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- Acatlán de Juárez
- Aguascalientes
- Agustín de Iturbide
- Ahualulco de Mercado
- Ajijic, Jalisco
- Alberto Cárdenas
- Alonso de Molina
- Amacueca
- Amatitán
- Ameca, Jalisco
- Andalucia
- Andrés Guardado
- Antonio de Mendoza
- Antonio Escobedo
- Arabic language
- Arandas, Jalisco
- Atemajac de Brizuela
- Atengo
- Atenguillo
- Atotonilco El Alto
- Atoyac, Jalisco
- Autlán de Navarro
- Autlán, Jalisco
- Ayotlán
- Ayutla, Jalisco
- Aztec
- Baja California
- Baja California Sur
- Balsas River
- Barbacoa
- Barley
- Barra de Navidad
- Benito Juárez
- Birria
- Blue agave
- Bolaños
- Brizuela, Jalisco
- Bungee jumping
- Buñuelo
- Cabo Corrientes
- Campeche
- Casimiro Castillo
- Cañadas de Obregón
- Central Time Zone
- Ceramics of Jalisco
- CF Atlas
- Chamela, Jalisco
- Chapala, Jalisco
- Charreada
- Charred
- Chiapas
- Chichimeca
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- Chimaltitán
- Cihuatlán
- Cihuatlán, Jalisco
- Ciudad Juárez
- Clara Gómez Caro
- Club Santos Laguna
- Coahuila
- Cocula, Jalisco
- Colima
- Colima, Colima
- Colotlán
- CONCACAF
- Conifer
- Cora people
- Costalegre
- Criollo
- Cristero War
- Cristóbal de Olid
- Cuautla, Jalisco
- Cuquío
- Cybernetics
- Daylight saving time
- Deciduous
- Degollado
- Degollado, Jalisco
- Demonym
- Durango
- Economy of Jalisco
- Ejutla, Jalisco
- El Arenal, Jalisco
- El Chanal
- El Grullo
- El Limón, Jalisco
- El Salto, Jalisco
- El Tuito
- Encarnación de Díaz
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- Grito de Dolores
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- Jamay
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- Jarabe
- Jared Borgetti
- Jaripeo
- Jesús María, Jalisco
- Jet ski
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- Joel González Díaz
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- Juanacatlán
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- San Miguel el Alto
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- Son (music)
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- Tapatío
- Tecalitlán
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- Tenamaxtlán
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- Tepatitlán, Jalisco
- Tepic
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- Tequila Express
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- Tequila, Jalisco
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- Time zone
- Tizapan El Alto
- Tizapán El Alto
- Tlajomulco de Zuñiga
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- Tlaloc
- Tlaquepaque
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- Tonalá, Jalisco
- Tonaya
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- Tonila, Jalisco
- Tortas ahogadas
- Totatiche
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- Tuxpan, Jalisco
- Tzintzuntzan
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- Zapopan
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Acatic
Acatic is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 362.39 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 18,551.
wn.com/Acatic -
Acatlán de Juárez
Acatlán de Juárez is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 166.68 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 22,540.
The first settlers in the region were members of a tribe that was established in Cocula, They were defeated by the Purepecha in 1509.
In the year of 1550 the area for the first time attained the first level of a municipality, under the power of the viceroy of the New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza. During his rule he encountered discontent with people in Zacoalco de Torres, Ahualulco and Ameca. In the first half of the 17th century the Augustinians built a temple dedicated to Santa Ana, known today as the " Parroquia de Santa Ana".
In 1825 the area fell under the canton of Sayula. In 1858, Benito Juárez, in his journey through these lands, stayed at the inn in the town of Acatlán de Juárez, owned by Miguel Gomez. During his short stay, he was killed at the hands of the conservatives, and died saving the pastor of the place, Meliton Gutierrez Vargas. On March 22 of 1906, by decree 1158, the name of the earlier village changed its name from Santa Ana Acatlan to Acaltán de Juarez, and acquired the title of a town.
wn.com/Acatlán_de_Juárez -
Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaɣwaskaˈljentes] (
listen)), officially Free and Sovereign state of Aguascalientes (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Aguascalientes), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 11 municipalities and its capital city is Aguascalientes.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Zacatecas to the north and Jalisco to the south. Its name means "hot waters" in Spanish and originated from the abundance of hot springs in the area, the corresponding demonym for the state and its inhabitants is hidrocálido.
The state is located about 480 km (300 mi) from Mexico City.
It covers 5,471 square kilometers (2,112 sq mi) and has a little more than one million inhabitants. Most of its inhabitants live in the densely populated metropolitan area of its capital city.
The state as it is now was created on October 27, 1857 when it was separated from Zacatecas after the tale says that the wife of the governor of the state promised to give a kiss to the President of the time, in exchange for the separation of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas, which explains the shape of a kiss the state has. It bears the name Aguascalientes taken from its largest city and capital also called Aguascalientes.
wn.com/Aguascalientes -
Ahualulco de Mercado
Ahualulco de Mercado is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 134.22 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 21,465.
wn.com/Ahualulco_de_Mercado -
Amacueca
Amacueca is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 131.79 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,506.
wn.com/Amacueca -
Amatitán
Amatitán (population 20,000[citation needed]) is the head of a municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco, and is home to one of the world's largest tequila distilleries.
Located 35 km north of Mexico's second-largest city, Guadalajara, Amatitán is believed by many to be the birthplace of tequila.[citation needed] It is the location of “La Hacienda de San José del Refugio”, a distillery which makes “Tequila Herradura” and “Tequila Jimador” and is the main source of employment for the residents of the town and surrounding communities.
The Town of Amatitan is the administrative center for the "Municipio de Amatitan" which also includes the surrounding communities of Santiaguito, Villa de Cuerambaro, Chome, La Mata, La Conchilla, El Amarrilo, Agua Fria, Santa Rosa and several other smaller settlements.
Amatitan can be visited from Guadalajara by taking the Tequila Express, a train which runs on Saturdays from Guadalajara to Amatitan, there tourists are offered tours of the local distilleries and the nearby city of Tequila, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north of Amatitan, (tickets are 850 pesos, available through the local Chamber of Commerce and TicketMaster locations). Amatitan can also be reached from Guadalajara by car driving north on Mexican Federal Highway 15, it is a drive of about 45 minutes and the road is kept in fairly good shape.
wn.com/Amatitán -
Atengo
Atengo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .
wn.com/Atengo -
Atenguillo
Atenguillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 662.55 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 4107.
wn.com/Atenguillo -
Atotonilco El Alto
Atotonilco El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 638.15 km².
Atotonilco (pronounced ah-toe-toe-NEAL-co) means Atotonilco (Náhuatl: "place of the hot waters") El Alto means The High for honor Cristero War. Many people who fight with government for anti-christ, thousands killed in war over hill by Atotonilco El Alto.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 51,798.
The first foundation of the town occurred in 1528, by the monarch Purepecha Tzintzincha Caltzonzin. The conquest of this region was conducted in June 1530 by Nuño de Guzmán. The conquest of this region was conducted in June 1530 by Nuño de Guzmán. His first gift was encomendero Martin del Campo and its Evangelization in charge of Franciscan Friars. Atotonilco in 1551 was given in the commends conquistador Andrés de Villanueva. Atotonilco in 1551 was given in encomienda to conquistador Andrés de Villanueva. In November 1824, the State Congress, provided that the people of Atotonilco hereafter have title of town and also became the head of department and including Arandas Ayo el Chico. In November 1824, Congress of State, ruled that the village of Atotonilco hereafter have title of town and also became the head of department and including Arandas and Ayotlán. Subsequently, May 15, 1868 to be governor of Jalisco Antonio Gómez Cuervo, which ruled that the population of the High Atotonilco becomes city category conserved to date. Subsequently, the 15th of May 1868 to be governor of Jalisco Antonio Gómez Cuervo, which ruled that the population of the city becomes High Atotonilco category conserved to date.
wn.com/Atotonilco_El_Alto -
Ayotlán
Ayotlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 518.57 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 35,150.
Ayotlán comes from "Ayotl" (its former name) and means "place of turtles" or "instead of calabashes.
In 1583 the Spaniards called it "and Ayo el Chico" to distinguish it from large town that was near San Pedro Piedra Gorda, in the now state of Guanajuato. In the year 620 and 623 came the Aztecs found the place already populated by indigenous groups. About 10 km south of the town is a hill called "Old Town" which was the first seat of the population. Before the conquest had approximately 15,000 Indians living scattered throughout the Valley Coin. Manor depended Coin, whose capital was Tototlan. Worshiped "Ixtlacateolt", highly revered deity in the contours of Lake Chapala. The natives had erected shrines or "cues" on the hill of the Villas.
Olidsent by Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Michoacán in 1521, and registered as a resident grabbed the Ayotl natural. Valley Coin was given instructed to Juan de Villaseñor the Elder, who ruled 9 years. When Nuño de Guzmán arrived in the population, the 16 February 1530, ignored the rights of Villaseñor. Ayotl was then under the jurisdiction of the Nueva Galicia. The people of Ayotl participated in the war Miztán in 1541 then was encomendero Verdugo Fco. They burned the church and their houses and went back to Peñoles Coin. The number of natives amounted to 12,000 rebels. On October 26 the same year, personally Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza besieged El Penol with a powerful army and gave them so fierce battle that nearly ended with them.
wn.com/Ayotlán -
Baja California
Baja California (English /ˈbɑːhɑː kælɨˈfɔrnjə/, Spanish: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfornja]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Baja California (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California, literally: Lower California), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico, but before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 70,113 km2 (27,071 sq mi), or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.
The state has a population of 2,844,469 (2005 census), and estimated 3,165,776 (June 2009) much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south, and similar to San Diego County on its north. Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city, Mexicali, or in Ensenada and Tijuana. Other important cities include San Felipe, Rosarito and Tecate. The population of the state is composed of Mestizos, mostly immigrants from other parts of Mexico, and, as with most northern Mexican states, a large population of Mexicans of European ancestry, and also a large minority group of East Asian, Middle Eastern and indigenous descent. Additionally, there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the cheaper cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America. Many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America.
wn.com/Baja_California -
Baja California Sur
Baja California Sur (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfornja sur]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Sur (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur, literally: South Lower California), is the smallest (by population) of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state on October 8, 1974, the area was known as the South Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 73,475 km2 (28,369 sq mi), or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the southern half of the Baja California peninsula, south of the 28th parallel. It is bordered to the north by the state of Baja California, to the west by the Pacific Ocean, and to the east by the Gulf of California, also known as the "Sea of Cortés." Also, the state has maritime borders with Sonora and Sinaloa to the east across the Gulf of California.
As of 2010, the population was 637,026. The state is home to the tourist resorts of Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo. Its largest city and capital is La Paz, a tourist resort and historic landmark. It includes Loreto, the historic first capital of all three Californias (Baja California Sur, Baja California, and California), the town of Santa Rosalía which is the site of a historic church designed by Gustave Eiffel. The smoke stack of the silver smelters in El Triunfo, Baja California Sur was designed by Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel never visited Baja California Sur, rather his early architectural works were sold as 'cookie cutter' designs and can be seen in hundreds of locations around the world. Although the silver industry ended full scale production in the 1950s the stack and ruins of the silver industry remain as a significant landmark today.
wn.com/Baja_California_Sur -
Balsas River
The Balsas River (Spanish Río Balsas, also locally known as the Mezcala River, or Atoyac River) is a major river of south-central Mexico. The basin flows through the states of Puebla, Morelos, Guerrero, and Mexico. The river empties into the Pacific Ocean at Mangrove Point, adjacent to the city of Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. Several rapids along the course of the Balsas River limit its navigability and thus the river has been largely used for generation of hydroelectric power, flood control and irrigation.
The Balsas River valley was possibly one of the earliest maize growing sites in Mexico, dating from around 9200 years ago. Later the area was populated by the Olmecs. Their culture originated at the Alto Balsas region in the Balsas River valley in Guerrero; it had dominated the region and is said to be the root of the Mesoamerican culture. However, nowadays it can only be traced to the archeological findings at Teopantecuanitlan in Capallio municipality, and is not maintained by the present population of Nahua. Teopantecuanitlan is located within the Balsas River basin and is claimed to be over 3500 years old. Though it is known that successive communities of Yop, Coixica, Matlatzinca (Chontal), Tlahuica and Xochimilca with Nahua succeeding in the end have lived in the region, archeological excavations in the area are yet to establish the hierarchical succession of the various communities. During the period of 1100–480 BC, the region between the lower Balsas river valley and the Lerma-Santiago River fell under control of the Tarascan Empire.
wn.com/Balsas_River -
Bolaños
The municipality of Bolaños is located in the north of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipalities of Mezquitic and Villa Guerrero and to the southeast with the municipality of Chimaltitán. To the south, it shares a border with the municipality of San Martín de Bolaños and to the southwest, it shares a border with the state of Nayarit.
Bolaños is surrounded with mountains and semi-desert and due to its topographical position in the canyon, Bolaños is often very hot. Bolaños is frequently one of the hottest spots in Mexico during the summer months, April–June with maximum temperature as high as 55 celsius and in nighttime it can drop to only 7 celsius. In the winter it can drop as low as -27 celsius and in daytime high as 27 celsius.
The population of Bolaños totaled 5,019 inhabitants according to the 2005 census. Of these, 826 lived in the municipal seat and the remainder lived in other communities within the municipality. The community with the largest population within the municipality is not the municipal seat, but rather Tuxpán de Bolaños which is an autonomous Wixárika (Huichol) village with a population of 944 inhabitants. The municipality suffers one of the highest poverty rates in the state of Jalisco. More than 48 percent of its inhabitants spoke an indigenous language according to the census. Most of these would be speakers of Huichol who inhabit one of the numerous indigenous communities within the borders of the municipality, including Tuxpán de Bolaños.
wn.com/Bolaños -
Cabo Corrientes
Coordinates: 20°24′32″N 105°41′40″W / 20.40889°N 105.69444°W / 20.40889; -105.69444
Cabo Corrientes is a cape on the Pacific coast of the Mexican state of Jalisco. It marks the southernmost point of the Bahía de Banderas, upon which the port and resort city of Puerto Vallarta stands. The municipality in which the cape lies is also called Cabo Corrientes.
Cabo Corrientes is a prominent navigational landmark, featured on the earliest cartography of the region. Cruising sailors often refer to it as Mexico's Point Conception.
wn.com/Cabo_Corrientes -
Campeche
Campeche (Spanish pronunciation: [kamˈpetʃe]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Campeche), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in Southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Yucatán to the north east, Quintana Roo to the east, and Tabasco to the south west. To the south it is bordered by the Petén department of Guatemala, to the east by Belize and to the west by the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. During the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico’s Independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid 19th century, mostly due to political friction with city of Mérida. Today, much of the state’s economic comeback is due to the finding of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites but they are not as well known or visited as others in the Yucatán.
wn.com/Campeche -
Casimiro Castillo
Casimiro Castillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 455.13 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 18,913.
wn.com/Casimiro_Castillo -
Cañadas de Obregón
Cañadas de Obregón is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 471.62 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,978.
wn.com/Cañadas_de_Obregón -
Chiapas
Chiapas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃjapas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 118 municipalities and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutierrez. Other important cites in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Located in Southwestern Mexico, it is the southernmost State of Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.
In general, Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year. In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy, allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of Resplendent Quetzals and Horned Guans.
wn.com/Chiapas -
Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Juárez (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðad ˈxwaɾes]), formerly known as Paso del Norte, is a city and seat of the municipality of Juárez in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Juárez's estimated population is 1.3 million people. The city lies on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), south of El Paso, Texas. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise the second largest bi-national metropolitan area on the Mexico - United States border with a combined population of 2.1 million people.
Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world despite being called "the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones" in 2009. In 2001 the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published a report stating that in Ciudad Juárez "the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3%. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole."
There are four international ports of entry connecting Ciudad Juárez and El Paso, including the Bridge of the Americas, Ysleta International Bridge, Paso del Norte Bridge, and Stanton Street Bridge. These combined allowed 22,958,472 crossings in 2008, making Ciudad Juárez a major point of entry and transportation for all of central northern Mexico. The city has a growing industrial center which is made up in large part by more than 300 maquiladoras (assembly plants) located in and around the city. According to a 2007 New York Times article, Ciudad Juárez "is now absorbing more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city." In 2008, FDi Magazine designated Ciudad Juárez "The City of the Future." In 2011, the State of Chihuahua appointed "Heroica" to Ciudad Juárez. It will only be a symbolic connotation and for promotional purposes in response to the role of this town during the Mexican Revolution. The name of this city remains the same. This year the "maquilas" has already generated 10,000 new jobs for a total of 19 factories located in Ciudad Juárez.
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Coahuila
Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza (Spanish pronunciation: [koaˈwila ðe saɾaˈɣosa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza), is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northeastern Mexico.
Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo León to the east, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí to the south, and Durango and Chihuahua to the west. To the north, Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometres (318 mi) stretch of the U.S. - Mexico border, adjacent to the United States state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte). With an area of 151,563 square kilometres (58,519 sq mi), it is the nation's third-largest state. It comprises 38 municipalities (municipios). In 2010, Coahuila's population is 2,748,391 inhabitants.
The capital of Coahuila is Saltillo, and its largest city is Torreón. Coahuila also includes the cities of Monclova (a former state capital), Piedras Negras, and Ciudad Acuña.
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Colima
Colima (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈlima]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Colima (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.
Colima is a small state located in the Western Mexico region on Mexico’s central Pacific coast. It shares borders with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. In addition to the capital city of Colima, the state's main cities include Manzanillo and Tecomán. Despite being the fourth smallest entity in Mexico with the lowest numerical population, the state has one of Mexico’s highest standards of living and lowest unemployment.
The state covered a territory of 5,455km2 and is the fourth smallest federal entity after Tlaxcala, Morelos and the Federal District of Mexico City, with only .3% of the country total territory. The state is located in the middle of Mexico’s Pacific coast, bordered by the states of Jalisco and Michoacán along with the Pacific Ocean. Colima’s territory also includes the Revillagigedo Islands which consist of Socorro, San Benedicto, Clarión and Roca Partida. They are under federal jurisdiction but are considered as part of the municipality of Manzanillo . Politically, the state is divided into ten municipalities . Natural geography divides the state into a northern and southern region. The north has a cooler climate due to the higher mountains. The south is hotter and includes the Pacific Ocean coastline. The Revillagigedo Islands are of volcanic origin which are dispersed along the19° north over an areas of about 400 km. In total, they cover an area of 205km2. The altitude of the state varies from zero at the coastline to 3,839 masl at the crater of the Colima Volcano .
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Colotlán
The municipality of Colotlán is located in the northern extremity of the Mexican state of Jalisco. The municipality covers an area of approximately 505 square kilometers. Colotlán is located at 22°12′N 103°18′W / 22.2°N 103.3°W / 22.2; -103.3. It stands at 1,550 meters above sea level.
Colotlán is bordered on the northeast by the municipality of Santa María de los Ángeles, on the northwest and southeast by the state of Zacatecas and to the southwest by the municipality of Totatiche.
The population of the municipality of Colotlán in 2000 totaled 14,266. Of these, 12,283 lived in the municipal seat of Colotlán and the remaining lived in surrounding rural areas. The main villages in the Municipailty (known in the region as "Ranchos") are: El Refugio, El Saucillo De Los Pérez, El Carrizal, El Epazote, Los Aguajes, Agua Gorda.
Colotlán had a total of 6,008 economically active individuals in 2000. The manufacturing sector employs the largest percentage of this population (30.6 percent) followed by the wholesale and retail sectors (13.6 percent) and agriculture and ranching (12.0 percent).
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Costalegre
Costalegre is a series of different beaches, capes and bays of all sizes and extensions distributed alongside the Pacific Ocean on the western coast-line of the Mexican state of Jalisco, in an area located between two other major and very well known tourist centers, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco and Manzanillo, Colima. In recent years, the Jalisco state government has promoted this zone as a tourist attraction grouping all these beaches under the common name of "Costalegre", which literally translates as "Joy Coast", but the area has been known as "The Virgin Coast" of Mexico for long time. Each bay or beach is almost next to the other one, separated only by large rock formations, cliffs and few unhabited terrains, so you can move from one to another one in question of minutes, mostly using local boats or "aquatic taxis" named "pangas". Most of these beaches are small size bays, and a couple of them have no real population on their surface, but are placed near little fishermen towns which provides hotel commodities and food. One of the largest bays, Barra de Navidad also has a large lagoon and a first class international hotel, considered one of the best of its category in Mexico, and Costa Careyes it is considered as one of the top resorts and VIP communities in the world, usually visited by famous actors, singers and artists, so due to the variety and extension of the coast, you can find any kind of entertaining and natural attractions, which ranges from Ecotourism in wild and partially virgin and isolated beaches, to high class Spa's, Golf courses, Polo fields and international convention centers.
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Cuquío
Cuquío is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 580.96 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,176.
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Degollado
Degollado is a small city and Municipality in the eastern highlands of the Mexican State of Jalisco.
Coordinates: 20°28′N 102°09′W / 20.467°N 102.15°W / 20.467; -102.15
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Durango
Durango (Spanish pronunciation: [duˈɾaŋɡo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Durango (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Durango), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northwest Mexico. With a population of 1,632,934, it has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The city of Victoria de Durango is the state's capital, named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
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El Grullo
El Grullo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 157.2 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 21,825.
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Encarnación de Díaz
Encarnación de Díaz is a town and municipality located in the far northeast of the state of Jalisco in north central Mexico. It is located in a natural pass that connects the Los Altos region of Jalisco to points north, and from pre Hispanic times until the 20th century, it was a major thoroughfare for north-south travel. The town began as a way station along a road built through this pass in the 17th century, formally becoming a town in 1760. It began to function as a municipality in the latter 19th century, but this status was not confirmed until the early 20th. Transport, along with numerous prosperous haciendas supported the economy of the area until early 20th century, when travel patterns and the Mexican Revolution spurred its decline. In the 1920s, it was a center of rebellion during the Cristero War, and the town contains Mexico’s only museum exclusively dedicated to this episode in history. It also contains a museum dedicated to various naturally occurring mummies which have been found in the municipal cemetery.
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Etzatlán
Etzatlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 306.27 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 17,564.
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Guanajuato
Guanajuato (Spanish pronunciation: [gwanaˈxwato], locally: [gwanaˈhwato]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato.
It is located in the North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west, Zacatecas to the northwest, San Luis Potosí to the north, Querétaro to the east and Michoacán to the south. It covers an area of 30,608 km².
Guanajuato is located between the arid north of the country and the lusher south, and it is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Mexican Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental. It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the now capital city of Guanajuato, but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock. Mining and agriculture have been the traditional mainstays of the state's economy, but today, about 30% of the state's GDP is accounted for by industry, which includes metals, automobiles, leather goods, processed foods and more.
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Guerrero
Guerrero (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡeˈreɾo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guerrero), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, México and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east.
The state was named after Vicente Guerrero, one of the most prominent leaders in the Mexican War of Independence and the second President of Mexico. It is the only Mexican state named after a president. The modern entity did not exist until 1849, when it was carved out of territories from the states of Mexico, Puebla and Michoacán.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Acapulco, Petatlan, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo, and Santo Domingo. Today, it is home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs and Amuzgos. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region.
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Hostotipaquillo
Hostotipaquillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 697.94 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 8,228.
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Huejuquilla El Alto
Huejuquilla El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 717.26 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,926.
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Huejúcar
Huejúcar is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 550.23 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,236.
The name Huejúcar means "Place of Willows" in Nahuatl.
It' right next to Santa Maria de Los Angeles, and Tepetongo
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Ixtlahuacán del Río
Ixtlahuacán del Rio is a town and municipality in the center of the Mexican state of Jalisco, a little less than 50 kilometers from state capital Guadalajara. It stands at 1,655 meters above sea level; the climate is semi-arid, with a mild winter and an average annual temperature of 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit).
Ixtlahuacán is a word of Nahuatl origin; the name means "flat place". It was founded by Toltecs approximately A.D. 610; it is hard to be certain of the exact date of founding, because none of the groups who inhabited the region — Tecuexes, Tepehuanes, Coanes, Cazcanos, and Zacatecos — had a written language in this period.
Coordinates: 20°52′N 103°15′W / 20.867°N 103.25°W / 20.867; -103.25
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Jalisco
Jalisco (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈlisko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara. It is one of the more important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, tequila, jaripeo, etc. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
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Jalostotitlán
The municipality of Jalostotitlán and its municipal seat of the same name are located in the Los Altos region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipaly of Teocaltiche, the east with the municipality of San Juan de los Lagos, to the south with the municipality of San Miguel El Alto, to the southwest with the municipality of Valle de Guadalupe, and to the west with the municipality of Cañadas de Obregón.
The city is located in a mid-section of the country, with semi-desert, arid lands to the north and more fertile lands to the south. Winters are relatively cold and summers are hot and rainy. The municipality also includes the towns of San Nicolás de las Flores, Teocaltitán de Guadalupe, San Gaspar de los Reyes and Mitic. The center of town are the churches that originate from the 16th century, when the city was first founded.
"Jalostotitlán" means "Land Of Sandy Caves" in Nahuatl.
The population of the municipality of Jalostotitlán totaled 53,256 inhabitants according to the 2000 census. Of these, 20,201 reside in the municipal seat. Similar to the rest of the Los Altos region, Jalostotitlán did not retain a large indigenous population. Only two-tenths of one percent of inhabitants speak an indigenous language according to the census.
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Jocotepec
Jocotepec (Spanish pronunciation: [xokoteˈpek]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 384.36 km². As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 37,972.
Perhaps as early as 100 BC, nomadic bands of Indians passed through the Lake Chapala Valley. Some moved on, others settled on the shore. Jocotepec, once Xuxutepeque, a small fishing village at the western end of the Lake, became a permanent home for the Nahua Indians in 1361. They built a temple to their god, Iztlacateotl, and practiced human sacrifice. The village became a trading and ceremonial site for the surrounding mountain area.
"Xuxutepeque was the name given Jocotepec by its first Nahua settlers. (The last of the nomadic bands to settle in this area were the Purepecha-Tarascans.) It became a permanent home for the Nahuas in 1361. Xuxutepeque later became "Xilotepec", meaning "Hill of ear of Corn". Finally, with the arrival of the Spaniards, led by Jacob Tepec, the settlement's name became "Jocotepec" and was interpreted as meaning "Hill of Guavas". (Guavas are a small bitter-sweet tasting fruit.) The meaning of Jocotepec is thus derived: Xoco-tepe-K, meaning Xoco (acid); Tepetl (hill); and K (place)."
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Juanacatlán
Juanacatlán (Spanish pronunciation: [xwanakaˈtlan]) is a town and municipio (municipality) in the central region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
Juanacatlán gets its name from the Xoconoxtle word "Xonacatlan", which means place abundant in onions or onion place (from "Xonaca" for onions and "Tlan" for place).
The hieroglyph of Juanacatlán includes the symbol of the Tlaxcala, representing the battles and the places where the Tlaxcaltecans went with the Nuño de Guzmán expedition, after the conquest of Mexico.
The seal of Juanacatlán is based on the region's economic activities and history, and is divided into four parts:
The leaves that surround the seal are identical to those in the seal of Jalisco, whose people Juanacatlán joins as a national entity. The seal was approved by H. Cabildo de Juanacatlán in 1993. Its creation was the responsibility of the teacher María de Lourdes Torres Alaniz, from the Municipality of Juanacatlán.
Although "place of onions" has been claimed to be a necessarily inappropriate translation of the indigenous name (as the onions were brought by the conquistadors), the origin of the name was in fact a different, native, plant- a type of jicama or cebollita as is commonly known in the region. The Jalisco writer Juan José Arreola translates the name as "place of the good onions".
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Juchitlán
Juchitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 403.88 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,282.
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Lagos de Moreno
Lagos de Moreno (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlaɣos ðe moˈɾeno]) is a city and its surrounding municipal area of the same name, located in the extreme northeastern part of the state of Jalisco in Mexico. At the 2010 census the city had a population of 153,817 inhabitants, making it the 6th largest city in the state of Jalisco.
The city serves as the municipal seat of the municipality, which has an area of 2,648.22 km² (1,022.48 sq mi) and a population of 153,817 inhabitants, and includes many other outlying small communities, the largest of which are Paso de Cuarenta (San Miguel de Cuarenta) and Los Azulitos.
Lagos de Moreno is called by Mexicans, with some hyperbole, the "Athens of Jalisco" because of the numerous writers and poets who were born there[citation needed].
Important industries include food processing, including milk and dairy products, vegetable oils, and meats, manufacture of footwear and agricultural machinery.
The city was founded on March 31, 1563 by Captain General and Grand Major of the Teocaltiche Valley, Hernando de Martell a.k.a. Hernán Gallegos, and named Villa de Santa Maria de los Lagos.
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Lerma River
The Lerma Santiago River (Río Lerma Santiago) is Mexico's second longest river. It is a 965 km (600 mi) river in west-central Mexico that begins in Mexican Plateau at an altitude over 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) above sea level, and ends where it empties into Lake Chapala, Mexico's largest lake, near Guadalajara, Jalisco. The river is notorious for its pollution, but the water quality has demonstrated considerable improvement in recent years due mostly to government environmental programs and through massive upgrading projects of sanitation works.
The Lerma River originates from the Lerma lagoons near Almoloya del Río, on a plateau more than 2,600 metres (8,530 ft) above sea level, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) southeast of Toluca. The lagoons receive their water from springs rising from basaltic volcanics that flow down from Monte de Las Cruces. These are located between the Valley of Toluca and the Mexico Basin.
The river forms the short border between the states of Querétaro and Michoacán then flows west-northwest through the state of Guanajuato. After turning southward, the river separates Guanajuato and Michoacán, and Michoacán and Jalisco before flowing, after a course of about 560 kilometres (348 mi), into Lake Chapala, 24 kilometres (15 mi) west-southwest of La Barca. It has a length of 750 kilometres (466 mi). When it empties into Lake Chapala, the system stands at 1,510 metres (4,954 ft) above sea level.
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Mascota
Mascota is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 1,591.63 km². The municipality has smaller villages such as "Tecuani" & "La plata" both around a couple miles away. Mascota is surrounded by roads and pine covered mountains making it a usual stop on the road to "Talpa De Allende" or Puerto Vallarta.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 14,045.
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Mazamitla
Mazamitla (La Capital de la Montaña) is a town and municipality of the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located 124 km south of Guadalajara in the Southeast Region and is a popular resort destination for travelers from Guadalajara. Its name comes from the Nahuatl and means "place where arrows to hunt deer are made"; its area is 177.18 km2. According to Count II Population and Housing, the municipality has 11671 inhabitants who are devoted mainly to the tertiary sector. For its natural beauty it is considered by the federal Secretariat of Tourism as a Pueblo Mágico.
The name comes from the Nahuatl language and is the union of the words "Mazatl" (deer), "Mitl" (arrow) and "tlan" (place). Its meaning has been interpreted in different ways:
Mazamitla was founded by the Aztecs in 1165. It belonged to the manor of Tzapotlán and paid tribute to the chieftain of Tamazollan. In 1481 the area was invaded by P'urhépecha to seize the Laguna de Sayula. They held dominance for only a few years until they were defeated at the end of the Salitre War in 1510.
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Mexico
Mexico (
i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: 
Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Mexticacan
Mexticacán is a town and municipality in the Southern Region of the Mexican state of Jalisco. Mexticacán comes from the Nahuatl and means "place where the temple for the worship of the moon."
A large number of Mexticacán's former inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of earthenware clay and when they did not have enough work for the day. This is the explanation of his name "Men who work in the moonlight." The place was already populated with the arrival of the Spaniards. Its first settlers were Tecuexe, which placed their villages at the foot of the mountains, where they were real strengths to fend off the Chichimecas. By the early seventh century was a sweeping immigration throughout the region and particularly in villages Tecuexe; Caxcan peregrinante home nahuatlaca fought bravely against the bellicose Tecuexe against Zacatecas, huachichiles and others without rest or respite, continued to widen the field many of their conquests founding populations, including Mexticacán. Before the conquest this place was the cacicazgo of Mexticacán.
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Mezquitic
Mezquitic is a town and municipality in the north of the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
It is bordered to the north east and west by the state of Zacatecas. It also shares its northern border with the municipality of Huejuquilla el Alto and it shares its southern border with the municipalities of Villa Guerrero and Bolaños.
The municipality includes a number of autonomously governed Wixárika (Huichol) communities, including San Andrés Cohamiata.
Coordinates: 22°39′00″N 103°34′59″W / 22.650°N 103.583°W / 22.650; -103.583
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Michoacán
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃoaˈkan ðe oˈkampo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, hero of the Mexican War of Independence.
Michoacán is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the northwest, Guanajuato and Querétaro to the north, México to the east, Guerrero to the southeast. To the southwest, Michoacán has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahkan from michhuah (“possessor of fish”) and -kan (place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro. In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the P'urhépecha (Tarascan) Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a large population of P'urhépecha people as well as Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and some industry. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area, which was the center of the P'urhépecha empire.
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Mixtlán
Mixtlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 418.52 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3279.
http://iglesiacasadelrey.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=67
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Morelos
Morelos (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾelos]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Morelos (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 33 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca.
It is located in South-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of México to the north-east and north-west, Puebla to the east and Guerrero to the southwest. Mexico City is situated north of Morelos.
Morelos is the second-smallest state in the nation, just after Tlaxcala. It was part of the very large province then State of Mexico until 1869, when Benito Juárez decreed that its territory would be separated and named in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón, who defended the city of Cuautla from royalist forces during the Mexican War of Independence. Most of the state enjoys a warm climate year-round, which is good for the raising of sugar cane and other crops. Morelos has attracted visitors from the Valley of Mexico since Aztec times. Today, many people from Mexico City spend weekends in the state or own second homes there, especially in the Cuernavaca area.
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Nayarit
Nayarit (Spanish pronunciation: [naʝaˈɾit]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nayarit), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.
It is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south. To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
Besides the mainland, the islands Marias, Isabel, Tres Marietas and Farallón La Peña in the Pacific Ocean are part of its territory.
Nayarit covers 27,815 square kilometers (10,739 sq mi), making it one of the smaller states of Mexico. Nayarit is located between latitude lines 23°05' north and 20°36' south and longitude lines 103°43' east and 105°46' west. Its terrain is broken up by the western ends of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. Its highest mountains are: San Juan, Sanguangüey, El Ceboruco, Cumbre de Pajaritos and Picachos. Nayarit has two volcanoes, Ceboruco and Sangangüey. In the northeast are broad, tropical plains watered by the Río Grande de Santiago, a continuation of the Lerma River. The main state rivers are the Río Grande de Santiago, San Pedro, Acaponeta, Ameca and Las Cañas. The last two also form natural boundaries with the states of Jalisco and Sinaloa, respectively. Nayarit also has several lagoons such as pito the Santa María del Oro, San Pedro Lagunillas and Agua Brava.
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Nochistlán
Nochistlán is a town in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, on December 3, 1531, hired Juan de Oñate to establish a village in Nochistlán; the village would be named Guadalajara to honor Guzmán for having been born in Guadalajara. Guadalajara was founded in Nochistlán on January 5, having as officials Juan de Oñate, Sancho Ortíz de Zuñiga and Miguel Ibarra. They worked at this project for only 16 months and created the first layout of Guadalajara.
The first news that we have regarding the natives of these lands points to the Tecuexe. These people established settlements around 1000. Later in the 12th century a new group of people moved in, these people were called Caxcan and they were from the valley in Tuitlán, which is now found in the municipality of Villa Nueva Zacatecas. The Caxcan established Nochistlán by driving out the Tecuexe by force.
There are three main activities that contribute to the economy: agriculture, livestock and trade.
- Las Empinoladas - Las Fiestas de Octubre - Religiously influenced - Coleaderas
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Nuevo León
Nuevo León (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnweβo leˈon]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 51 municipalities and its capital city is Monterrey.
It is located in Northeastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north and east, San Luis Potosí to the south, and Coahuila to the west. To the north, Nuevo León has a 15 kilometer (9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.
The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
Besides its capital, other important cities are Guadalupe, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás de los Garza, and San Pedro Garza García, all of which are part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area.
Nuevo León was originally founded by Alberto del Canto, although frequent raids by Chichimecas, the natives of the north, prevented the establishment of almost any permanent settlements. Subsequent to the failure of del Canto to populate Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, at the head of Portuguese and Spanish settlers, requested permission from the Spanish King to attempt to repopulate the area which would be called the New Kingdom of León, it eventually became (along with the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander and Texas) one of the Eastern Internal Provinces in Northern New Spain.
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Oaxaca
Oaxaca (English /wəˈhɑːkə/ wə-HAH-kə, Spanish: [waˈxaka] (
listen), from Nahuatl: Huaxyacac [waːsʃakak]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of Usos y costumbres (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The state is best known for its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but there are sixteen that are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state’s rugged and isolating terrain. Most live in the Central Valleys region, which is also an important area for tourism, attracting people for its archeological sites such as Monte Albán, native culture and crafts. Another important tourist area is the coast, which has the major resort of Huatulco. Oaxaca is also one of the most biologically diverse states in Mexico, ranking in the top three, along with Chiapas and Veracruz, for numbers of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and plants.
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Ojuelos de Jalisco
Ojuelos de Jalisco is a colonial town and municipality in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The town's 1990 population was 7,265, although by the year 2000 it had increased to 9,338. It sits at the junction of Mexico Highways 51, 70, and 80. The town was founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro Casillas de Avila in 1569, as a fortification to protect travelers against the Chichimecas warriors.
The fortification of Ojuelos was one of the seven ones built at the request of the Vice King Martín Enriquez de Almanza in the important route Mexico-Zacatecas. The decision to build the seven fortifications was made by Enriquez de Almanza in response to deadly attacks made by Chichimecas commanded by their legendary leader Maxorro.
Ojuelos has a significant historical value, since its fortification is the only one which has survived to present day. Currently, it houses the offices of the City Hall and a Library, but still it keeps its original design.
Among other touristic attractions, Ojuelos also has a plaza, El Parian, which is surrounded by 102 Gothic arches. El Parian was designed at the end of the XIX Century by Luis G. Maciel.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Pihuamo
Pihuamo is a town and municipality located in the state of Jalisco in Mexico.
Coordinates: 18°57′00″N 103°10′01″W / 18.950°N 103.167°W / 18.950; -103.167
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Poncitlán
Poncitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 672.31 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 43,817.
Poncitlán means "place of cilacayotes", "next to the shore chilares" or "place of God Ponze."
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Puebla
Puebla (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweβla]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 217 municipalities and its capital city is Puebla.
It is located in East-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the north and east, Hidalgo, México, Tlaxcala and Morelos to the west, Guerrero and Oaxaca to the south.
The origins of the state lie in the city of Puebla, which was founded by the Spanish in this valley in 1531 to secure the trade route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz.
By the end of the 18th century, the area had become a colonial province with its own governor, which would become the State of Puebla, after the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century. Since that time, the area, especially around the capital city, has continued to grow economically, mostly through industry, despite being the scene of a number of battles, the most notable of which being the Battle of Puebla. Today, the state is one of the most industrialized in the country, but since most of its development is concentrated in Puebla and other cities, many of its rural areas are very poor, forcing many to migrate away to places such as Mexico City and the United States.
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Puerto Vallarta
Puerto Vallarta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweɾto baˈʝaɾta]) is a Mexican balneario resort city situated on the Pacific Ocean's Bahía de Banderas. The 2010 census reported Puerto Vallarta's population as 255,725 making it the sixth-largest city in the state of Jalisco. The City of Puerto Vallarta is the government seat of the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta which comprises the city as well as population centers outside of the city extending from Boca de Tomatlán to the Nayarit border (the Ameca River).
The city is located at 20°40′N 105°16′W / 20.667°N 105.267°W / 20.667; -105.267. The municipality has an area of 502.19 square miles (1,300.7 km2). To the North it borders the SW part of the state of Nayarit. To the east it borders the municipality of Mascota and San Sebastián del Oeste, and to the South it borders the municipalities of Talpa de Allende and Cabo Corriente.
Puerto Vallarta is named after Ignacio Vallarta, a former governor of Jalisco. In Spanish, Puerto Vallarta is often shortened to "Vallarta", while English speakers call the city P.V. for short. The city occasionally is spelled or pronounced as Porto Vallarta. In internet shorthand the city is often referred to as PVR, after the International Air Transport Association airport code for its Gustavo Diaz Ordaz international airport.
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Querétaro
Querétaro (Spanish pronunciation: [keˈɾetaɾo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro), is one of 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro.
It is located in North-Central Mexico, in a region known as Bajío. It is bordered by the states of San Luis Potosí to the north, Guanajuato to the west, Hidalgo to the east, México to the southeast and Michoacán to the southwest.
The state is one of the smallest in Mexico, but it is also one of the most heterogeneous geographically, with ecosystems varying from deserts to tropical rainforest, especially in the Sierra Gorda, which is filled with microecosystems. The area of the state was located on the northern edge of Mesoamerica, with both the P’urhépecha and Aztec empires having influence in the extreme south, but neither really dominated it. The area, especially the Sierra Gorda, had a number of small city-states, but by the time the Spanish arrived, these had all been abandoned, with only small agricultural villages and seminomadic peoples inhabiting the area. Spanish conquest was focused on the establishment of the Santiago de Querétaro, which still dominates the state culturally, economically and educationally.
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Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo (Spanish pronunciation: [kinˈtana ˈro]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 10 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Yucatán to the northwest and Campeche to the west. To the north, Quintana Roo borders the Gulf of Mexico and to the south, Belize. It also claims territory which gives it a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state, although this disputed area is also claimed by Campeche.
Quintana Roo is home of the world famous city of Cancún, the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, the towns of Bacalar, Playa del Carmen and Akumal, as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben, Coba, Kohunlich, Muyil, Tulum, Xel-Há, and Xcaret. The Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve is also in the state.
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Quitupan
Quitupan is a town and municipality located in the southeastern region of the Mexican state of Jalisco. The name Quitupan comes from the word "Quitoa" or "Quitla," which means "place where declarations or treaties come from" or "place that is located above".
The formal indigenous foundation of the town precisely coincides with the establishment of a peace treaty between Tarascos (Spanish Soldiers) and natives, which occurred ten years before the arrival of the conqueror Hernán Cortés. A census taken in 1580 noted 30 integrated families.
The town was conquered by Alonso de Avalos, who nevertheless recognized the chieftainship of the original inhabitants. In 1522, Cortés dispatched one of his generals, Cristóbal de Olid to conquer Quitupan and surrounding areas. In 1530, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán arrived to conduct a census of the native inhabitants and to impose a new order. The Evangelization of Quitupan was led by the Franciscans - in 1530, Friar Martin de Jesus began to preach, joined in 1532 by Friars Juan de Padilla and Miguel de Bologna. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza then visited the area, under his appointment by King Charles I of Spain to pacify the various indigenous people of New Spain and to unify the territory, which was partially divided among competing conquistadors.
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Saltillo
Saltillo (Spanish pronunciation: [salˈtiʎo]) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. The city is located about 400 km south of the U.S. state of Texas, and 90 km west of Monterrey, Nuevo León. D
As of the 2005 census, Saltillo had a population of 725,095 people. 823,098 people reside within the metropolitan area, making it the 19th biggest metro area in the country. The metro area comprises the municipalities of Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, and Arteaga.
The per capita gross domestic product the Metropolitan Zone of Saltillo is $13,936 USD. According to a 2006 ranking of 53 Mexican cities by Inversionista magazine, Saltillo is the second best Mexican city to live in.[unreliable source?]
El Cerro del Pueblo (The People's Hill) and its 4-metre (13 ft) cross overlook the city. The city's elevation, at 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), makes it cooler and windier than the neighboring city of Monterrey. Saltillo lies near the city of Arteaga and in the Chihuahuan desert. The city is flanked by the Zapalinamé mountains, which are part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. By looking at the relief of the mountains, one can see, according to local legend, the relief of Zapalinamé, chieftain of the Huachichil tribe.
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San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsan ˈlwis potoˈsi]), officially Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Coahuila to the north, Nuevo León to the northeast, Tamaulipas and Veracruz to the east, Hidalgo, Querétaro, and Guanajuato to the south, Zacatecas to the northwest, and Jalisco to the west.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Ciudad Valles, Matehuala, and Rioverde.
The state and its capital are both named after Louis IX of France (also known in Mexico as San Luis Rey de Francia, Saint Louis, King of France), its patron saint. The Potosí was added in reference to the fabulously rich mines of Potosí, Bolivia, believed to have enough gold to build a bridge between Bolivia and Spain. Thereafter, upon the development of Cerro de San Pedro near the capital city, they found such gold wealth that they compared it to that of Potosi and thus they named it as such. The wealth of these mines is thought to be comparable to that of the local mines at Cerro de San Pedro.
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San Miguel el Alto
San Miguel el Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 580 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 40,000.
The municipality includes the town of San José de los Reynoso.
The town was the setting and filming location for the 1957 film, Los chiflados del rock and roll, starring Luis Aguilar.
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Sinaloa
Sinaloa (Spanish pronunciation: [sinaˈloa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales.
It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the north, Chihuahua and Durango to the east (separated from them by the Sierra Madre Occidental) and Nayarit to the south. To the west, Sinaloa has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of California.
The state covers an area of 57,377 square kilometers (22,153 sq mi), and includes the Islands of Palmito Verde, Palmito de la Virgen, Altamura, Santa María, Saliaca, Macapule and San Ignacio.
In addition to the capital city, the state's important cities include Mazatlán and Los Mochis.
Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, much of Sinaloa was inhabited by the Cáhita.
In 1531 Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán with a force of over 10,000 defeated a force of 30,000 Cáhita at the site of Culiacan. Beltran de Guzman established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at Culiacan. Over the next decade, the Cáhita suffered severe depopulation from smallpox and other diseases the Spanish brought.
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Sonora
Sonora (Spanish pronunciation: [so̞ˈno̞ɾa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sonora (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California.
Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts: the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation.
Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War. After the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico.
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State of Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México, pronounced: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially Free and Sovereign State of Mexico (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de México), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of the United Mexican States. It is the most populous, as well as the densest in population. It is divided into 125 municipalities and its capital city is Toluca de Lerdo.
The State of Mexico is often abbreviated to "Edomex" from Estado de México in Spanish. It is located in South-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo to the north, Morelos and Guerrero to the south, Michoacán to the west, Tlaxcala and Puebla to the east and surrounds the Federal District.
The state’s origins are in the territory of the Aztec Empire, which remained a political division of New Spain during the colonial period. After Independence, Mexico City was chosen as the capital of the new nation, its territory was separated out the state. Years later, parts of the state were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity.
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Tabasco
Tabasco (Spanish pronunciation: [taˈβasko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa. It is located in the southeast of the country along the Gulf of Mexico bordering the states of Campeche, Chiapas and Veracruz, as well as the country of Guatemala. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year round. For this reason, it is also covered in small lakes, wetlands and rivers. The state is subject to major flooding events, with the last occurring in 2007, which affected eighty percent of the state. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. Even though it produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas, poverty is still a concern. The state is also the origin of the cacao bean, from which chocolate is made.
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Talpa de Allende
Talpa de Allende is a city and municipality in Jalisco state, Mexico. It is located at around 20°22′50″N 104°49′20″W / 20.38056°N 104.82222°W / 20.38056; -104.82222Coordinates: 20°22′50″N 104°49′20″W / 20.38056°N 104.82222°W / 20.38056; -104.82222, in the elevation of about 1,200 m. Surrounded by pine covered mountains, Talpa de Allende, another silver mining town, founded by the Spanish in 1599.
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Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas (Spanish pronunciation: [tamauˈlipas]) officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas (English: Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas) is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria. The capital city was named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico.
It is located in Northeastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast, San Luis Potosí to the southwest and Nuevo León to the west. To the north, it has a 370 km (142.9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border along the state of Texas.
The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa, a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies "place where." As yet, there is no scholarly agreement on the meaning of holipa, but "high hills" is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the state name is Ta ma ho'lipam – “place, where the Lipan prey”.
In addition to the capital city, Ciudad Victoria, the state's largest cities include Reynosa, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, and Tampico.
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Tamazula de Gordiano
Tamazula de Gordiano (locally: [tamaˈsula ðe ɣoɾˈðjano], also known as Tamazula) is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The word "tamazula" comes from the Nahuatl word tamazullan, which means "place or lagoon of toads."
Tamazula is the seat of the municipality of the same name (Tamazula de Gordiano). The municipality is a territorial extension of 1324.48 km². It is divided into municipal delegations:
""
C. Angel Barbosa Madriz President of the Municipality
DR. Luis Eduardo Contreras Casillas Secretary
L.A. Marisol Antillón Cuevas Syndic
Gregorio García Barajas Abel Contreras Magaña Martha Beatriz Valderrama Cisneros Fermín Betancourt Ramírez José Antonio Ramírez Amezcua Fernando Vaca Torres Mirna Guzmán Mendoza Juan Ignacio Herrera Del Toro
Tamazula recently gained city status after the 2010 census reported that the city had 37,986 residents. A vast majority of the city's residents are employed at the Ingenio Azucarero de Tamazula, S.A. de C.V. where sugar cane from the surrounding vicinities within the municipality is turned into sugar and alcohol.
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Tapalpa
Tapalpa is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 442.15 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 16,057.
Tapalpa is a mountain town surrounded by mature pine trees. The area is famous for the "Piedras Bolas" large (20 feet high) rocks found just outside the town limits. The area is a popular weekend destination for residents of nearby Guadalajara. There are many excellent outdoor restaurants that specialize in grilled meats.
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Tecalitlán
Guadalajara is a city and municipality in the central Mexican state of Jalisco, located just to the south of Ciudad Guzmán. According to the 1990 census, its population was 13,265.
One of Tecalitlán's major industries was the growing of sugar cane. This industry ended about ten years ago. Nowadays the economy comes from agriculture and the raising of animals such as cattle, pigs, chickens, and goat. A lot of the money that comes to the town comes from people that have migrated to the United States to work and send money to their families back home.
Tecalitlán is at the heart of the region where mariachi music was developed, and in fact the most famous exponent of that genre, Vargas de Tecalitlán, was founded there in the 1890s (though now resident in Mexico City). There is a museum of this mariachi in Tecalitlan. Tecalitlan has a lot of traditions, like the fiestas de diciembre which celebrate religion and the love toward virgen of Guadalupe. People in this town are very friendly. A very interesting tradition kept until now, is that every Sunday after mass, people are used to going to the center of the town (jardin) and spend their afternoon socializing with other people of the town. In this Jardin, girls walk one way and boys on the other way so they face each other. There is the cerro de la cruz, a mountain were there is a cross that people go to visit and offer sacrifices.
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Tecolotlán
Tecolotlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 795.55 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 14,984.
La preza del Pochote, El carril, El malecon, El punto, La perla and Sierra de Quila.
The name of Tecolotlán derives from the words "tecolote" (owl) and "tlan" (town), meaning "town of owls". The current coats of arms, formally approved of by the municipal council on 27 April 1999 ordinary, designed by Ernesto Garcia de Alba Cruz, has a figure of an owl on it with outstretched wings representing the municipality. At the base of the shield is the name of the municipality and its founding date of 1524 when conquistador Francisco Cortes conquered the area of San Buenaventura. The area was places under the command of his trustees Pedro Gómez and Martín Monje.
The evangelization of the natives took place between 1525 and 1526. In 1825, Tecolotlán was composed of the people of Xuchitl and Ayotitlan and farms and ranches of San Juan Buenavista, Quila, Tenextitlán, Agua Caliente, Santa Maria, San Jose and Santa Rita. In 1599, the convent of San Agustin de Tecolotlán was founded.
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Tenamaxtlán
Tenamaxtlán is a municipio (municipality) and town in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. It has renown for the huge festivities that are held every December for a period of two weeks.[citation needed] It is famous for its bull fights during the holidays.
Tenamaxtlán was founded about 480-500 years ago. The current mayor of the town is Juan Carlos Nuno Garcia.
Coordinates: 20°13′N 104°10′W / 20.217°N 104.167°W / 20.217; -104.167
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Teocaltiche
Teocaltiche (Nahuatl: Teocaltillitzin "place near the temple") is a city and municipality in the central-western Mexican state of Jalisco. Teocaltiche is located in the northeastern highlands region of Jalisco, commonly referred to in Spanish as "Los Altos de Jalisco". The grasshopper or "chapulin" is a popular icon for the city.
The city is also known for its tourism, for example, the "Hospital de los Indios" (or alternately "la Capilla") is a chapel in the city centre and the oldest standing building of Teocaltiche, built approximately in the year 1546 by the Spanish conquistadors. Teocaltiche is one of the oldest settlements with Hispanic influence from the time of the Spanish conquest. The territory was conquered by Cristóbal de Oñate and Manuel de Ibarra in March of 1530 on the order of Nuño de Guzmán.
Main manufacture of the region is agricultural products and livestock. The Teocaltiche river supports fishing for the needs of the local markets. The farmers raise horses, cows, sheep, pigs, poultry, and goats. Agriculture includes the production of onions, corn, oats, beans, and alfalfa. There are also many artisans that sell hand-crafted goods.
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Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.
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Tepic
Tepic is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Nayarit.
It is located in the central part of the state, at 21°30′30″N 104°53′35″W / 21.50833°N 104.89306°W / 21.50833; -104.89306. It stands at an altitude above sea level of some 915 meters, on the banks of the Río Mololoa and the Río Tepic, approximately 225 kilometers north-west of Guadalajara, Jalisco. Nearby are the extinct Sangangüey volcano and its crater lake. Tepic is the primary urban center of this rich agricultural region; major crops include sugarcane, tobacco and citrus fruits.
The city was founded in 1542. In the 2005 census, it reported a population of 295,204. Its surrounding municipality of the same name had a population of 336,403. The municipality has an area of 1,983.3 km² (765.8 sq mi).
It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tepic.
Nayarit has small stadiums built for football (soccer), and baseball. Both demolished, they already have a project to make new, modern, and bigger stadiums; the state has 3 sport private clubs. There are multiple football (soccer) fields and places to play "pick up games", indoor football (soccer) courts, a Basketball center/gym (with wooden flooring), several volleyball courts, a bowling alley. In Tepic, tennis is a popular sport, but the most popular is soccer. The city also boasts a bullring, as do most Mexican cities. Tepic has several state teams. Both the soccer and the basketball teams are named "Coras".
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Teuchitlán
Teuchitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 285.53 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 8,361.
Tour's & Travel Visit Our Official Web Site:[1]
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Tizapan El Alto
Tizapan El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 273.32 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19076.
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Tlajomulco de Zuñiga
Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (Spanish pronunciation: [tlaxoˈmulko ðe ˈzuɲiɣa]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico in the state of Jalisco. It forms part of the Guadalajara metropolitan area and lies to the southeast of it. The municipality covers an area of 636.93 km².
As of 2010[update], the municipality had a total population of 416,626.
The name is interpreted from náhuatl as "Land in the Corner."
As it is part of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Tlajomulco has an industrial base and is a large commercial area. This is also where the Guadalajara International Airport is located.
The municipality has the distinction of being the only one in Mexico with five cities (localities) of over 25,000 inhabitants. It is also the only one with 10, and with 11, of over 10,000 inhabitants. (Tijuana Municipality, Baja California and Chalco Municipality, State of Mexico both have nine.) The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:
The name Tlajomulco comes from the náhuatl tlalli (land), xomulli (corner) and co (place), which is interpreted as: "Land in the corner".
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Tlaquepaque
Tlaquepaque (Spanish pronunciation: [tlakeˈpake]), historically San Pedro or Georgetown, is a city and the surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. During the 20th century it was absorbed by the outward spread of the state capital and is now a neighbourhood of the Guadalajara conurbation, lying only a few kilometres from the city centre. The city had a 2005 census population of 542,051, while the municipality had a population of 563,006. The municipality's area is 270.88 km2 (104.59 sq mi) and lies adjacent to the south side of Guadalajara. Its largest community besides Tlaquepaque is the town of Santa Anita, at the municipality's southwestern corner.
The name Tlaquepaque derives from Nahuatl and means "place above clay land". The area is famous for its pottery and blown glass.
Tlaquepaque features El Parián, a large plaza flanked by columned arcades and surrounded by restaurants and bars. The main square in the city centre is known as El Jardín Hidalgo ("Hidalgo Garden"), named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the "Father of Mexican Independence." A larger-than-life statue of Hidalgo dominates the square. Other main features include the two important churches, El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Solitude) and San Pedro (Saint Peter), and the Benito Juárez market.
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Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala (Spanish: [tɬa(k)sˈkala], Nahuatl: [tɬaʃˈkalːan]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala), is one of the 31 states which along with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala.
It is located in East-Central Mexico, in the altiplano region, with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental. It is bordered by the states of Puebla to the north, east and south, México to the west and Hidalgo to the northwest. It is the smallest state of the republic, accounting for only 0.2% of the country’s territory.
The state is named after its capital, Tlaxcala, which was also the name of the pre-Hispanic city and culture. The Tlaxcalans allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs, with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of colonial period. After Mexican Independence, Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory, until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation.
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Tomatlán
Tomatlán "Tomato land" or "place of tomato" from Nahuatl, is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 153 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 35,044 people.
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Tonaya
Tonaya is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 463.67 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5557.
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Tonila
Tonila is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico.
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Totatiche
The municipality and town of Totatiche is located in the northern extreme of the state of Jalisco, Mexico between 21°48’30” and 22°06’00” latitude north and 103°20’00” and 103°34’00” longitude east at a height of 1,751 meters (5,745 ft) above sea level. The municipality is bordered on the north and southeast by the state of Zacatecas. On the northeast, it shares its border with the municipality of Colotlán and on the west it is bordered by the municipalities of Villa Guerrero and Chimaltitán.
The municipality covers an area of 542.98 square kilometers (209.65 sq mi). Its hydrology is defined by the Bolaños river, which demarcates its northern border with Zacatecas and the Cartagenas River which crosses the municipality and flows into the latter. There are five dams in the municipality: Candelaria, Magallanes, Temastián, La Boquilla and Agua Zarca and smaller ones in Romita, San Francisco, and Totolco.
The population of the municipality of Totatiche was 4,217 inhabitants in 2005, of which 1,287 lived in the municipal seat Totatiche. In 2000, there were 1,372 economically active individuals. Of these, the largest percentage (37.2%) were employed in ranching and agriculture, followed by the manufacturing sector (12.9%), commerce (10.9%) and construction (10.7%).
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Tototlán
Tototlán is a town and municipality in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 292.85 km². Notable people from Tototlán, Jalisco: Omar Esparza (plays for C.D Guadalajara), Javier Hernandez Gutierrez (retired soccer player, father of Javier Hernandez Balcazar "El Chicharito").
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,710.
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Tuxcacuesco
Tuxcacuesco is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 257.46 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3770.
Tuxcacuesco was a separate state prior to the Spanish incursion. It was conquered by the Spanish in 1523. During the colonial period it was part of the province of Amula.
Tuxcacuesco has a thriving population of platypus's. There are more platypus's than people, this is a similarity that only new zealand shares(however rather than platypus, New Zealand has more sheep than people). In the year 2003 the local post office ran out of milk. It is near Tonaya Jalisco which tierra del Mexcal and close to El Grullo.
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Tuxcueca
Tuxcueca is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 298.94 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5765.
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Unión de San Antonio
Unión de San Antonio is a city and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is named after Saint Anthony of Padua since the first church built there was in his honor. As of 2005, the municipality had a population of 15,484. It is located about 32 km (20 mi) west of León, Guanajuato. The main local industry is agriculture, including maize, wheat, beans, and livestock.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was known as Hacienda of Saint Anthony of the Adobes and later Villa of Union.
Coordinates: 21°07′41″N 102°00′22″W / 21.128°N 102.006°W / 21.128; -102.006
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Unión de Tula
Unión de Tula is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 323.34 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 13,133.
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Valle de Juárez
Valle de Juárez is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 91.38 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,218.
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Veracruz
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish pronunciation: [beɾaˈkɾuz ðe iɣˈnasjo ðe la ˈʎaβe]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states that, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez.
It is located in Eastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Tabasco to the southeast. To the east, Veracruz has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of Mexico.
The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and large indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the many cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río and Orizaba.
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Villa Corona
Villa Corona is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 179.37 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 15,196.
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Villa Purificación
Villa Purificación is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 1937.61 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 10,975.
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Yucatán
Yucatán (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝukaˈtan]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 106 municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest, Quintana Roo to the northeast and the Gulf of Mexico lies off its north coast.
Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was el Mayab. In Mayan language, "ma' ya'ab" is translated as "a few". It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization, which reached the peak of its development on this place, where they founded the cities of Chichen Itza, Izamal, Motul, Mayapan, Ek' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo (also called T'Hó), now Mérida.
After the Spanish conquest, Yucatán Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity, the Captaincy General of Yucatán. Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823, the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed which then was voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. Later on March 16, 1841, as result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared independence from Mexico to form a second Republic of Yucatán, but eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was definitely rejoined to Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the caste war, the state of Yucatan was divided for the first time, establishing Campeche as separate state (officially in 1863). During the Porfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatan was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of Quintana Roo.
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Zacatecas
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south.
The state of Zacatecas is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
"Zacatecas" is the Nahuatl-derived name for one of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of the Spanish. The name ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word for a type of grass common in the region, zacatl. The region where this grass grew was originally called Zacatlan, and its inhabitants, Zacateca, pluralized in Mexican Spanish to Zacatecas.
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Zacoalco de Torres
Zacoalco de Torres is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 491.27 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 25,529.
To the east lies the largest lake in Mexico, Lago de Chapala.
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Zapotiltic
Zapotiltic is a municipality and town in Jalisco, Mexico.
Zapotiltic come from the náhuatl words, "Tzápotl" (zapote) y "tlíitic" (black); that means: "place of the black zapotes". This name was adopted due to the abundance of this fruit on the area in the past.
Park y reservs
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Zapotlanejo
Coordinates: 20°37′22″N 103°4′8″W / 20.62278°N 103.06889°W / 20.62278; -103.06889
Zapotlanejo is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
According to the 2005 census, there were 55,827 inhabitants in the municipality. The municipality has a territorial extension of 643.02 km2.
Zapotlanejo is a hybrid word, half Nahuatl and half Spanish. The Nahuatl word "tzapotlán" (place of abundant toads) is composed of two morphemes: "zapotl" (toad) and "tlan" (place). In addition, the name of the municipality includes the Spanish ending indicating locality "ejo."
The town of Zapotlán was previously known as Zapotlán de los Tecuexes, alluding to the name of its pre-Hispanic inhabitants, the Tecuexes, who established themselves in the area about 1218.
Spanish settlement in the area began around 1523. The area's Spanish settlers were subject to continuous attacks by Chichimec forces during the early colonial period.
The municipality's famous Bridge of Calderón was constructed during the government of Francisco Calderón Romero (1670–1672). The bridge was the site of the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón in 1811, which was a key battle in the Mexican War of Independence.
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Zapotlán del Rey
Zapotlán del Rey is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 320.90 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 16,274.
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Zapotlán el Grande
Zapotlán el Grande (also known as Guzmán, and Ciudad Guzmán) is a municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. There are several meaninings given to the root name of the "Zapotlán el Grande" "TzapoTl is the name given to all the round fruits from the general region. Another well known fact among the locals it states The full name Zapotlán means my round fruits in the ancient language. round sweet fruits not exactly zapotes as most people believe; however it means Guavas, Tunas, Tejocotes, Cherries found in this region and still found in the low wet valleys. A new theory of the name is Tzapot which ends with Tzapotlan and it refers to the goddess of medicine named Tzaputlatena.
In 1971 the figure shown below became part of the city of Zapotlán el Grande, shown as a tree with three branches, with round fruits at the end of each branch and at the trunk a pair of teeth simulating a human mouth. This oil painting was embraced by the city officials under the administration of Lic. Genaro Alvarez Lopez, who ordered this work of art to be displayed in the city hall. This work of art eventually became a representation of the city indicating its strong ties with its ancestors of Zapotlán el Grande; also known as Ciudad Guzmán or plainly just Guzmán.
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Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu (27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), also known as Augustine I of Mexico, was a Mexican army general who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence. After the liberation of Mexico was secured, he was proclaimed President of the Regency in 1821 and Constitutional Emperor of the new nation, reigning as Emperor briefly from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, and he is credited as the original designer of the first Mexican flag.
Although Iturbide's reign was short, it defined the political struggles before and after independence that Mexico would endure until the 20th century. The two ends of Mexico's political spectrum - liberals that favored populist representative government and conservatives that favored a more dictatorial regime - would each gain the upper hand at various times in the decades after Iturbide's abdication.
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Alberto Cárdenas
Alberto Cárdenas Jiménez (born April 4, 1958 in Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco) is a Mexican politician affiliated to the conservative National Action Party (PAN). He is a former governor of Jalisco, and Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinet of Felipe Calderón (1 December 2006 - 7 September 2009). In 2006 he was elected to the Senate for PAN, representing the state of Jalisco, with his term running until 2012.
Cárdenas received a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from the Ciudad Guzmán Technological Institute and both a master's degree in Business Planning and Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the Polytechnical University of Madrid, in Spain.
He was the mayor of Ciudad Guzmán from 1992 until 1994 and served as governor of Jalisco from 1995 until 2001. After leaving the post he was appointed general director of the National Forestry Commission. From 2003 until 2005 he headed the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources in the cabinet of Vicente Fox.
On July 7, 2005 he was formally registered in the presidential primary election of the National Action Party. He competed for the nomination with former fellow cabinet members Santiago Creel and Felipe Calderón, but ultimately lost to Calderón. In the general election of July 2, 2006, he was elected to the Senate for the PAN, representing the state of Jalisco.
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Alonso de Molina
Alonso de Molina (1513 or 1514 – 1579 or 1585) was a Franciscan priest and grammarian, who wrote a well-known dictionary of the Nahuatl language published in 1571.
He was born in Extremadura, Spain in the Province of Cáceres, and arrived in Mexico, still a child, in 1522, during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. He grew up playing with monolingual Nahuatl speaking children in the streets as the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was being refashioned into Mexico City, and so he became a fluent speaker of Nahuatl
In 1528, as a young man, he entered the Franscican convent of Mexico city becoming a friar. He taught at the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco along with Bernardino de Sahagún, Andrés de Olmos and Juan Badiano. Besides his clerical duties, Molina devoted himself to the study, understanding and writing of Nahuatl. He composed and preached many sermons in the Nahuatl tongue.
Molina's Vocabulary in Castilian and Mexican language which he composed between 1555 and 1571 was the first dictionary printed in the New World, and, together with Olmos’ work, was the first published systematic approach to an indigenous language. It is still considered an indispensable tool for students of Classical Nahuatl language.
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Andrés Guardado
José Andrés Guardado Hernández (born 28 September 1986) is a Mexican footballer who plays for Valencia CF in La Liga and the Mexican national team, as a left winger.
Popularly known as Principito (Spanish for Little prince), he came through the youth ranks at Atlas, then signed with Deportivo in Spain, going on to remain with the club for several seasons, four in La Liga.
A Mexican international since 2005, Guardado represented the country in two World Cups, two Gold Cups and the 2007 Copa America.
Born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Guardado started playing professionally in Club Atlas, joining the team's youth system at the age of only seven, and going on to appear in two full top division seasons. He made his league debut in August 2005 in a 3–2 home win against C.F. Pachuca.
In the summer of 2006, press speculations linked Guardado to several Serie A teams as well as Real Madrid, but Deportivo de La Coruña moved quickly and made an offer of €7 million for 75% of his rights. Atlas accepted the offer and the transfer was finalized on 7 July 2007, making him the most expensive Mexican player in history; the Mexican outfit remained entitled a 25% sell-on-fee as long as it held the remaining 25% of his rights.
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Antonio de Mendoza
Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, Marquis of Mondéjar, Count of Tendilla (Spanish: Antonio de Mendoza, Marqués de Mondéjar, Conde de Tendilla) (1495 – Alcala la Real, (Jaén); July 21, 1552, Lima), was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from April 17, 1535 to November 25, 1550, and the second viceroy of Peru, from September 23, 1551 to July 21, 1552. Married to María Ana de Trujillo de Mendoza. Antonio was the son of the Second Conde de Tendilla, Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones and Francisca Pacheco.
He became viceroy in 1535 and governed for 15 years, longer than any subsequent viceroy. On his arrival in New Spain, he found a recently conquered colony beset with Indian uprisings and rivalry among the conquerors. His difficult assignment was to govern in the king's name without making an enemy of Hernán Cortés, whom Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) and the Council of the Indies judged too rough to be made a duke and given any higher post than the Captaincy-General of New Spain, a post for which he was well suited. He was also directed to increase royal revenues and regulate the affairs of the Indians.
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Benito Juárez
Benito Juárez (Spanish pronunciation: [beˈnito ˈxwaɾes]; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) born Benito Pablo Juárez García, was a Mexican lawyer and politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, then 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872. He resisted the French occupation of Mexico, overthrew the Second Mexican Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal efforts to modernize the country.
Juárez was born on 21 March 1806 in a small adobe home in the village of San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca, located in the mountain range now known as the "Sierra Juárez". His parents, Marcelino Juárez and Brígida García, were peasants who both died of complications of diabetes when he was three years old. Shortly after, his grandparents died as well , and his uncle then raised him. He described his parents as "indios de la raza primitiva del país," that is, "Indians of the original race of the country." He worked in the corn fields and as a shepherd until the age of 12, when he walked to the city of Oaxaca de Juárez to attend school. At the time, he was illiterate and could not speak Spanish, only Zapotec.
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Chichimeca
Chichimeca was the name that the Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico and southwestern United States, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a pejorative tone by the Spaniards when referring especially to the semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico. In modern times only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, although lately this usage is being changed for simply "Jonáz" or their own name for themselves "Úza".
The Chichimeca peoples were in fact many different groups with varying ethnic and linguistic affiliations. As the Spaniards worked towards consolidating the rule of New Spain over the Mexican indigenous peoples during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the "Chichimecan tribes" maintained a resistance. A number of ethnic groups of the region allied against the Spanish, and the following military colonization of northern Mexico has become known as the "Chichimeca Wars".
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Cora people
The Cora (or Chora) are an indigenous ethnic group of Western Central Mexico that live in the Sierra de Nayarit and in La Mesa de Nayar in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Nayarit. They call themselves náayarite (plural; náayari singular), whence the name of the present day Mexican state of Nayarit. The 2000 Mexican census reported that there were 24,390 persons who were members of Cora speaking households, these being defined as households where at least one parent or elder claim to speak the Cora language. Of these 24 thousand, 67 percent (16,357) were reported to speak Cora, 17 percent were nonspeakers, and the remaining 16 percent were unspecified with regard to their language.
The Cora cultivate maize, beans, and amaranth and they raise some cattle.
The Cora live in the rugged mountain and canyon country of Nayarit and across the border in neighboring Jalisco, Durango, and Zacatecas. In the early 18th century they were an anomaly in that they had never permitted Catholic missionaries to live in their country. They had become a pagan island in a sea of Christian Indians and Hispanic culture. In 1716, a Spanish expedition to attempt to bring the Cora under Spanish control failed. However, in 1722, the Spanish returned in force and the Cora yielded. According to Spanish accounts many of them became Christian and practice, up until the present, “Catholic-derived customs.”
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Cristero War
The Cristero War (1926-29) also known as the La Cristiada was an uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government. The rebellion was set off by the persecution of Roman Catholics and a ban on their public religious practices. More specifically, the strict enforcement of the anti-clerical provisions by atheist and former President of Mexico Plutarco Elias Calles through the Mexican Constitution of 1917 along with the further expansion of anti-clerical laws exacerbated the conflicts. The rebellion is particularly known for the women and children who assisted the rebels in smuggling guns and ammunition in secret and certain priests who were tortured and murdered in public, as later canonized by Pope John Paul II.
After a period of peaceful resistance by select citizens, a number of skirmishes took place in 1926 while the formal violent rebellions began on 2 January 1927, with the rebels who called themselves Cristeros, invoking the name of Jesus Christ under the title of "Cristo Rey" or Christ the King. The rebellion eventually ended by diplomatic means brokered by the United States Ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Whitney Morrow, with the assistance of the Knights of Columbus.
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Cristóbal de Olid
Cristóbal de Olid (1487–1524) was a Spanish adventurer, conquistador and rebel who played a part in the conquest of Mexico and Honduras.
Born in Zaragoza, Olid grew up in the household of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. In 1518 Velázquez sent Olid to relieve Juan de Grijalva, but en route a hurricane destroyed Olid's ship and he returned to Cuba. On January 10, 1519, Olid sailed with Hernán Cortés' fleet, and took an active part in the conquest of Mexico. He fought at the Battle of Otumba on July 8, and also took part in the campaign against the Tarascans, who proved difficult foes due to their use of iron weapons, which the Aztecs lacked.
During the siege of Tenochtitlán, Olid squabbled with Pedro de Alvarado, and refused to assist him in an assault on the causeways leading into the city. This refusal lead to a resounding Spanish defeat, and Olid fled to Coyohuacan. While in Mexico, he married a Tlaxcalan woman.
In 1522, Olid led Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies in the conquests of Jalisco and Colima in West Mexico .
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Gonzalo de Sandoval
Gonzalo de Sandoval (1497, Medellín, Spain – late in 1528, Palos de la Frontera, Spain) was a Spanish conquistador in New Spain (Mexico) and briefly co-governor of the colony while Hernan Cortés was away from the capital (March 2, 1527 to August 22, 1527).
Sandoval was the youngest of the lieutenants of Cortés. They arrived together in New Spain in 1519. After the subjugation of Moctezuma, Cortés placed him in command at Villa Rica de Vera Cruz as alguacil mayor. He seized the messengers of Pánfilo de Narváez, who demanded the surrender of the town, and sent them as prisoners to Cortés. In the ensuing battle, it was Sandoval who captured Narváez.
He led the vanguard in the Spanish retreat on the Noche Triste in 1520. He conducted operations against the Aztecs from a post called Segura, near Tepeaca. He stayed there until the brigantines were built for the attack by water on the capital, when he went to Tlaxcala to direct their transportation overland.
Along the way he was ordered to conquer a town the Spanish had named poblado morisco (Moorish town) in Calpulalpa or Sultepec. The population fled at the approach of the Spanish. Sandoval found some horse hides hung in a temple. (The Indians had no horses.) In another temple he found the inscription: "Here was imprisoned the hapless Juan Yuste, with many others I brought in my company." Yuste was one of the soldiers who had arrived with Narváez. Sandoval destroyed the town, and then returned to his task of transporting the vessels for the attack on Tenochtitlan.
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Guachichil
Of all the Chichimeca natives, the Guachichiles occupied the most extensive territory, stretching north to Saltillo in Coahuila and to the northern corners of Michoacán in the south. Considered both warlike and brave, the Guachichiles roamed through a large section of the Zacatecas, as well as portions of San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato and northeastern Jalisco.
The Guachichiles played a major role in provoking the other Chichimeca tribes to resist the Spanish settlement. The historian Philip Wayne Powell wrote, "Their strategic position in relation to Spanish mines and highways, made them especially effective in raiding and in escape from Spanish reprisal."[1][2]
The Guachichiles were known to paint their bodies, hair, and faces in red dye. For this reason they were called "guachichile" by the Mexica, meaning "heads painted red".
The Guachichil language is now extinct and very little is known about it. It may have been an Uto-Aztecan language closely related to the Huichol language.
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Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnaŋ korˈtes de monˈroj i piˈθaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died peacefully but embittered, six years later.
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Huichol people
The Huichol or Wixáritari (Huichol pronunciation: /wiˈraɾitaɾi/) are a Native American ethnic group of western central Mexico, living in the Sierra Madre Occidental range in the Mexican states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango. They are best known to the larger world as the Huichol, however, they refer to themselves as Wixáritari ("the people") in their native Huichol language. The adjectival form of Wixáritari and name for their own language is Wixárika.
The Huichol claim that they originated in the province of San Luis Potosí but later migrated westward to the parts of Sierra of Nayarit, Sierra of Jalisco, Desert of Zacatecas, and Sierra of Durango in which the rugged Sierra of the Huichol is found. Once yearly, some Huichol journey back to San Luís, their ancestral homeland to perform "Mitote" Peyote (Hikuri, in Wixarika) ceremonies.
The three main Huichol communities belong to the municipality of Mezquitic, Jalisco and are called San Sebastián Teponohuastlan (Wautüa in Huichol), Santa María Cuexcomatitlán (Tuapuri in Huichol) and San Andrés Cohamiata (Tatei Kié in Huichol). Other Wixarika communities include Guadalupe Ocotán (in Nayarit), and Santa Catarina and Tuxpán de Bolaños in Jalisco. However only around 7,000 Wixáritari live in their homeland while some 13,000 have migrated to other places within Nayarit, and other still live in La Sierra de La Yesca.
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Jared Borgetti
Jared Francisco Borgetti Echavarría (born 14 August 1973) is a former Mexican footballer. Borgetti is the all-time leading goal scorer for the Mexican national team, with 46 goals. A prolific goal scorer at both club and national level, Borgetti was renowned for his heading ability. He is popularly known by his nickname of El Zorro del Desierto ("The Desert Fox") due to his first professional team and his birthplace. He is currently an analyst for ESPN Deportes for football matches and the show Fútbol Picante.
Borgetti began his young career with Atlas in the Primera División de México on 6 March 1994, debuting in a 3–1 loss over Club América. After two successful seasons, he signed with Santos Laguna, where he claimed three golden boot titles for most goals in the season in his seven year participation with club. With Santos, he won two league championships. Borgetti later signed a one-year contract with promoted team Dorados de Sinaloa, where he stated he wanted to play in his home team, before joining Pachuca, where he had little activity due to the qualifying games for the World Cup.
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Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica (Spanish: Mesoamérica) is a region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
As a cultural area, Mesoamerica is defined by a mosaic of cultural traits developed and shared by its indigenous cultures. Beginning as early as 7000 BC the domestication of maize, beans, squash and chili, as well as the turkey and dog, caused a transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer tribal grouping to the organization of sedentary agricultural villages. In the subsequent formative period, agriculture and cultural traits such as a complex mythological and religious tradition, a vigesimal numeric system, and a complex calendric system, a tradition of ball playing, and a distinct architectural style, were diffused through the area. Also in this period villages began to become socially stratified and develop into chiefdoms with the development of large ceremonial centers, interconnected by a network of trade routes for the exchange of luxury goods such as obsidian, jade, cacao, cinnabar, Spondylus shells, hematite, and ceramics. While Mesoamerican civilization did know of the wheel and basic metallurgy, neither of these technologies became culturally important.
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Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important sociopolitical event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century.
After prolonged struggles, its representatives produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of warfare well into the 1920s. The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was the most significant relapse into bloodshed.
The Revolution led to the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario ("National Revolutionary Party") in 1929; it was renamed the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) (PRI) in 1946. Under a variety of leaders, the PRI held power until the general election of 2000.
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Nahua peoples
The Nahuas are a group of indigenous peoples of Mexico. Their language of Uto-Aztecan affiliation is called Nahuatl and consists of many more dialects and variants, a number of which are mutually unintelligible. About 1,500,000 Nahua speak Nahuatl and another 1,000,000 speak only Spanish.
Evidence suggests the Nahua peoples originated in the southwestern part of what is now the United States and northwestern Mexico. They split off from the other Uto-Aztecan speaking peoples and migrated into central Mexico around 500 CE. They settled in and around the Basin of Mexico and spread out to become the dominant people in central Mexico. Some of the most important Mesoamerican civilizations were of Nahua ethnicity, including the Toltec and Aztec cultures, as well as the Tepaneca, Acolhua, Tlaxcaltec, Xochimilca, and many others.
The name Nahua is derived from the Nahuatl word nāhuatl, which means "clear", "intelligible" or "speaking the Nahuatl language". It was used in contrast with popoloca, "to speak unintelligibly" or "speak a foreign language". Another, related term is Nahuatlaca, literally "Nahua people".
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Nuño de Guzmán
Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán or sometimes Nuño de Guzmán (ca. 1490 – 1558) was a Spanish conquistador and colonial administrator in New Spain. He was Governor of the province of Pánuco from 1525–1533, and of Nueva Galicia from 1529–1534, President of the first Audiencia from 1528-30. He founded several cities in Northwestern Mexico, including Guadalajara. Originally a bodyguard of King Charles, he was sent to Mexico to counterbalance the influence of Hernán Cortés, as the King of Spain worried he was becoming too powerful. As Governor of Pánuco, Guzmán cracked down hard on the supporters of Cortés. In the resulting power struggles where he also made himself an enemy of important churchmen, Guzmán came out the loser. In 1537 he was arrested for treason, abuse of power, mistreatment of the indigenous inhabitants of his territories and he was sent to Spain in shackles. His subsequent reputation, in scholarship and popular discourse, has been that of a cruel, violent and irrational tyrant, but recent scholarship has suggested that while he was certainly no benevolent ruler or a friend of the Indians, his policies and actions were supported by the Spanish Crown and in line with contemporary heavyhanded colonial practices. His legacy has partly been colored by the fact that history was written largely by his political opponents, among them Hernán Cortés, Juan de Zumarraga and Vasco de Quiroga.
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Oswaldo Sánchez
Oswaldo Javier Sánchez Ibarra (born September 21, 1973 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a Mexican footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Santos Laguna in the Mexican Primera División, where he is also the team captain. He has 99 caps for Mexico. He was also the cover of the North American edition of FIFA Football 2005.
Oswaldo Sánchez debuted with F.C. Atlas at the age of 15 on October 30, 1988 against Chelsea F.C. where the teams tied the game at 1–1. He debuted by entering as a sub when the goalkeeper injured himself in a strong accidental play. Two years after his debut, he was a starter on the team and led Atlas to the Quarterfinals where they were eliminated by CD Veracruz. In the summer of 1996, Sánchez was transferred to Club América. The following season, Sánchez was benched and replaced as goalkeeper by Hugo Pineda. Sánchez played three out of 19 games, including the quarterfinals where América was eliminated by Monarcas Morelia. The following season, Sánchez went back into the starting line-up and led America. In the summer of 1999, Sánchez left América for rival Chivas de Guadalajara.
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Pedro de Alvarado
Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, ca. 1485 or ca. 1495 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes. He is considered the conquistador of most of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras). Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. Historiography portrays that indigenous people, both Nahuatl-speakers and speakers of other languages, called him Tonatiuh, meaning "sun" in the Nahuatl language. Yet he was also called "Red Sun" in Nahuatl, which allows a variety of interpretations. Whether this epithet refers to Don Alvarado's red hair, some esoteric quality attributed to him, or both, is disputed.
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Pope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.
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Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a volunteer in the Reform War and then a leader of the successful rebellion against French intervention, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N. Méndez as interim president, and a four-year term served by his political ally Manuel González from 1880 to 1884. Commonly considered by historians to have been a dictator, he is a controversial figure in Mexican history. The period of his leadership was marked by significant internal stability (known as the "paz porfiriana"), modernization, and economic growth. However, Díaz's regime grew unpopular due to repression and political stagnation, and he fell from power during the Mexican Revolution, after he had imprisoned his electoral rival and declared himself the winner of an eighth term in office. The 35 years in which Díaz ruled Mexico are referred to as the Porfiriato.
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Rafael Márquez
Rafael Márquez Álvarez (born 13 February 1979 in Zamora, Michoacán) is a Mexican footballer who plays for New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer and the Mexico national team. He plays as a centre back or defensive midfielder.
He spent over a decade playing in France and Spain and is considered one of the best Mexican defenders of all time. He won numerous titles with Monaco and FC Barcelona. After winning the 2006 UEFA Champions League with Barcelona, he became the first Mexican to win the honour, something Mexican legend Hugo Sánchez was not able to do while playing for Real Madrid.
Márquez began his career at Mexican club Atlas, for whom he débuted in 1996 at only 17 years old. Márquez rose to prominence while with Atlas, making 77 appearances for the team and being runner-up in the league losing the final against Deportivo Toluca in penalties.
In 1996, Monaco purchased him for €7 million. Monaco scouts had gone to see Pablo Contreras during the Copa América tournament. After seeing Márquez play, they signed both players. In his first season, he helped lead Monaco to become Ligue 1 champions, in which he played a vital part in defence. In 2003, Márquez was signed by La Liga giants FC Barcelona.
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Reform War
The Reform War (Spanish: Guerra de Reforma) in Mexico is one of the episodes of the long struggle between Liberal and Conservative forces that dominated the country’s history in the 19th century. The Liberals wanted a federalist government, limiting traditional Catholic Church and military influence in the country. The Conservatives wanted a centralist government, even a monarchy with the Church and military keeping their traditional roles and powers. This struggle erupted into a full civil war when the Liberals, then in control of the government after ousting Antonio López de Santa Anna, began to implement a series of laws designed to strip the Church and military, but especially the Church, of its rights, powers and property. Conservative resistance to this culminated in the Plan of Tacubaya, which destroyed the government of President Ignacio Comonfort and caused the remaining Liberals to move their government to the city of Veracruz. The Conservatives controlled Mexico City and much of central Mexico, but the rest of the states chose whether to side with the Conservative or Liberal government. Being less experienced militarily, the Liberals lost most of the early battles, but the tide turned when Conservatives twice failed to take Veracruz. Liberal victories accumulated thereafter until Conservative forces surrendered in December 1860. While the Conservative forces lost the war, guerrillas remained active in the countryside for years after, and Conservatives in Mexico would conspire with French forces to install Maximilian I as emperor during the following French Intervention in Mexico.
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Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.
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Tequila
Tequila (Spanish pronunciation: [teˈkila]) is a distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant, primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila, 65 kilometres (40 mi) northwest of Guadalajara, and in the highlands (Los Altos) of the western Mexican state of Jalisco.
The red volcanic soil in the surrounding region is particularly well suited to the growing of the blue agave, and more than 300 million of the plants are harvested there each year. Agave tequila grows differently depending on the region. Blue agaves grown in the highlands region are larger in size and sweeter in aroma and taste. Agaves harvested in the lowlands, on the other hand, have a more herbaceous fragrance and flavor.
Mexican laws state that tequila can be produced only in the state of Jalisco and limited regions in the states of Guanajuato, Michoacán, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas. Mexico has claimed the exclusive international right to the word "tequila", threatening legal actions against manufacturers of distilled blue agave spirits in other countries.
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Venustiano Carranza
Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (28 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914, and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted. He was assassinated near the end of his term of office at the behest of a cabal of army generals resentful at his insistence that his successor be a civilian.
Carranza was born in the town of Cuatro Ciénegas, in the state of Coahuila, in 1859, to an upper middle-class cattle-ranching family. His father, Jesús Carranza, had been a rancher and mule driver until the time of the Reform War (1857–1861), in which he fought against the Indians and on the Liberal side. During the Franco-Mexican War (1861–1867), Jesús Carranza became a colonel and was Benito Juárez's main contact in Coahuila. Jesus Carranza's connection to Juarez caught the attention of Venustiano, who would idolize Juarez.
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Victoriano Huerta
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (22 December 1850 – 13 January 1916) was a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico. Huerta's supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican Revolution. Huerta is still vilified by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal ("The Jackal") or El Usurpador ("The Usurper").
Victoriano Huerta was born in the settlement of Agua Gorda within the municipality of Colotlán, Jalisco, son of Jesús Huerta and María Lázara del Refugio Márquez. He identified himself as indigenous, and historians have claimed that his father was ethnically Huichol. He learned to read and write early on and in 1869, he was recruited by General Donato Guerra to serve as his personal secretary. In that role, he distinguished himself; with the aid of General Guerra and President Benito Juárez, he gained admission to the Mexican National Military Academy (Heroico Colegio Militar) at Chapultepec in Mexico City in 1872.
Upon graduating from the military academy in 1877, he was employed by the Corps of Engineers to perform topographic studies in the states of Puebla and Veracruz, where he met Emilia Águila Moya, his future wife. He married Emilia Águila on 21 November 1880 in Mexico City. Together they had eleven children. The names of his children surviving him in 1916 were Jorge, Maria Elisa, Victor, Luz, Elena, Dagoberto, Eva and Celia.
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Wirikuta
Wirikuta is a site, sacred to the Wixarrica Huichol Indians high in the mountains of central Mexico, between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Zacatecas ranges. In Wixarricas's mythology it is believed the world was created in Wirikuta.
The first appearance of the sun was made in Wirikuta , and it is the sacred land of the Huichols' deified ancestors. They have sacred places on each one of the cardinal directions and the centre.
Huichols carry out yearly pilgrimages to Wirikuta or Huiricuta between October and March, they follow the journey of their deities from Haramara's sea to the place where the Sun appeared (Reunax), the Cerro Quemado (Leunaxü). Those Gods were guided by Tatewari, the Grandfather Fire. There, a Deer (maxa) used his horns to rise the sun to the sky, illuminating the world.
In order to follow the sacred journey, every year the maraka'ames (chamanes) travel 248.54 miles (400 kilometers) since wixarrica's area in Jalisco to San Luis Potosí. At the beginning they walk towards Takata, a sacred area in Sierra Madre Occidental where the temple guard (xuxuricare) will ask for a safe journey. The next step is kalihuey, a Main Temple where they join Wixarricas authorities. They collect peyote - a cactus containing hallucinogens - along the way, they believe the peyote enables the Huichols to commune directly with their ancestors and deities. During the journey two children have to walk with they face covered and people can only drink water, the journey is in a silent contemplative status. Peyote's consumers initial ritual consist of a sexual sin's confession at Wirikuta in front of a fire that invokes Tatehuari while a Maraka'me hits their legs with a stick to avoid them to omit any detail.
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Álvaro Obregón
General Álvaro Obregón Salido (19 February 1880 – 17 July 1928) was the President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. He was assassinated in 1928, shortly after winning election to another presidential term.
A successful Sonoran chickpea farmer and municipal president of Huatabampo, Obregón first entered military service in 1912 as a supporter of the regime of Francisco I. Madero against a rebellion in Chihuahua led by Pascual Orozco. Following La decena trágica in 1913, when Madero was assasinated, Obregón offered his military services to the Sonoran government to the regime of Victoriano Huerta, Madero's murderer. He supported Sonora's decision to follow Venustiano Carranza as leader of a revolution against the Huerta regime, and Carranza appointed Obregón commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico. Following tensions with the caudillo Pancho Villa, Carranza ordered Obregón to fight against troops loyal to both Villa and Emiliano Zapata, both former military allies of Carranza.
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EL KOMANDER-TEQUILA JALISCO(ESTUDIO)2012
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- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
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Rancho Atotonilco Jalisco Mexico
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- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Piscando Mangos
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Ruiz championship game SMAA vs Jalisco
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- Duration: 79:12
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
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Tequila Jalisco - El Komander [Estudio 2012]
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- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
SUBSCRIBANSE !!! AKI LES DEJO ALGO PA TODOS LOS DE JALISCO POR KE NO JAJA CERO KORRIENTADAS YA SE LA SAVEN AKI ESTAMOS BIEN PILAS bitshare.com
http://wn.com/Tequila_Jalisco_El_Komander_Estudio_2012_
SUBSCRIBANSE !!! AKI LES DEJO ALGO PA TODOS LOS DE JALISCO POR KE NO JAJA CERO KORRIENTADAS YA SE LA SAVEN AKI ESTAMOS BIEN PILAS bitshare.com
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 323792
- author: 454JUNIORTAPIA901
Gorrion de Nayarit monta10 toros seleccionados de Jalisco en Colomos Colima 2012 ESTA VEZ NO SE PUDO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:43
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
LAS MAQUINAS DE RANCHO EL FARALLON SACAN DE LA JUGADA A GORRION DE NAYARIT CON SU TORO, ULTIMO GUERRERO EN LA 8VA MONTA, GORRION DIJO; ESTA VEZ PERDI, ASI ES AMIGOS SE PERDIO UNA BATALLA MAS NO LA GUERRA Y NI ASI LOS GANADEROS LE PERDERAN EL RESPETO, SABEMOS QUE GORRION ES UN JINETE COMPLETO QUE NOS SEGUIRA DANDO BUENAS JUGADAS.
http://wn.com/Gorrion_de_Nayarit_monta10_toros_seleccionados_de_Jalisco_en_Colomos_Colima_2012_ESTA_VEZ_NO_SE_PUDO
LAS MAQUINAS DE RANCHO EL FARALLON SACAN DE LA JUGADA A GORRION DE NAYARIT CON SU TORO, ULTIMO GUERRERO EN LA 8VA MONTA, GORRION DIJO; ESTA VEZ PERDI, ASI ES AMIGOS SE PERDIO UNA BATALLA MAS NO LA GUERRA Y NI ASI LOS GANADEROS LE PERDERAN EL RESPETO, SABEMOS QUE GORRION ES UN JINETE COMPLETO QUE NOS SEGUIRA DANDO BUENAS JUGADAS.
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 22818
- author: tvrevistajarext
VALENTIN ELIZALDE ~ EN VIVO DESDE TEPATITLAN JALISCO ~ [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 93:15
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
EN PAZ DESCANSE VALENTIN ELIZALDE EL GALLO DE OROCopyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/VALENTIN_ELIZALDE_~_EN_VIVO_DESDE_TEPATITLAN_JALISCO_~_HD_
EN PAZ DESCANSE VALENTIN ELIZALDE EL GALLO DE OROCopyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 371276
- author: Adrian Franco
PRIístas golpean manifestantes durante informe en Jalisco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/PRIístas_golpean_manifestantes_durante_informe_en_Jalisco
"El 2 o Eliseo"(Cheyo Antrax)Los Codiciados de Jalisco 2013 En Vivo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Corridon del Cheyo! 2013 Saludos a los Codiciados de Jalisco y al Compa JL!! Video Official Download 2: adf.ly Free Macbook: www.points2shop.com
http://wn.com/El_2_o_EliseoCheyo_AntraxLos_Codiciados_de_Jalisco_2013_En_Vivo
Corridon del Cheyo! 2013 Saludos a los Codiciados de Jalisco y al Compa JL!! Video Official Download 2: adf.ly Free Macbook: www.points2shop.com
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 1456
- author: SRG1er
¡Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 102:37
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Salvador es ya un hombre después de la violenta muerte de sus padres. Cuando conoce a Carmela, una bella mujer, muchas cosas se interpondrán entre ellos, incluido el grupo de maleantes que mató a sus padres. Ahora tendrá que pelear, tanto por amor como por venganza.
http://wn.com/¡Ay,_Jalisco,_no_te_rajes!
Salvador es ya un hombre después de la violenta muerte de sus padres. Cuando conoce a Carmela, una bella mujer, muchas cosas se interpondrán entre ellos, incluido el grupo de maleantes que mató a sus padres. Ahora tendrá que pelear, tanto por amor como por venganza.
- published: 10 Apr 2012
- views: 26258
- author: butaca
Invasion al jalisco, Tigres UANL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Este video se subi� de un tel�fono Android.
http://wn.com/Invasion_al_jalisco,_Tigres_UANL
Pesan mucho los cuernos - Grupo AGUA - Homenaje a San Miguel el Alto Jalisco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Participación del Grupo AGUA en vivo en el Gran Homenaje a San MIguel el Alto Jalisco. Recuerdos de 2008.
http://wn.com/Pesan_mucho_los_cuernos_Grupo_AGUA_Homenaje_a_San_Miguel_el_Alto_Jalisco
Participación del Grupo AGUA en vivo en el Gran Homenaje a San MIguel el Alto Jalisco. Recuerdos de 2008.
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 19
- author: HomeStudiAguaDigital
Vista Hermosa, municipio de Tamazula de Gordiano, Jalisco Mexico. Chago
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Aqui yo Chago tome este video con mi iPhone4 en las Ma#anitas de la Virgen de Guadalupe en las Fiestas de Santa Cruz el dia 05 de Diciembre 2011.....
http://wn.com/Vista_Hermosa,_municipio_de_Tamazula_de_Gordiano,_Jalisco_Mexico_Chago
Aqui yo Chago tome este video con mi iPhone4 en las Ma#anitas de la Virgen de Guadalupe en las Fiestas de Santa Cruz el dia 05 de Diciembre 2011.....
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 428
- author: Encarnacion Santiago Aguilar. Chago
El Komander TEQUILA JALISCO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
El Komander performing TEQUILA JALISCO Incluido en BÊLICO (c)2012 Disponible en iTunes www.bit.ly Visita www.elkomander.com.mx http Twitter @El_Komander1 Contacto ►DAVID GARCIA P 124*415878*3 6862614912 david.garcia@elkomander.com.mx
http://wn.com/El_Komander_TEQUILA_JALISCO
El Komander performing TEQUILA JALISCO Incluido en BÊLICO (c)2012 Disponible en iTunes www.bit.ly Visita www.elkomander.com.mx http Twitter @El_Komander1 Contacto ►DAVID GARCIA P 124*415878*3 6862614912 david.garcia@elkomander.com.mx
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 20062
- author: KOMANDERBELICO
Alejandra Gómez - A Quien Corresponda Jalisco 7 de Enero de 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Alejandra Gómez - A Quien Corresponda Jalisco 7 de Enero de 2013 Azteca 7 Azteca Jalisco TV Azteca
http://wn.com/Alejandra_Gómez_A_Quien_Corresponda_Jalisco_7_de_Enero_de_2013
Alejandra Gómez - A Quien Corresponda Jalisco 7 de Enero de 2013 Azteca 7 Azteca Jalisco TV Azteca
- published: 07 Jan 2013
- views: 225
- author: AQCJalisco
auxilio me estoy enamorando/ azucena la de jalisco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
bn bonita la rola
http://wn.com/auxilio_me_estoy_enamorando_azucena_la_de_jalisco
PDMU 1ra. Unidad José María Morelos y Pavón, XV Zona Jalisco, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
UN AÑO MÁS Orgullosamente un año más de activiades de la 1ra. Unidad José Ma. Morelos y Pavón. Y con estás imagenes de algunas actividades, les deseamos Feliz Año Nuevo a todos nuestros familiares, compañeros, amigos y hermanos PENTATHLETAS, así como a cada uno de los elementos que son y han sido parte de nuestra unidad por convicción. A nuestro estado Mayor de Zona, gracias por su valioso apoyo, así como nuestra mayor subordinación y respeto. ATENTAMENTE: "PATRIA, HONOR Y FUERZA"
http://wn.com/PDMU_1ra_Unidad_José_María_Morelos_y_Pavón,_XV_Zona_Jalisco,_2012
UN AÑO MÁS Orgullosamente un año más de activiades de la 1ra. Unidad José Ma. Morelos y Pavón. Y con estás imagenes de algunas actividades, les deseamos Feliz Año Nuevo a todos nuestros familiares, compañeros, amigos y hermanos PENTATHLETAS, así como a cada uno de los elementos que son y han sido parte de nuestra unidad por convicción. A nuestro estado Mayor de Zona, gracias por su valioso apoyo, así como nuestra mayor subordinación y respeto. ATENTAMENTE: "PATRIA, HONOR Y FUERZA"
- published: 01 Jan 2013
- views: 85
- author: Rossy Sánchez Rivera
Baile Calibre 50 en Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco Mexico 2012. Chago.....
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:34
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Yo Chago, tome este Video con mi Iphone en el Baile de el "Calibre 50" en el Lienzo Charro de Ciudad Guzman, municipio de Zapotlan el Grande Jalisco. En las Fiestas de el Senor San Jose y la Virgen Maria el dia 20 de Octubre 2012. Como me diverti este dia, ejejejejejejejej.....
http://wn.com/Baile_Calibre_50_en_Ciudad_Guzman,_Jalisco_Mexico_2012_Chago
Yo Chago, tome este Video con mi Iphone en el Baile de el "Calibre 50" en el Lienzo Charro de Ciudad Guzman, municipio de Zapotlan el Grande Jalisco. En las Fiestas de el Senor San Jose y la Virgen Maria el dia 20 de Octubre 2012. Como me diverti este dia, ejejejejejejejej.....
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 129
- author: Encarnacion Santiago Aguilar. Chago
Vista Hermosa, municipio de Tamazula de Gordiano, Jalisco Mexico. Chago
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Aqui yo Chago, tome este Video con mi iPhone 4 en las Ma#anitas de la Feria de Santa Cruz en Diciembre 11, 2011.....
http://wn.com/Vista_Hermosa,_municipio_de_Tamazula_de_Gordiano,_Jalisco_Mexico_Chago
Aqui yo Chago, tome este Video con mi iPhone 4 en las Ma#anitas de la Feria de Santa Cruz en Diciembre 11, 2011.....
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 505
- author: Encarnacion Santiago Aguilar. Chago
Son de la Negra (Jalisco, México)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Stephanie and Lorena dancing El Son de la Negra on Fisherman´s Wharf (Victoria, BC, Canada) as part of the celebrations for the opening of the new location of "Puerto Vallarta Amigos". These guys have the best Mexican Food in town! Congratulations!!!
http://wn.com/Son_de_la_Negra_Jalisco,_México
Stephanie and Lorena dancing El Son de la Negra on Fisherman´s Wharf (Victoria, BC, Canada) as part of the celebrations for the opening of the new location of "Puerto Vallarta Amigos". These guys have the best Mexican Food in town! Congratulations!!!
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 1500
- author: alfcea
Toro de Once del Tecnologico con la Banda MS, en Ciudad Guzman Jalisco 2012. Chago.....
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:10
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Yo Chago, tome este video con mi Iphone en el Baile de la Banda MS en el Lienzo Charro de Zapotlan el Grande, en las Fiestas del Se#or San Jose y la Virgen Maria en Octubre 18 del 2012.....
http://wn.com/Toro_de_Once_del_Tecnologico_con_la_Banda_MS,_en_Ciudad_Guzman_Jalisco_2012_Chago
Yo Chago, tome este video con mi Iphone en el Baile de la Banda MS en el Lienzo Charro de Zapotlan el Grande, en las Fiestas del Se#or San Jose y la Virgen Maria en Octubre 18 del 2012.....
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 299
- author: Encarnacion Santiago Aguilar. Chago
Banda La Perrona de Jalisco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Dia 15
http://wn.com/Banda_La_Perrona_de_Jalisco
Contrastes entre Enrique Alfaro y Aristóteles Sandoval - 2° Debate Jalisco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Los jaliscienses nos escucharon y pusieron en la balanza las dos visiones de gobierno que aún se encuentran en la contienda. Aristoteles se exhibió, una vez más, como el candidato de las mentiras y las ocurrencias. Necesitamos un proyecto que involucre a los ciudadanos y que de resultados. Nosotros, ya lo hicimos en Tlajomulco y vamos por Jalisco. No voy a fallarles, ¡vamos a ganar este primero de Julio! enriquealfaro.mx
http://wn.com/Contrastes_entre_Enrique_Alfaro_y_Aristóteles_Sandoval_2°_Debate_Jalisco
Los jaliscienses nos escucharon y pusieron en la balanza las dos visiones de gobierno que aún se encuentran en la contienda. Aristoteles se exhibió, una vez más, como el candidato de las mentiras y las ocurrencias. Necesitamos un proyecto que involucre a los ciudadanos y que de resultados. Nosotros, ya lo hicimos en Tlajomulco y vamos por Jalisco. No voy a fallarles, ¡vamos a ganar este primero de Julio! enriquealfaro.mx
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 34289
- author: EnriqueAlfaroR
Toro de Once con la Banda MS en Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco Mexico 2012. Chago.....
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:54
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Yo Chago tome este video con mi Iphone en el Toro de Once donde toco la Banda MS, en las Fiestas del Se#or San Jose y la Virgen Maria de Zapotlan el Grande el 18 de Octubre 2012. Estuvo bien chido el Baile jejejejejejejej.....
http://wn.com/Toro_de_Once_con_la_Banda_MS_en_Ciudad_Guzman,_Jalisco_Mexico_2012_Chago
Yo Chago tome este video con mi Iphone en el Toro de Once donde toco la Banda MS, en las Fiestas del Se#or San Jose y la Virgen Maria de Zapotlan el Grande el 18 de Octubre 2012. Estuvo bien chido el Baile jejejejejejejej.....
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 448
- author: Encarnacion Santiago Aguilar. Chago
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: AP / Joerg Koch
07 Jan 2013
NEW YORK – In the shadow of the euro crisis and America’s fiscal cliff, it is easy to ignore the global economy’s long-term problems. But, while we focus on immediate concerns, they continue to fester, and we overlook them at our peril. The most serious is global warming. While the global economy’s weak performance has led to a corresponding slowdown in the increase in carbon emissions, it amounts to only a short respite ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: US Army / Sgt. Christopher Bonebrake
07 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Congress granted President Lyndon B. Johnson absolute powers to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression," Congress could have also included "all necessary vanities." The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which greatly escalated a foreign imperial war in Vietnam, added fuel to the bonfires of vanity....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
05 Jan 2013
Tweet. New Delhi, Jan 5 (ANI). The male friend of the 23-year-old medical student, who was gang-raped and left unclothed and bleeding in the street and later died in hospital two weeks after she was attacked on December 16 on a private bus in New Delhi, has said that things would have gone differently if someone had stopped to help ... "It would have been a very different scenario today, had even one person come to our help that day ... (ANI)....(size: 3.8Kb)
Stockhouse
07 Jan 2013
TORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwire - Jan ... About Cerro Resources. Cerro Resources is a precious and base metals exploration and development company. The Company is currently focused on Mexico where it is advancing the Cerro del Gallo gold/silver project in the central state of Guanajuato, Mexico, actively exploring the Namiquipa silver project in northern Mexico, and commencing exploration on the Espiritu Santo gold/silver project in Jalisco....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Examiner
06 Jan 2013
However. this wasn't always the case ... The saga started in 1897. Gaspar Vargas , a guitarra de golpe player who resided in the small town of Tecalitlan located in the southern part of the Mexican state of Jalisco, decided to start a quartet ... He also avoided direct comparisons with Tapatio by avoiding performances in Mexico City concentrating on becoming the best in Jalisco ... In spite of all the success, Silvestre Vargas was not satisfied ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
The Hindu
05 Jan 2013
Earlier the same night, two men were killed in a separate attack in another bar called Futuro, he said ... Police in the western state of Jalisco said seven additional bodies with gunshot wounds were found on the border with neighbouring Michoacan state yesterday morning - again organised criminal gangs were presumed responsible ... Keywords....(size: 1.6Kb)
Business Wire
04 Jan 2013
Management believes that the Company has demonstrated substantial compliance with the intent and spirit of the Plan to become an “operating company” by signing an agreement effective April 26, 2012, granting the Company the right to earn an undivided 51% interest in the La Tortuga property, a copper and gold prospect located in Jalisco State, Mexico, and conducting exploration activities at the La Tortuga property ... ICSID Arbitration ....(size: 10.5Kb)
The Examiner
04 Jan 2013
CD Chivas de Guadalajara has cut ties with coach John Van’t Schip and hired former coach Benjamin Galindo. The club announced their decision on Thursday releasing the Dutchman who was brought in during Barcelona legend Johan Cruyff’s tenure as team assessor ... America signs Stuttgart’s RodriguezChicharito begins year with a doubleChivas fall to Tecos in preseason warm-up gameAtlas wins Jalisco preseason ‘Clasico’. ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Signon San Diego
04 Jan 2013
TIJUANA — The Mexican army general who has led the battle against drug-trafficking gangs in Baja California over the past four years took a new job in Mexico City this week. During his tenure, Gen ... Gilberto Hernández Abreu, a 60-year-old general who once served as military attaché at the Mexican Embassy in Washington, D.C., and most recently headed Mexican army efforts against drug traffickers in the central state of Jalisco ... Call....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Examiner
04 Jan 2013
Oregon's Marion County Correctional Facility (MCCF) is located 915 miles from the U.S./Mexican border, but you would never know it after a look at some of the 400 inmates being held at the facility ... Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, and Vera Cruz - .04; Chihuahua - .05; Guanajato, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oazaca, Quintana Roo, and Sonora - .08; and Colima .08 - .10 ... and W....(size: 5.3Kb)
Stockhouse
04 Jan 2013
Management believes that the Company has demonstrated substantial compliance with the intent and spirit of the Plan to become an “operating company” by signing an agreement effective April 26, 2012, granting the Company the right to earn an undivided 51% interest in the La Tortuga property, a copper and gold prospect located in Jalisco State, Mexico, and conducting exploration activities at the La Tortuga property ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
The Examiner
01 Jan 2013
Mexican national team player Javier “Chicharito” Hernandez began 2013 on a positive foot scoring two goals in the Manchester United 4-0 rout of Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium Tuesday. Dutchman Robin Van Persie also scored a pair bringing his personal tally to 19 ... Chivas fall to Tecos in preseason warm-up gameFC Porto eyes Monterrey’s CoronaAtlas wins Jalisco preseason ‘Clasico’Chivas legend Salvador Reyes passes away. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Kansas City Star
01 Jan 2013
Posole — pronounced poh-SOH-lay — is a Mexican soup from the Jalisco region that is traditionally served at Christmastime. But there is no reason to serve this hearty soup just once a year. The Star’s Lighter Chicken Posole With Spinach combines the flavors and textures of the classic while tweaking several ingredients to make them better fit a contemporary diet and lifestyle ... Instead we use canned hominy ... ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
01 Jan 2013
Tony Cardenas' hands were chilled from the frozen turkeys he'd been handing out, but he hardly seemed to notice, so busy was he greeting constituents at his annual food giveaway for the needy. This would be the last holiday he would conduct the event as a Los Angeles City councilman. He handily won election to Congress on Nov ... 3 ... Andres and Maria Cardenas had come from Jalisco as newlyweds so he could work in the fields near Stockton ... 0 ... ....(size: 34.1Kb)
The Examiner
31 Dec 2012
For the third time this month the Portuguese giants have looked to La Liga MX for a possible reinforcement. The dragons are looking at CF Monterrey’s Jesus Corona, a talented midfielder that was part of the Monterrey team that took third place at the FIFA Clubs World Cup, scoring a pair of goals for his team ... Chivas fall to Tecos in preseason warm-up gameAtlas wins Jalisco preseason ‘Clasico’Chivas legend Salvador Reyes passes awayCWC....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Examiner
31 Dec 2012
Chivas de Guadalajara cannot get going this preseason, this time they fell to Liga de Ascenso’s Tecos UAG 3-2 in a closed-door match at the Tres de marzo stadium in Guadalajara ... Daniel Cisneros, Eduardo Lillingston and Diego Martiñones scored for Tecos ... UAG was up 3-1 ... Atlas wins Jalisco preseason ‘Clasico’Chivas legend Salvador Reyes passes awayMexico leads CONCACAF in FIFA rankingXoloitzcuintles crowned Mexican league champions. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
| Jalisco | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
| Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco | |||
|
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| Motto: Jalisco es México (Jalisco is Mexico) |
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 |
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| Coordinates: 20°34′00″N 103°40′35″W / 20.5666667°N 103.67639°W / 20.5666667; -103.67639Coordinates: 20°34′00″N 103°40′35″W / 20.5666667°N 103.67639°W / 20.5666667; -103.67639 | |||
| Country | Mexico | ||
| Capital | Guadalajara | ||
| Largest city | Guadalajara | ||
| Municipalities | 125 | ||
| Admission | December 23, 1823[1] | ||
| Order | 9th | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | Emilio González .svg){kind=small} |
||
| • Senators[2] | Alberto Cárdenas Héctor Pérez Plazola Ramiro Hernández .svg){kind=small} |
||
| • Deputies[3] |
|
||
| Area[4] | |||
| • Total | 78,599 km2 (30,347 sq mi) | ||
| Ranked 6th | |||
| Highest elevation[5] | 4,260 m (13,980 ft) | ||
| Population (2010)[6] | |||
| • Total | 7,350,682 | ||
| • Rank | 4th | ||
| • Density | 94/km2 (240/sq mi) | ||
| • Density rank | 11th | ||
| Demonym | Jalisciense | ||
| Time zone | CST, (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| Postal code | 44-49 | ||
| Area code |
|
||
| ISO 3166 code | MX-JAL | ||
| HDI |  0.842 high Ranked 12th |
||
| GDP | US$ 97,650,000,000 Ranked 4th | ||
| Website | Official Web Site | ||
| ^ a. The state's GDP was 566,809,524 million of pesos in 2008,[7] amount corresponding to 44,281,994.06 millon of dollars, being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).[8] b. The state's flag was officially adopted in 2007[9] |
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Jalisco (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈlisko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara. It is one of the more important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history.[10] Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, tequila, jaripeo, etc. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
Contents |
Geography and environment[link]
With a total area of 78,599km2, Jalisco is the seventh largest state in Mexico, accounting for 4.1% of the country’s territory.[11][12][13] The state is in the center west of the country, bordering the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Colima and Michoacán with 342km of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the west.[13][11]
Jalisco is made up of a diverse terrain that includes forests, beaches, plains and lakes.[14] Altitudes in the state vary from between 0 and 4,300 meters above sea level from the coast to the top of the Nevado de Colima .[15][16] The Jalisco area contains all five of Mexico’s natural ecosystems: arid and semi arid scrublands, tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous and thorn forests, grasslands and mesquite grasslands and temperate forests with oaks, pines and firs.[16] Over 52% of the bird species found in Mexico live in the state, with 525, 40% of Mexico’s mammals with 173 and 18% of its reptile species. There are also 7,500 species of veined plants. One reason for its biodiversity is that is lies in the transition area between the temperate north and tropical south. It also lies at the northern edge of the Sierra Madre del Sur and is on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which provides a wide variety of ecological conditions from tropical rainforest conditions to semi arid areas to areas apt for conifer forests.[17]
Its five natural regions are Northwestern Plains and Sierras, Sierra Madre Occidental, Central Plateau, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which covers most of the state and the Sierra Madre del Sur.[15] It has an average altitude of 1550 masl, but ranges from 0 to over 4000 masl.[13] Most of the territory is semi flat of between 600 and 2,050 masl, followed by rugged terrain of between 900 and 4,260 masl and a small percentage of flat lands of between 0 and 1,750 masl. Priniciple elevations include the Nevado de Colima, the Volcan de Colima, the Sierra El Madroño, the Tequila Volcano, the Sierra Tapalpa, Sierra Los Huicholes, Sierra San Isidro, Sierra Manantlán, Cerro El Tigre, Cerro García, Sierra Lalo, Sierra Cacoma, Cerro Gordo, Sierra Verde and the Sierra Los Guajolotes.[17]
Jalisco’s rivers and streams eventually empty into the Pacific Ocean and are divided into three groups: the Lerma/Santiago River and its tributaries, rivers that empty directly into the Pacific and rivers in the south of the state.[17] Jalisco has several river basins with the most notable being that of the Lerma/Santiago River, which drains the northern and northeastern parts of the state.[15] The Lerma River enters extends from the State of Mexico and empties into Lake Chapala on the east side. On the west, water flows out in the Santiago River, which crosses the center of Jalisco on its way to the Pacific, carving deep canyons in the land.[17][16] Tributaries to the Santiago River include the Zula, the Verde River, the Juchipila and the Bolaños. About three quarters of the state’s population lives near this river system.[17] In the southwest of the state, there are a number of small rivers that empty directly into the Pacific Ocean. The most important of these is the Ameca, with its one main tributary, the Mascota River. This river forms the state’s border with Nayarit and empties into the Ipala Bay.[17] The Tomatlán, San Nicolás, Purificación, Marabasco-Minatitlán, Ayuquila, Tuxcacuesco, Armería and Tuxpan rivers flow almost perpendicular to the Pacific Ocean and drain the coastal area.[15] Another river of this group is the Cihuatlán River, which forms the boundary between Jalisco and Colima emptying into the Barra de Navidad Bay.[17] The southeastern corner belongs to the Balsas River basin.[15] This includes the Ayuqila and Tuxcacuesco, which join to form the Armería and the Tuxpan.[17]
The other main surface water is Lake Chapala, and is the largest and most important freshwater lake in Mexico, accounting for about half of the country’s lake surface.. The lake acts as a regulator of the flow of both the Lerma and Santiago Rivers.[17] There are a number of seasonal and salty lakes linking to form the Zacoalco-Sayula land-locked system.[15] There are other smaller lakes called Cajititlán, Sayula, San Marcos, and Atotonilco. Dams include the Cajón de Peña, Santa Rosa, La Vega, Tacotán and Las Piedras. Jalisco’s surface water accounts for fifteen percent of the surface freshwater in Mexico.[17]
In 1986, four beaches in Jalisco were designated as federal marine turtle sanctuaries: El Tecuán, Cuitzmala, Teopa and Playón de Mismaloya, with an extension of eight km.[17] Playa Majahuitas is 27km southwest of Puerto Vallarta with a rugged coastline, numerous inlets and outcroppings. The Cañon Submarino underwater canyon is located offshore. Chamela Bay has the greatest number of islets in Mexico, many of which are inhabited by numerous bird species.[18]
Jalisco has eight areas under conservation measures totaling 208,653.8 hectares. Two contains scientific research centers. These areas cover 4.8% of the state and only one, the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere accounts for sixty percent of all legally protected land at 139,500 hectares. The other protected areas include the Chamela-Cuitzmala Bioshere Reserve (13,143 hectares), Nevado de Colima National Park (10,143 hectares), Bosque de la Primavera (30,500 hectares), Sierra de Quila (15,1923 hectares) and the Marine Turtle Protection Zone (175.8 hectares) .[17]
Thirteen plant communities are present in the state. Forty five to fifty percent of the state is characterized by deciduous and sub-deciduous forests. They occur along the coastal plains as well as in canyons in the central part of the state from sea level to 1600masl. Some areas, scattered within the tropical sub-deciduous forest along the coastal plains, are dominated by palms. Conifer and oak forests are most common in the highlands between 800 and 3,400masl, covering about one fourth of the state’s surface.[15] One major conifer and oak forest is the Primavera Forest.[16] Pine dominated areas in lower elevations are only found in the western corner of the state. Cloud and fir-dominated forests are restricted to ravines and protected steep slopes within the conifer and oak forest zones.[15] Jalisco’s cloud forests include the Bosque de Maples and those on El Cerro de Manantlán.[16] Savannas are found between 400 and 800 masl in the area the slopes towards the Pacific Ocean. These grasslands are a transition area between the tropical sub-deciduous forest and oak forest. The thorn forest includes an area of the coastal plains in the western part of the state as well as an area dominated by mesquite within the tropical deciduous forest. Grasslands are restricted to the northeastern corner interspersed with xerophilous scrub. There are mangroves along the ocean where waves are gentle. Beach and frontal dune vegetation dominates the rest of the coastline.[15]
Climate[link]
Most of the state has a temperate climate with humid summers which are tropical. There is a distinct rainy season from June to October.[15] The climate can be divided into 29 different zones from hot to cold and from very dry to semi moist. In most of the state, most of the rain falls between June and August.[17]
The coastal area receives the most precipitation and has the warmest temperatures, at an average of between 22 and 26C and an average precipitation of about 2,000 mm annually.[17] In the north and northwest, a dry climate predominates with average temperatures of between 10 and 18C, and average annual precipitation between 300 and 1,000mm. The center of the state has three different climates, but all are mostly temperate with an average temperature of 19C and an average rainfall of between 700 and 1000mm.[17] The northeastern corner and coastal plains of Tomatlán are the driest areas with less than 500mm annually.[15] The Los Altos region has a number of microclimates due to the rugged terrain. The area is mostly dry with an average temperature of 18C except in the north, where it fluctuates between 18 and 22C.[17] In the highlands, the average temperature is less than 18C.[15]
In various parts of the state there are areas with a semi-moist, temperate climate, some with average temperatures of between 10 and 18C and others of between 18 and 22C.[17]
In the highlands of the Sierra de Manantlán, Cacola, Cuale and Mascota near the coastal plains there is the most rainfall reaching 1600mm per year. In the highlands, the average temperature is less than 18C.[15]
Demographics[link]
As of 2010, the state population is 7,350,682, the fourth most populated state in Mexico, with 6.5% of Mexico’s total population.[19][12] Over half of the state’s population lives in the Guadalajara metro area. Of the over 12,000 communities in the state, over 8,700 have a population of under fifty.[20] 87% of the population lives in urban centers compared to 78% nationally.[21]
Despite the fact that the number of children per woman has dropped by more than half from a high of 6.8 in 1970, the total population has grown from 5,991,175 in 1995 to the present number.[20] One important factor in population growth is migration into the state. Since 1995, over 22% of the state population was born somewhere else. About three quarters of these live in the Greater Guadalajara area. Those who migrate into the state are from Michoacán, Mexico City, State of Mexico, Sinaloa and Baja California .[22][20] 87% live in urban areas, above the national average of 78% for the country.[12]
The state ranks third in socioeconomic factors. As of 2010, there were 1,801,306 housing units in the state. 94.2% have running water, 97.4% have sewerage, 99% have electricity. 25% of households are headed by women, with 65.6% occupied by nuclear families. 22.2% are occupied by extended families.[23]
There is also emigration from the state, mostly to the United States. Jalisco is ranked seventh in Mexico for the number of people who leave for this country.[20] A large percentage of Mexicans migrating to the United States come from Jalisco.[24] As of 2000, 27 of every 1000 residents lived in the United States, higher than the national average of 16 per 1000.[22] Those who stay within Mexico generally head to Nayarit, Baja California, Colima, Michoacán and Guanajuato .[22] There are no official numbers for ethnic groups but as of 2005, the state has a population of 42,372 people who spoke an indigenous language.[20] Eight out of every 1000 people speak an indigenous language, above the national average of six per 1000.[12] As of 2010, the most common indigenous language is Huichol with 18,409 speakers, followed by Nahuatl at 11,650, then P’urhépecha at 3,960 and variations of Mixtec at 2,001. In total, 51,702 people over the age of five speak an indigenous language, which is less than one percent of the total population of the state. Of these indigenous speakers fourteen percent do not speak Spanish.[25] Municipalities with the highest indigenous population in general are Mezquitic, Zapopan and Guadalajara. Zapopan’s and Guadalajara’s indigenous population is mostly made up of those who have migrated to the area for work.[20]
The Huichols are concentrated in the municipalities of Mezquitic and Bolaños in the north of the state. In this same area are four of this ethnicity’s most important ceremonial centers, San Andrés Cohamiata, Santa Catarina Cuexcomatitlán, San Sebastián Teponahuaxtlán and Tuxpan de Bolaños. The fifth, Guadalupe Octán, is in Nayarit.[20] The Huichols are of the same ethnic heritage as the Aztecs and speak a Uto-Aztecan language. They are best known for the preservation of their pre Hispanic shamanic traditions. The Huichol romanticize their past, when game was plentiful and they were free to roam the vast mountain ranges and deserts of their homeland. This was a time of freedom for them, before they became tethered to the growing of maize. Agriculture is difficult in the mountainous areas they live. Elaborate ceremonies are enacted to help ensure crops’ success. There are three basic elements in Huichol religion, which is corn, deer and the peyote cactus. The last is obtained by a yearly pilgrimage to an area called Wirikuta, where it is harvested with great ceremony.[26]
Another distinct group living in the state is foreign temporary residents or expats, with overwhelming majority of which are from the United States and Canada, concentrated in and around the small town of Ajijic by Lake Chapala .[18] The Lake Chapala area has the largest population of Americans outside of the country. The phenomenon began at the beginning of the 20th century. Cars with U.S. plates are not uncommon and many signs are in English and Spanish. There are no official numbers but the number of ex-pats in the area is estimated at 20,000. Half of these are from the US with most of the rest from Canada with some from European and Asian countries. Most are retirees although there is a notable artist community. In the winter, the number of foreigners in the area can reach 50,000.[27] Another area popular with foreigners is Lagos de Moreno .[14]
Government and regions[link]
The capital of the state is Guadalajara which is also its cultural and economic center. The state government consists of a governor, a unicameral legislature and a state judiciary branch.[28] The Guadalajara metropolitan area consists of the city along with seven other municipalities in the Centro region of the state. This is the second most populous metro area in Mexico after that of Mexico City.[28] Six of the municipalities are considered to be the area’s nucleus: Guadalajara, El Salto, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá and Zapopan, with two others, Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos as suburbs. These municipalities extend over an area of 2.734km2 with a population density of 133.2 inhabitants per hectare (2005). The most highly concentrated municipality in the zone is the municipality of Guadalajara, followed by Zapopan.[28]
The state as a whole consists of 125 municipalities which were organized into twelve administrative regions in 1996, called Norte, Altos Norte, Altos Sur, Ciénega, Sureste, Región Sur, Sierra de Amula, Costa Sur, Costa Norte, Sierra Occidental, Valles and Centro.[29]
Altos Norte has eight municipalities: Villa Hidalgo, Unión de San Antonio, Teocaltiche, San Juan de los Lagos, San Diego de Alejandría, Ojuelos de Jalisco, Lagos de Moreno and Encarnación de Díaz.[13]
Altos Sur consists of twelve municipalities: Yahualica de González Gallo, Valle de Guadalupe, Tepatitlán de Morelos, San Miguel el Alto, San Julián, San Ignacio Cerro Gordo, Mexticacán, Jesús María, Jalostotitlán, Cañadas de Obregón, Arandas and Acatic.[13]
The Centro Region consists of thirteen municipalites: Zapotlanejo, Zapopan, Villa Corona, Tonalá, Tlaquepaque, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, San Cristóbal de la Barranca, Juanacatlán, Ixtlahuacán del Río, Guadalajara, El Salto, Cuquío and Acatlán de Juárez.[13]
The Ciénega Region contains thirteen municipalities: Zapotlán del Rey, Tuxcueca, Tototlán, Tizapán El Alto, Poncitlán, Ocotlán, La Barca, Jocotepec, Jamay, Degollado, Chapala, Ayotlán and Atotonilco El Alto.[13]
The Costa Norte has three municipalities: Tomatlán, Puerto Vallarta and Cabo Corrientes.[13]
The Costa Sur has six municipalities: Villa Purificación, La Huerta, Cuautitlán de García Barragán, Cihuatlán, Casimiro Castillo and Autlán de Navarro.[13]
The Norte Region has ten municipalities: Villa Guerrero, Totatiche, Santa María de los Ángeles, San Martín de Bolaños, Mezquitic, Huejúcar, Huejuquilla El Alto, Colotlán, Chimaltitán, and Bolaños.[13]
The Sierra de Amula has eleven municipalities: Unión de Tula, Tuxcacuesco, Tonaya, Tenamaxtlán, Tecolotlán, Juchitlán, El Limón, El Grullo, Ejutla, Chiquilistlán and Atengo.[13]
The Sierra Occidental has eight municipalities: Talpa de Allende, San Sebastián del Oeste, Mixtlán, Mascota, Guachinango, Cuautla, Ayutla and Atenguillo.[13]
The Sur Region has sixteen municipalities: Zapotlán el Grande, Zapotitlán de Vadillo, Zapotiltic, Zacoalco de Torres, Túxpan, Tonila, Tolimán, Teocuitatlán de Corona, Techaluta de Montenegro, Tapalpa, Sayula, San Gabriel, Gómez Farías, Atoyac, Atemajac de Brizuela and Amacueca .[13]
The Sureste Region has ten municipalities: Valle de Juárez, Tecalitlán, Tamazula de Gordiano, Santa María del Oro, Quitupan, Pihuamo, Mazamitla, La Manzanilla de la Paz, Jilotlán de los Dolores and Concepción de Buenos Aires .[13]
The Valles Region has fourteen municipalities: Teuchitlán, Tequila, Tala, San Martín Hidalgo, San Marco, San Juanito de Escobedo, Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco, Hostotipaquillo, Etzatlán, El Arenal, Cocula, Ameca, Amatitán and Ahualulco de Mercado .[13]
History[link]
Nomenclature and seal[link]
The name is derived from the Nahuatl Xalisco, which means over a sandy surface.[30][10] Until about 1836, the name was spelled “Xalisco,” with the “x” used to indicate the “sh” sound from Nahuatl. However, the modern Spanish based pronunciation is represented with a “j.”[10] The coat of arms for Guadalajara was adopted and adapted as the state seal since 1989 with minor changes to distinguish the two.[30] The nickname for people from Jalisco, “tapatío” origin although Franciscan Alonso de Molina wrote that it came from an indigenous word that means “the price of something purchased.”[14]
Pre Hispanic period[link]
Nomadic peoples moving south arrived to the Jalisco area around 15,000 years ago.[31][32] Some of oldest evidence of human occupation is found around Zacoalco and Chapala lakes, which used to be connected. This evidence includes human and animal bones and tools made of bone and stone.[31] Other signs of human habitation include petroglyphs and cave paintings found at Cabo Corrientes, San Gabriel, Jesús María, La Huerta, Puerto Vallarta, Mixtlán, Villa Purificación, Casimiro Castillo, Zapotlán el Grande and Pihuamo.[33]
Agriculture began in the same region as well around 7,000 years ago, giving rise to the first permanent settlements in western Mexico.[31] Ceramics began to be produced about 3,500 years ago for both utilitarian and ceremonial purposes. The oldest pieces of Jalisco area pottery are called El Opeño, after an area near Zamora, Michoacán and Capacha after an area in Colima. The appearance of these styles indicates a certain specialization of labor, with distinct settled cultures established by 1000 BCE.[31] The earliest settled cultures were centered on the site of Chupícuaro, Guanajuato, which has a large zone of influence from Durango east, crossing through modern Jalisco’s north. Sites related to these cultures have been found in Bolaños, Totoate, the Bolaños River Canyon and Totatiche as well as other locations in the Los Altos Region.[31] Cultures dating to the early part of the Christian era are distinguished by the use of shaft tombs, with major examples found in Acatlán de Juárez, El Arenal and Casimiro Castillo. The use of this type of tomb is unkno wn anywhere else in Mexico.[33][31] In the 7th century, Toltec and Teotihuacan influence is evident in the area, with a dominion called Xalisco established by the Toltecs in 618.[34][24] The dominion was established through the military domination of the weaker local groups. During this time, ceramics were improved and the working of gold, silver and copper appeared. More recent archeology of the area has produced evidence of larger cities, large scale irrigation and a kind of script used by various cultures of the area.[33] The Toltec influence had a strong influence over religious development with deities formalizing into gods recognized by the later Aztec civilization such as Tlaloc, Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl .[31] A number of cities were built during this time, including Ixtepete, which show many features of Mesoamerican architecture such as the building of pyramid bases, temples and Mesoamerican ball courts. However, these are sparse because there were very few communities of the size needed to support them. Stones used for building were often cut in angles and with relief such as those found in Tamazula and El Chanal, Colima. Ixtepete from the tenth century has talud/tablero construction showing Teotihuacan influence.[31] By 1112, the tribes dominated by the Toltecs rebelled and brought an end to the domination; however, the area would be conquered again in 1129, this time by the Chichimecas.[34]
By 1325, the P’urhépecha had become dominant in parts of the state, but in 1510, the indigenous settlements of Zapotlán, Sayula and Zacoalco pushed back the P’urhépecha during the Salitre War .[33]
One reason for ancient civilizations in the area was the large deposits of obsidian and it was the center of the Teuchitlán nation.[16] Evidence of the most advanced pre Hispanic cultures are found in the center and south of the state. The most important site is Ixtepete in Zapopan which dates from between the 5th and 10th centuries and shows Teotihuacan influence. Other sites include Atitlán, El Mirador, El Reliz and Las Cuevas in San Juanito de Escobedo, Portezuelo in Ameca, Santa Cruz de Bárcenas in Ahualulco de Mercado, Santa Quitería, Huaxtla and Las Pilas in El Arenal, La Providencia, Laguna Colorada, Las Cuevas, El Arenal and Palacio de Oconahua in Etzatlán, Cerro de la Navaja, Huitzilipa and Xochitepec in Magdalena and the Ixtapa Ceremonial Center in Puerto Vallarta.[32]
Colonial period[link]
Over its history, the Jalisco area has been occupied by a variety of ethnicities including the Bapames, Caxcans, Cocas, Cuachilchils, Huichols, Cuyutecos, Otomis, Nahuas, Tecuejes, Tepehuans, Tecos, P’urhépechas, Pinomes, Tzaultecas and Xilotlantzingas. Some writers have also mentioned groups such as the Pinos, Otontlatolis, Amultecas, Coras, Xiximes, Tecuares, Tecoxines and Tecualmes.[33] When the Spanish arrived the main ethnic groups were the Cazcanes, who inhabitd the northern regions near Teocalteche and the Lagos de Morenos and the Huichols, who also inhabited the northwest near Huejúcar and Colotlán. Other groups included the Guachichil in the Los Altos area, the Nahuatl speaking Cuyutecos in the west, the Tecuexes and Cocas near what is now Guadalajara and the Guamares in the east near the Guanajuato border.[24]
Shortly after the conquest of the Aztecs in 1521, the Spanish pushed west.[34] They overpowered the P’urepécha in Michoacán, converting their capital of Tzintzuntzan as a base to move further west. One reason for the push towards the Pacific was to build ships and shipping facilities in order to initiate trade with Asia. Another draw was to find more mineral wealth as the P’urépecha had already developed copper working along with silver and gold.[35]
In 1522, Cristóbal de Olid was sent by Hernán Cortés northwest from Mexico City into Jalisco.[24] Other incursions were undertaken by Alonso de Avalos and Juan Alvarez Chico in 1521, Gonzalo de Sandoval in 1522 and Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura in 1524.[33] The first area explored now belongs to the south of Jalisco down into what it now the state of Colima.[35] In 1529, the president of the First Audencia in New Spain, Nuño de Guzmán came west from Mexico City with a force of 300 Spanish and 6,000 Indian allies, traveling through Michoacán, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Sinaloa. At the end of 1531, Guzmán founded the Villa del Espíritu Santo de la Mayor Españas as the capital of the newly conquered western lands. The name was changed shortly thereafter to Santiago Galicia de Compostela.[33] In 1531, Guzmán ordered his chief lieutenant, Juan de Oñate to found the Villa of Guadalajara, named after Guzmán’s hometown in Spain. It was initially founded in what is now Nochistlán in Zacatecas. Construction began in 1532, but the small settlement came under repeated attacks from the Cazcanes until it was abandoned in 1533. The town of Guadalajara would move four times in total before coming to its modern site in 1542.[24]
Most of Jalisco was conquered by Nuño de Guzmán, who then sent expeditions from there into Zacatecas and Aguascalientes in 1530.[34] The first encomiendas were granted to the Spanish conquistadors in Nueva Galicia by Nuño de Guzmán and later by Antonio de Mendoza.[36][35] Nuño de Guzmán founded five Spanish settlements, San Miguel, Chiametla, Compostela, Purificación and Guadalajara to form the first administrative structure of the area. However, most of these settlements were too small to support the grand plans of many Spanish in America and attracted few settlers. By the end of the early colonial period, all of these settlements either disappeared or were moved to other locations.[35] Guzmán was named the first governor of the region and Franciscans established monasteries in Tetlán and Ajijic.[34]
Guzmán was brutal to the local indigenous populations, sending many to slavery in the Caribbean and committing genocide in areas. This would eventually lead to his imprisonment in 1536 by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza .[24] However, not only Guzmán was to blame for subsequent indigenous hostility. The Spanish in Guadalajara and other locations began to take indigenous peoples as slaves in 1543.[34] These Spanish in the area were looking to enrich themselves as fast as possible, following the success of the same of those who arrived first to the Mexico City area. This led to abuses of the native populations, widespread corruption and confrontations between the Spanish and the indigenous and among the Spanish themselves.[36] Overwork and disease reduced the native population by about ninety percent between 1550 and 1650.[36]
This would begin a history of conflict and uprising in the Jalisco area which would last from the 16th century to the 1920s.[24][33] Early uprisings include that in Culiacán in 1533, of the Coaxicoria in 1538 and the Texcoixines and Caxcanes in 1541.[33] Subduing the indigenous peoples proved difficult in general due to a lack of large dominion to co-opt as was done in the Mexico City area. In the early colonial period, it was not certain that the Spanish could impose its language or culture onto the native population. The initial effect of colonization was the influence of Nahuatl, as mestizos and indigenous from central Mexico had a greater impact on the local populations than the sparse Spanish.[36][35]
The most significant early revolt was the Mixtón Rebellion in 1541. United under a leader named Tenamaxtli, the indigenous of the Jalisco area laid siege to Guadalajara. The Spanish provincial government under Oñate could not withstand the assault and Pedro de Alvarado was sent to area from Mexico City but this initial attempt was thwarted. During a battle, a horse fell on Alvarado, mortally wounding him. Viceroy Mendoza then arrived with a force of 300 horsemen, 300 infantry, artillery and 20,000 Tlaxcalan and Aztec allies to recapture the territory held by the indigenous resistance.[24] The Mixtón War prompted Charles V to create the Audencia of Nueva Galicia which extended from Michoacán and into the present states of Jalisco, Colima, and parts of Zacatecas, Durango and Sinaloa.[35][24] An Indian Council was formed to advise the four members of the new Spanish government.[36] The area was called Nueva Galicia because the Crown wanted to reproduce in the new lands a territory similar to that of Spain.[35] The seat of this colony was moved to Guadalajara in 1561, and it was made independent of Mexico City in 1575.[34]
Most of the evangelization fell to regular clergy instead of monks.[36] The bishopric of Guadalajara was established by Pope Paul II in 1546.[34]
The Chichimeca War began in 1550. In 1554, the Chichimecas attacked a Spanish caravan of sixty wagons at the Ojuelos Pass, carrying off 30,000 pesos of clothing, silver and other valuables. At the end of the century, the Spanish were able to negotiate a peace with most.[24] There later uprisings such as in Guaynamota in 1584, in Acaponeta in 1593, one led by Cogixito in 1617, and one in Nostic in 1704. The last major colonial era insurrection occurred in 1801 led by an indigenous named Mariano.[33][34] The last of the Chichimeca groups were ultimately defeated in 1591.[34] However, these uprisings would gradually be overshadowed by the consolidation of political and economic power and peace treaties negotiated with indigenous groups such as the Coras and indigenous groups such as the Otomi were brought to settle.[24]
The province of Jalisco was separated from Michoacán in 1607 with the name of Santiago.[34][33]
Despite these conflicts, the 17th and 18th centuries brought development and economic prosperity to the region.[24] In the colonial period, Guadalajara grew as the center of an agricultural and cattle produing area.[14] Guadalajara grew from about 6,000 people in 1713 to 20,000 in mid century to 35,000 at the beginning of the 19th century.[37] The region’s ceramic tradition began in the early colonial period, with native traditions superimposed by European ones. The center of ceramic production was Tonalá due to its abundance of raw materials. The Guadalajara tradition became famous enough for wares to be exported to other parts of New Spain and Europe.[36] The area was also important to the commerce of New Spain, as its strategic location funneled imported goods to other parts of the colony.[24]
In 1786, New Spain was reorganized into twelve “intendencias” and three provinces. The Intendencia of Guadalajara included what is now Jalisco, Aguascalientes, Nayarit and Colima.[33][34] Aguascalientes was separated from Jalisco in 1789.[33]
The University of Guadalajara was founded in 1792.[34]
Independence[link]
.JPG)
At the beginning of the 19th century, Colima, parts of Zacatecas and the San Blas region (Nayarit) were still part of the Intendencia of Guadalajara.[37] The area had relative freedom from Spanish colonial authorities and prospered with fewer trade restrictions. This, along with lingering indigenous resentment to Spanish rule since the 16th century, led it to be sympathetic to insurgent movements in the early 19th century.[33]
Political instability in Spain, news of rebellions in South America and Miguel Hidalgo’s Grito de Dolores prompted small groups to begin fighting against Spanish rule. There were two main groups in Jalisco, one headed by Navarro, Portual and Toribio Huirobo in areas such as Jalostotitlán, Arandas, Atotonilco and La Barca and the other headed by José Antonio Torres in Sahuayo, Tizapán el Alto, Atoyac and Zacoalco. Another insurrection occurred in 1812 along Lake Chapala with Mezcala Island as an insurgent fortress. Skirmishes between the indigenous there and royalist forces lasted until 1816, when lacking supplies, the insurgents accepted an amnesty.[33][38] Insurgent sympathies led to economic advantages for the Mexican born criollos over the Spanish born with many Spanish families moving into the city of Guadalajara for safety.[38]
Miguel Hidalgo’s army entered Jalisco during the Mexican War of Independence. In 1810, Guadalajara José Antonio Torres defeated the local royalist army and invited Hidalgo and his troops into the city.[34] Hidalgo was heading west from the State of Mexico, pursued by Felix María Calleja and his troops loyal to the Spanish king. Hidalgo entered the city in November of 1810. Hidalgo’s troops arrested many Spanish, and Hidalgo issued a decree abolishing slavery. Hidalgo was able to recruit soldiers for his army in the city, bringing it up to 80,000 men by the time Calleja arrived in January 1811. The rebels took up positions outside the city at a place called the Puente de Calderón. Royalist forces won this battle, ending the initial phase of the War and forcing Hidalgo to flee north. Hidalgo was captured and executed later that year.[38][24]
The end of Hidalgo did not finish insurgent aspirations. The newspaper Despertador Americano was founded in 1811 in Guadalajara, sympathetic to the insurgent cause.[34] However, no other major battles of the war would be fought in the state.[24]
Independence was won by Agustín de Iturbide's Army of the Three Guarantees, which would make Iturbide Mexico’s first emperor, and making Jalisco one of a number of “departments” which answered directly to Mexico City. This act broke Nueva Galicia’s tradition of relative independence and provoked support for federalism.[33] In 1821, a proposal for a “Republic of the United States of Anáhuac” circulated in Guadalajara which called for a federation of states to allow for the best political union in Mexico. Much of these principles appeared with the 1824 Constitution which was enacted after Iturbide was dethroned.[39] Under this Constitution, Colima, Aguascalientes and Nayarit were still part of Jalisco. Its first governor was Prisciliano Sánchez.[34] The new state was divided into eight cantons, Guadalajara, Lagos, La Barca, Sayula, Etzatlán, Autlán, Tepic and Colotlán.[33]
Independence and the new Constitution did not bring political stability to Jalisco or the rest of the country. In the sixty-year period from 1825 to 1885, Jalisco witnessed twenty-seven peasant (primarily indigenous) rebellions. Seventeen of these uprisings occurred within one decade, 1855-64, and the year 1857 witnessed ten separate revolts.[24] Along with the rest of the county, Jalisco’s states vacillated between state and department as Liberals (who supported federalism) and Conservatives fought for permanent control of Mexico. The peasant rebellions and other political acts were in favor of the Liberals and against centralize rule from Mexico City. Jalisco and other western states tried to form a coalition in 1834 against the rule of Antonio López de Santa Anna, but the leaders of Guadalajara were forced to resign under threat of violence instigated by Santa Anna sympathizers, keeping the state in line.[24] During the Mexican–American War, Jalisco planned defensive measures along with the states of Mexico, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes. However, although the U.S. Navy came as close as the port of San Blas, the state was not invaded before the war ended.[40]
The national struggles between Liberals and Conservatives continued in the 1850s and 1860s, with Jalisco’s government changing eighteen times between 1855 and 1864. While there was support for Federalism, most Liberals were politically aligned against the Church, which enjoyed strong support in the state.[24] During the Reform War, Benito Juárez’s Liberal government was forced out of Mexico City, arriving to Guadalajara in 1858. Despite this, Conservatives in power made Jalisco a department under direct rule from Mexico City. Jalisco remained mostly in Conservative hands until 1861.[34] The war was devastating to the state´s economy and forcing mass migrations. Of the thirty most important battles of the Reform War, twelve took place in Jalisco territory.[24]
During the French intervention in Mexico, French forces supporting Mexico’s second emperor Maximilian I, entered the state in 1865.[34]The emperor was mostly not supported by the people of the state and in the following year, French forces were defeated at the La Coronilla Hacienda in Acatlán by Mexican General Eulogio Parra. This would allow Liberal forces to retake Guadalajara and push French forces out of the state.[33][24] One permanent result of the French occupation was the separation of the San Blas area into a separately administered military district, which would eventually become the state of Nayarit.[40][34]
In the 1870s, more than seventy percent of the population lived in rural areas.(vaivén) By 1878, the state of Jalisco extended over 115,00km2 with twelve cantons, thirty department and 118 municipalities, accounting for ten percent of the country’s population.[40]
The end of the century would be dominated by the policies of Mexican President Porfirio Díaz. Livestock, which had been a traditional economic pillar of the state, began to decline during this time. The state’s agricultural output also declined slightly relative to the rest of the country during the same period. However, Guadalajara was one of the wealthiest cities in Mexico.[41]
Mexican Revolution to present[link]
Opposition to the Díaz regime was not organized in the state with only isolated groups of miners, students and professionals staging strikes and protests.(mexrebgob) Presidential challenger Francisco I. Madero visited Guadalajara twice, once in 1909 to campaign and the other in 1910 to organize resistance to the Díaz regime.[34] During the Mexican Revolution, most of the rural areas of the state supported Venustiano Carranza, with uprisings in favor of this army in Los Altos, Mascota, Talpa, Cuquío, Tlajomulco, Tala, Acatlán, Etzatlán, Hostotipaquillo, Mazamitla, Autlán, Magdalena, San Andrés and other places. However, these were isolated incidences and did not coalesce into an organized army to confront the federal government.[33] Carranza vied for power in the state with Álvaro Obregón and Francisco Villa during the early part of the war with skirmishes among the various forces, especially between those loyal to Carranza and Villa.[33]
In 1914, Carranza supporter Manuel M. Diéguez was named governor of Jalisco.[33] Diéguez persecuted the clergy, confiscated the property of the rich and imprisoned or executed the supporters of Victoriano Huerta, whose forces he had pushed out of the city. Villa forced Diéguez to flee and released imprisoned clergy, but he too took money from the rich to give to the poor in exchange for their support. However, by April 1915, Carranza’s forces were on the rise again, pushing Villa’s forces out and reinstating Diéguez as governor.[24][33]
Carranza gained the Mexican presidency in 1915, putting into place various social and economic reforms such as limits on Church political power and redistribution of agricultural lands.[33][42] One major consequence of the Revolution was the 1917 Constitution. This put severe constraints of the Church including the secularization of public education and even forbade worship outside of churches.[24] One other result was the creation of Jalisco’s current boundaries.[33]
The new restrictions on the Church by the Constitution were followed by further laws against the practice of religion which were not supported by many in the state. The lower classes split into those loyal to the church and not.[42] In particular were the “Intolerable Acts” enacted by President Plutarco Elías Calles .[24] In 1926, a boycott was organized against these laws. In 1927, thirteen Catholic unions organized by priest Amando de Alba took up arms against the government in an uprising called the Cristero War. In 1928, Cristero leaders formed a rebel government in areas controlled by them, which was mostly in the Los Altos and far northern areas of the state.[24][33] The struggle resulted in ten different governors of the state between 1926 and 1932.[34] At its height, the Cristeros had a force of about 25,000 until the conflict was officially ended in 1929, with sporadic outbreaks of violence continuing until the 1930s. This waning of hostilities was due to the lack of enforcement of the Calles laws, despite remaining on the books.[24]
During this time, the modern University of Guadalajara was founded in 1926, but it was closed in 1933, then reopened in 1939.[34]
More successful was the implementation was economic reforms begun by Carranza in 1915. By 1935, various agricultural lands were redistributed in the form of ejidos and other communal land ownership.[33][42][34]
From 1950s, the major concern for the state has been economic development. Most of the state’s development has been concentrated in its capital of Guadalajara, resulting is economic inequality in the state.[33]
In 1974, a guerilla group kidnapped former governor José Guadalupe Zino but released him days after.[33]
Ciudad Guzmán, the center of the 1985 earthquake that destroyed parts of Mexico City, received reconstruction aid. Another major earthquake affected the population of Cihuatlán, Jalisco.[33]
Tourism[link]
The most important tourist areas in the state are Puerto Vallarta, the Guadalajara metro area, the Costalegre and Los Altos Regions, Lake Chapala and the Montaña Region.[32]
The Guadalajara area’s attractions are principally in the city itself and Zapopan, Tlaquepaque and Tonalá .[32] Although the area is mostly urban there are also rural zones such as the Bosque La Primavera, El Diente and Ixtepete.[43]
One of the most famous tourism attractions of the state is the “Tequila Express” which runs from Guadalajara to the town of Tequila. This tour includes visits to tequila distilleries which often offer regional food in buffets accompanied by mariachi musicians and regional dancers.[14] The Tequila Valley area is known for the liquor named after it, made primarily from the blue agave plant. This valley is filled with tequila haciendas, archeological sites and modern distillation facilities. The main historical centers are the towns of Tequila, Cocula, Magdalena and Teuchitlán. The aggregate of the agave fields in this area have been named a World Heritage site by UNESCO .[44]
Puerto Vallarta on Banderas Bay has beaches such as Los Muertos, Conchas Chinas, Las Glorias, Mismaloya, Punta Negra and Playa de Oro with large hotels, bars, restaurants and discoteques.[32] It has a population of about 250,000 and is the sixth largest city in Jalisco. This bay was a haven for pirates in the 16th century, but today it is one of Mexico’s favored diving destinations because of the range of marine life and an average water temperature of between 19 and 23C. Expert level diving is practiced at Marieta Islands at the edge of the bay.[18] On land, one major attraction is the city’s nightlife.[45] Ecotourism and extreme sports such as bungee jumping and parasailing are available.[18] Jalisco’s coast includes other beaches such as Careyes, Melaque, Bucerías and Tamarindo along with world famous Puerto Vallarta. The north part of the coast is called the Costalegre de Jalisco .[45] The Costalegre area is classified as a ecological tourism corridor with beaches such as Melaque, Barra de Navidad, Tenacatita, Careyes, El Tecuán, Punta Perula, Chamela and El Tamarindo. All of these have five-star hotels along with bars, restaurants and discoteques.[32] Many coast areas offer activities such as scuba, snorkeling, kayaking, and sports fishing. Majahuas is a marine turtle sanctuary in which visitors may liberate newly hatched turtles into the sea. Puerto Vallarta is known for its nightlife along with its beaches.[45]
The popularity of Lake Chapala began with President Porfirio Díaz who chose the area as a getaway in the late 19th century. This made it popular with Mexico’s elite and established the lake’s reputation.[41] Today, Lake Chapala is popular as a weekend getaway and the area is home to a large foreign population.[14] The lake is a tourist attraction, on which people sail, fish and jet ski. The Lake is surrounded by a number of small rural towns including Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Ocotlán and Tizapán el Alto. The area has been promoting ecotourism with activities such as rock climbing, rappelling, hiking, golf and tennis along with spas/water parks such as those in Chapala, Jamay, La Barca and Jocotepec.[46] The Norte Region is the home of the Wixarika or Huichols although there are significant communities of an ethnicity called the Cora as well. The area is known for its indigenous culture as well as its rugged, isolated terrain. Major communities in the area include Bolaños and Huejúcar. There is also ecotourism in the way of rappelling, rafting and camping.[47]
The Zonas Altos refer to the area’s altitude. The area is marked by parish churches with tall towers. Religion is important in this area, with many pilgrimages, festivals, charreds. It is home to one of the most important pilgrimage sites of Mexico, that of the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos .[48] Religious tourism is a major economic activity, with the town of San Juan de los Lagos completely dependent on serving the nearly seven million who visit each year.[49][48] The area also has old haciendas open to tourism. There is some tequila production as well although most occurs in the Valles Region.[48]
The Montaña or Mountain Region contains mountain chains such as the Sierra de Tapalpa, Sierra del Tigre and the Sierra del Halo. The main communities in this area are Tapalpa and Mazamitla. The area is filled with forests and green valleys and the state promotes ecotourism in the area with activities such as rappelling, mountain biking, parasailing and hiking. The area’s gastronomy includes local sweets and dairy products.[50]
The Sierra Region is between the Centro and coastal areas. Mountains chains in this area include the Sierra de Quila and the Sierra de Manatlán.[51]
Culture[link]
”Typically Mexican”[link]
Many of things which are typically associated with Mexico have their origins in Jalisco. These include mariachis, rodeos called charreadas and jaripeos, dresses with wide skirts decorated with ribbons, the Mexican Hat Dance, tequila and the wide brimmed sombrero hat.[24][10]
Mariachi and other music[link]
Mexico’s best known music, mariachi, is still strongly associated with the state within Mexico, although mariachi bands are popular in many parts of the country. It is a myth that the origin of the name comes from the French word for marriage, as the word existed before the French Intervention in Mexico. Its true origin is unknown but one theory states that it has an indigenous origin. Another postulates that it comes from a local pronunciation of a common mariachi song “María ce son.” It is thought to have originated from the town of Cocula, and this kind of band, with variations, spread into Sinaloa, Michoacán, Colima, Nayarit and Zacatecas. The music became most developed in and around the city of Guadalajara,[52] which has a Mariachi Festival in September.[14]
Other common folk music in the state is the jarabe and the son. The jarabe is a type of music which began as a type of hymn especially to the Virgin of Guadalupe. During the Mexican War of Independence, this style was adopted by the insurgents for secular music as well. Some example of famous traditional songs in this style include “Los Enanos,” “El Gato,” “El Palo” and “El Perico.” However, the most famous song is the “Jarabe Tapatío.” The word “jarabe” is thought to come from the Arabic word “sharab” which means syrup or something sweet. The musical style has its roots in Andalucia, Spain and was transplanted to Mexico.[32] The jarabe is mostly associated with Jalisco but it is also popular in a number of other western states such as Nayarit, Colima and Guanajuato. Sons are particularly popular in the south of the state. Some traditional ones from Jalisco include El Son de la Madrugada, El Sion de las Alanzas, El Son del la Negra and El Son de las Copetonas.[53]
Traditional clothing and dance[link]
The traditional ranch style clothing of Jalisco is an imitation of Spanish dress that the women of the court wore. The original was heavy in expensive lace and ribbons but the Jalisco version focused on multicolored ribbons. The dresses were made from cotton instead of silk and brocades. The popularity of this dress grew during the Mexican Revolution to various parts of the country, as it was worn by a number of famous female soldiers of the time. Today, it is one considered one type of traditional Mexican dress. Today, this dress is mostly worn for dancing to sons and jarabes. The ribbon dress of Jalisco consists of a ample skirt in one of a number of bright colors. The bottom ruffle generally measures up to 35cm wide onto which are placed ten strips of ribbons about 1.5cm wide in colors that contrast with that of the skirt. The blouse is usually of the same color as the skirt with sleeves extending to the elbows and also decorated with ribbons, especially around the collar. This and other type of folk dance is most often worn on special occasions when traditional dance is performed.[53]
Tequila[link]
Tequila is a type of hard liquor which comes from a small region of Jalisco, which is made primarily from the blue agave plant. Its the most famous type of mezcal produced in Mexico, and the only mezcal which is produced industrially with strict standards. The tequila industry supports large scale cultivation of the blue agave, with about 200,000 people employed through it directly or indirectly. It is named after a small town northwest of the city of Guadajalara in the center of where it is produced and the native region of the blue agave. The plant was used in pre Hispanic times to make a ceremonial drink. The Spanish used the sweet heart of the mature plant, called a piña (literally pineapple) to create a fermented and distilled beverage. The first person to have official permission to make and sell the liquor was José Antonio Cuervo in 1758. In 1888, the first license to export was given to the Sauza family. The drink’s popularity rose with the introduction of the railroad, facilitating its shipping. It comes in three styles, white (unaged), reposado (aged for two or three months) and añejo which is aged for over a year.[54]
Gastronomy[link]
The pre Hispanic diet of the states fish from the various lakes, various birds including wild turkey and small native dogs often eaten with salsas made from a wide variety of ground or crushed chili peppers. The Spanish introduced European staples of bread, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dairy products, rice and various fruits and vegetables. The European settlers quickly adopted another of local foodstuffs such as chili peppers and tomatoes to create hybrid dishes such as barbacoa and puchero. Accepting corn as a staple, the Spanish created today’s enchiladas, quesadillas and gorditas. They also adopted pre Hispanic tamales, but these were significantly altered with the addition of large quantities of lard.[14] Tonalá is said to be the origin of pozole, and it is claimed that the local Tonaltecas originally prepared it with human flesh as religious rite.[14]
Classic dishes for the area include local versions of pozole, sopitos, menudo, guacamole, cuachala, birria, pollo a la valenciana and tortas ahogadas. Birria is a meat stew made with roasted chili peppers, spices and with either goat, mutton or beef. Tortas ahorgadas are pork sandwiches on French rolls which are covered in a tomato and chili pepper sauce.[14] Common street foods include sopes, tacos, enchiladas tapitíos.[14][55] Tapalpa is known for its Borrego al pastor (grilled mutton); Cocul and Ciudad Guzmán are known for birria; the Lake Chapala area is known for a dish called charales and Guadalajara is known for tortas ahogadas.[32] Sweets include alfajor, squash seeds with honey, coconut candies, buñuelos and fruits conserved in syrup. Drinks include tequila, aquamiel, pulque, tejuino and fruit drinks.[55] Raicillia is a drink made along the coast. Tuba is made in Autlán de Navarro. Rompope is made in Sayula and Tapalpa and tejuino is most common in the center of the state.[32]
Along the coast, seafood is prominent. Some popular seafood preparations include shrimp breaded with coconut, and rollo del mar, which is a fish fillet stuffed with chopped shrimp and octopus, rolled and sometimes wrapped in bacon and covered in either a chili pepper or almond sauce.[14] Puerto Vallarta has become a gourmet dining attraction as the site of the Mexican Gastronomy Fair held each November. It was a fishing village before a tourist destination and simple grilled fish dish called pescado zarandeado is still popular.[14]
Religion[link]
Jalisco is home to three highly venerated images of the Virgin Mary which were created in the 16th century and referred to as “sisters.” These are the images found in San Juan de los Lagos, Zapopan and Talpa, with the first two the best known in Mexico.[56]
The image at San Juan de los Lagos has made this small town one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Mexico, receiving about seven million visitors each year from all parts of the country. While this image is most often referred to by the place name, she is also called by her native name “Cihiuapilli” which mean “Great Lady.” Her church is filled with folk paintings called “ex votos” or “retablos,” which are created to petition the Virgin or to offer thanks for favors received. This image of the Virgin Mary dates from the early 16th century and believed to have been brought here by missionaries from Michoacán. The first major miracle attributed to the image occurred in 1623 when a child was revived after being accidentally stuck with spears. The first building dedicated to the image was constructed in 1643, but the current one was finished in 1779. In 1904, the pope granted permission to crown the image and the church received official cathedral status in 1972. Pope John Paul II visited the image in 1990.[49]
The Virgin of Zapopan has her own basilica in the city of that name, but the image spends about half the year traveling to the various parishes of Guadalajara proper. According to legend, thunderstorms in the Guadalajara area were so strong that they killed church bell ringers. The origin of the images yearly travels was to protect these communities from destruction. Today, the Virgin of Zapopan still travels to the cathedral of Guadalajara every year to spend the rainy season there from June through September. While in Guadalajara, the image travels among the various churches there, accompanied by dancers, musicians and other faithful. In early October, she is returned to her Basilica with much fanfare as a long procession in which the image is carried by foot.[56]
The image travels in a carriage followed plumed black horses, but the carriage is pulled by human volunteers. The procession is less than five miles but it takes long to pass through the crowds that lines the route. The Basilica is an important pilgrimage site, including those from Ajijic who come each year traveling on foot or donkey for three or four days to arrive.[56]
| Cathedrals of Jalisco | |||||||
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| Parroquia de Santiago Apostol, in Tequila | Parroquia de San Antonio, in Tapalpa | Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion, en Lagos de Moreno | Parroquia de San Miguel Arcangel in San Miguel el Alto | Guadalajara Cathedral | |||
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| Parroquia de San Francisco in Tepatitlan de Morelos | Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora de San Juan de los Lagos in San Juan de los Lagos, 2nd most visited religious center in the country | Basilica of Our Lady of Zapopan, in Zapopan | Basilica de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Talpa de Allende | Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, in Puerto Vallarta | |||
Economy[link]
The economy of the state accounts for 6.3% of Mexico’s GDP.[12] It is ranked third in socioeconomic indicators behind Nuevo León and the Federal District of Mexico City .[57] The main sectors of the economy are commerce, restaurants and hotels at 26.1%, services at 21.5%, manufacturing (food processing, bottling and tobacco) at 19.4%, transport, storage and communications at 11.8%, financial services and real estate at 11.2%, agriculture, forestry and fishing at 5.5%, and construction at 4.4%.[58] Jalisco earns just under six percent of Mexico foreign earnings from tourism and employment from the various multinational corporations located in the state,[57] exporting more than $5 billion annually to 81 countries and ranks first among the states in agribusiness, computers and the manufacturing of jewelry.[24] Just over 57% of the population of the state is economically active, the sixth highest percentage in Mexico. 96.6% of this population has employment, of which 15.88% are employed in agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishing, 28.96% are in mining, utilities and construction and 54.82% are in commerce and services.[57]
The economic center of the state is Guadalajara, with parts of the metro area having living standards comparable to that of the first world; however, on its periphery there is still significant poverty.[28] Guadalajara’s economy is based on industry, especially electronics and cybernetics, much of which is located just outside the city center. These industries account for about 75% of the state’s production of goods. The major employers are industry in general, commerce and services.[28] Guadajalara drives the state’s economic growth, making Jalisco third in construction in the country.[57]
Agriculture mostly developed in the tropical and subtropical areas.[17] Jalisco’s agriculture accounts for 8.44% of the country’s production according to GDP. It produces twenty percent of the country’s corn, twelve percent of its sugar, twenty five percent of its eggs, twenty percent of its pork, seventeen percent of its dairy products and over twelve percent of its honey, domestic fowl and cattle. It is the country’s number one producer of seed corn, corn for animal feed, agave for tequila, limes, fresh milk, eggs, pigs and cattle. It ranks second in the production of sugar, watermelons, honey and barley .[57] 5,222,542 hectares are dedicated to forestry, with eighty percent covered in conifers and broad-leafed trees. A number of these forests contains commercially important hardwoods. On the coasts, there is commercial fishing for shrimp, crabs and tilapia.[17]
Mining developed only in Bolaños, El Barqueño in Guachinango, Pihuamo, Talpa de Allede and Comaja de Corona in Lagos de Moreno and still have active mining. There are important deposits of granite, marble, sandstone and obsidian.[17]
Industry mostly concentrated in the Guadalajara metro area, which has large industrial parks such as El Bosque I, El Bosque II, Guadalajara Industrial Tecnológico, Eco Park, Vallarta, Parque de Tecnología en Electrónica, King Wei and Villa Hidalgo.[57] In food processing, it is first in the production of chocolate products, second in bottling, soft drink production, cement, lime and plaster, third in the production of chemical products.[57]
The tequila industry is very important to the state as the drink has international place-of-origin designation. The tequila producing area of Jalisco is a tourist attraction, with more than seventeen million visitors each year with an estimated value of over ten million pesos per year.[57][18] The tequila industry supports large scale cultivation of the blue agave, with about 200,000 people employed through it directly or indirectly. It is the only mezcal which is produced industrially with strict norms for its production and origin.[54]
Another important sector of the economy is handcrafts, especially ceramics. Jalisco is the leader in Mexico by volume, quality and diversity of the produced exported which total more than 100 million dollars annually.[57] Jalisco accounts for ten percent of all the handcrafts exported from Mexico. The most representative of the state are the ceramics of Tlaquepaque, Tonalá and Tuxpan, but other common items include the huarache sandals of Concepción de Buenos Aires, piteado from Colotlán, majolica pottery from Sayula, blown glass from Tlaquepaque and Tonalá, equipal chairs from Zacoalco de Torres, jorongo blankets from Talpa and the Los Altos Region and baskets from various parts of the state.[32]
Guadalajara’s tourism is mostly concentrated in Puerto Vallarta and Guadalajara. The state has the second largest number of hotels and tour agencies in Mexico and the third highest number of hotel rooms. The state ranks second in banking services and third in professional, technical and other specialized services.[57]
Education[link]
The average number of years of schooling for residents 15 and older is 8.8, higher than the national average of 8.6. Only 5.1% have no schooling whatsoever, with about the same percentage being illiterate and 58.1% have finished primary school (educación básica) .[59] Less than one percent has vocational training only, 18.5% have finished education media superior and 17.3% have a bachelor’s or higher.[59]
Jalisco has a total number of schools of 20,946, with 304 institutions of higher education.[60] The state has 2,989 preschools, 5,903 primary schools, 1,254 middle schools, fifty vocational/technical schools and 271 high schools. Most, especially at the preschool and primary school levels are private followed by state-sponsored schools.[61]
The largest institution of higher education in the state is the University of Guadalajara which offers ninety nine bachelor’s degrees and eighty two post graduate degrees[61] The University has its origins in the colonial period as the Colegio de Santo Tomás founded in 1591 by the Jesuits. When this order was expelled in 1767 the college closed and was reopened in 1791 as the Real y Literaria Universidad de Guadalajara, beginning with majors in medicine and law. During the 19th century, the university was in turmoil because of the struggle between Liberals and Conservatives, changing name between Instituto de Ciencias del Estado and the Universidad de Guadalajara, depending on who was in power. The name was settled to the latter in 1925 under reorganization. In the 1980s, it was reorganized again and expanded.[62]
The second most important college is the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara with fifty two bachelors and thirty eight post graduate degrees. Other institutions include the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Occidente (ITESO), Universidad del Valle de Atemajac, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Guadalajara, Universidad Panamericana and Centro Universitario Guadalajara Lamar [61]
Infrastructure[link]
The state has seventy nine radio stations of which seventy-three are commercial enterprises, forty seven are AM and the rest FM. There are twenty three television stations, three local and the rest belonging to national chains. There are seven major newspapers El Financiero (de Occidente), El Informador, El Mural, El Occidental, Ocho Columnas, Público, Sol de Guadalajara and Siglo 21. There are four companies that provide cable and satellite television[61]
It is the second most important transportation hub.[57] Most of the roads in the state radiate outwards from Guadalajara. Until relatively recently, reaching the capital meant traveling down and up steep canyons on narrow winding roads in slow traffic filled with trucks. Today, most of these gorges are traversed by long bridges, making travel far easier.[16] The major highways in the state include the Guadalajara-Saltillo, Guadalajara-Nogales, Guadalajara-Tampico, Guadalajara–Barra de Navidad, Guadalajara-Colima, Guadalajara-Mexico City, Guadalajara–Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara-Aguascalientes, Guadalajara-Tepic and Guadalajara-Lagos de Moreno[61]
The state has a total of 1,180 km of rail line. The main bus station is the Central de Autobuses of Guadalajara which serves state, national and international destinations. Most destinations are in the west of Mexico and Mexico City[61]
There are four main airports in the state. The largest is Miguel Hidalgo Airport in the community of Tlajomulco de Zuñiga and serves the city of Guadalajara. The Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Airport serves Puerto Vallarta, the Base Aérea Militar facility is in Zapopan and the Tuxpan Airport is in the municipality of the same name. In addition, there are a number of small private airports such as La Cebadilla, La Punta, Huejuquilla and Tenacatita[61]
Sports[link]
Guadalajara is home to three professional football teams; Guadalajara also known as Chivas, Atlas and Estudiantes. Guadalajara is one of the two most followed teams in the country. In the latest IFFHS's club rankings, Guadalajara ranks fifth among CONCACAF teams and one hundred eighth overall.[63][64] Atlas also plays in the Primera División de México, due to their fine football game style of playing, they are known in the country as 'The Academy', hence they have provided Mexico's Finest Football Players, among them: Rafael Márquez, Oswaldo Sánchez, Pavel Pardo, Andrés Guardado, and Mexico national Team's Top Scorer Jared Borgetti. Atlas, also won several Championships on Amateur Tournaments, and first Football Championship of a Guadalajara Team back in 1951. Atlas fans are collectively called La Fiel (the faithful)by themselves; younger followers are gathered as "Barra 51" ; La Barra 51 is a strong organized supporter group. His name recalls Atlas' the year of first championship in the Primera División de México in 1951. Estudiantes is associated with the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara AC. It currently plays in the Primera División, with home games in the Estadio 3 de Marzo (March 3 Stadium, for the University's 1935 date of founding). They've won also a single Championship back in 1994 as they defeated Santos.
Charreada, the Mexican form of rodeo and closely tied to mariachi music, is popular here.[65]The state hosts the XVI Pan American Games in October 2011. It is the largest sporting event to be held outside of Mexico City with more than forty nations from the Americas participating. The opening ceremonies will be held at Estadio Omnilife in Guadalajara, but sporting events will be held in various parts of the state including Puerto Vallarta.[18]
Sister state[link]
State of Washington, United States
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (in Spanish). p. 15. http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf.
- ^ "Senadores por Jalisco LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. http://www.senado.gob.mx/index.php?ver=int&mn=4&sm=4&id=15. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
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- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/default.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
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- ^ "Mexico en Cifras". INEGI. http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=14. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
- ^ "Jalisco.". 2010. http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/default.aspx?ent=14. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
- ^ "Reporte: Jueves 3 de Junio del 2010. Cierre del peso mexicano". www.pesomexicano.com.mx. http://www.pesomexicano.com.mx/archivo/2010/junio/03/reporte-jueves-3-de-junio-del-2010--cierre-del-peso-mexicano.htm#leermas. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Ley sobre el Escudo, Bandera e Himno del Estado de Jalisco" (in Spanish) (Word Document). Congreso del Estado de Jalisco. 2007-02-22. pp. Page 2. http://www.congresojal.gob.mx/Servicios/BibVirtual/busquedasleyes/archivos/Ley%20sobre%20el%20Escudo,%20Bandera%20e%20Himno%20del%20Estado%20de%20Jalisco.doc. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ a b c d "Generalidades [General information]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifEB8PY68gIwN_Ex9jAyM3fx9HlyBXAxMfc6B8JE55ICCgOxxkH379IHkDHMDRQN_PIz83Vb8gN8Igy8RREQCX72OH/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfTFRMSDNKUjIwTzRMMzAyRk9MQURSRTBLMDQ!/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Superficie [Surface area]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/territorio/default.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Resumen [Summary]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/default.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Jalisco" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/pj/jalisco/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwOLYAsLA8_gUAN3Q7NQQ1cDU_1wkA6zeJ8QHw9jryAjA38TH2MDIzd_H0eXIFcDIIDIG-AAjgb6fh75uan6BdnZaY6OiooAzQCPbA!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfTFRMSDNKUjIwTzRMMzAyRk9MQURSRTA0TDc!/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hursh Graber, Karen (June 1, 2007). "The cuisine of Jalisco: la cocina tapatia". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2409-the-cuisine-of-jalisco-la-cocina-tapatia. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cuevas Arias, Carmen Teresa; Ofelia Vargas and Aarón Rodríguez (June 2008). "Solanaceae Diversity in the State of Jalisco, Mexico". Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (Mexico City: UNAM) 79 (1): 67–79. ISSN 1870-3453. http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=42579105. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pint, John (November 7, 2010). "The Magic Circle: Mexico's five ecosystems meet around Guadalajara". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/3709-the-magic-circle-mexico-s-five-ecosystems-meet-around-guadalajara. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Medio Físico [Environment]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Jalisco: it's Puerto Vallarta and much more". Association of Canadian Travel Agencies. http://www.acta.ca/?Jalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Número de habitantes [Number of inhabitants]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/default.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Perfil Sociodemográfico [Sociodemographic profile]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Distribución [Distribution]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/distribucion.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Movimientos migratorios [Migration]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/m_migratorios.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Vivienda [Housing]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/vivienda.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Morales, Donna S.; John P. Schmal (2004). "The History of Jalisco". Texas: Houston Institute for Culture. http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/jalisco.html. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Diversidad [Diversity]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/diversidad.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ Otey, Robert (May 1, 1997). "The Huichol of Jalisco and Nayarit". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/183-the-huichol-of-jalisco-and-nayarit. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ Belén Zapata (October 25, 2010). "Ajijic, la California mexicana [Ajijic, the Mexican California]" (in Spanish). CNN México (Mexico City). http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2010/10/25/ajijic-la-california-mexicana. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara [Guadalajara metropolitan area]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifEB8PY68gIwN_Ex9jAyM3fx9HlyBXAxMfc6B8JE55ICCgOxxkH379IHkDHMDRQN_PIz83Vb8gN8Igy8RREQCX72OH/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMEM3OTBJMERJTURSTTI1SjQ!/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Regionalizacion [Regions]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Nomenclatura [Nomenclatura]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Cultura aborigen en Jalisco [Aboriginal culture in Jalisco]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contculturaaborhistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Atractivos Culturales y Turísticos [Cultural and Tourist Attractions]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Historia [History]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Cronología [Chronology]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contcronologiahistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Conquista [Conquest]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contconquistahistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Colonizacion [Colonization]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contcolonizahistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Nueva Galicia en el Siglo XVIII [Nueva Galicia in the 18th century]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contnuevagaliciahistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Independencia [Independence]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contindependenhistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Epoca federal [Federalist era]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contepocafedhistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Vaivén político, económico [Political, economic instability]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contvaivenhistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Porfiriato [Porfirio Diaz period]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3ifEB8PY68gIwN_Ex9jAyM3fx9HlyBXA5MwQ6B8JE55ICCgOxxkH379IHkDHMDRAK9-Ex9zfT-P_NxU_YLcCIPMgHRFACUYhq0!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contporfiriatohistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (December 3, 2009). "Revolución Mexicana en Jalisco [Mexican Revolution in Jalisco]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_ashistoriajalisco/pj_contrevolucionhistoriajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona Centro" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaCentro. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona Valle de Tequila [Valley of Tequila Zone]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaValleTequila. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Zona Costera [Coastal area]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaCostera. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona Ribera de Chapala [Chapala Lake area]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaRiberaChapala. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona Norte" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaNorte. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Zona Altos" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaAltos. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Ferguson, Richard (January 1, 2009). "San Juan de Los Lagos: The Virgin, her basilica, her pilgrims, and their exvotos". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/3061-san-juan-de-los-lagos-the-virgin-her-basilica-her-pilgrims-and-their-exvotos. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona de Montaña [Mountain zone]" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonadeMontana. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Zona Sierra" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretary of Tourism State of Jalisco. http://visita.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/ContZonaSierra. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ Ricardo Ivo Ramirez Lamas (January 11, 2011). "Historia del Mariachi [History of Mariachi]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_asfolklor/pj_conthistomariachijalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Rojas, David. "Sones, Jarabes y Danzas [Sons, Jarabes and Dances]" (in Spanish). Instituto Cultural "Raices Mexicanas". http://www.folklorico.com/bailes/jalisco/sintesis-jalisco.html. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Ricardo Ivo Ramirez Lamas (January 11, 2011). "Historia del Tequila [History of Tequila]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_asfolklor/pj_conttequilajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Rosa María Espiritu Miguel (January 11, 2011). "Gastronomía en Jalisco [Gastronomy in Jalisco]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://www.jalisco.gob.mx/wps/portal/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gzb2djr1AXEwMDF383A0_3MEdXxwBDD0dLc6B8pFm8T4iPh7FXkJGBv4mPsYGRm7-Po0uQqwEQENAdDrIPv36QvAEO4GiAV7-Jjzl--TBDfT-P_NxU_YLcCINMT11HAH03lqQ!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfNktDM0pVRDQwMERPRjBJR1ZBRUFQMUhBOTc!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/portaljalisco2009/contenidos/gobierno+del+estado+jalisco/jalisco/pj_asfolklor/pj_contgatronomiajalisco. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c Chandos, Dane (February 4, 2007). "Pilgrimage with La Virgen de Zapopan from "A House in the Sun"". Mexconnect. ISSN 1028-9089. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2640-pilgrimage-with-la-virgen-de-zapopan-from-a-house-in-the-sun-by-dane-chandos. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Actividad Económica [Economic Activity]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Actividades económicas [Economic activities]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/economia/default.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Educación [Education]" (in Spanish). INEGI. http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/jal/poblacion/educacion.aspx?tema=me&e=14. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "RESUMEN POR NIVEL Y SERVICIOS EDUCATIVOS [Summary of educational levels and services]" (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Jalisco. http://sig.jalisco.gob.mx/Estadistica/ResuEsta/resporniv.xls. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones [Social Infrastructure and Communications]" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Jalisco. Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Government of Jalisco. 2005. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/jalisco/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Historia [History]" (in Spanish). University of Guadalajara. http://www.udg.mx/historia. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Club World Ranking: top 350". iffhs.de. IFFHS. 25 October 2009. http://www.iffhs.de/?10f42e00fa2d17f73702fa3016e23c17f7370eff3702bb1c2bbb6f28f53512. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ "Chivas Guadalajara". Fifa.com. http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=539/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
- ^ "16th Encuentro Nacional del Mariachi y la Charrería Historia [16th National Encounter of Mariachi and Charreada - History]" (in Spanish). http://www.mariachi-jalisco.com.mx/nosotros. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jalisco |
- Congress of the State (Spanish)
- Jalisco Mexico
- Jalisco Social Site (Spanish)
- State Government (Spanish)
- Supreme Court of Jalisco (Spanish)
- THE HISTORY OF JALISCO, by Donna S. Morales and John P. Schmal, Houston Institute for Culture
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José María Teclo Morelos y Pavón (September 30, 1765, City of Valladolid, now Morelia, Michoacán – December 22, 1815,[1] San Cristóbal Ecatepec, State of México) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. He was later captured by the Spanish colonial authorities and executed for treason in 1815.
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Early years[link]
According to Census information, Morelos was born into a poor Indigenous family in the city of Valladolid, since renamed "Morelia" in his honor, in a house that is today a museum dedicated to his legacy. His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a predominantly indigenous village a few kilometers west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally from San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid was the seat of a bishop and of the government of the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as the "Garden of the Viceroyalty of New Spain" because of its prosperity.
Insurrection against Spain[link]
On September 15, 1810, Hidalgo y Costilla, the former leader of the College of San Nicolás, then the parish priest of Dolores, Guanajuato (since renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor), called for armed revolt after the Spanish colonial authorities discovered the Conspiracy of Querétaro. The other conspirators included Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama. Hidalgo y Costilla and his followers rose in open revolt the following day.
After taking all the important cities of the Bajío region and being proclaimed captain general of Mexico in Celaya on September 21, Hidalgo y Costilla advanced as far as Guanajuato.
There on September 28, the rebels captured the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in battle, killing more than 700 Spaniards who had taken shelter there. Among the dead was the intendent of Guanajuato, Juan Antonio Riaño, an old friend of Hidalgo y Costilla.
The Mexican revolutionary army was excommunicated by the bishop of Michoacán, Manuel Abad y Queipo, another former friend of Hidalgo y Costilla. Hidalgo y Costilla and his army marched on to Valladolid, where the locals feared that the slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting many people to abandon the region, particularly the rich and middle class society. However, Valladolid was taken peacefully on October 17, 1810.
In Tacámbaro Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende captain general. Hidalgo y Costilla ordered a rest for his troops in Indaparapeo, where a few minutes before their departure, Morelos, who had read about his excommunication and his triumphs, found him. Still serving as the parish priest of Cuarácuaro, Hidalgo y Costilla asked Morelos to join the army. Morelos was promoted as colonel of the revolution army, ordering him to raise troops in the south and capture Acapulco, to disrupt the commerce and trade with the Philippine Islands.
His campaigns[link]
Morelos soon showed himself to be a talented strategist, and became one of the greatest revolutionary military commanders of the war. In his first nine months, he won 22 victories, annihilating the armies of three Spanish royalist leaders and dominating almost all of what is now the state of Guerrero. In December, he captured Acapulco for the first time, except for the fortress of San Diego. Spanish reinforcements forced him to raise the siege in January. By quick marches, he was able to capture most of the Spanish possessions on the Pacific coast of what are now Michoacán and Guerrero. On May 24, 1811 he occupied Chilpancingo and on May 26 he took Tixtla.
In his second campaign, Morelos divided his army into three groups. The most important engagement of this campaign was at Cuautla. On Christmas Eve 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos in Cuautla. The next year his forces were besieged by the Spanish army under general Félix María Calleja del Rey. On May 2, 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke through the siege, and started his third campaign.
Major victories on this third campaign were at Citlala on June 8, 1812, Tehuacán on August 10, 1812, Orizaba, Oaxaca and Acapulco. Morelos arrived at Orizaba with 10,000 soldiers on October 28, 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish soldiers. Negotiation led to a surrender without bloodshed. He entered Oaxaca in triumph on November 25, 1812. Acapulco fell on April 12, 1813, forcing the Spanish army to take refuge in Fort Baltimore after.
The Congress of Chilpancingo[link]
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Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
In 1813, Morelos called the National Constituent Congress of Chilpancingo, composed of representatives of the provinces under his control, to consider a political and social program which he outlined in a document entitled "Sentimientos de la Nación" (Sentiments of the Nation). The Congress called itself the Congress of Anáhuac, referring poetically to the ancient Aztecs.
On September 13, 1813, the Congress, with Morelos present, endorsed the "Sentiments of the Nation". This document declared Mexican independence from Spain, established the Roman Catholic religion and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. It declared respect for property and confiscated the productions of the Spanish colonial government. It abolished slavery and racial social distinctions in favor of the title "American" for all native-born individuals. Torture, monopolies and the system of tributes were also abolished Morelos was offered the title "Generalissimo" with the style of address "Your Highness", but he refused these and asked to be called "Siervo de la Nación" (Servant of the Nation). On November 6, 1813 the Congress declared independence.
After several military defeats, the Congress organized a meeting in Apatzingán, and on October 22 promulgated the "Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America). This established a weak executive and a powerful legislature, the opposite of what Morelos had called for. He nevertheless conceded that it was the best he could hope for under the circumstances.
Capture and execution[link]
Shortly thereafter, Morelos began his fourth military campaign, a series of disasters beginning at Valladolid in late 1813. While escorting the new insurgent Congress in November 1815, he was defeated in Tezmalaca. He was taken prisoner and brought to Mexico City in chains. He was tried and executed for treason. José María Morelos y Pavón was executed by firing squad on December 22, 1815 in San Cristóbal Ecatepec, north of Mexico City in order that his execution not provoke a dangerous public reaction . He was later judged to be reconciled to the church, lifting his excommunication, as he was seen praying on his way to his execution (Marron, cited below). After his death, his lieutenant, Vicente Guerrero, continued the war of independence.
Legacy[link]
Morelos is considered a national hero of Mexico. In his honor, the state of Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him. Morelos' legacy has been portrayed on the 50 peso note since 1997; 1 peso coins during the 1940s, 1970s and 1980s. The Estadio Morelos in Morelia, Puerto Morelos in the state of Quintana Roo, the Morelos Station in Mexico's City Metro System, Ecatepec the city in Mexico State where he was executed and the Morelos Satellite from the Communications company Satmex are also named after him.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Dates and other biographical information in this article are drawn from Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography 1887-89.
Gustavo Watson Marron, director of the historical archive of the archdiocese, cited in El Universal, 31 August 2009
Further reading[link]
- Wilbert H. Timmons, "Morelos: Priest, Soldier, Statesman of Mexico", revised edition, 1970
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: José María Morelos |
- Wallace L. McKeehan, "José María Morelos Man of God, Warrior & Patriot"
- "Mexico Builds Her Own Statue Of Liberty" Popular Science Monthly, February 1936
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Morelos, Jose Maria |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 1, 1765 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | December 22, 1815 |
| Place of death | |
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This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Alfaro and the second or maternal family name is Rojas.
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Enrique Alfaro Rojas | ||
| Date of birth | (1974-12-11) 11 December 1974 (age 37) | ||
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico | ||
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | ||
| Playing position | Midfielder | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1994–2002 | Toluca | 226 | (31) |
| National team | |||
| 1996–1998 | Mexico | 20 | (2) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
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Enrique Alfaro (born December 11, 1974) is a retired Mexican football midfielder. He spent most of his career with Club Toluca, playing from 1994 to 2002.
An attacking midfielder who normally lined up on the right side of the midfield line or in a three-forward attack, Alfaro played a key part in Toluca's championship runs during the Verano tournaments of 1998, 1999, and 2000.
Alfaro also had a successful international career. As part of the Under-23 selection, he represented Mexico at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He also collected 20 full caps for Mexico, including many qualifiers for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and played on Mexico's title-winning squad at the 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup. A favorite selection at the beginning of the regime of Bora Milutinovic, Alfaro gradually slipped down the pecking order with the emergence of Luis Hernandez and Cuauhtemoc Blanco as the preferred strikers under Milutinovic's successor, Manuel Lapuente. He collected his first cap against Bolivia in a 1-0 win at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas on June 8, 1996, and made his last international appearance on March 18, 1998, in a 1-1 draw with Paraguay.
External links[link]
- National Football Teams
- Enrique Alfaro stats at Medio Tiempo.com (Spanish)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Alfaro, Enrique |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Association football player |
| Date of birth | December 11, 1974 |
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This biographical article relating to Mexican Association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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Jalisco (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈlisko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara. It is one of the more important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, tequila, jaripeo, etc. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
