These were two of the major seven Lakota divisions.

wn.com/Red_Cloud
Sauk people
The Sacs or Sauks are a group of Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture group. Their autonym is (oθaakiiwaki in their own language, and their exonym is Ozaagii(-wag) in Ojibwe. The latter is the source of their names in French and English.
Originally, the Sauk had a patrilineal clan system, in which descent was traced through the father. Clans which continue are: Fish, Ocean/Sea, Thunder, Bear, Fox, Potato, Deer, Beaver, Snow, and Wolf. The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs fell into three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial, but only the civil chief was hereditary. The other two chiefs were determined by demonstrating their ability or their spiritual power.
This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governance was replaced in the 19th century by United States appointees of the Sac and Fox Agency. In the 20th century, the tribe adopted a constitutional government patterned after the United States form. They elect their chiefs.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Sauk_people
Standing Bear
Standing Bear (1834(?) - 1908) (Páⁿka iyé official orthography: Maⁿchú-Naⁿzhíⁿ/Macunajin; other spellings: Ma-chú-nu-zhe, Ma-chú-na-zhe or Mantcunanjin pronounced [mãtʃuꜜnãʒĩꜜ]) was a Ponca Native American chief who successfully argued in U.S. District Court in 1879 in Omaha that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the right of habeas corpus. His wife Susette Primeau was also a signatory on the 1879 writ that initiated the famous court case.
By 1789, when Juan Baptiste Munier acquired trading rights with the Ponca, they had villages along the Niobrara River near its mouth, and ranged as far east as present-day Ponca, Nebraska, at the mouth of Aowa Creek. A smallpox epidemic had reduced their numbers from around 800 to 200 at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804.
When Standing Bear was born about 1834, the Ponca traditionally raised maize, vegetables and fruit trees in these sites during the summer. They ranged westward for the winter bison hunt. The hunts brought them in frequent contact with their traditional enemies, the Brulé and Oglala Lakhota. Sometimes the Ponca allied with their enemies to raid Pawnee and Omaha villages, but they also suffered raids by them.

wn.com/Standing_Bear
Waldo Rudolph Wedel
Waldo Rudolph Wedel (September 10, 1908 - August 27, 1996) was an American archaeologist and a central figure in the study of the prehistory of the Great Plains. He was born in Newton, Kansas to a family of Mennonites. In 1939 he married Mildred Mott, a fellow archaeologist and ethnohistorian. Wedel died in 1996 in Boulder, Colorado just shy of one year after Mildred’s death.
Wedel began studying at Bethel College in Newton, Kansas. In 1928, he transferred to the University of Arizona to study under archaeologist Byron Cummings and visiting professor William Morris Davis. In 1930 he received his BA from the University of Arizona. He then transferred to the University of Nebraska for a M.A. degree and studied under William Duncan Strong. In 1931 Wedel received his M.A. degree. His thesis utilized Strong’s direct historical approach to studying Pawnee archaeological materials. During the next four field seasons he was involved with excavations under the University of Nebraska and the Nebraska State Historical Society. In 1934, he published his first report on the Medicine Creek site, under Nebraska State Historical Society archaeologist A. T. Hill.

wn.com/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel

Arapaho - Wicked Wonder

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published: 05 Feb 2012

author: largestalex

Northern Arapaho Tribal Celebration 2010

womens fancy, womens jingle, mens grass, mens chicken ethete, wyoming 2010...

published: 27 Jul 2010

author: marianne addison

Arapaho - Belinda Redwood

Band - Arapaho Album - Half Mile From Eden Song - Belinda Redwood (track 8)...

published: 21 Aug 2010

author: dashcold

Native American Arapaho Tribe

My Video Of The Arapaho...

published: 08 May 2009

author: helen1434

Jana Mashonee - Silent Night (Sung in Arapaho)

From GRAMMY nominated artist Jana Mashonee's NAMMY winning album American Indian Christmas...

published: 14 Nov 2008

author: JanaMashonee

Cheyenne and Arapaho Language Conference

Highlights of the language conference in Denver Colorado....

published: 10 Mar 2009

author: CheyenneArapahoTribe

Arapaho Educational Trust

The Sky People Higher Education Capital Campaign through the Arapaho Educational Trust wil...

published: 31 Jan 2011

author: northernarapahotribe

Arapaho - Mudbike

En apache, ARAPAHO signifie "le peuple qui descend des montagnes".Cet engin vous enchanter...

published: 16 Mar 2009

author: ParAdventure

Arapaho Nation @ Arapaho Tribal Celebration

Arapaho Nation at Northern Arapaho Tribal Celebration 2007...

published: 02 Aug 2007

author: DAVEWADE07

Mini séjour Arapaho à Luchon (Gopro)

Les jeunes de la MJC Saint Jean en sortie Arapaho pour clôturer la saison estivale 2011. S...

published: 28 Aug 2011

author: oeilvifvideo31

Descente Arapaho Pla d'Adet 1700 à St Lary Village Caméra Embarquée

...

published: 26 Aug 2011

author: ludjam44

Korn - Lies Live in Paris 95 (Arapaho)

Korn Live...

published: 21 Sep 2006

author: DjoZef

South and North Arapaho Peaks

This is a video of an overnight solo trip I did in the Indian Peaks Wilderness in North-Ce...

published: 19 Aug 2009

author: SuperSkinnyDip

Thornless blackberry, Arapaho

Second year plant, purchased bare root, grown in San Diego County, CA. Note berries color ...

published: 12 Jul 2011

author: veritas16338

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photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool

A Chinese Navy nuclear-powered submarine sails during an international fleet review to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of People's Liberation Army Navy Thursday, April 23, 2009 off Qingdao, China's Shandong Province. China on Thursday displayed for the first time its nuclear-powered submarines, a sign of the navy's growing confidence and its aspirations to become a major sea pow

Russian expert warns America about Chinese nukes

The Examiner

16 Dec 2012

Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)

photo: AP / Jason DeCrow

Newtown Police Officer Maryhelen McCarthy carries flowers near a memorial for shooting victims Sunday, Dec. 16, 2012 in Newtown, Conn.

Gunman forced his way into Connecticut school, governor says

Chicago Sun-Times

16 Dec 2012

NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)

photo: AP / Charles Krupa

Police officers cross the road after searching a strip mall near an elementary school, which was in a lockdown, in Ridgefield, Conn., Monday, Dec. 17, 2012, after a suspicious person was seen near a train station close by.

Gunspicuous Consumption and Bio-Cultures of Violence

WorldNews.com

18 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)

photo: AP / Jason DeCrow

A victim's name is spelled out in wooden letters at a memorial to shooting victims, Monday, Dec. 17, 2012, in Newtown, Conn. A gunman walked into Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown Friday and opened fire, killing 26 people, including 20 children.

US school killings spark gun control debate

Al Jazeera

18 Dec 2012

An increasing number of US congressmen have called for a national dialogue about measures to curb gun violence following the shooting last week at a primary school in Connecticut that killed 26 people, including 20 children and six adults. White House officials have said that President Barack Obama would make preventing gun-related violence a priority in his second term in office and stricter laws would be part of the effort.  ... ....(size: 19.2Kb)

photo: AP / Khalil Hamra

Egyptian women line up outside a polling station to cast their votes during a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of President Morsi in Cairo, Egypt, Saturday, Dec. 15, 2012.

Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Is No Longer a 'State Within a State'

WorldNews.com

16 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Fundamentalism is good for protest, good for revolution, and good for war, but not so good for development.". After a century of being persecuted and driven underground, mainly for their vibrant nationalism and their anti-imperialist and pro-Palestinian views, Egypt's Islamist Muslim Brotherhood has finally taken center-state ... Such actions will have to be avoided....(size: 6.9Kb)

timeline:
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Feds, Shoshones oppose N Arapahos on eagle killing

my SA

19 Dec 2012

(AP) — A federal agency and the Eastern Shoshone Tribe are urging a federal judge not to reconsider his recent ruling banning Northern Arapahos from killing bald eagles on the central Wyoming reservation the two tribes share ... Fish and Wildlife Service acted properly in prohibiting the Northern Arapaho Tribe from killing the birds on the Wind River Indian Reservation....(size: 2.2Kb)

>Feds, Shoshones oppose N Arapahos on eagle killing

Seattle Post

19 Dec 2012

Commissioners adopt 2013 budget (Arapahoe County, CO)

noodls

18 Dec 2012

Arapahoe County, CO) For release ... 303-734-5470 www.arapahoegov.com Arapahoe County adopts 2013 budget ... commitment to Arapahoe County citizens to provide quality services. LITTLETON, CO ‐‐‐ The Arapahoe County Board of County Commissioners Dec ... By using performance measures and feedback to monitor progress, Align Arapahoe is helping Arapahoe County to make better program, service and budget decisions....(size: 4.8Kb)

>Feds, Shoshone Tribe oppose N. Arapaho on eagles

Seattle Post

18 Dec 2012

... his recent ruling banning the Northern Arapaho Tribe from killing bald eagles on a central Wyoming reservation. The Northern Arapaho Tribe last month asked U.S....(size: 0.8Kb)

Feds, Shoshone Tribe oppose N. Arapaho on eagles

my SA

18 Dec 2012

... his recent ruling banning the Northern Arapaho Tribe from killing bald eagles on a central Wyoming reservation. The Northern Arapaho Tribe last month asked U.S....(size: 0.8Kb)

Report: Some Boulder city offices could not withstand 100-year flood

Denver Post

18 Dec 2012

( Mark Leffingwell ). If you go ... 11 ... City officials are in the process of developing a Civic Area Master Plan that will guide the future of the area between Ninth and 17th streets and between Canyon Boulevard and Arapahoe Avenue ... City staffers are recommending that Boulder come up with a plan to phase out use of the Park Central and New Britain office buildings, located along Boulder Creek near the intersection of Arapahoe and Broadway ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)

Today’s Colorado ski and snow report: Merry Christmas one week early

The Examiner

18 Dec 2012

Back in the day before the Internet was in ubiquitous use (gasp!) we used to figure on a powder day if we called the Colorado Department of Transportation’s hotline and Loveland Pass was closed. That was our signal to go up early the next morning for the first chair ... If you can get away, keep in mind that the roads are extra sketchy this morning ... Here’s the deal ... Arapahoe Basin. 9” (16”). Aspen Highlands. 0” (3”). Aspen Mountain ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

Colorado Department of Health & Environment says Colorado whooping cough cases highest in 60 years, include one death (Jefferson County, CO)

noodls

18 Dec 2012

(Source. Jefferson County, CO). CONTACT.. Mark Salley. Communications Director. 303-692-2013. Mark.salley@state.co.us. Colorado whooping cough cases highest in 60 years, include one death. DENVER - With 1,407 reported cases as of Dec ... Whooping cough cases are distributed throughout 31 Colorado counties, with most cases reported in Jefferson (242), Denver (207), Adams (195), Arapahoe (160) and Boulder (158). The case counts are from Jan ... (noodl....(size: 4.2Kb)

Final condo left at Four Seasons sells for $2.25M

Business Journal

18 Dec 2012

The last of the 102 condos in the Four Seasons Hotel and Residence Denver has been sold, Inside Real Estate News reports ... The price is $2.25 million, or $450 a square foot. Inside Real Estate News calls the Four Seasons condos -- which take up the top 31 stories of the 45-story building at 14th and Arapahoe streets -- "the most expensive residential real estate project ever constructed in downtown..." ... No unit sold that year or in 2011....(size: 10.6Kb)

Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Network Expands In Nebraska On Dec. 20

Stockhouse

17 Dec 2012

. WHO.. Verizon Wireless, operator of the nation's largest 4G LTE network and largest, most reliable 3G network. WHAT. ... 20 ... 20. WHERE. ... Highway 281 to Grand Island ... The 4G LTE network will include the city of McCook as well as Arapahoe, Bartley, Benkelman, Culbertson, Holbrook, Indianola, Imperial, Oxford and Trenton. New coverage from McCook will extend west along U.S ... Highway 6 to Arapahoe; and, southeast of Arapahoe on U.S ... 5....(size: 3.0Kb)

Boys high school basketball rankings: Undefeated Overland joins 5A poll

Denver Post

17 Dec 2012

Arapahoe is now third ... 1A Class 5A RK TEAM REC PTS PVS LW 1  Denver East (10) 5-1 100 1 1-0 2 Rangeview 6-1 82 3 1-0 3 Arapahoe 5-0 70 4 2-0 4 ThunderRidge 5-1 59 10 2-0 5 Columbine 5-1 45 6 3-0 6 Mountain Vista 7-0 44 9 4-0 7 Grandview 3-1 43 2 1-1 8 Overland 5-0 42 - 2-0 9 Fossil Ridge 4-2 34 - ......(size: 12.1Kb)

Man arrested in Molotov cocktail incident in Englewood

Denver Post

17 Dec 2012

Today’s Colorado ski and snow report: today and the week ahead

The Examiner

17 Dec 2012

We’re currently in the fifth wave of our seven-wave snow storm countdown. Snow is expected to hang around through Wednesday, with residuals from wave five hanging on through Tuesday and then picking up again with the sixth wave on Wednesday. The much anticipated seventh wave is fittingly due to arrive on or around Christmas ... Arapahoe Basin. 3”, 5”, 7”. Aspen Highlands ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

timeline:
2012
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"Arapahoe" redirects here. For other uses, see Arapaho (disambiguation).

Arapaho
Total population


5,000
Regions with significant populations
United States (Colorado, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Nebraska)
Languages
English, Arapaho
Religion
Christianity, traditional religion
Related ethnic groups
Cheyenne and other Algonquian peoples

The Arapaho (in French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming. They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Sioux. Arapaho is an Algonquian language closely related to Gros Ventre, whose people are seen as an early offshoot of the Arapaho. Blackfoot and Cheyenne are the other Algonquian-speakers on the Plains, but their languages are quite different from Arapaho. By the 1850s, Arapaho bands had coalesced into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.

Since 1878 the Northern Arapaho Nation has lived with the Eastern Shoshone on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. This is the seventh-largest reservation in the United States. The Southern Arapaho Tribe live with the Southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Together their members are enrolled as a federally recognized tribe, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes.

1 Early history and culture
2 Sand Creek Massacre
3 Casino development
4 Notable Arapahos
5 Cinema
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Early history and culture [link]

Scabby Bull, Arapaho

There is no direct historical or archaeological evidence to suggest how and when Arapaho bands entered the Great Plains. The Arapaho Indian tribe most likely lived in Minnesota and North Dakota before entering the Plains. Before European expansion into the area, the Arapahos were living in South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. They lived in tipis which the women made from bison hide. Before they were sent to reservations, they migrated often chasing herds, so they had to design their tipis so that they could be transported easily. It is said that a whole village could pack up their homes and belongings and be ready to leave in only an hour. In winter the tribe split up into camps sheltered in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado. In late spring they moved out onto the Plains into large camps to hunt buffalo gathering for the birthing season. In mid-summer Arapahos traveled into the Parks region of Colorado to hunt mountain herds, returning onto the Plains in late summer to autumn for ceremonies and for collective hunts of herds gathering for the rutting season.

They originally used dogs to pull travois with their belongings on them. When the Europeans came to North America, the Arapaho saw the Europeans' horses and realized that they could travel quicker and further with horses instead of dogs. They raided other Indian tribes, primarily the Pawnee and Comanche, to get the horses they needed.

Later on, they became great traders and often sold furs to other tribes and non-Indians. The name 'Arapaho' might have come from the Pawnee word for 'traders.'

Arapaho camp, ca. 1870

The children often fished and hunted with their fathers for recreation. While they had more chores to do than present-day Arapaho, they still had time to play games. They played many games, including one involving a netted hoop and a pole where they would try to throw their pole through the center of the net. It was much like the game of darts, which is enjoyed today.

Sand Creek Massacre [link]

During November 1864, a small village of Cheyenne and Arapaho became the victims of a controversial attack by the Union Army, led by Colonel John Chivington. This attack is now known as the Sand Creek Massacre. According to an historical narrative on the Sand Creek Massacre titled "Chief Left Hand," by Margaret Coel, contributing factors that led to the Sand Creek Massacre were: Governor Evans' desire to hold title to the resource rich Denver-Boulder area; government trust officials' avoidance of Chief Left Hand (a linguistically gifted Southern Arapaho Chief), when executing a legal treaty that transferred title of the area away from Indian Trust; a local Cavalry stretched thin by the demands of the Civil War and the hijacking of their supplies by a few stray Indian warriors who had lost respect for their Chiefs; and followers of Chief Left Hand (including a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, a few well behaved warriors, and mostly women and children), who had received a message to report to Fort Lyon with the promise of safety and food at the Fort, or risk being considered "hostile" and ordered killed by the Cavalry. (The tribe had been deprived of their normal wintering grounds in the Boulder area.)

Arapahoe Street, spelled with an "e" at the end, is a major downtown street in Denver, Colorado.

Upon arrival at Fort Lyon, Chief Left Hand and his followers were accused of violence by Colonel Chivington who lusted to be a war hero. It must have been a conspiracy because Chief Left Hand and his people got the message that only those Indians that reported to Fort Lyon would be considered peaceful and all others would be considered hostile and ordered killed. Confused, Chief Left Hand and his followers turned away and traveled a safe distance away from the Fort to camp. A traitor gave Colonel Chivington directions to the camp. He and his battalion stalked and attacked the camp early the next morning. Rather than heroic, Colonel Chivington's efforts were considered a gross embarrassment to the Cavalry since he attacked peaceful elders, women and children. As a result of his war efforts, instead of the promotion he aspired for, he was relieved of his duties.

The late Eugene Ridgely, a Cheyenne-Northern Arapaho artist, is generally credited with bringing to light the fact that Arapahos were involved with the Massacre. His children Gail Ridgely, Benjamin Ridgley and, Eugene "Snowball" Ridgely were instrumental in designating the massacre site as a National Historic Site. In 1999 Benjamin Ridgley and Gail Ridgley organized a group of Northern Arapaho runners to run from Limon, Colorado to Ethete, Wyoming; in memory of their ancestors who were forced to run for their lives after being stalked by Colonel Chivington and his battalion. All of their efforts will be recognized and remembered by the "Sand Creek Massacre" signs that appear along the roadways from Limon, CO up through Casper, WY and over to Ethete, WY.

Casino development [link]

Southern Arapaho women's leggings and moccasins, ca. 1910, Oklahoma History Center

In July 2005, Arapahos won a contentious court battle with the State of Wyoming to get into the gaming or casino industry. The 10th Circuit Court ruled that the State of Wyoming was acting in bad faith when it would not negotiate with the Arapahos for gaming. Presently, the Arapaho Tribe owns and operates high-stakes, Class III gaming at the Wind River Casino, Little Wind Casino and 789 Smoke Shop and Casino. They are regulated by a Gaming Commission composed of three Tribal members. The Northern Arapaho Tribe opened the first casinos in Wyoming.

Meanwhile, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes operate three casinos: the Lucky Star Casino in Clinton, the Feather Warrior Casino in Watonga, and the Feather Warrior Casino in Canton.^[1]

Notable Arapahos [link]

Chief Powder Face with war lance associated with the second dance ceremony (biitahanwu), 1864^[2]

Chief Little Raven (ca. 1810-1889), negotiated peace between the Southern Arapaho and Cheyenne and the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache. He secured rights to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation in Indian Territory.^[3]
Chief Niwot (Left Hand) (ca. 1840-1911), celebrated warrior and advocate for Arapahos in Washington D.C. He brought the Ghost Dance to the tribe and served as Principal Chief.^[4]
Chief Niwot (ca. 1825-1864), led a band in Northern Colorado and died from wounds sustained during the Sand Creek Massacre).
Carl Sweezy (1881–1953), early professional Native American fine artist
Mirac Creepingbear (1947–1990), Arapaho-Kiowa painter
Harvey Pratt (born 1941), contemporary Cheyenne-Arapaho artist

Cinema [link]

The film producer Ciro Ippolito has made a film, entitled Arrapaho (1984), about a misadventures of fool Arapaho tribe.^[5]
The history of the Arapaho is mentioned in the TV miniseries Centennial - based on the book of the same name by James A. Michener

References [link]

^ Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes of Oklahoma. 2007 (retrieved 7 February 2009)
^ The Arapaho, Alfred L. Kroeber, U of Nebraska Press, 1902-1907
^ May, Jon D. Little Raven (ca. 1810-1889). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 7 February 2009)
^ May, Jon D. Left Hand (ca. 1840-1911). Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. (retrieved 7 February 2009)
^ Arrapaho film sheet of imdb

External links [link]

Indigenous peoples of Colorado

Overview

Contemporary peoples
native to Colorado

People	Arapaho Cheyenne Comanche Jicarilla Apache Kiowa Pawnee Shoshone Ute

Reservations	Southern Ute Indian Reservation Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

Major events	Battle of Beecher Island Colorado War Comanche Campaign Sand Creek massacre

Prehistoric cultures
in Colorado

Paleo-Indian	Clovis culture Cody complex Folsom tradition Goshen complex Hell Gap complex Plainview complex Plano cultures

Archaic	Apex complex Basketmaker culture Mount Albion complex Oshara Tradition Picosa culture

Post-Archaic	Ancient Pueblo Peoples Apishapa culture Dismal River culture Fremont culture Panhandle culture Sopris Phase Tipi ring

Noted archaeologists	Cynthia Irwin-Williams Paul Sidney Martin Waldo Rudolph Wedel Joe Ben Wheat

v t e Native Americans in Nebraska

Historic and present tribes	Arapaho Arikara Northern Cheyenne Comanche Fox Great Sioux Nation Ioway Kiowa Missouria Omaha Otoe Pawnee Ponca Sac Ho-Chunk Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska Skidi Pawnee

Present languages	Hocak Omaha-Ponca language Fox language Sioux language Sac language

Present reservations	Ioway Omaha Ponca Sac and Fox Santee Sioux Winnebago Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

Present tribal colleges and universities	Little Priest Tribal College Nebraska Indian Community College

Historic figures	Antonine Barada Big Elk Chief Blackbird Joba Chamberlain Larry EchoHawk Logan Fontenelle Francis La Flesche Joseph La Flesche Old Lady Grieves The Enemy Petalesharo Susan La Flesche Picotte Red Cloud Standing Bear Susette LaFlesche Tibbles Jim Thorpe James Young Deer Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse

Historic events	Battle of Ash Hollow Massacre Canyon Battle of Warbonnet Creek Grattan massacre Cheyenne War Indian Congress

Historic reservations	Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Oto Pawnee Niobrara

Historic communities	Ton'wontongathon Pike-Pawnee Village Site Skidi Pawnee Village Horse Creek Pawnee Village Cottonwood Creek Schrader Archeological Site Fullerton Archeological Site Oto Indian Village Site Leshara Site McClean Site Woodcliff Site Theodore Davis Site Kelso Site Wright Site

Historic native spiritual places	Pahur Ahkawitakol Lalawakohtito Pahuk Cunningham Archeological Site

Other historic places	Blackbird Hill Genoa Indian Industrial School Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital Indian agencies Susan LaFlesche Picotte House Nanza Moses Merrill Mission Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site Carlisle Indian Industrial School

Prehistoric peoples	Central Plains Woodland Dismal River

Prehistoric communities	Leary Site Ash Hollow Coufal Schultz Site Signal Butte Site 25SM20 Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site Frank Parker Archeological Site Sweetwater Archeological Site Burkett Archeological Site Ashland Archeological Site Yutan Site Schrader Archeological Site Humphrey Archeological Site Table Rock Archeological Site

Other prehistoric places	Indian Cave Indian Hill Walker Gilmore Site Site JF00-072 Hudson-Meng Bison Kill Woodcliff Burials Nehawka Flint Quarries Farwell Archeological District Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site Barneston Site Kurz Omaha Village Site Patterson Site Fontenelle Forest Historic District Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites Schulte Archeological Site Wiseman Archeological Site Durflinger Site

Other topics	Native American place names in Nebraska

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

Jana Mashonee
Jana Mashonee appears at the Poncan Theatre in Ponca City, Oklahoma on December 4, 2010. Photo credit: Hugh Pickens
Background information
Birth name	Jana
Origin	Robeson County, North Carolina, United States
Genres	Pop, R&B, Electronic
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, actress, author, philanthropist
Years active	1997–present
Labels	Miss Molly Records
Website	www.janamashonee.com

Jana Mashonee is a singer, songwriter, actress, author and philanthropist. She is Lumbee and Tuscarora, originally from Robeson County, North Carolina, currently residing in New York City. She is currently releasing her music through Miss Molly Records available on iTunes and Amazon.

1 Biography
2 Discography
- 2.1 Albums
- 2.2 Singles
3 Awards and nominations
4 Acting career
5 Miscellaneous
6 References
7 External links

Biography [link]

First signed to Curb Records, her single, Ooh, Baby, Baby was picked as Billboard’s single of the week and went on to become a radio and sales success. More than Life followed, selling over a million copies on its own and as part of numerous compilation albums. A controversial version of Led Zeppelin’s epic Stairway to Heaven, came next, earning her the honor of being the first Native American to top the Billboard dance charts.

Exploring her cultural roots, Jana then released American Indian Story, a concept album that garnered her a second Grammy nomination. The video for the single, The Enlightened Time, won awards at film festivals around the world as well as a Nammy for Best Short Form Music Video. Music from the album is featured on the Discovery Channel’s series, Flying Wild Alaska.

Her first book, American Indian Story – The Adventures of Sha’kona, based on the Grammy nominated album of the same was also recently completed. The fantasy filled mystery-adventure young adult novel is the uplifting story of the young heroine, Sha’kona, and her journey of self-discovery and courage.

Jana continued to pay tribute to her heritage with American Indian Christmas, featuring ten classic Christmas songs sung in ten different Native American languages accompanied by a full orchestra and traditional Native American instruments. A critical and commercial success, the album won her another Nammy award. On December 16, 2011 she featured some of these songs in an emotional and intimate performance at Carnegie Hall in New York.

New Moon Born took Jana in a new direction, steeped in R&B and gospel roots, which brought her back to mainstream attention. She debuted the featured track, an emotional cover of Sam Cooke’s classic, A Change Is Gonna Come, at the American Indian Inaugural Ball for President Obama. This was her second performance for a First Family. A year earlier she sang at the First Lady’s Luncheon for Laura Bush. The song went on to win her an eighth Nammy for Song of the Year and the video took the Best Music Video prizes at the Indie Film Festival and at the American Indian Film Festival.

Jana's tour schedule has brought her to forty nine of the fifty states as well as overseas. Her Jana’s Kids Foundation has been helping Native youth through its programs and scholarship offerings for almost as long as she has been an artist. In recognition of her efforts, Jana was named 2011 Woman of the Year by "yearofthewoman2011.com" for her philanthropic work.

Jana is also an actress. In February 2012, Jana starred in Raptor Ranch, which will debut at the Berlin Film Festival.

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

Flash of a Firefly
2005, Radikal Records
2006 Nammy Award Winner
American Indian Christmas
2005, Standing Stone/SOAR Records
American Indian Story
2006, Standing Stone/SOAR Records
2007 Grammy Award nominated
New Moon Born
2009, Miss Molly Records

Singles [link]

"What Am I To You" b/w "Kind Of Love"(1997) - Top Forty on the Radio & Records’ rhythmic chart (Curb records)
"Near Me" b/w "The Price" (1998) - A cover of a song originally by the artist Sheryl Crow. (Curb Records)
"Ooh, Baby, Baby" (1999) - A success on radio and in the Radio & Records, DMA, Hitmakers, and Gavin charts. Billboard magazine named "Ooh, Baby, Baby" pop Single of the Week in October. (Curb Records)
"More Than Life" (2001) - Reached the Top 10 on Billboard's Artists to Watch chart and peaked in Billboard Magazine’s Hot Shot Debut At #29. Remixes were made by DJ Skribble and Anthony Acid. (Curb Records)
"Two Out Of Three Ain't Bad" (2001) - A cover of a song originally by the artist Meat Loaf. (Curb Records).
"Stairway to Heaven" (2002) - Peaked at #7 on Billboard's Hot Dance Singles Sales chart, and was remixed by DJ Skribble. (Radikal Records)
"Found A Love" (2003) - (Radikal Records)
"Do It Mr. DJ" (2004) - (Xtreme Records) (Peter Presta & Jana)
"I'll Be With You" (2006) - (Standing Stone/Radikal Records)
"A Change Is Gonna Come" (2009) - Miss Molly Records
"Stay With Me Baby" (2011) - Miss Molly Records

Awards and nominations [link]

Merit Award 2009 - The Indie Fest for "A Change Is Gonna Come" video
Grammy Award nominations
- Nominated 2007 - Best Native American Music Album for American Indian Story.
- Nominated 2001 - Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album. Co-writing on the song "Kiss and Tell" with Crystal Lewis, which appears on Lewis' album Fearless.

Native American Music Awards (NAMMY's)
- 2001-2002
  - Best Pop Artist
  - Best Pop/Rock Recording (More Than Life)
- 2002-2003*
  - Song of the Year (Stairway to Heaven)
  - Best Female Artist (Found a Love)
- 2005-2006
  - Record of the Year - Flash of a Firefly
  - Best Producer (Stephan Galfas and Alex Salzman) for Jana's American Indian Christmas
- 2007
  - Best Pop Recording (American Indian Story)
- 2008
  - Best Short Form Music Video (The Enlightened Time)
  - Best Producer (Stephan Galfas & Alex Salzman) for Jana's American Indian Christmas
- 2009
  - Song/Single of the Year "A Change is Gonna Come"

2009 American Indian Film Festival
- - Best Video "A Change is Gonna Come"

Queens International Film Festival
- 2007
  - Winner Best Domestic Music Video (The Enlightened Time)^[1]

Acting career [link]

Jana appeared in the 2002 romantic comedy Dream Weaver, alongside prominent Native American actor Wes Studi.
Jana will star as Abbi in the upcoming film Raptor Ranch.
Jana also made a cameo in the 2008 independent film Blue Gap Boy'z as a singing contestant.

Miscellaneous [link]

Jana Performed "A Change Is Gonna Come" at the American Indian Inaugural Ball January 20, 2009
Jana performed for the First Lady Laura Bush during the First Lady's Luncheon (April 27, 2006). One of the songs she sang was her own "One Spirit." The theme of the function was "The First Americans."
Jana performed before a huge audience (+70,000) at the 2001 National Scout jamboree.
Jana performed at the 2001 Inaugural Ball.
Jana chosen as Good Will Ambassador for The International Museum of Twenty-first Century Art (TIMOTCA)

References [link]

^ "Queens Int'l Film Festival > film lineup > winners > 2007". http://www.queensfilmfestival.com/films/winners/2007/. Retrieved 2008-01-24.

External links [link]

JanaMashonee.com - Jana Mashonee's official website.
Jana Mashonee on Myspace
Jana Mashonee at ReverbNation
Jana's Allmusic.com biography
SingerUniverse Magazine March Best Vocalist Of The Month Winner Jana Mashonee

Persondata
Name	Jana
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Jana_Mashonee

http://de.wn.com/Jana Mashonee

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Contents

Early history and culture [link]

Sand Creek Massacre [link]

Casino development [link]

Notable Arapahos [link]

Cinema [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Arapaho_people

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Arapaho

http://cs.wn.com/Arapahové

http://es.wn.com/Arapajó

http://ru.wn.com/Арапахо (народ)

http://nl.wn.com/Arapaho (volk)

http://pt.wn.com/Arapaho

http://pl.wn.com/Arapaho

http://fr.wn.com/Arapahos

http://de.wn.com/Arapaho

Contents

Biography [link]

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

Singles [link]

Awards and nominations [link]

Acting career [link]

Miscellaneous [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Jana_Mashonee

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Jana Mashonee