- published: 02 Jun 2011
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- author: Webanix
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- Africa
- Agriculture
- Ak Ana
- Altai Krai
- Altai Mountains
- Altai Republic
- Americas
- Amur Oblast
- Amur River
- Anabar River
- Anadyr (town)
- Anadyr Range
- Anapel
- Andean States
- Angara River
- Anglo-America
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- Biome
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- Book Russia
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Abakan
Abakan (Russian: Абака́н; Khakas: Ағбан) is the capital city of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia, located in the central part of Minusinsk Depression, at the confluence of the Yenisei and Abakan Rivers. Population: 165,183 (2010 Census preliminary results); 165,197 (2002 Census); 154,092 (1989 Census).
Abakansky ostrog (Абаканский острог) was built at this location in 1675, also known as Abakansk. In the Russian Empire, it was a part of Yeniseysk Governorate. During 1823–1931 the grown settlement was known as Ust-Abakanskoye, 1914–1925: Abakan, 1925–1931: Khakassk. It was granted town status and given its current name in 1931.
In 1940, Russian construction workers found ancient ruins during the construction of a highway between Abakan and the nearby district center village of Askyz (Аскыз). When the site was excavated by Soviet archaeologists during 1941-45, they realized that they had discovered a building absolutely unique for the area: a large (1500 square meters) Chinese-style, likely Han Dynasty era (206 BCE–220 CE) palace. The identity of the high-ranking personage who lived luxuriously in Chinese style, far outside of the borders of the Han Empire, has remained a matter for discussion ever since. Russian archaeologist L.A. Evtyukhova surmised, based on circumstantial evidence, that the palace may have been the residence of Li Ling, a Chinese general who had been defeated by the Xiongnu in 99 BC, and defected to them as a result. While this opinion has remained popular, other views have been expressed as well. More recently, for example, it was claimed by A.A. Kovalyov as the residence of Lu Fang (盧芳), a Han throne pretender from the Guangwu era.
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Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алта́йский край, Altaysky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders with, clockwise from the south, Kazakhstan, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Oblasts, and the Altai Republic. The krai's administrative center is the city of Barnaul. Population: 2,419,755 (2010 Census).
The krai's economy depends on agriculture.
Altai Krai has rolling foothills, grasslands, lakes, rivers, and mountains.
The climate is severe with long cold dry winters and hot, usually dry summers. The region's main waterway is the Ob River. The Biya, Katun, and Chuya Rivers are also important. The biggest lakes are Lake Kulundinskoye, Lake Kuchukskoye, and Lake Mikhaylovskoye.
Altai Krai has huge reserves of raw materials, especial materials used for building, as well as significant mineral reserves. These include nonferrous metals, lead and iron ores, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, bauxite, and gold. Forests cover about 60,000 km² of the krai's land. See also Geography of South-Central Siberia.
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Altai Republic
Altai Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay; Altay: Алтай Республика, Altay Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the town of Gorno-Altaysk. The area of the republic is 92,600 square kilometers (35,800 sq mi). Population: 206,168 (2010 Census).
The national autonomy for the Altai people was created on June 1, 1922 as Oyrot Autonomous Oblast (Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть), part of Altai Krai. The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948 it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic.
The republic is situated in the very center of Asia at the junction of Siberian taiga, steppes of Kazakhstan and semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory.
More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya, both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River, one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean.
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Americas
The Americas, or America, are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World.
In the English language, the Americas refers to the landmasses of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions, whereas America, in current usage, usually refers to the United States of America.
The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.
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Amur Oblast
Amur Oblast (Russian: Аму́рская о́бласть, tr. Amurskaya oblast; IPA: [ɐˈmurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), situated on the banks of the Amur and Zeya Rivers. It shares its border with the Sakha Republic in the north, Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the east, the Heilongjiang province of China in the south, and Zabaykalsky Krai in the west. Population: 830,103 (2010 Census).
Amur Krai (Аму́рский край) or Priamurye (Приаму́рье) were unofficial names for the Russian territories by the Amur River used in the late Russian Empire that approximately correspond to modern Amur Oblast.
The administrative center of the oblast, the city of Blagoveshchensk, is one of the oldest settlements in the Russian Far East, founded in 1856. It is a traditional center of trade and gold mining. The territory is accessed by two railroads, the Trans-Siberian railway and the Baikal Amur Mainline.
The Stanovoy Range forms the dividing line between the Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast and spreads across the oblast's entire northern border. Dwarf Siberian pine and alpine tundra grow at higher elevations on these mountains and larch forests with small stands of flat-leaved birch and pine forests grow alongside the river plains. The Zeya River begins in these mountains in the northeast. The middle reaches of this great river were dammed to create the huge Zeysky Reservoir, which sprawls over 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) between the Stanovoy Range and a southern parallel range running across the center of the oblast. The low lands between these two mountain ranges make up the Upper Zeysky Plain, which is primarily marshland with larch and pine forests. South of the second ridge is the vast Amur River plain which covers up to 40% of the oblast.
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Anabar River
Coordinates: 71°37′55″N 113°54′00″E / 71.632°N 113.900°E / 71.632; 113.900
The Anabar River (Russian: Анабар) is a river in Sakha, Russia, located just west of the Lena River. Its catchment extends into the Putoran Mountains that form the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau.
Its mean annual discharge is approximately 500 cubic metres per second, concentrated heavily in early summer when the ice that covers the river for most of the year thaws. The Gulf of Anabar is believed to be the easternmost fjord in Russia – defining the point at which the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum became too dry for glaciers to form – one notices a quite clear transition from fjords to deltas at river mouths when the Lena River delta is reached shortly to the east.
The basin of the Anabar river is notable as the location of the largest concentration of diamond deposits in the world outside of Africa and Australia. These deposits made the Soviet Union into one of the world's largest producers of diamonds, and remain the economic mainstay of the area.
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Anadyr (town)
Anadyr (Russian: Ана́дырь; Chukchi: Кагыргын, Kagyrgyn) is a port town and the administrative centre of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located at the mouth of the Anadyr River, on the tip of the southern promontory that sticks out into Anadyrskiy Liman. At 177°30′E, Anadyr is the easternmost town in Russia (more easterly locations, such as Provideniya and Uelen, do not have town status). It was founded on July 21, 1889 as Novo-Mariinsk, and renamed on August 5, 1923 following the Kamchatka Revkom. Town status was granted to it on January 12, 1965. Population: 13,053 (2010 Census preliminary results).
Anadyr is the largest town in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. It is completely surrounded by Anadyrsky District and since June 2011 serves as its administrative center, although it is not administratively a part of the district.
Although the town itself has only been in existence for just over a century, the origins of the name Anadyr are much older. The name initially derives from the Yukaghir word "any-an" meaning "river". When Semyon Dezhnev met Yukaghir peoples in the area and the indigenous name was corrupted to form "Onandyr", later Anadyrsk, the name of the ostrog (fort) upstream of the present-day settlement, from which the current name is derived.
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Angara River
The Angara River (Russian: Ангара́) is a 1,779 kilometers (1,105 mi) long river in Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai, south-east Siberia, Russia. It is the only river flowing out of Lake Baikal, and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisei River.
Leaving Lake Baikal near the settlement of Listvyanka (at 51°52′01″N 104°49′05″E / 51.867°N 104.818°E / 51.867; 104.818), the Angara flows north past the Irkutsk Oblast's cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Bratsk, and Ust-Ilimsk. It then turns west, enters the Krasnoyarsk Krai, and falls into the Yenisei near Strelka (at 58°06′07″N 92°59′28″E / 58.102°N 92.991°E / 58.102; 92.991, 40 km south-east of Lesosibirsk).
Below its junction with the Ilim River the Angara has been known in the past as the Upper Tunguska (Russian: Верхняя Тунгуска, Verkhnyaya Tunguska) Confusingly, some maps (e.g., 1773 atlas by Kitchen - see illustration) referred to this same section of the Angara as Nizhnyaya Tunguska, i.e. the Lower Tunguska - the name that's currently applied to another river.
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Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it as one of the mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Alternatively, the Arctic Ocean can be seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.
Almost completely surrounded by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year (and almost completely in winter). The Arctic Ocean's temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy freshwater inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.
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Baikal Mountains
The Baikal Mountains or Baikal Range (Russian: Байкальский хребет) rise steeply over the northwestern shore of Lake Baikal in southern Siberia, Russia. The Central Siberian Plateau is bounded on the south by the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the Baikal Mountains.
The Baikal Mountains are the origin of the Lena River. The mountains around Lake Baikal are densely wooded with Grey Alder, Eurasian Aspen, Downy Birch, Siberian Larch, Siberian Fir, Scots Pine, and Siberian Spruce.
Its highest peak is the Chersky Mountain (2572 m) named after the Polish explorer, Jan Czerski.
Coordinates: 54°00′N 108°00′E / 54°N 108°E / 54; 108
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Barnaul
Barnaul (Russian: Барнау́л; IPA: [bərnɐˈul]) is a city and the administrative center of Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Ob River. Population: 612,091 (2010 Census preliminary results); 600,749 (2002 Census); 601,811 (1989 Census).
The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. It is the closest major city to the Altai Mountains to the south. Barnaul is also situated relatively close to the border with the countries of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.
Administratively, along with twenty rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.
The continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long, frigid winters, with an average of −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average high of +19.8 °C (67.64 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from −40 °C (−40 °F) in the winter to above +40 °C (104 °F) in the summer.
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Birobidzhan
Birobidzhan (Russian: Биробиджа́н; IPA: [bʲɪrəbʲɪˈdʐan]; Yiddish: ביראָבידזשאַנ) is a town and the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Trans-Siberian railway, close to the border with China. Population: 75,419 (2010 Census preliminary results); 77,250 (2002 Census); 83,667 (1989 Census).
It was planned by the Swiss architect Hannes Meyer and was granted urban-type settlement status in 1928 and town status in 1937.
The town is named after the two largest rivers in the autonomous oblast: the Bira and the Bidzhan, although only the Bira flows through the town, which lies to the east of the Bidzhan Valley. Both rivers are tributaries of the Amur. The chief economic activity is light industry.
Administratively, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Birobidzhan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the town of oblast significance of Birobidzhan is incorporated as Birobidzhan Urban Okrug.
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Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk (Russian: Благовещенск; IPA: [bləgɐˈvʲɛɕːɪnsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Amur and Zeya Rivers, opposite to the Chinese city of Heihe. Population: 214,397 (2010 Census preliminary results); 219,221 (2002 Census); 205,553 (1989 Census).
The Amur has formed Russia's border with China since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previously belonged to Imperial China.
The early residents of both sides of the Amur in the region of today's Blagoveshchensk were the Daurs and Duchers. An early settlement in the area of today's Blagoveshchensk was the Ducher town whose name was reported by the Russian explorer Yerofey Khabarov as Aytyun in 1652; it has been identified with what is currently known to the archaeologists as the Grodekovo site, after the nearby village of Grodekovo (which is located on the left bank of the Amur at 50°07′N 127°35′E / 50.117°N 127.583°E / 50.117; 127.583, some 25–30 km (16–19 mi) south of Blagoveshchensk). The Grodekovo site is thought by archaeologists to have been populated since ca. 1000 CE.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region (Turkish: Kafkas Dağları Azerbaijani: Qafqaz dağları Armenian: Կովկասյան լեռներ Georgian: კავკასიონი Chechen: Kavkazan lämnaš Russian: Кавказские горы).
The Caucasus Mountains include:
The Greater Caucasus Range extends from the Caucasian Natural Reserve in the vicinity of Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, generally trending east-southeast and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian Sea, while the Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the greater range, at a distance averaging about 100 km (62 mi) south. The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system. The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the Likhi Range, which separates the Kolkhida Lowland from the Kura-Aras Lowland. In the southeast are the Talysh Mountains. The Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highland constitute the Transcaucasian Highland. The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus, which rises to a height of 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level. Mountains near Sochi will host part of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
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Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk (Russian: Челябинск; IPA: [tɕɪˈlʲæbʲɪnsk] (
listen)) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northwestern side of the oblast, 210 kilometers (130 mi) south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River. It is located on the border of Europe and Asia. Population: 1,130,273 (2010 Census preliminary results); 1,077,174 (2002 Census); 1,141,777 (1989 Census).
The fortress of Chelyaba, from which the city takes its name, was constructed on the site in 1736; town status was granted to it in 1781. Around 1900, it served as a center for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. According to official statistics the population on 1 January 1913 was 45,000 inhabitants.
For several months during the Russian Civil War, Chelyabinsk was held by the White movement and Czechoslovak Legions, becoming a center for splinters of the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia. The city later fell to Bolshevik Russian forces.
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Chelyabinsk Oblast
Chelyabinsk Oblast (Russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, Chelyabinskaya oblast) is a federal subject Russia (an oblast) in the Ural Mountains region, on the border of Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census).
Population: 3,476,217 (2010 Census); 3,603,339 (2002 Census); 3,623,732 (1989 Census).
The oblast is highly urbanized.
The 2010 Census counted the following recognized ethnic groups in Chelyabinsk Oblast:
Source:
Chelyabinsk Oblast has considerable subsurface gold reserves, which are concentrated in ore and placer deposits. The gold deposits are associated with both basement rock and fluvial deposits. Probable reserves are estimated at 500 tons of ore gold and 40 tons of placer gold. The most important nonmetallic minerals in the region in terms of reserves are deposits of graphite, talc, kaolin, and vermiculite (rock raw materials); barite, phosphorite, and glauconite (chemical raw materials); magnesite, quartzite, fluxing limestone, and furnace dolomite (metallurgical raw materials).
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Chersky Range
Coordinates: 64°44′N 142°58′E / 64.733°N 142.967°E / 64.733; 142.967
The Chersky Range is a chain of mountains in northeastern Siberia between the Yana River and the Indigirka River. It generally runs from northwest to southeast through the Sakha Republic and Magadan Oblast. The highest peak in the range is Peak Pobeda, which is 3,147 meters tall. The range lies on the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The Chersky mountains, along with the neighboring Verkhoyansk Range, have a moderate effect on the climate of Siberia. The ridges obstruct west-moving air flows, decreasing the amount of snowfall in the plains to the west.
At some time between 1633 and 1642 Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the Chersky Range to the Indigirka. The range was discovered[citation needed] in 1926 by Sergei Obruchev (Vladimir Obruchev's son) who named it after a Polish explorer and geographer, Ivan Chersky (or Jan Czerski).
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Demography of Russia
The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation, including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status, and other aspects of the population.
The population of Russia was 143,100,000 as per the official estimate for April 1, 2012. The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union, but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth rates, rising death rates and emigration. However, the decline began to slow considerably in recent years, and in 2009 Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in 15 years, with growth of 23,300.
In 2011, the population of Russia grew by 160,000 people, and reached a total of more than 143 million.
In the first 3 months of 2012, the population increased by 31,000 people.
According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up 81% of the total population, while six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the Russian federation's borders.
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Dzhugdzhur Mountains
The Dzhugdzhur Mountains (Russian: Джугджу́р) or sometimes Jugjur Mountains (dzh (дж) is a Russian way of writing the English j-sound), meaning 'big bulge' in Tungus, are a mountain range in the far east of Siberia that run along the entire northwest coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. In the east, mountains emerge from the Stanovoy Range and run northeast for some 1500 kilometers before splitting three ways into the Chersky Range, Verkhoyansk Mountains, and Gydan Mountains. The mountains are quite deserted, the one exception being the gold mines that have operated in the range since the 1920s.
Coordinates: 58°N 136°E / 58°N 136°E / 58; 136
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Geography of Russia
Coordinates: 60°N 100°E / 60°N 100°E / 60; 100
The geography of Russia entails the physical and human geography of Russia, a country extending over much of northern Eurasia. Comprising much of eastern Europe and northern Asia, it is the world's largest country in total area. Due to its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. As with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances. From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and broad-leaf forests, grassland (steppe), and semi-desert (fringing the Caspian Sea) as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar sequence but is taiga. The country contains 40 UNESCO Biosphere reserves.
Located in the northern and middle latitudes a of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. Individual country comparisons are of little value in gauging Russia's enormous size and diversity. The country's 17.1 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Its European portion, which occupies a substantial part of continental Europe, is home to most of Russia's industrial and agricultural activity. It was here, roughly between the Dnieper River and the Ural Mountains, that the Russian Empire took shape. It is also located on the northernmost tip of Asia.
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Gobi
The Gobi (Mongolian: Говь, Govi, "semidesert"; Chinese: 戈壁; pinyin: Gēbì) is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire, and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road.
The Gobi is made up of several distinct ecological and geographic regions based on variations in climate and topography. One is the Eastern Gobi desert steppe Ecoregion, a Palearctic ecoregion in the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome, home to the Bactrian camel and various other animals.. It is a rain shadow desert formed by the Himalaya range blocking rain-carrying clouds from reaching the Gobi from the Indian Ocean.
The Gobi measures over 1,610 km (1,000 mi) from southwest to northeast and 800 km (500 mi) from north to south. The desert is widest in the west, along the line joining the Lake Bosten and the Lop Nor (87°-89° east). It occupies an arc of land 1,295,000 km2 (500,002 sq mi) in area as of 2007, making it the fifth largest in the world[clarification needed] and Asia's largest. Much of the Gobi is not sandy but is covered with bare rock.
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Gorno-Altaysk
Gorno-Altaysk (Russian: Го́рно-Алта́йск; Altay: Туулу Алтай, Tuulu Altay) is the capital town of the Altai Republic, Russia, situated 3,641 kilometers (2,262 mi) east of Moscow. Population: 56,928 (2010 Census preliminary results); 53,538 (2002 Census); 46,436 (1989 Census).
This only town of the republic lies in a narrow Mayma Valley in the foothills of the Altai Mountains. Russian Orthodox missionaries arriving in the valley in 1830 stumbled upon the tiny settlement of Ulala, consisting at that time of nineteen indigenous and three Russian families. The next year Ulala was chosen as the site of the first Orthodox mission in the Altay and Russian settlers started migrating to the village.
When the Oirat Autonomous Oblast was created in 1922, Ulala became its capital. In 1928 the village became a town and in 1932 its name was changed to Oyrot-Tura. However, in 1948 the authorities finally realized that the indigenous tribes of the area do not actually call themselves Oirats, the name of the autonomy was changed to Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (i.e. the autonomous oblast of the Mountainous Altay), and with it the name of its capital.
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Gulf of Ob
Coordinates: 68°50′N 73°30′E / 68.833°N 73.5°E / 68.833; 73.5
The Gulf of Ob (also known as Ob Bay) (Russian: О́бская губа́, Obskaya guba) is a gigantic bay of the Arctic Ocean, located in Northern Russia at the mouth of the Ob River.
This Gulf flows into the Kara Sea between the Gydan and Yamal peninsulas. It is about 1,000 km (600 mi) long and varies in width from about 50 km (30 mi) to 80 km (50 mi), and generally runs north and south. It is relatively shallow, with an average depth from ten to twelve metres which restricts heavy sea transport. The Taz Estuary is an eastern side-branch formed by the Taz River.
There are several islands near the mouth of the Ob, at the beginning of the estuary, like Khaley. All these islands are close to the shore and they are generally flat and low-lying. They are protected wetlands under Ramsar. Further north, except for a few islands located close to the shore, like Khalevigo and Nyavigo, the Gulf of Ob is free of islands until it meets the Kara Sea.
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Himalayas
The Himalaya Range or Himalaya Mountains (
/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/;Sanskrit: Devanagari: हिमालय, literally "abode of snow"), usually called the Himalayas or Himalaya, is a mountain range immediately to the north of the Indian subcontinent. By extension, it can also refer to the massive mountain system that additionally includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and other lesser ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot. Some of the world's major river systems arise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basins are home to some 3 billion people (almost half of the Earth's population) in 18 countries. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
Geologically, the Himalayas originate from the northward movement of the Indian tectonic plate at 15 cm[citation needed] per year to impact the Eurasian continent, with first contact about 70 million years ago, and with movement continuing today. This caused the formation of the Himalayan arc peaks: the lighter rocks of the seabeds of that time were easily uplifted into mountains. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone.
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Hindukush
Coordinates: 35°N 71°E / 35°N 71°E / 35; 71
The Hindu Kush (Pashto/Persian: ھندوکُش, Urdu: سلسلہ کوہ ہندوکش) is an 800 km (500 mi) long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. The highest point in the Hindu Kush is Tirich Mir (7,708 m or 25,289 ft) in Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
It is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains, the Karakoram Range, and is a sub-range of the Himalayas.
The names Hindu Kush (Persian: ھندوکُش), Hindu Kūh (ھندوکوه) and Kūh-e Hind (کوهِ ھند) are usually applied to the entire range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand rivers from that of the Amu River (ancient Oxus) or more specifically to that part of the range, northwest of the Afghan capital Kabul. Sanskrit documents refer to the Hindu Kush as Pāriyātra Parvata (पारियात्र पर्वत). Greek geographers adapted the Sanskrit to "Paropanisadae" by Greeks in the late first millennium BC.
The Persian-English dictionary indicates that the word 'Kush' is derived from the verb Kushtar - to slaughter or carnage. Kush is probably also related to the verb Koshtan, meaning to kill.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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Indigirka River
The Indigirka River (Russian: Индиги́рка) is a river in the Sakha Republic in Russia between the Yana River and the Kolyma River. It is 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) in length. The area of its basin is 360,000 km². The river flows into the Kolyma Bay, East Siberian Sea. It freezes up in October and stays under the ice until May–June.
The main tributaries are the:
Main ports on the river are:
There is a gold prospecting industry in the Indigirka basin. Ust-Nera, a gold-mining center, is the largest settlement on the river.
The Indigirka River teems with a variety of fishes. Among the most valuable are several whitefish species, such as vendace, chir, muksun, inconnu (nelma), omul, etc.
In 1638 Ivan Rebrov reached the Indigirka. In 1636-42 Elisei Buza pioneered the overland route to the Indigirka river system. At about the same time, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the Chersky Range to the Indigirka. In 1642 Mikhail Stadukhin reached the Indigirka overland from the Lena.
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Irkutsk
Irkutsk (Russian: Ирку́тск; IPA: [ɪrˈkutsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: 587,225 (2010 Census preliminary results); 593,604 (2002 Census); 622,301 (1989 Census)..
In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye (winter quarters) near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov built an ostrog nearby. The ostrog gained official town rights from the government in 1686. The first road connection between Moscow and Irkutsk, the Siberian Road, was built in 1760. The town benefited economically from this new road. Many new products, often imported from China via Kyakhta, became widely available in Irkutsk for the first time, including gold, diamonds, fur, wood, silk and tea. In 1821, as part of the Speransky reforms, Siberia was administratively divided at the Yenisei River and Irkutsk became the seat of the Governor-General of East Siberia.
In the early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and much of the city's cultural heritage comes from them; many of their wooden houses, adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations, survive today in stark contrast with the standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them.
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Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast (Russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of Angara River, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. Population: 2,428,750 (2010 Census).
In the 13th century, the Lake Baikal area came under Mongol influence. Genghis Khan conquered the Merkits and Tatars who were settling in the area by 1227, before going on to expand into wider Central Asia, establishing the Mongol Empire. The Mongols were succeeded by the Northern Yuan in the 14th century.
Russian presence in the area dates to the 17th century, as the Russian Tsardom expanded eastward following the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582.
By the end of the 17th century Irkutsk was a small town, the monasteries were being built, the suburbs and agricultural settlements were being formed.
Since the 18th century in Irkutsk the trades and crafts began to develop, the gold and silver craftsmen, smiths appeared. In relation with the expansion of Russian state to the East from Irkutsk, the city became a capital of enormous territories from the Enisey to the Pacific, it played an important role in the exploration and securing vast Eastern-Siberian and Far-Eastern territories to Russia. Gradually Irkutsk gained more meaning as the main transportation and trade center of Eastern Siberia, it became a center of trade routes from Kamchatka, Chukotka to Yakutia, Mongolia, and China. The administrative meaning of the city increased: it became a center of one fifth of the provinces of Siberia; in 1764 it became a center of independent province.
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Irtysh River
The Irtysh River (Russian: Иртыш ; Kazakh: Ertis / Ертiс ; Chinese: É'ěrqísī hé / 额尔齐斯河; Mongolian: Эрчис мөрөн, "Twirl"; Tatar Cyrillic: Иртеш, Latin: İrteş) is a river in Siberia and is the chief tributary of the Ob River. Its name means White River. Irtysh's main affluent is the Tobol River. The Ob-Irtysh forms a major basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.
From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows north-west through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).
Tankers and passenger and freight boats navigate the river between April and October, when it does not freeze over. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river-port in Western Siberia. Major hydroelectric plants at Ust-Kamenogorsk and Bakhtarminsk use the Irtysh near the Kazakhstan-Chinese border. The world's deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres, allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kemenogorsk.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Kamchatka
Coordinates: 57°N 160°E / 57°N 160°E / 57; 160
The Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi). It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400 ft) deep Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are Russians, but there are also about 8,743 Koryaks (2002). More than half of the population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy with rare amounts of lightning.
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Kamchatka Krai
Kamchatka Krai (Russian: Камча́тский край; IPA: [kɐmˈtɕatskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It was formed on July 1, 2007, as a result of the merger of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug, after a referendum was held on the issue on October 23, 2005. The krai's administrative center is the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The okrug retains the status of a special administrative division of the krai under the name of Koryak Okrug. Population: 322,079 (2010 Census).
Population: 322,079 (2010 Census); 358,801 (2002 Census); 466,096 (1989 Census).
Source:
After nearly two decades, Kamchatka recorded a net natural population growth instead of decline in 2007. However in first half of 2008, the trend was reversed and population decline was observed again, partly due to an increased mortality rate among the rural population.
Ethnic composition (2010):
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Kamchatka Peninsula
Coordinates: 57°N 160°E / 57°N 160°E / 57; 160
The Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian: полуо́стров Камча́тка, poluostrov Kamchatka) is a 1,250-kilometre (780 mi) peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi). It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre (34,400 ft) deep Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the Commander Islands, and Karaginsky Island constitute the Kamchatka Krai of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of the 322,079 inhabitants are Russians, but there are also about 8,743 Koryaks (2002). More than half of the population lives in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (179,526 people in 2010) and nearby Yelizovo (38,980).
The Kamchatka peninsula contains the Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kamchatka receives up to 2,700 mm (110 in) of precipitation per year. The summers are moderately cool, and the winters tend to be rather stormy with rare amounts of lightning.
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Kara Sea
Coordinates: 77°N 77°E / 77°N 77°E / 77; 77
The Kara Sea (Russian: Ка́рское мо́ре, Karskoe More) is part of the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia. It is separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. It is named for the Kara River (flowing into Baydaratskaya Bay), which is now relatively insignificant but which played an important role in the Russian conquest of northern Siberia.
The Kara Sea's northern limit is marked geographically by a line running from Cape Kohlsaat in Graham Bell Island, Franz Josef Land, to Cape Molotov (Arctic Cape), the northernmost point of Komsomolets Island in Severnaya Zemlya.
The Kara Sea is roughly 1,450 kilometres long and 970 kilometres wide with an area of around 880,000 km² and a mean depth of 110 metres (360 ft).
Compared to the Barents Sea, which receives relatively warm currents from the Atlantic, the Kara Sea is much colder, remaining frozen for over nine months a year.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (
i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Kemerovo
Kemerovo (Russian: Ке́мерово; IPA: [ˈkʲemʲərəvə]) is an industrial city in Russia, situated on the Tom River, east-northeast of Novosibirsk. It is the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast, located in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Basin. Population: 532,884 (2010 Census preliminary results); 484,754 (2002 Census); 520,263 (1989 Census).
The city is served by the Kemerovo International Airport.
The city is located 3,482 kilometers (2,164 mi) east of Moscow at the confluence of the Iskitim and Tom Rivers. It is an important industrial city that developed during Soviet times with important chemical, fertilizer, and manufacturing industries and is linked to western Russia by a branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the city's industries have experienced a severe decline, creating high levels of unemployment.
Kemerovo's position gives it a continental climate with average temperatures varying between −18 °C (−0 °F) in January to +20 °C (68 °F) in July and relatively low precipitation of around 420 millimeters (17 in) annually.
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Kemerovo Oblast
Kemerovo Oblast (Russian: Ке́меровская о́бласть, Kemerovskaya oblast), also known as Kuzbass (Кузба́сс) after the Kuznetsk Basin, is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian mountains. The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers (36,900 sq mi), shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, and Chuvash also live in the oblast. Population: 2,763,135 (2010 Census).
The climate of the oblast is continental: winters are cold and long, summers are warm, but short. The average January temperature is -17...-20°C, the average in July is +17...+18 °C. Average annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm on the plains and the foothills of up to 1,000 mm or more in mountainous areas. The duration of the frost-free period lasts 100 days in the north area up to 120 days in the south of the Kuznetsk Basin.
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Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk (Russian: Хабаровск; IPA: [xɐˈbarəfsk]) is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located 30 kilometers (19 mi) from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia in 2002. Population: 577,668 (2010 Census preliminary results); 583,072 (2002 Census); 600,623 (1989 Census).
The city lies at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers (500 mi) north of Vladivostok and is accessible from there by an overnight train running along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Rail distance from Moscow is 8,523 kilometers (5,296 mi).
The lands near the confluence of the Ussuri and the Amur Rivers, where today's Khabarovsk stands, have been populated by many centuries by Tungusic people, probably related to the Jurchens of the past and/or the Nanais of the present day. Chinese expeditions reached this area as early as the first half of the 15th century, when the fleets of the Ming eunuch Yishiha sailed several times from Jilin City all the way to Tyr on the lower Amur.
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Khabarovsk Krai
Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: Хаба́ровский край, tr. Khabarovsky kray; IPA: [xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. It lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River, but also occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk. Population: 1,343,869 (2010 Census).
The indigenous people of the area are the Evenks, Negidals, Ulchs, Nanai, Oroch, Udege, and Amur Nivkhs.
According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes and the Black Water Mohe tribes living respectively on the west and the east of the Bureinsky and the Malyi Khingan ranges.
In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov's boats descended the Amur, returning to Yakutsk by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Aldan River, and in 1649–1650 Yerofey Khabarov occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Russia abandoned her advance into the basin of the river.
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Khakassia
The Republic of Khakassia (Russian: Респу́блика Хака́сия, Respublika Khakasiya; Khakass: Хакас Республиказы) or Khakasiya (Хака́сия) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south-central Siberia. Its capital city is Abakan, which is also the largest city in the republic. Population: 532,403 (2010 Census).
The Khakas language has co-official status in the republic.
From the 6th century Khakassia was the core of the old Kyrgyz state. In the thirteenth century, following defeat by the Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to their current homeland in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). Modern Khakassians regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in Siberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state in 1707.
In 1727 this was confirmed in a treaty between Russia and China. Tsarist policy was to deport convicted criminals from European Russia to Siberia and prisons were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners stayed in the area on their release. Many of the indigenous Khakassian people converted to the Russian Orthodox church and were gradually forced to abandon their nomadic way of life.
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Khanty-Mansiysk
Khanty-Mansiysk (Russian: Ха́нты-Манси́йск; Khanty: Ёмвош; Mansi: Абга) is an oil boom town and the administrative center of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, located on the eastern bank of the Irtysh River, 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from its confluence with the Ob. Population: 79,410 (2010 Census preliminary results); 53,953 (2002 Census); 34,462 (1989 Census).
It is served by Khanty-Mansiysk Airport.
It was founded in 1930 as a work settlement of Ostyako-Vogulsk (Остяко-Вогульск) after the obsolete names of Ostyaks and Voguls for the Khants and Mansi peoples.[citation needed] In 1940, it was renamed Khanty-Mansiysk, and it was granted town status in 1950, merging with the village of Samarovo, known since the 16th century, along the way.[citation needed]
Today Khanty-Mansiysk is a flourishing town, which in recent years has received considerable foreign investment. For example, in 2007, the English architect Norman Foster signed an agreement to build a 280-meter (920 ft) high skyscraper in an attractive part of the town. When it is built, the Crystal Skyscraper will be one of the tallest buildings in Russia. Besides this, the Dutch architect Erick Van Egeraat is planning to build a business complex in the town center.
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Kolyma
The Kolyma region (Russian: Колыма́, IPA: [kəlɨˈma]) is located in the far north-eastern area of Russia in what is commonly known as Siberia but is actually part of the Russian Far East. It is bounded by the East Siberian Sea and the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Sea of Okhotsk to the south. The extremely remote region gets its name from the Kolyma River and mountain range, parts of which were not discovered until 1926. Today the region consists roughly of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Magadan Oblast.
The area, part of which is within the Arctic Circle, has a subarctic climate with very cold winters lasting up to six months of the year. Permafrost and tundra cover a large part of the region. Average winter temperatures range from -19 °C to -38 °C (even lower in the interior), and average summer temperatures, from +3 °C to +16 °C. There are rich reserves of gold, silver, tin, tungsten, mercury, copper, antimony, coal, oil, and peat. Twenty-nine zones of possible oil and gas accumulation have been identified on the Sea of Okhotsk shelf. Total reserves are estimated at 3.5 billion tons of equivalent fuel, including 1.2 billion tons of oil and 1.5 billion m3 of gas.
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Korea
Korea (/kəˈriːə/ kə-REE-ə; Korean: 한국 Hanguk [hanɡuːk] or 조선 Joseon [tɕosʌn] – (see etymology) is an East Asian region that is divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea), and separated from Taiwan to the south by the East China Sea.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the origins of the Korean people might have been Altaic language-speaking people from south-central Siberia,[dubious – discuss] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age. The adoption of the Chinese writing system ("Hanja" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC, and Buddhism in the 4th century AD, had profound effects on the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea was first united during the Silla dynasty under the king Munmu of Silla. The united Silla dynasty fell to Goryeo Dynasty in 935 at the end of Later Three Kingdoms of Korea era. Goryeo was a highly cultural state and created the Jikji in the 14th century, using the world's first movable metal type printing press. The Mongol invasions in the 13th century, however, greatly weakened the nation which was forced to become a tributary state. After the Mongol Empire's collapse, severe political strife followed and Goryeo was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1388.
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Koryak Mountains
The Koryak Mountains (Russian: Корякское нагорье) are a mountain range in Far-Eastern Siberia, Russia, located south of the Anadyr River, and northeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Rivers Main and Velikaya have their sources in the Koryak Range. They are the second largest mountain range in all of Siberia.
Coordinates: 62°30′N 172°00′E / 62.5°N 172°E / 62.5; 172
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Krasnoyarsk
Krasnoyarsk (Russian: Красноярск; IPA: [krəsnɐˈjarsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. It is the third largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk and Omsk, with a population of 973,891 (2010 Census preliminary results). Krasnoyarsk is an important junction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and one of Russia's largest producers of aluminium.
The city is notable for its nature landscapes; author Anton Chekhov judged Krasnoyarsk the most beautiful city in Siberia.
The total area of the city, including suburbs and the river, is 348 square kilometers (134 sq mi).
The Yenisei River flows from west to east through the city. Due to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam 32 kilometers (20 mi) upstream, the Yenisei never freezes in winter and never exceeds +14 °C (57 °F) in summer through the city. Near the city center, its elevation is 136 meters (446 ft) above sea level. There are several islands in the river, the largest of which are Tatyshev and Otdyha Isles, used mainly for recreation.
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Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russian: Красноярский край, tr. Krasnoyarsky kray; IPA: [krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It is the second largest federal subject after the Sakha Republic, Russia's largest krai and the third largest subnational governing body by area in the world, occupying an area of 2,339,700 square kilometers (903,400 sq mi), which is 13% of the country's total territory. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Krasnoyarsk. Population: 2,828,187 (2010 Census).
The krai lies in the middle of Siberia, and belongs to the Siberian Federal District, stretching 3,000 km from the Sayan Mountains in the south along the Yenisei River to the Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It borders Tyumen, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts, the Republic of Khakassia, the Tuva Republic, and the Sakha Republic, and the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean in the north.
The krai is located in the basin of the Arctic Ocean; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai all drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are the Yenisei, and its tributaries (from south to north): the Kan, the Angara, the Podkamennaya Tunguska, and the Nizhnyaya Tunguska.
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Kurgan Oblast
Kurgan Oblast (Russian: Курга́нская о́бласть, Kurganskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan. Population: 910,807 (2010 Census).
The oblast was formed on February 6, 1943, just when the Soviet Army decisively defeated Hitler's forces near Stalingrad. However, the history of Transuralia (Zauralye) began much earlier when the first settlers built their small stockaded towns on the banks of the banks of the Tobol and Iset Rivers. Decembrist and Polish exiles made substantial contributions to the development of culture and education in Zauralye. The cooperative movement was widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, and thanks to Trans-Ural oil manufacturers, Russia became the world's second-largest exporter of butter.
Kurgan Oblast is located in Southern Russia and is part of the Urals Federal District. It shares borders with Chelyabinsk Oblast to the west, Sverdlovsk Oblast to the north, Tyumen Oblast to the east, and Kazakhstan to the south.
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Kyzyl
Kyzyl (Russian: Кызы́л; Tuvan: Кызыл) is the capital city of the Tuva Republic, Russia. The name of the city means "red" in Tuvan (as well as in many other Turkic languages). Population: 109,906 (2010 Census preliminary results); 104,105 (2002 Census); 84,641 (1989 Census).
Kyzyl claims to be located exactly in the geographical center of Asia. Whether these coordinates are in fact the center of Asia is disputed. However, there is a monument labelled "Center of Asia" in English, Russian, and Tuvan which asserts this claim. Tos-Bulak is the area of open fields and mineral springs which lies immediately south of Kyzyl.
Kyzyl is located where the Yenisei River meets the Maly Yenisey River to form the Verkhny Yenisey. Most development is south of the river and follow the curves of the river, with the highest development centered where the two headstreams of the Yenisei, the Bolshoy Yenisey, and the Maly Yenisey, meet. A monument was built in 1964 on the river bank to mark this.
It was founded in 1914 as Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск).[citation needed] In 1918, it was renamed Khem-Beldyr (Хем-Белды́р), and in 1926 it was given its present name.[citation needed] In September 2004, Kyzyl celebrated its 90th anniversary as a city.
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Laptev Sea
The Laptev Sea (Russian: мо́ре Ла́птевых) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the northern coast of Siberia, the Taimyr Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands. Its northern boundary passes from the Arctic Cape to a point with co-ordinates of 79°N and 139°E, and ends at the Anisiy Cape. The Kara Sea lies to the west, the East Siberian Sea to the east.
The sea is named after the Russian explorers Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev; formerly, it had been known under various names, the last being Nordenskjold Sea (Russian: мо́ре Норденшельда), after explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. The sea has a severe climate with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) over more than 9 months per year, low water salinity, scarcity of flora, fauna and human population, and low depths (mostly less than 50 meters). It is frozen most of the time, though generally clear in August and September.
The sea shores were inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous tribes of Yukaghirs and then Evens and Evenks, which were engaged in fishing, hunting and reindeer husbandry. They were then settled by Yakuts and later by Russians. Russian explorations of the area started in the 17th century. They came from the south via several large rivers which empty into the sea, such as the prominent Lena River, the Khatanga, the Anabar, the Olenyok, the Omoloy and the Yana. The sea contains several dozen islands, many of which contain well-preserved mammoth remains.
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Lena River
The Lena (Russian: Ле́на, IPA: [ˈlʲenə]; Sakha: Өлүөнэ, Ölüöne) is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob River and the Yenisei River). It is the 11th longest river in the world and has the 9th largest watershed. It is the greatest river whose watershed is entirely within national ranges of Russia.
Rising at the height of 1,640 metres (5,381 ft) at its source Baikal Mountains south of the Central Siberian Plateau, 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Lake Baikal, the Lena flows northeast, being joined by the Kirenga River, Vitim River and Olyokma River. From Yakutsk it enters the lowlands and flows north until joined by its right-hand affluent the Aldan River. The Verkhoyansk Range deflects it to the north-west; then, after receiving its most important left-hand tributary, the Vilyuy River, it makes its way nearly due north to the Laptev Sea, a division of the Arctic Ocean, emptying south-west of the New Siberian Islands by the Lena Delta - 30,000 square kilometres (11,583 sq mi) in area, and traversed by seven principal branches, the most important being Bykov, farthest east.
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Magadan
Magadan (Russian: Магада́н; IPA: [məɡɐˈdan]) is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayevo Bay in the Gulf of Tauisk and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region. Population: 95,925 (2010 Census preliminary results); 99,399 (2002 Census); 151,652 (1989 Census).
Magadan was founded in 1929 on the site of an earlier settlement from the 1920s.[citation needed] During the Stalin era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. From 1932 to 1953, it was the administrative center of the Dalstroy organization—a vast and brutal forced-labor gold-mining operation and corrective labor camp system. The town later served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region. Its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14, 1939.[citation needed]
On an official visit in May 1944, U.S. Vice-President Henry Wallace failed to understand the true nature of Magadan. The watchtowers had been temporarily taken down and the prisoners were locked up, while a model farm had been set up for his inspection. He took an instant liking to his secret policeman host, admired handiwork done by prisoners, and later glowingly called the city a combination of Tennessee Valley Authority and Hudson's Bay Company. Eight years later he apologized for not understanding the true situation.
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Magadan Oblast
Magadan Oblast (Russian: Магада́нская о́бласть, tr. Magadanskaya oblast; IPA: [məgɐˈdanskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in the Far Eastern Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Magadan. Population: 156,996 (2010 Census).
The oblast borders in the north with Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, in the east with Kamchatka Krai, in the south with Khabarovsk Krai, and in the west with the Sakha Republic.
Magadan Oblast was established in 1953 in what had popularly been known as Kolyma. As a result of considerable raw resources, especially gold, silver, tin, and tungsten deposits, mining activities and road building had been developed during the Stalin era in the 1930s and 1940s under the coordination of Dalstroy and its forced labor camps. Upon Stalin's death, Dalstroy was disbanded and the regional administration took over many of its former responsibilities.
From then on, paid labor replaced most of the convict-based manpower, attracted by the region's rapid economic expansion, especially the gold-mining interests.
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Mangazeya
Coordinates: 66°41′38″N 82°15′17″E / 66.6938292°N 82.2546387°E / 66.6938292; 82.2546387
Mangazeya was a Northwest Siberian trans-Ural trade colony and later city in the 16-17th centuries. Founded in 1600, it was situated on the Taz River, between the lower courses of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean.
Russian settlers of the White Sea coasts of Russia (pomors) founded a route along the Arctic coast to Arkhangelsk to trade with Norwegian, English and Dutch merchants. Mangazeya accumulated furs and ivory (walrus tusks) around the year to be shipped out during the short Northern summer. Trade also occurred along the Siberian River Routes' Northern Route.
The Northern Sea Route was forbidden in 1619 under the penalty of death, for two reasons: the state was unable to collect on it, and there was a fear of English trading penetration into Siberia. The city strived to exist for some 50 years more, but eventually Mangazeya was abandoned. Following the catastrophic fire of 1662, the remaining population was evacuated to Turukhansk at the junction of the Yenisei with the Lower Tunguska, which was known as New Mangazeya until the 1780s.
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Mongolia
Mongoliai/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.
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New Siberian Islands
The New Siberian Islands (Russian: Новосиби́рские острова, Novosibirskiye Ostrova) are an archipelago, located to the North of the East Siberian coast between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea north of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.
The New Siberian Islands proper, or Anzhu Islands, covering a land area of about 29,000 km², consist of
To the south and nearer to the Siberian mainland lie the Lyakhovskiye Islands (6,095 km²):
The small De Long Islands (228 km²) lie to the north-east of Novaya Sibir. These islands are usually not considered as part of the New Siberian group:
The new Siberian Islands are low-lying. Their highest point is Mt. Malakatyn-Tas on Kotelny island with an elevation of 374 m.
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Norilsk
Norilsk (Russian: Нори́льск; IPA: [nɐˈrʲilʲsk]) is an industrial city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located between the Yenisei River and the Taymyr Peninsula. Population: 175,301 (2010 Census preliminary results); 134,832 (2002 Census); 174,673 (1989 Census).
Norilsk is the northernmost city in Siberia and the world's second largest city (after Murmansk) north of the Arctic Circle. Norilsk, Yakutsk, and Vorkuta are the only large cities in the continuous permafrost zone.
Geographically, it lies between Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District to its north, and Turukhansky District to its south.
Norilsk was founded by the end of the 1920s; however, the official date of founding is traditionally set to 1935, when Norilsk was expanded as a settlement for the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex and became the center of the Norillag system of GULAG labor camps.[citation needed] It was granted the urban-type settlement status in 1939 and town status in 1953.[citation needed]
Norilsk, located between the West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau at the foot of the 1,700-meter (5,600 ft) high Putoran Mountains, is situated on some of the largest nickel deposits on Earth. Consequently, mining and smelting ore are the major industries. Norilsk is the center of a region where nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, palladium, and coal are mined. Mineral deposits in the Siberian Craton had been known for two centuries before Norilsk was founded, but mining began only in 1939, when the buried portions of the Norilsk-Talnakh intrusions were found beneath mountainous terrain.
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North China Plain
The North China Plain (simplified Chinese: 华北平原; traditional Chinese: 華北平原; pinyin: Huáběi Píngyuán) is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi ('western mountains') plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Sea, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai Sea.
Below the Sanmenxia Dam is the multipurpose Xiaolangdi Dam, located in the river's last valley before the North China Plain, a great delta created from silt dropped at the Huang He's mouth over the millennia. The North China Plain extends over much of Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. and merges with the Yangtze delta in northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. The Yellow River meanders over the fertile, densely populated plain emptying into the Bohai Sea. The plain is one of China's most important agricultural regions, producing corn, sorghum, winter wheat, vegetables, and cotton. Its nickname is "Land of the yellow earth."
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Novokuznetsk
Novokuznetsk (Russian: Новокузне́цк; IPA: [nəvəkʊzʲˈnʲetsk]) is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 547,885 (2010 Census preliminary results); 549,870 (2002 Census); 599,947 (1989 Census).
Founded in 1618 by men from Tomsk as a Cossack ostrog (fort) on the Tom River, it was initially called Kuznetsk (Кузне́цк).[citation needed] It was granted town status in 1622.[citation needed] It was here that Fyodor Dostoevsky married his first wife, Maria Isayeva (1857). Joseph Stalin's rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union transformed the sleepy town into a major coal mining and industrial center in the 1930s. It merged with Sad Gorod in 1931. In 1931–1932, the city was known as Novokuznetsk and between 1932–1961 as Stalinsk (Ста́линск), after Stalin.
On March 19, 2007 a massive methane explosion ripped through the Ulyanovskaya mine in Novokuznetsk killing over 100 people. The mine was the largest coal producing center in Kemerovo Oblast, located in a coal rich area of south central Russia known as Kuzbass. It is the deadliest mining accident in recent history.
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Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (Russian: Новосибирск; IPA: [nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk]) is the third most populous city in Russia after Moscow and Saint Petersburg and the most populous city of Asian Russia, with a population of 1,473,737 (2010 Census preliminary results). It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of Siberian Federal District. The city is located in the south-western part of Siberia at the banks of the Ob River and occupies an area of 477.2 square kilometers (184.2 sq mi).
Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 at the future site of a Trans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river of Ob and was named Novonikolayevsk (Новониколаевск), in honor of both Saint Nicholas and the reigning Tsar Nicholas II. The bridge was completed in the spring of 1897, making the new settlement the regional transport hub. The importance of the city further increased with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway in the early 20th century. The new railway connected Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea.
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Novosibirsk Oblast
Novosibirsk Oblast (Russian: Новосиби́рская о́бласть, Novosibirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk. The population was 2,665,911 as of the 2010 Census.
Novosibirsk Oblast is located in the south of West Siberian Plain, at the foothills of low Salair ridge, between the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. The oblast borders Omsk Oblast in the west, Tomsk Oblast in the north, Kemerovo Oblast in the east, and Altai Krai together with Kazakhstan (Pavlodar Province) in the south. The territory of the oblast extends for more than 600 kilometers (370 mi) from west to east, and for over 400 kilometers (250 mi) from north to south. The oblast is mainly plain; at south the steppes prevail; at north enormous tracts of woodland with great number of marshes prevail. There are many lakes, the largest ones located at the south. The majority of the rivers belong to the Ob basin, many of them falling in dead lakes. Largest lakes are Chany, Sartlan, Ubinskoye, and some others.
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Omsk
Omsk (Russian: Омск) is a city and the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, Russia, located in southwestern Siberia 2,236 kilometers (1,389 mi) from Moscow. With a population of over 1.1 million, it is Russia's second-largest city east of the Ural Mountains after Novosibirsk, and seventh by size nationally.
During the Imperial era, Omsk was the seat of the Governor General of Western Siberia, and later of the Governor General of the Steppes. For a brief period during the Russian Civil War in 1918–1920, it served as the capital of the anti-Bolshevik Russian State and held the imperial gold reserves.
Omsk is the administrative center of the Siberian Cossack Host. It also serves as the see of the bishop of Omsk and Tara, as well as the administrative seat of the Imam of Siberia.
Omsk stretches along on the banks of the north-flowing Irtysh at its confluence with the smaller Om River. The city has an elevation of 87 meters (285 ft) above mean sea level at its highest point.
Omsk is an important railroad hub, and is the junction point for the northern and southern branches of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The city also serves as a major hub for the regional highway network. River-port facilities handle both passengers and freight, giving the city access to the extensive navigable waterways of the Irtysh and Ob River;. The waterways connect Omsk with the coal and mineral-mining towns further up the river in Kazakhstan, as well as with the oil, natural gas and lumber operations of northern Siberia. Omsk is served by the Tsentralny Airport, which offers access to domestic and international (primarily, German and Kazakh) destinations, making the city an important aviation hub for Siberia and the Russian Far East.
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Omsk Oblast
Omsk Oblast (Russian: О́мская о́бласть, Omskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southwestern Siberia. The oblast has an area of 139,700 square kilometers (53,900 sq mi). Its population is 1,977,655 (2010 Census) with the majority, 1.15 million, living in Omsk, the administrative center.
The oblast borders with Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Oblasts in the east, and with Kazakhstan in the south.
Archeological finds have indicated that the present day territory of the oblast has been inhabited for the last 14,000 years. Neolithic societies in the area lived by fishing and hunting. About three thousand years ago, pastoralism began to take hold.
Various Turkic states dominated the area throughout the Middle Ages. The most notable of these were the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Siberian Khanate. Siberian Tatars, Mongols, Khanty and Mansi tribes, along with others, inhabited the territory.
The Russian history of Omsk can be said to begin with the 1584 arrival of a Cossack force under the command of Yermak, who defeated local rulers and established nominal Russian control of the area.
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Oxford University
Coordinates: 51°45′40″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7611°N 1.2534°W / 51.7611; -1.2534
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. In post-nominals, the University of Oxford was historically abbreviated as Oxon. (from the Latin Oxoniensis), although Oxf is now used in official university publications.
After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient English universities have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to their cultural and practical associations, as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.
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Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Pamir Mountains
Coordinates: 39°N 72°E / 39°N 72°E / 39; 72
The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction or knot of the Himalayas, Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world’s highest mountains and since Victorian times they have been known as the "Roof of the World" a probable translation from the Persian.
In other languages they are called: Kyrgyz Памир тоолору; Persian: رشته کوه های پامیر Reshte Kūh-hāye Pāmīr; Tajik: Кӯҳҳои Помир; Pashto: د پامير غرونه; Uyghur: پامىر ئېگىزلىكى; Urdu: پامیر کوهستان; Hindi: पामीर पर्वतमाला; Chinese: 帕米尔高原; pinyin: Pàmǐ'ěr Gāoyuán. Another Chinese name is Congling (cōnglǐng 葱嶺) (Wade-Giles: Ts'ung-ling) or "Onion Range" (after the wild onions growing in the region).
The precise extent of the Pamir Mountains is debatable. They lie mostly in Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan and Badakshan Province, Afghanistan. To the north they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the south they join the Hindu Kush mountains along the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan/Pakistan, and also Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan. To the east they may end on the Chinese border or extend to the range that includes Kongur Tagh which is sometimes included in the Kunlun Mountains.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Republic of Buryatia
The Republic of Buryatia (Russian: Респу́блика Буря́тия, tr. Respublika Buryatiya; IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə]; Buryat: Буряад Республика, Buryaad Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. Its area is 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 972,021 (2010 Census).
The republic is located in the south-central region of Siberia along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal.
Major rivers include:
Over 80% of the republic's territory is located in the mountainous region, including the Baikal Mountains on the northern shores of Lake Baikal.
The republic's natural resources include gold, tungsten, zinc, uranium, and more.
Population: 972,021 (2010 Census); 981,238 (2002 Census); 1,041,119 (1989 Census).
Source:
According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Russians make up two thirds of the republic's population, while the ethnic Buryats are only 30%. Other groups include Ukrainians (0.6%), Tatars (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Federation
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sakha Republic
The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (Russian: Республика Саха (Якутия), tr. Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya); IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə sɐˈxa jɪˈkutʲɪə]; Sakha: Саха Республиката, Sakha Respublikata) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Population: 958,528 (2010 Census), consisting mainly of ethnic Yakuts and Russians.
Comprising half of the Far Eastern Federal District, it is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,103,200 km2 (1,198,200 sq mi)[citation needed] and the eighth largest territory in the world, if the federal subjects of Russia were compared with other countries. It is larger than Argentina and just smaller than India which covers an area of 3,287,240 km2. It has a population of fewer than one million inhabitants. Its capital is the city of Yakutsk.
The Sakha Republic is one of the ten autonomous Turkic Republics within the Russian Federation. Yakutia also fosters close cultural, political, economic and industrial relations with the independent Turkic states through membership in organisations such as the Turkic Council and the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture.
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Sakhalin
Sakhalin (Russian: Сахалин, pronounced [səxɐˈlʲin]; also known as Kuye (simplified Chinese: 库页; traditional Chinese: 庫頁; pinyin: Kùyè); Japanese: Karafuto (樺太?) or Saharin (サハリン?)) or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.
It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin, which is about one fifth the size of Japan, is just off the east coast of Russia, and just north of Japan.
The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs. Most Ainu relocated to Hokkaidō when the Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949.
Sakhalin was claimed by both Russia and Japan in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, which led to bitter disputes between the two countries over control of the island.
The European names derive from misinterpretation of a Manchu name sahaliyan ula angga hada ("peak/craggy rock at the mouth of the Amur River"). Sahaliyan, the word that has been borrowed in the form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu and is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River (sahaliyan ula, literally "Black River" ; see Sikhote-Alin). Its Japanese name, Karafuto (樺太?), supposedly comes from Ainu kamuy kar put ya mosir (カムイ・カラ・プト・ヤ・モシリ, shortened to Karput カラ・プト), which means "Land/Island/Country at the Shore of the God-Made (River) Mouth/Confluence."[citation needed] The name was used by the Japanese during their possession of its southern part (1905–1945).
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Sakhalin Oblast
Sakhalin Oblast (Russian: Сахали́нская о́бласть, tr. Sakhalinskaya oblast; IPA: [səxɐˈlʲinskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) comprising the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The oblast has an area of 87,100 square kilometers (33,600 sq mi). Its administrative center and the largest city is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Population: 497,973 (2010 Census).
Besides people from other parts of the former Soviet Union, the oblast is home to Nivkhs and Ainu, with the latter having lost their language in Sakhalin recently.
Some territories of Sakhalin Oblast (four islands, the southern ones of the Kuril archipelago) are claimed by Japan.
Population: 497,973 (2010 Census); 546,695 (2002 Census); 709,629 (1989 Census).
Ethnic groups: 409,786 ethnic Russians are the largest group, followed by 24,993 Koreans, 12,136 Ukrainians and a whole host of smaller groups, including 219 Japanese (0.05%). The ethnic composition of the oblast in 2010 was as follows:
The indigenous people of Sakhalin are the Nivkhs, Oroki, and Ainu minorities.
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Salekhard
Salekhard (Russian: Салеха́рд; Khanty: Пуӆңават; Nenets: Саляʼ харад, lit. house on a peninsula) is a town and the administrative center of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is believed to be the only town in the world that is located right on a Polar circle. Population: 42,494 (2010 Census preliminary results); 36,827 (2002 Census); 32,334 (1989 Census).
The settlement of Obdorsk (Обдорск) was founded in 1595, in the place of a Khanty settlement called Polnovat-Vozh (Полноват-вож), by Russian settlers after the conquest of Siberia.[citation needed] It was situated on the Ob River, and its name supposedly derives from that. The land around Obdorsk was referred to as Obdorsky krai, or Obdoriya.
The town was often used as a place of exile during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Among notable people who spent time here was the Doukhobor spiritual leader Pyotr Verigin. The town and nearby area contained three Soviet camps where approximately 6,500 prisoners were held, arrested for their belief in God. At the port of Salekhard, approximately 1,500 prisoners loaded and unloaded goods at the dock, or mined metal ores. About 5,000 prisoners in two camps near Salekhard were assigned to polish diamonds mined from Mirny.
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Sayan Mountains
Coordinates: 53°15′07″N 94°58′28″E / 53.25194°N 94.97444°E / 53.25194; 94.97444
Western Sayan, Ergaki mountains
The Sayan Mountains (Russian: Саяны; Mongolian: Соёоны нуруу; Kokmen Mountains during the period of the Göktürks) are a mountain range between northwestern Mongolia and southern Siberia, Russia.
The Eastern Sayan extends 1,000 km (621 mi) from the Yenisei River at 92° E to the southwest end of Lake Baikal at 106° E. The Western Sayan forms the eastern continuation of the Altay Mountains, stretching for 500 km (311 mi) from 89° E to the middle of the Eastern Sayan at 96° E.
The Sayan Mountains' towering peaks and cool lakes southwest of Tuva give rise to the tributaries that merge to become one of Siberia's major rivers, the Yenisei River, which flows north over 2000 miles to the Arctic Ocean. This is a protected and isolated area, having been kept closed by the Soviet Union since 1944.
While the general elevation is 2000 to 2,700 m (8,858 ft), granites and metamorphic slates reach altitudes of over 3,000 m (9,843 ft), with the highest being Mönkh Saridag at 3,492 m (11,457 ft). The principal mountain passes lie 1800 to 2,300 m (7,546 ft) above the sea, for example Muztagh pass at 2,280 m (7,480 ft), Mongol pass at 1,980 m (6,496 ft), Tenghyz pass at 2,280 m (7,480 ft) and Obo-sarym pass at 1,860 m (6,102 ft).
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Sea of Okhotsk
Coordinates: 55°N 150°E / 55°N 150°E / 55; 150
The Sea of Okhotsk (Russian: Охо́тское мо́ре, tr. Okhotskoye More; IPA: [ɐˈxotskəjə ˈmorʲə]) is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, lying between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast (including the Shantar Islands) along the west and north. The northeast corner is Shelikhov Gulf. It is named after Okhotsk, the first Russian settlement in the Far East.
The Sea of Okhotsk covers 611,000 sq.mi. (1,583,000 km2), with a mean depth of 2,818 feet (859 metres). Its maximum depth is 11,063 feet (3,372 metres). It is connected to the Sea of Japan on either side of Sakhalin: on the west through the Sakhalin Gulf and the Gulf of Tartary; on the south, through the La Pérouse Strait.
In winter, navigation on the Sea of Okhotsk becomes difficult, or even impossible, due to the formation of large ice floes, because the large amount of freshwater from the Amur River lowers the salinity and raises the freezing point of the sea. The distribution and thickness of ice floes depends on many factors: the location, the time of year, water currents, and the sea temperatures.
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Severnaya Zemlya
Coordinates: 79°30′N 97°45′E / 79.5°N 97.75°E / 79.5; 97.75 Severnaya Zemlya (Russian: Се́верная Земля́, Northern Land) is an archipelago in the Russian high Arctic. It is located off mainland Siberia's Taymyr Peninsula across the Vilkitsky Strait. This archipelago separates two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea in the west and the Laptev Sea in the east.
Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last archipelago on Earth to be discovered. Politically, they are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base.
Although located not far off the northern coast of Russia, Severnaya Zemlya was not formally recorded until the 20th century. Earlier explorers did report a land mass in the general areas, most notably a report by Matvei Gedenschtrom and Yakov Sannikov in 1810 from their explorations out of Novaya Sibir.
Nested among the ice-locked waters of the Arctic Ocean, Severnaya Zemlya was not put on the map until the 1913–1915 Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition of icebreakers Taimyr and Vaigach. Led by Boris Vilkitsky, this venture accomplished its goal of exploring the uncharted areas of the Northern Sea Route in what was seen as the culmination of an enterprise initially conceived by emperor Peter I the Great to map the Northern Sea Route to the East.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Siberian High
The Siberian High (also Russo-Siberian High/Anticyclone) is a massive collection of cold or very cold dry air that accumulates on the Eurasian terrain for much of the year, usually centred around Lake Baikal. It reaches its greatest size and strength in the winter, when the air temperature near the center of the high-pressure cell or anticyclone is often lower than −40 °C (−40 °F). The sea-level pressure (atmospheric pressure) is often above 1,040 millibars (31 inHg). The Siberian High is the strongest semipermanent high in the northern hemisphere and is responsible for both the lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere, of −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885 at Verkhoyansk and the highest pressure, 1083.8 mbar (108.38 kPa, 32.01 inHg) at Agata, Krasnoyarsk Krai on 31 December 1968. The Siberian High is responsible both for severe winter cold and attendant dry conditions with little snow and few or no glaciers across Siberia, Mongolia and China. During the summer, the Siberian High is largely replaced by a low-pressure system, resulting in a summer precipitation maximum across almost all of East Asia.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Stanovoy Range
The Stanovoy Range (Russian: Станово́й хребе́т, Chinese: 外兴安岭 Wài xìng'ān lǐng), or Outer Khingan Range is a mountain range located in southeastern parts of the Russian Far East. It runs south-west to north-east for over 900km, from the Olyokma River in the west, to the Uchur River in the east. almost to the Sea of Okhotsk. It separates the watershed of the Arctic Ocean (via the Lena) from that of the Pacific Ocean (via the Amur). For this reason, it was the border between Russia and China from 1689 (Treaty of Nerchinsk) to 1858 (Treaty of Aigun).
It is about 725 km long. Its highest point is Mount Skalisty at 2,482 meters (8,143 ft). The range has many glaciers, which are the main source of the Lena River.
The Yablonovy Range may be considered a southwestern extension of the Stavonoy. Before the 20th century, Stanavoy could also refer to a somewhat mythical range along the west coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Coordinates: 56°20′N 126°00′E / 56.333°N 126°E / 56.333; 126
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Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердло́вская о́бласть, Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Urals Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Population: 4,297,747 (2010 Census).
Most of the oblast lies on the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain. Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains.
The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals (Konzhakovsky Kamen at 1,569 m and Denezhkin Kamen at 1,492 m). The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to 300–500 m above the sea level. Principal rivers include the Tavda, the Tura, the Chusovaya, and the Ufa, the latter two being tributaries of the Kama.
Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai, the Komi Republic, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.
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Taklamakan
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert in northwest China, in the southwest portion of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) to the west and north.
The name is probably an Uyghur borrowing of Arabic tark, "to leave alone/out/behind, relinquish, abandon" + makan, "place". Another plausible explanation is that it is derived from Turki taqlar makan, which means "the place of ruins". Popular accounts wrongly claim that Takla Makan means "go in and you will never come out". It may also mean "The point of no return" or "The Desert of Death".
The Taklamakan Desert Ecoregion is a Chinese ecoregion of the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome.[citation needed]
It has an area of 337,000 km2. (130,116 sq. mi.), and includes the Tarim Basin, which is 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) long and 400 kilometres (250 mi) wide. It is crossed at its northern and at its southern edge by two branches of the Silk Road as travelers sought to avoid the arid wasteland. It is the world's second largest shifting sand desert with about 85% made up of shifting sand dunes ranking 18th in size in a ranking of the world's largest non-polar deserts.
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Tannu-Ola Mountains
The Tannu-Ola mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula mountains; Mongolian: Тагны уулс, Тagny Uuls) is a mountain range in southern Siberia, in the Tuva Republic of Russia. It extends in an east-west direction and curves along the Mongolian border. Its highest peaks reaches 2,930 m.
The northern slopes are part of the watershed of the Yenisei River, facing the western Sayan Mountains. The eastern end touches the large watershed of the Selenge River in Mongolia. The foothills of the southern slopes cross into Mongolian territory. They form the northern limits of a large basin of steppes, which extends south to the Mongolian Altay Mountains and includes the salt lake Uvs Nuur. The western end is located near the northern Altay Mountains in the Russian Altai Republic.
Coordinates: 51°04′12″N 92°23′25″E / 51.07°N 92.39028°E / 51.07; 92.39028
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Tara, Russia
Coordinates: 56°54′N 74°22′E / 56.9°N 74.367°E / 56.9; 74.367
Tara (Russian: Та́ра) is a town in Omsk Oblast, Russia, located about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of Omsk, at the confluence of the Tara and Irtysh Rivers at a point where the forested country merges into the steppe. It serves as the administrative center of Tarsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Population: 27,322 (2010 Census preliminary results); 26,888 (2002 Census); 26,152 (1989 Census).
It was founded as a fort around 1594 as a direct result of Yermak's incursions into Siberia, and as such is one of the oldest towns in the region.
Tara pre-dates many of Siberia's larger cities and for many years served as a gateway for further eastward settlement. Omsk, which subsequently eclipsed Tara in importance, was founded at the request of Tara's military commanders.
Tara's historical churches recall a time when it was one of only two cities in Tobolsk Eparchy and Tara served as the first administrative division[clarification needed] of the Russian Orthodox Church in Siberia. In the 18th–19th centuries, Tara was also the administrative center of Tarsky Uyezd of Tobolsk Governorate, with jurisdiction over Omsk.
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Taymyr Peninsula
The Taymyr Peninsula (Russian: Полуостров Таймыр, Таймырский полуостров) is a peninsula in the Far North of Russia, in the Siberian Federal District, that forms the northernmost part of mainland Eurasia and Asia. It lies between the Yenisei Gulf of the Kara Sea and the Khatanga Gulf of the Laptev Sea in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.
Lake Taymyr and the Byrranga Mountains are located within the vast Taymyr Peninsula.
The peninsula is the site of the last known naturally occurring muskox outside of North America, which died out about 2,000 years ago. They were successfully reintroduced in 1975.
Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent, is located at the northern end of the Taymyr Peninsula.
The isolated location of the Nganasan people enabled them to maintain shamanistic practices even in the 20th century.
MMC Norilsk Nickel conducts mining operations in the area. The company conducts smelting operations in the area of the city of Norilsk, near the peninsula. The nickel ore concentrate and other products of the company are transported over a short railroad to the port city of Dudinka on the Yenisei River, and from there by boat to Murmansk and other ports.
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Tian Shan
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; pinyin: Tiān Shān; literally "celestial mountains"; Mongolian: Тэнгэр уул; Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), also spelled Tien Shan, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak (Jengish Chokusu), 7,439 metres (24,406 ft).
The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the Xiongnu language name qilian (祁连), which was described by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian as the homeland of the pre-Xiongnu peoples of the region, the Yuezhi, and has been said to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known by this name. The nearby Tannu-Ola Mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It also extends into the Chinese province of Xinjiang and into the northern areas of Pakistan, where it joins the Hindu Kush.[citation needed]
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Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau (Tibetan: བོད་ས་མཐོ།, Wylie: bod sa mtho), also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang) Plateau (Chinese: 青藏高原; pinyin: Qīngzàng Gāoyuán) is a vast, elevated plateau in Central Asia or East Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) east to west. With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called "the Roof of the World" and is the world's highest and largest plateau, with an area of 2.5 million km2 (0.97 million sq. mi., or about four times the size of France).
The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by massive mountain ranges. The plateau is bordered to the south by the Himalayan range, to the north by the Kunlun Range which separates it from the Tarim Basin, and to the northeast by the Qilian Range which separates the plateau from the Hexi Corridor and Gobi Desert. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze rivers in western Sichuan (the Hengduan Mountains) and southwest Qinghai. In the west the curve of the rugged Karakoram range of northern Kashmir embraces it.
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Tobolsk
Tobolsk (Russian: Тобо́льск) is a town in Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers. It is a historic capital of Siberia. Population: 99,698 (2010 Census preliminary results); 92,880 (2002 Census); 94,143 (1989 Census).
It was founded by Yermak Timofeyevich's Cossacks in 1585–1586 during the first Russian advance into Siberia near the ruins of the Khanate of Sibir's capital, Qashliq. It became the seat of the Viceroy of Siberia and prospered on trade with China and Bukhara. It was there that the first school, theater, and newspaper in Siberia were established. After the Swedish defeat at Poltava in 1709, large numbers of prisoners were sent to Tobolsk. They numbered about 25% of the total population. Many POWs were not repatriated until the 1720s, and some of them settled permanently in Tobolsk.
After administrative division of the territory, Tobolsk remained the seat of the Governor-General of Western Siberia until the seat was moved to Omsk in the 1820s or 1830s. Bowing to the city's authority, many Siberian towns, including Omsk, Tyumen, and Tomsk, had their original arms display the Tobolsk insignia. Omsk honors the legacy to this day.
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Tomsk
Tomsk (Russian: Томск) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Tom River. One of the oldest towns in Siberia, Tomsk celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2004. Population: 522,940 (2010 Census preliminary results); 487,838 (2002 Census); 501,963 (1989 Census).
It is served by the Bogashevo Airport.
Tomsk is located about 20 kilometers (12 mi) southeast of the town of Seversk, a major center of plutonium production, reprocessing and uranium enrichment.
Tomsk was established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604 after Toyan, the Tatar duke of Eushta, asked for the Tsar's protection against Kirghiz robbers.[citation needed] The Tsar sent 200 Cossacks under the command of Vasily Tyrkov and Gavriil Pisemsky to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk. Toyan ceded the land for the fortress to the Tsar.
In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the seat of the new Tomsk Governorate, which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, and Krasnoyarsk, as well as the territories which are now in eastern Kazakhstan. The new status brought development and the city grew quickly.
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Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk Oblast (Russian: То́мская о́бласть, Tomskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk. Population: 1,047,394 (2010 Census).
The development of the territory which now constitutes the oblast began in the early 17th century. Tomsk itself was founded in 1604. Most of the oblast's 316,900 square kilometers (122,400 sq mi) territory is inaccessible because it is covered with taiga woods and swamps. The oblast borders with Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts.
Tomsk Oblast is rich in natural resources, particularly oil, natural gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, peat, and underground waters. Forests are also among the most significant assets of the oblast: about 20% of the West Siberian forest resources are located in Tomsk Oblast. Industry makes up about half of the regional GDP, while agriculture contributes 19% and construction 13%. Chemical and oil industries are the most developed in the region, followed by machine construction. The oblast's major export items are: oil (62.1%), methanol (30.2%), and machines and equipment (4.8%). Oil extraction and lumbering are the major business of the region's joint ventures.
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Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Russia (also known as Tsardom of Muscovy; officially Русское царство (Tsardom of Rus') or, in hellenized form, Российское царство) was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 until Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 (Holland's size) a year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power, after a military victory over Sweden and Poland implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire (Российская Империя) in 1721 making it a recognized European power.
While Ivan assumed the title of "Tsar and Grand Duke of the entire Rus'" (Царь и Великий князь всея Руси), officially renaming the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Tsardom of Russia, the state remained partly referred to as Muscovy (Moscovia) throughout Europe, predominantly in its Catholic part. The two names "Russia" and "Muscovy" appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the later 16th and throughout the 17th century with different maps and sources using different names.
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Tuva
The Tyva Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, tr. Respublika Tyva; IPA: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva]; Tuvan: Тыва Республика, Tyva Respublika), or Tuva (Russian: Тува́), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It lies in the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders with the Altai Republic, the Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and the Republic of Buryatia in Russia and with Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl. Population: 307,930 (2010 Census).
Forests, mountains, and steppe make up a large part of the geography.
A majority of the people are Tuvans who speak the Tuvan language, but Russian is also spoken extensively. Tuva is governed by the Great Khural which elects a chairman for a four-year term. The current chairman is Sholban Kara-ool.
The republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city of Kyzyl is located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, and the west is a drier lowland.
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Tyumen
Tyumen (Russian: Тюме́нь; IPA: [tʲʉˈmʲenʲ] ( listen)) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tura River 2,144 kilometers (1,332 mi) east of Moscow. Population: 581,758 (2010 Census preliminary results); 510,719 (2002 Census); 476,869 (1989 Census).
Tyumen is the oldest Russian settlement in Siberia. Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains. Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city's history.
Today Tyumen is one of Russia's most important business centers and is prominent in the political and cultural life of Russia.
Tyumen is the transportation hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast—a vast oil-rich region stretching from the Kazakh border to the Arctic Ocean—as well as the home of many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry.
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Tyumen Oblast
Tyumen Oblast (Russian: Тюме́нская о́бласть, Tyumenskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Tyumen. The oblast has administrative jurisdiction over two autonomous okrugs—Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Tyumen is the largest city, with over half a million inhabitants. As of 2006[update], it is by far the richest federal subject of Russia, with an average GDP per capita several times the national average. Population: 3,395,755 (2010 Census).
There are a variety of fauna and flora in this region. In the northern part can be found ptarmigan, walrus and Arctic fox.Polar bears also occur in the extreme north; the genetic make-up of this Polar bear sub-population is genetically distinct from other circumpolar regions.
Population: 3,395,755 (2010 Census); 3,264,841 (2002 Census); 3,080,621 (1989 Census).
There were thirty-six recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in Tyumen Oblast, making this one of the most multicultural oblasts in Russia. The national composition at the time of the 2010 Census was:
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Ukok Plateau
Ukok Plateau is a remote and pristine grasslands area located in the heart of southwestern Siberia, the Altai Mountains region of Russia near the borders with China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The Pazyryk is the name of an ancient people who lived in the Altai Mountains on this plateau who are associated with some spectacular archeological findings, including mummies found frozen in the permafrost. Many ancient Bronze Age tomb mounds have been found in the area and have been associated with the Pazyryk culture which closely resembled that of the legendary Scythian people to the west. The term kurgan is in general usage to describe such log-barrow burials. Excavations of this site have continued to yield fascinating archaeological findings. One famous finding is known as the Ice Maiden, excavated by Russian archaeologist, Natalia Polosmak. Three tattooed mummies (c. 300 BC) were extracted from the permafrost of the Ukok Plateau in the second half of the 20th century.
It is recognized as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai as an important environmental treasure. It provides a habitat for many of the world's endangered species including one of its least studied predatory animals: the snow leopard. Other endangered species protected there include the Argali mountain sheep, the steppe eagle, and the Black Stork. Currently the Ukok Plateau is being threatened by plans for a gas pipeline between China and Russia. It is also being threatened by a proposal to build a road through it as well as overuse of the steppe by ranchers.
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Ulan-Ude
Ulan-Ude (Russian: Ула́н-Удэ́; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ, Ulaan-Üde) is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, 404,357 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 359,391 recorded in the 2002 Census, making the city the third largest in eastern Siberia by population.
Ulan-Ude was first called Udinskoye (У́динское) for its location on the Uda River. From around 1735, the settlement was called Udinsk (У́динск) and was granted town status under that name in 1775.
The name was changed to Verkhneudinsk, literally "Upper Udinsk" (Верхнеу́динск), in 1783 to differentiate it from Nizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different Uda River near Irkutsk which gained town status that year. The "upper" and "lower" refer to positions of the two cities relative to each other, not the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its Uda, i.e. the lower end, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch of its Uda.
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Upper Angara River
The Upper Angara River (Russian: Верхняя Ангара, Buryat: Дээдэ Ангар) is a river in Siberia to the north of Lake Baikal. It is 320 km long and rises north-east of Lake Baikal, flowing south-west through the Buryat Republic and eventually into the lake. It is partly navigable. The Baikal Amur Mainline runs along the north side of the river northeast up its valley, crossing between Anamakit and Novy Uoyan and crossing the river a second time upstream before heading into the mountains.
Coordinates: 55°44′30″N 109°53′31″E / 55.7417°N 109.892°E / 55.7417; 109.892
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (Bashkir: Урал тауҙары, Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, Uralskiye gory, or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan. Their eastern side is usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic.
The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and Ural economic region. They are rich in various deposits, including metal ores, coal, precious and semi-precious stones, and since the 18th century have been the major mineral base of Russia.
As attested by Sigismund von Herberstein, in the 16th century Russians called the range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (Урал, Ural), first appearing in the 16th-17th century when the Russian expansion into Siberia was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might be a borrowing from either Turkic (Bashkir, where the same name is used for the range), or Ob-Ugric. From the 13th century, in Bashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave which later turned into the Ural Mountains.
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Verkhoyansk Range
The Verkhoyansk Range (Russian: Верхоянский хребет) is a mountain range of eastern Siberia, spanning ca. 1000 km (600 m.), across the Sakha Republic. It forms a vast arc between the Lena and Aldan rivers to the west and the Yana River to the east. It rises to ca. 2,480 m (8,150 ft) in the south. There are coal, silver, lead, and zinc deposits. It lies just west of the boundary of the Eurasian and the North American tectonic plates.
The world's lowest temperatures for inhabited places have been recorded in this region, and there is quite deep snow cover for most of the year. During the Last Glacial Maximum the range contained extensive glaciers, and the scenery in the summer is typical of "alpine" mountains.
Coordinates: 67°00′N 129°00′E / 67°N 129°E / 67; 129
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Yakutsk
Yakutsk (Russian: Яку́тск; IPA: [jɪˈkutsk]; Sakha: Дьокуускай, pronounced [ɟokuːskaj]) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about 450 kilometers (280 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. Population: 269,486 (2010 Census preliminary results); 210,642 (2002 Census); 186,626 (1989 Census).
Yakutsk is a major port on the Lena River. It is served by Yakutsk Airport as well as the smaller Magan Airport. It is a major supplier of diamonds.
Yakutsk was founded as an ostrog (fort) by Pyotr Beketov in 1632.[citation needed] In 1639, it became the center of a voyevodstvo. The Yakutsk Voyevodstvo quickly became the most important Russian official in the region and directed expansion to the east and south. Yakutsk did not grow into a city until the discovery of large reserves of gold and other minerals in the 1880s and 1890s. These reserves were developed extensively during industrialization under Stalin. The rapid growth of forced labor camps in Siberia was also a major factor encouraging Yakutsk's development.
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (Russian: Екатеринбу́рг; IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk], also romanized Ekaterinburg) is the fourth-largest city in Russia with a population of 1,398,889 (2012). Yekaterinburg is situated in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia.
Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the main industrial and cultural center of the Ural Federal District. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was named Sverdlovsk (Свердло́вск) after the Communist party leader Yakov Sverdlov.
Internationally Yekaterinburg is best known as a city where the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed in 1918.
The city was founded in 1723 by Vasily Tatischev and Georg Wilhelm de Gennin and named after Tsar Peter the Great's wife Catherine I (Yekaterina). The official date of the city's foundation is November 18, 1723. It was granted town status in 1796.
Soon after the Russian Revolution, on July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House in this city. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk the day after. In 1977, the Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin, to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists. He later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the Tsar in 1998.
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Yenisei River
Yenisei (Russian: Енисе́й), also written as Yenisey, is the largest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean. It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob River and the Lena River). Rising in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea, draining a large part of central Siberia, the longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider river system.
The upper reaches, subject to rapids and flooding, pass through sparsely populated areas. The middle section is controlled by a series of massive hydroelectric dams fuelling significant Russian primary industry. Partly built by gulag labor in Soviet times, industrial contamination remains a serious problem in an area hard to police. Moving on through sparsely-populated taiga, the Yenisei swells with numerous tributaries and finally reaches the Kara Sea in desolate tundra where it is icebound for more than half the year.
The maximum depth of the Yenisei River is 80 feet (24 m) and the average depth is 45 feet (14 m). The depth of river outflow is 106 feet (32 m) and inflow is 101 feet (31 m).
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Yeniseysk
Yeniseysk (Russian: Енисе́йск; IPA: [jɪnʲɪˈsʲejsk]) is a town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located on the Yenisei River. Population: 18,769 (2010 Census preliminary results); 20,394 (2002 Census); 22,891 (1989 Census); 20,000 (1970).
Yeniseysk was founded in 1619 as a stockaded town—the first town on the Yenisei River.[citation needed] It played an important role in Russian colonization of East Siberia in the 17th–18th centuries. Its location is due to the Siberian River Routes from the Urals, up the Ob, up the Ket River and over a portage to Yeniseysk and from there to the Yenisei basin. It became less important due to road and rail building further south. Its old town is included by the Russian government in the country's tentative World Heritage List.
Yeniseysk serves as the administrative center of Yeniseysky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Administratively, it is incorporated as the krai town of Yeniseysk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the krai town of Yeniseysk is incorporated as Yeniseysk Urban Okrug.
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Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Russian: Ю́жно-Сахали́нск) is a city and the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. The city was formerly called Vladimirovka between 1882–1905, then Toyohara (豊原) between 1905-1946. Population: 181,727 (2010 Census preliminary results); 175,085 (2002 Census); 159,299 (1989 Census).
It began as a small Russian settlement called Vladimirovka, founded by convicts in 1882.[citation needed] The Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, which brought an end to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, awarded the southern half of the Sakhalin Island to Japan. Vladimirovka was renamed Toyohara (meaning "bountiful plain"), and was the prefect capital of Japanese Karafuto Prefecture.
After the end of World War II, the Japanese portion of Sakhalin island was occupied by Soviet troops. Ownership of the city transferred back to the Soviet Union and it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Town status was granted to it in 1946.[citation needed]
Administratively, along with ten rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is incorporated as Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban Okrug.
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Altai Republic
Altai Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay; Altay: Алтай Республика, Altay Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the town of Gorno-Altaysk. The area of the republic is 92,600 square kilometers (35,800 sq mi). Population: 206,168 (2010 Census).
The national autonomy for the Altai people was created on June 1, 1922 as Oyrot Autonomous Oblast (Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть), part of Altai Krai. The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948 it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic.
The republic is situated in the very center of Asia at the junction of Siberian taiga, steppes of Kazakhstan and semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory.
More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya, both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River, one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean.
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Buryats
The Buryats or Buriyads (Buryat: Буряад, Buryaad), numbering approximately 500,000, are the largest indigenous (aboriginal) group in Siberia, mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia. They are the major northern subgroup of the Mongols .
Buryats share many customs with other Mongols, including nomadic herding, and erecting gers for shelter. Today, the majority of Buryats live in and around Ulan-Ude, the capital of the republic, although many live more traditionally in the countryside. They speak in a dialect of Mongol language called Buryat.
The Buryat people are descended from various SIberian and Mongolic peoples that inhabited the Lake Baikal Region. Then in the 13th century the Mongolians came up and enslaved the various Buryat tribes around Lake Baikal. The name "Buriyad" is mentioned as one of the forest people for the first time in The Secret History of the Mongols (possibly 1240). It says Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, marched north to subjugate the Buryats in 1207. The Buryats lived along the Angara River and its tributaries at this time. Meanwhile, their component, Barga, appeared both west of Baikal and in northern Buryatia's Barguzin valley. Linked also to the Bargas were the Khori-Tumed along the Arig River in eastern Khövsgöl Province and the Angara. A Tumad rebellion broke out in 1217, when Genghis Khan allowed his viceroy to seize 30 Tumad maidens. Genghis Khan's commander Dorbei the Fierce of the Dörbeds smashed them in response. The Buryats joined the Oirats challenging the imperial rule of the Eastern Mongols during the Northern Yuan period in the late 14th century.
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Eskimo
Eskimos (or Esquimaux) or Inuit–Yupik (for Alaska: Inupiat–Yupik) peoples are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia), across Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland.
There are two main groups that are referred to as Eskimo: Yupik and Inuit. A third group, the Aleut, is related. The Yupik language dialects and cultures in Alaska and eastern Siberia have evolved in place beginning with the original (pre-Dorset) Eskimo culture that developed in Alaska. Approximately 4,000 years ago the Unangam (also known as Aleut) culture became distinctly separate, and evolved into a non-Eskimo culture. Approximately 1,500–2,000 years ago, apparently in Northwestern Alaska, two other distinct variations appeared. The Inuit language branch became distinct and in only several hundred years spread across northern Alaska, Canada and into Greenland. At about the same time, the technology of the Thule people developed in northwestern Alaska and very quickly spread over the entire area occupied by Eskimo people, though it was not necessarily adopted by all of them.
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Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars ( /ˈævɑrz/) were a Turkic people from the steppes of Central Asia, and later they became a confederation of Eurasian tribes of mixed origin. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid-sixth century AD, when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Their state was the Avar Khaganate. The rule of their country over much of the Pannonian Plain persisted until the early 9th century.
The origin of the Eurasian Avars is unclear. Information about origins is derived primarily from the works of Byzantine historians Menander Protector and Theophylact Simocatta. John of Ephesus used the term "those, who are called "Avars," because of their long hair." The confusion is compounded by the fact that many clans carried a particular name because they believed it to be prestigious, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin or reputation.[citation needed] Such a case has been seen repeatedly for many nomadic confederacies.
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Evenks
The Evenks (Ewenti or Eventi) (autonym: Эвэнкил Evenkil; Russian: Эвенки Evenki; Chinese: 鄂温克族 Èwēnkè Zú; formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; Mongolian: Хамниган Khamnigan) are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527 (2002 Census). In China, the Evenki form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of 30,505, as per 2000 Census. There are also 535 Mongolized Evenki in Mongolia, referred to as Khamnigan.
The Evenki or Ewenki are sometime conjectured to be connected to the Shiwei people who inhabited the Greater Khingan Range in the 5-9th centuries, although the native land of the majority of Evenki people is in the vast regions of Siberia between Lake Baikal and the Amur River. The Ewenki language forms the northern branch of the Manchu-Tungusic language group and is closely related to Even and Negidal in Siberia. By 1600 the Ewenkis or Evenkis of the Lena and Yenisey valleys were successful reindeer herders. By contrast the Solons and the Khamnigans (Ewenkis of Transbaikalia) had picked up horse breeding and the Mongolian deel from the Mongols. The Solons (ancestors of the Evenkis in China) nomadized along the Amur River. They were closely related to the Daur people. To the west the Khamnigan were another group of horse breeding Evenkis in the Transbaikalia area. Also in the Amur valley a body of Siberian Evenki-speaking people were called Orochen by the Manchus.
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Explorers of Siberia
The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth’s land mass. In the times of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire the country's share in the world's land mass reached 1/6. Most of these territories were first discovered by Russian explorers (if indigenous peoples of inhabited territories are not counted). Contiguous exploration in Eurasia and the building of overseas colonies in Russian America were some of the primary factors in Russian territorial expansion.
Apart from their discoveries in Siberia, Alaska, Central Asia and the Extreme North, Russian explorers have made significant contributions to the exploration of the Arctic and Antarctic, the Pacific islands, as well as deep-sea and space exploration.
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Gerardus Mercator
Gerardus Mercator[pronunciation?] (born 5 March 1512 in Rupelmonde in the Hapsburg County of Flanders, Holy Roman Empire, died 2 December 1594 in Duisburg, United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Holy Roman Empire) was a cartographer. He is remembered for the Mercator projection world map, which is named after him. This proved very useful to many later navigators who could (using his map) sail across the entire ocean on approximately straight paths (called rhumb lines). He died in Duisburg.
Mercator was born Gerard de gemor or de Cremer in the Flemish town of Rupelmonde to parents from Gangelt in the Duchy of Jülich, where he was raised. "Mercator" is the Latinized form of his name. It means "merchant". He was educated in 's-Hertogenbosch by the famous humanist Macropedius and at the University of Leuven. Despite Mercator's fame as a cartographer, his main source of income came through his craftsmanship of mathematical instruments. In Leuven, he worked with Gemma Frisius and Gaspar Myrica from 1535 to 1536 to construct a terrestrial globe, although the role of Mercator in the project was not primarily as a cartographer, but rather as a highly skilled engraver of brass plates. Mercator's own independent map-making began only when he produced a map of Palestine in 1537; this map was followed by another—a map of the world (1538) – and a map of Flanders (1540). During this period he learned Italic script because it was the most suitable type of script for copper engraving of maps. He wrote the first instruction book of Italic script published in northern Europe.
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns.Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Most authorities suppose that it may have been a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples (Iranic peoples) are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of the Indo-European-speaking peoples. Their historical areas of settlement were on the Iranian plateau, and comprised most of Iran and certain areas of Central Asia such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and most of Afghanistan, some parts of western Pakistan, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey, and scattered parts of the Caucasus Mountains. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian plateau, and stretches from Pakistan's Indus River in the east to eastern Turkey in the west, and from Central Asia and the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south – a region that is sometimes called the Iranian cultural continent, or Greater Persia by scholars, and represents the extent of the Iranian languages and influence of the Persian People, through the geopolitical reach of the Persian empire.
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Kara-Khitan Khanate
The Kara-Khitan Khanate, or Western Liao (Mongolian: Хар Хятан; simplified Chinese: 西辽; traditional Chinese: 西遼; pinyin: Xī Liáo) (1124-1218) was a Khitan empire in Central Asia. The dynasty was founded by Yelü Dashi, who led the remnants of the Liao Dynasty to Central Asia after fleeing from the Jurchen conquest of their homeland in North and Northeast of modern day China. The empire was usurped by the Naimans under Kuchlug in 1211; traditional Chinese, Persian and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the empire. The empire was later destroyed by the Mongol Empire in 1218.
Kara Khitan (Hala Qidan) was the name used by the Khitans to refer to themselves. The phrase is often translated as the Black Khitans in Turkish, but its original meaning is unclear today. On the same line, "Kara-Khitan" literally means in Mongolian "Khar (Хар) Kidan(Хятан), Since no direct records from the empire survive today, the only surviving historical records about the empire come from outside sources. Since the empire took on trappings of a Chinese state, Chinese historians generally refer to the empire as the Western Liao Dynasty, emphasizing its continuation from the Liao Dynasty in North and Northeast China. The Jurchens referred to the empire as Dashi or Dashi Linya (after its founder), to reduce any claims the empire may have had to the old territories of the Liao Dynasty. Muslim historians initially referred to the state simply as Khitay or Khitai. It was only after the Mongol conquest that the state began to be referred to in the Muslim world as the Kara-Khitai or Qara-Khitai.
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Khakassia
The Republic of Khakassia (Russian: Респу́блика Хака́сия, Respublika Khakasiya; Khakass: Хакас Республиказы) or Khakasiya (Хака́сия) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south-central Siberia. Its capital city is Abakan, which is also the largest city in the republic. Population: 532,403 (2010 Census).
The Khakas language has co-official status in the republic.
From the 6th century Khakassia was the core of the old Kyrgyz state. In the thirteenth century, following defeat by the Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to their current homeland in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan). Modern Khakassians regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in Siberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state in 1707.
In 1727 this was confirmed in a treaty between Russia and China. Tsarist policy was to deport convicted criminals from European Russia to Siberia and prisons were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners stayed in the area on their release. Many of the indigenous Khakassian people converted to the Russian Orthodox church and were gradually forced to abandon their nomadic way of life.
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Koryaks
Koryaks (or Koriak) are an indigenous people of Kamchatka Krai in the Russian Far East, who inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. They are akin to the Chukchis, whom they closely resemble in physique and manner of life. Also, they are distantly related to the Kamchadal (Itelmens) on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The Koryaks' neighbors are the Evens to the west of Koryak lands, the Alutor to the south on the isthmus of Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kerek to the east, and the Chukchi to the northeast.
The Koryak are typically split into two groups: the coastal people Nemelan (or Nymylan) meaning 'village dwellers' due to their sedentary fishing habits; and the inland Koryaks, reindeer herders called Chaucu (or Chauchuven) meaning 'rich in reindeer' who are more nomadic.
The Koryak language and its relative, Alutor, are linguistically very close to Chukchi. They are members of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family.
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Kubrat
Kubrat or Kurt (Bulgarian: Кубрат; Ukrainian: Кубрат; Greek: Χουβράτης, Mari: Чумбылат, meaning "Wolf" in Old Turkic) was a Bulgar ruler credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in 632. He is said to have achieved this by conquering the Avars and uniting all the Bulgar tribes under one rule.
The name Kubrat is first mentioned by Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, in his Short History in the 9th century. However the word first appears in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Gökturks and literally means "founding". According to the nomadic tradition almost every king was given a title which summarized his accomplishments or stressed a major one, such as Ilterish Khagan (İl "state", Terish "organized", Khagan or Khan "king" ) for the king who united the Gökturks for a second time. The title for the founding king would be Kubrat Khagan, which would mean "The Founding King", which he was.
In the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans Kubrat is mentioned as Kurt of the Dulo clan. A later legend would describe him as a descendant of Attila the Hun. Some historians conclude that his maternal line was of the Ermy clan, because his maternal uncle Organa was possibly of that clan. In Hungarian history, the Great Prince of the onogurs Árpád Almos, was from the Kubrat streaming, founding the Hungarian empire in Europe.
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List of Russians
This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.
Regardless of ethnicity or emigration, the list includes famous natives of Russia and its predecessor states, as well as people who were born elsewhere but spent most of their active life in Russia. For more information, see the articles Russians and Demographics of Russia. For specific lists of Russians, see Category:Lists of Russian people and Category:Russian people.
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Mongol
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Old Turkic script
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. It was mostly replaced by the Arabic script after the adoption of Islam in Volga Bulgaria (922) and Transoxania .
The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where early 8th century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolay Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions (Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları) were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. It was later used by the Uyghur Empire. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century. The alphabet was usually written from right to left. Further Turkic Nestorian manuscripts, that have the same "rune-like" duct as the Old Turkic script, have been found especially in the oasis of Turfan and in the fortress of Miran.
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Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a reconstructed prehistoric language of Eurasia.
Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the linguistic reconstruction, along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics. Linguistic reconstruction is fraught with significant uncertainties and room for speculation. According to some archaeologists, PIE speakers cannot be assumed to have been a single, identifiable people or tribe, but were a group of loosely related populations ancestral to the later, still partially prehistoric, Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. This view is held especially by archaeologists who posit an original homeland of vast extent and immense time depth. However, this view is not shared by linguists, as proto-languages generally occupy small geographical areas over a very limited time span, and are generally spoken by close-knit communities such as a single small tribe.
The Proto-Indo-Europeans in this sense likely lived during the late Neolithic, or roughly the 4th millennium BC. Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest-steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BC) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BC), and suggest alternative location hypotheses.
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Robert Conquest
George Robert Acworth Conquest CMG (born 15 July 1917) is an Anglo-American historian and poet best known for his influential works of Soviet history which include The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purges of the 1930s. He is currently a research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.
Robert Conquest was born in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, the son of an American of independent means and an English mother. His father served in an American Ambulance Service unit with the French Army in World War I, being awarded the Croix de Guerre with silver star in 1916. Conquest was educated at Winchester College, the University of Grenoble, and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was an exhibitioner in modern history and took his bachelor's and master's degrees in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and his doctorate in Soviet history.
In 1937, after studying at the University of Grenoble, Conquest went up to Oxford, joining both the Carlton Club and, as an 'open' member, the Communist Party of Great Britain. Fellow members included Denis Healey and Philip Toynbee.
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Sabirs
The Sabir people inhabited the Caspian Depression prior to the arrival of the Avars. They appear to have been a Turkic people, possibly of Hunnic origin. "The name Sabir has been linked by some scholars with the name Siberia (where it may have been an alternative name for the Ugrian-speaking Mansi/Vogul) and even with the far Eastern Hsien-pi".
The Sabir lived predominantly in the Pontic steppe region bounded on the east by the Caspian Sea, on the west by the Black Sea and on the south by the Caucasus Mountains. Priscus mentions that the Sabir attacked the Saragur, Urog and Unogur tribes in 461 AD, forcing them across the Volga, as a result of having themselves been attacked by the "Avars". In 515 "they advertised their power in a huge raid south of the Caucasus, in which they attacked Iranian and Byzantine lands with scrupulous impartiality". They eventually came into allegiance with Persia.
In 552 the Sabirs, previously allied with Sassanid Persia, switched their allegiance to the Byzantines and invaded the Caucasus. Soon afterwards, they were conquered first by the Avars and later by the Göktürks. By the 700s they largely vanish from the historical record; probably being assimilated into the Khazars and Bulgars.
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Scythians
The Scythians (/ˈsɪθi.ən/ or /ˈsɪði.ən/; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), or Scyths /ˈsɪθ/, were an ethnolinguistic group of ancient Iranian nomadic tribal cultures who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The name "Scythian" has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in the area known as Scythia,
Sulimirski views the Histories of Herodotus as the most important literary source relating to ancient Scyths. Herodotus provides a depiction that can be related to the results of archaeological research, but apparently knew little of the eastern part of Scythia. He did say that the ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι (Sacae, Herodotus 7.64). Their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths", ruled the vast lands occupied by the nation as a whole (Herodotus 4.20), calling themselves Σκώλοτοι (Scōloti, Herodotus 4.6). Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work "Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka". In it the names of Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for "Scythian," such as Assyrian Aškuz and Greek Skuthēs, descend from *skeud-, an ancient Indo-European root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot). *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuda (archer), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the d has been regularly replaced by an l.
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Siberian Tatars
Siberian Tatars (Sybyrtatar:Сыбыртар; Sybyrtar) refers to the indigenous Siberian population of the forests and steppes of South Siberia stretching from somewhat east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey river. They speak Siberian Tatar, which has been sometimes considered a dialect of Tatar; detailed study demonstrates that Siberian Tatar idioms are quite remote from Volga Tatar by origin.
Siberian Tatars' ancestry was partly from Turkic, Ugric, Mongolic, Ket and Samoyedic tribes, but their main ancestors were the Kypchaks.
Anthropologically, Siberian Tatars represent a mixture of two races, Uralic and Mongolian.
Their language also derived from Kypchak, but was influenced by Volga-Ural Tatar (which was also partly derived from Kypchak language).
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Tuvinians
The Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Тывалар, Tyvalar; Mongolian: Tuva Uriankhai) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group living in southern Siberia. They are historically known as one of the Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation. Tuvans' recent ethnic history is rooted in Mongol, Turkic, and Samoyedic groups of peoples.
Tuvans have historically been cattle-breeding nomads, tending to their herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer, cattle and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums covered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures. Traditionally Tuvans divided into nine regions called Khoshuun, namely the Tozhu, Salchak, Oyunnar, Khemchik, Khaasuut, Shalyk, Nibazy, Daavan & Choodu, and Beezi. The first four were ruled by Uriankhai Mongol princes, while the rest were administered by Borjigit Mongol princes.
Besides prehistoric rock-carvings to be found especially along the Yenisei banks, the first internationally important archaeological findings have been near Arzhan, in the north central Tuva. Here Scythian kurgan burials are being researched, revealing the earliest (7th, 6th century BC) and easternmost remains of these people who spread all the way to Europe. They may be the origin of the occasional and remarkable blond, freckled, green- and blue-eyed Tuvans. Their story and fantastic gold treasures can be appreciated in the National Museum in Kyzyl.
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Ukrainians in Russia
The Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single Ukrainian diaspora of the Ukrainian people. Officially there are 1,927,988 Ukrainians living in Russia or over 1,4% of the total population making them the third largest ethnic group after ethnic Russians and Tatars in the Russian Federation.
Up until the 13th century, East Slavs existed as one state under a powerful Kievan Rus. The Eastern Slavs migrated through the modern Ukraine and into what is now central Russia.
Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir II Monomakh founded the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and his son Yuri Dolgoruki founded the city of Moscow in 1147. However by the end of the 12th century the prominence of Rus' began to decline as Kiev's central role became disputed by the surrounding principalities which were increasingly more powerful and independent. Dolgoruki's son Andrei I Bogolyubsky plundered Kiev in 1169, an event that allowed the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal to take a leading role as the predecessor of the modern Russian state.
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Volga Germans
The Volga Germans (German: Wolgadeutsche or Russlanddeutsche, Russian: Поволжские немцы, Povolzhskie nemtsy) were ethnic Germans living along the River Volga in the region of southeastrn European Russia around Saratov and to the south. Recruited as immigrants to Russia in the 18th century, they were allowed to maintain German culture, language, traditions and churches: Lutherans, Reformed, Roman Catholics, and Mennonites (Russian Mennonites). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many Volga Germans emigrated to the Midwestern United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other countries.
Nazi Germany rose in part on a pan-German appeal, claiming interests in lands where ethnic Germans had been long settled. After the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 during World War II, the Soviet government considered the Volga Germans potential collaborators and transported them wholesale to labour camps, where many died. After the war, it expelled some ethnic Germans to the West. In the late 1980s, many of the remaining ethnic Germans moved from the Soviet Union to Germany.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Yakuts
Yakuts (Yakut language: Саха, Saxa) are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.
The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages. There are about 444,000 ethnic Yakuts (Russian census, 2002) mainly in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenki Autonomous Districts. Their share of the population of Yakutia lowered during Soviet rule due to forced immigration, and other relocation policies, but has slightly increased since.
The Yakuts are divided into two basic groups based on geography and economics. Yakuts in the north are historically semi-nomadic hunters, fishermen, reindeer breeders, while southern Yakuts engage in animal husbandry focusing on horses and cattle.
Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal. But beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena, the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols, where they mixed with other northern indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Evens and Evenks.
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Yenets
The Enets people (Russian: энцы; singular: энец), or Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei, Yenisei-Samoyed, Yenisey Samoyeds or Yeniseian people are a traditionally nomadic people who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River. Many live in the village of Potapovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai in western Siberia near the arctic circle. According to the 2002 Census, there are 237 Enets. In Ukraine, there were 26 Entsi in 2001, of whom 18 were capable of speaking the language.
The Enets language is a Samoyedic language, formerly known as Yenisei Samoyedic (not to be confused with the Yeniseian language family, which is completely unrelated). They still speak their language, but education is in Russian so there is fear they may lose their language.
The town of Potapovo was visited in the late 1990s by the British travel writer, Colin Thubron who found the Entsi deculturated and demoralized, beset with problems of alcoholism. The reindeer collective established in Nikita Khrushchev's day had been severely impacted by acid rain from the nickel smelters at Norilsk. A fur farm which raises fox was similarly diminished. About half the population was unemployed with a few employed in reindeer herding on the west side of the river, the remainder living by fishing in the Yenisei River. Fisherman from Potapovo sometimes catch red sturgeon and Omul, a type of salmon, as well as char, gang fish, and northern pike. Thubron mentions a salted muksun fish product (muksun is a type of fish, like salmon).
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karaoke
When you come back I won't be here
She said and gently pulled me near
If you want to talk you can call
And no it's not your fault
I just smiled and said let go of me
But there's something that I've just gotta know
Did someone else steal my part?
She said it's not my fault
Then my heart did time in Siberia
Was waiting for the lie to come true
'Cause it's all so dark and mysterious
When the one you want doesn't want you too
I was drifted in between
Like I was on the outside looking in, yeah yeah
In my dreams you are still here
Like you've always been
Oh yeah, my heart did time in Siberia
Was waiting for the lie to come true
'Cause it's all so dark and mysterious
When the one you want doesn't want you too
I gave myself away completely
But you just couldn't see me
Though I was sleeping in your bed
'Cause someone else was on your mind
In your head
When I came back she wasn't there
Just a note left on the stairs
If you want to talk give me a call
My heart did time in Siberia
Was waiting for the lie to come true
'Cause it's all so dark and mysterious
When the one you want doesn't want you too
When the one that you want doesn't want you
My heart did time in Siberia
Was waiting for the lie to come true
'Cause it's all so dark and mysterious
When the one you want doesn't want you too
Siberia, Siberia
From the busy parks, to the icy tides.
Someday we'll decide where we want to live out our lives.
Formalities sparked, tumbling along.
Keeping the heat on even though summer's come and gone.
I would sail across the east sea, just to see you on the far side.
Where the wind is cold and angry, there you'll be to take me inside.
We'll find ways to fill the empty, far from all the hysteria.
I don't care if we suddenly find ourselves in Siberia.
Siberia
Inside a street car, or on a mountain trail.
Details, details,
You breathe in when I exhale.
No matter where we are, or which way the wind blows.
Or how heavy the snow, nothing can change where we will go.
I would sail across the east sea, just to see you on the far side.
Where the wind is cold and angry, there you'll be to take me inside.
We'll find ways to fill the empty, far from all the hysteria.
I don't care if we suddenly find ourselves in Siberia.
Siberia,
We'll leave Canada, for Siberia.
Siberia, Siberia, Siberia, Siberia, Siberia...
I would sail across the east sea, just to see you on the far side.
Where the wind is cold and angry, there you'll be to take me inside.
We'll find ways to fill the empty, far from all the hysteria.
I don't care if we suddenly find ourselves in Siberia.
Siberia,
Crisis of confidence
In everything you do
Your lies are all spilling out
They're coming fast and loose
Nobody talks in black and white
Are there no straight answers anymore?
In your Emerald City
Sitting so pretty
Over the opium sea
Hold on
We're in oblivion
Falling way down
I'm bending over backwards
Into Siberian Khatru
Anyone of you
Know the way to get home?
Hubris honey you broke
My only golden rule
You never truly know somebody
Never know where they have been before
A leader great and powerful
You made a crisis unavoidable
In your Emerald City
Sitting so pretty
Over the opium sea
Hold on
We're in oblivion
Falling way down
I'm bending over backwards
Cling to
The tether to the truth
All this tapestry
My god it's so unnecessary
All I really want is for it to be, oh
Is for it to be, oh what a feeling!
But I'm gone in oblivion
Anyone of you
Know the way to get home?
Oh no
Didn't you see?
That it's all the same
It doesn't matter where you are?
Oh no
Now you can see
That underneath
It's not as good as what you thought
Oh no
Didn't you see?
That it's all the same
It doesn't matter where you are?
Long way down
In oblivion
Bending over backwards
Hold on
Long way down
Bending over backwards
Oh no
Nothing to show
Under it all
It's not as good as what you thought
Way down
Into the ground
Underneath
Far as far as you can see
Hold on
We're in oblivion
Falling way down
I'm bending over backwards
Cling to
The tether to the truth
All this tapestry
My god it's so unnecessary
All I really want is for it to be, oh
Is for it to be, oh what a feeling!
But I'm gone in oblivion
Anyone of you
Know the way to get home?
Hold on
In oblivion
Long way down
Bending over backwards
Anybody know the way to go to get me home?
Hold on
In oblivion
Long way down
Bending over backwards
Anybody know the way to go to get me home?
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Wild Russia - Siberia (National Geographic)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:19
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
National Geographic - "Wild Russia" 1. Siberia : youtu.be 2. Kamchatka : youtu.be 3. The Arctic : youtu.be 4. The Great Divide : youtu.be 5. The secret forest : youtu.be
http://wn.com/Wild_Russia_Siberia_National_Geographic
National Geographic - "Wild Russia" 1. Siberia : youtu.be 2. Kamchatka : youtu.be 3. The Arctic : youtu.be 4. The Great Divide : youtu.be 5. The secret forest : youtu.be
Lights - Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
From the busy parks, to the icy tides Someday we'll decide where we want to live out our lives For now we're two sparks, tumbling along Keeping the heat on even though summer's come and gone I would sail across the east sea Just to see you on the far side Where the wind is cold and angry There you'll be to take me inside We'll find ways to fill the empty Far from all the hysteria I don't care if we suddenly Find ourselves in Siberia, Siberia Inside a street car, or on a mountain trail Details, details, you breathe in when I exhale No matter where we are or which way the wind blows Or how heavy the snow, nothing can change where we will go I would sail across the east sea Just to see you on the far side Where the wind is cold and angry There you'll be to take me inside We'll find ways to fill the empty Far from all the hysteria I don't care if we suddenly Find ourselves in Siberia, Siberia We'll leave Canada, for Siberia
http://wn.com/Lights_Siberia
From the busy parks, to the icy tides Someday we'll decide where we want to live out our lives For now we're two sparks, tumbling along Keeping the heat on even though summer's come and gone I would sail across the east sea Just to see you on the far side Where the wind is cold and angry There you'll be to take me inside We'll find ways to fill the empty Far from all the hysteria I don't care if we suddenly Find ourselves in Siberia, Siberia Inside a street car, or on a mountain trail Details, details, you breathe in when I exhale No matter where we are or which way the wind blows Or how heavy the snow, nothing can change where we will go I would sail across the east sea Just to see you on the far side Where the wind is cold and angry There you'll be to take me inside We'll find ways to fill the empty Far from all the hysteria I don't care if we suddenly Find ourselves in Siberia, Siberia We'll leave Canada, for Siberia
- published: 23 Sep 2011
- views: 940189
- author: cursethetide507
A journey through Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
A visual journey through Russia's Siberia, featuring the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Lake Baikal, Olkhon Island and the city of Irkutsk. Set to the song "Gde Maya Lubimaya" from the movie "Ironia Sudba" ("Irony of Fate").
http://wn.com/A_journey_through_Siberia
A visual journey through Russia's Siberia, featuring the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Lake Baikal, Olkhon Island and the city of Irkutsk. Set to the song "Gde Maya Lubimaya" from the movie "Ironia Sudba" ("Irony of Fate").
- published: 18 Jan 2007
- views: 157218
- author: janekeeler
Unexplored Siberia: Extreme snowmobile ride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:51
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Watch more on RT's documentary channel rtd.rt.com Discover the most remote and unexplored part of Siberia. Rent a snowmobile and, in the company of four fellow-travelers, take a long ride across the taiga. Meet unexplained natural phenomena along the way and at journey's end find a reward -- a beautiful valley studded with hot springs. It can be reached only in winter when the rivers and lakes are frozen. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Unexplored_Siberia_Extreme_snowmobile_ride
Watch more on RT's documentary channel rtd.rt.com Discover the most remote and unexplored part of Siberia. Rent a snowmobile and, in the company of four fellow-travelers, take a long ride across the taiga. Meet unexplained natural phenomena along the way and at journey's end find a reward -- a beautiful valley studded with hot springs. It can be reached only in winter when the rivers and lakes are frozen. RT on Twitter twitter.com RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 02 Jan 2012
- views: 13825
- author: RussiaToday
Siberian Nomadic Life - Ray Mears Extreme Survival - BBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Ray Mears meets a family of travellers to learn the life of a Nomad in Siberia
http://wn.com/Siberian_Nomadic_Life_Ray_Mears_Extreme_Survival_BBC
Ray Mears meets a family of travellers to learn the life of a Nomad in Siberia
- published: 20 May 2008
- views: 171892
- author: BBCWorldwide
Ghost town in Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Abandoned town in depth of the Siberian wilderness...
http://wn.com/Ghost_town_in_Siberia
Abandoned town in depth of the Siberian wilderness...
- published: 23 Jun 2008
- views: 122487
- author: badbadtv
Siberian UFO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
On October 15, 2005, a group of explorers claim to have discovered the ruins of an alien spaceship and the skeleton of an unknown humanoid species, all documented with a video camera. Color film shot on video tape in Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt (Siberia) of a crashed UFO (or, flying saucer) and humanoid person found in the ice.
http://wn.com/Siberian_UFO
On October 15, 2005, a group of explorers claim to have discovered the ruins of an alien spaceship and the skeleton of an unknown humanoid species, all documented with a video camera. Color film shot on video tape in Ostrov Viner-Neyshtadt (Siberia) of a crashed UFO (or, flying saucer) and humanoid person found in the ice.
- published: 17 Jul 2011
- views: 1188906
- author: jhbanner
How to Build a Siberian Chum - Ray Mears World of Survival - BBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Ray Mears demonstrates how to make a traditional Siberian Chum from branches and reindeer hide.
http://wn.com/How_to_Build_a_Siberian_Chum_Ray_Mears_World_of_Survival_BBC
Ray Mears demonstrates how to make a traditional Siberian Chum from branches and reindeer hide.
- published: 20 May 2008
- views: 127357
- author: BBCWorldwide
Trains in Siberia Russia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Riding the rails of Siberia Russia in mid winter, its 40 below zero so any thoughts of riding a freight train should be forgotton, you would be dead in ten minutes
http://wn.com/Trains_in_Siberia_Russia
Riding the rails of Siberia Russia in mid winter, its 40 below zero so any thoughts of riding a freight train should be forgotton, you would be dead in ten minutes
- published: 23 Jun 2009
- views: 96337
- author: geoffmackley
Cycling Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Tim Cope and Chris Hatherly spent 14 months cycling recumbent bicycles from Moscow to Beijing across Siberia....frostbitten toes, vodka, and hospitality were just some of the things they encountered along the way living their dream. A 52 Minute film was made and broadcast in Australia about this journey, and the DVD was sold out but will soon be available. TO BUY THE BOOK PUBLISHED BY PENGUIN ABOUT THIS JOURNEY CALLED 'OFF THE RAILS' GO TO WWW.TIMCOPEJOURNEYS,COM
http://wn.com/Cycling_Siberia
Tim Cope and Chris Hatherly spent 14 months cycling recumbent bicycles from Moscow to Beijing across Siberia....frostbitten toes, vodka, and hospitality were just some of the things they encountered along the way living their dream. A 52 Minute film was made and broadcast in Australia about this journey, and the DVD was sold out but will soon be available. TO BUY THE BOOK PUBLISHED BY PENGUIN ABOUT THIS JOURNEY CALLED 'OFF THE RAILS' GO TO WWW.TIMCOPEJOURNEYS,COM
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 29017
- author: TimCopeJourneys
Extreme offroad in Siberia (Russia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:39
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
The DT-30 Vityaz (Knight) all-terrain tracked carrier go to help vehicle with caterpillars TM-120 in a bog Link to description DT-30 www.military-today.com Link to description TM-120 www.kurganmash-zavod.ru
http://wn.com/Extreme_offroad_in_Siberia_Russia
The DT-30 Vityaz (Knight) all-terrain tracked carrier go to help vehicle with caterpillars TM-120 in a bog Link to description DT-30 www.military-today.com Link to description TM-120 www.kurganmash-zavod.ru
- published: 18 Oct 2009
- views: 827658
- author: StansSt
Diaframma: Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Videoclip from the best italian new-wavers (early 80's)
http://wn.com/Diaframma_Siberia
Videoclip from the best italian new-wavers (early 80's)
- published: 27 Feb 2007
- views: 310064
- author: loublue79
LIGHTS - "Siberia" Live Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
iamlights.com Wonder what it's like to be on tour with LIGHTS? Experience what it's like to do press, load in, meet fans and more in a new live music video featuring "Siberia". Video shot and edited by Katie Rodriguez for Buzznet.com LIGHTS' newest album, Siberia, is out now bit.ly For more LIGHTS: twitter.com facebook.com
http://wn.com/LIGHTS_Siberia_Live_Music_Video
iamlights.com Wonder what it's like to be on tour with LIGHTS? Experience what it's like to do press, load in, meet fans and more in a new live music video featuring "Siberia". Video shot and edited by Katie Rodriguez for Buzznet.com LIGHTS' newest album, Siberia, is out now bit.ly For more LIGHTS: twitter.com facebook.com
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 369381
- author: lights
A trip to Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:56
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Techno artist Mark Hawkins' tour of Siberia, Russia including dates in Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk, a visit to a school in the remote town of Nazarovo and an 11 hour nighttime journey on the Trans Siberian Railway More info on Mark Hawkins here: www.signalsfromsouthwark.com http
http://wn.com/A_trip_to_Siberia
Techno artist Mark Hawkins' tour of Siberia, Russia including dates in Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk, a visit to a school in the remote town of Nazarovo and an 11 hour nighttime journey on the Trans Siberian Railway More info on Mark Hawkins here: www.signalsfromsouthwark.com http
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 1952
- author: crimeproductions
![Backstreet Boys - Siberia [HQ-a]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121213184630im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/juFm764qxwU/default.jpg "Backstreet Boys - Siberia [HQ-a]")
Backstreet Boys - Siberia [HQ-a]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Backstreet Boys - Siberia Pictures Slide Video attached many photos of BSB High QUality Audio
http://wn.com/Backstreet_Boys_Siberia_HQ-a_
Backstreet Boys - Siberia Pictures Slide Video attached many photos of BSB High QUality Audio
- published: 19 Feb 2007
- views: 649134
- author: Justin12230105
Cycling Home From Siberia Episode 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:29
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Having left his job as a high-school geography teacher, Rob Lilwall arrived in Siberia equipped only with a bike and a healthy dose of fear. Cycling Home from Siberia recounts his epic three-and-a-half-year, 30000-mile journey back to England via the foreboding jungles of Papua New Guinea, an Australian cyclone, and Afghanistan's war-torn Hindu Kush. A gripping story of endurance and adventure, this is also a spiritual journey, providing poignant insight into life on the road in some of the world's toughest corners.
http://wn.com/Cycling_Home_From_Siberia_Episode_1
Having left his job as a high-school geography teacher, Rob Lilwall arrived in Siberia equipped only with a bike and a healthy dose of fear. Cycling Home from Siberia recounts his epic three-and-a-half-year, 30000-mile journey back to England via the foreboding jungles of Papua New Guinea, an Australian cyclone, and Afghanistan's war-torn Hindu Kush. A gripping story of endurance and adventure, this is also a spiritual journey, providing poignant insight into life on the road in some of the world's toughest corners.
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 10733
- author: TheDeadLine57
Bustrexx - Careless (Ft.LIGHTS - Siberia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Hey subs, all almost 30k of you ;) Hope you had a good new years, and i wish you all a very good new year! Sorry for the week wait, and also, i know this track is uploaded at many channels already but i shall always support Bustrexx :D Hope you enjoy, i know i did :) Get your free copy here: bit.ly [BUSTREXX] soundcloud.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com MrRandomSong, you can contact me if you like ;) Facebook: www.facebook.com Soundcloud: soundcloud.com Steam: j30b MSN: joep_blakie33@hotmail.com
http://wn.com/Bustrexx_Careless_FtLIGHTS_Siberia
Hey subs, all almost 30k of you ;) Hope you had a good new years, and i wish you all a very good new year! Sorry for the week wait, and also, i know this track is uploaded at many channels already but i shall always support Bustrexx :D Hope you enjoy, i know i did :) Get your free copy here: bit.ly [BUSTREXX] soundcloud.com www.youtube.com www.facebook.com MrRandomSong, you can contact me if you like ;) Facebook: www.facebook.com Soundcloud: soundcloud.com Steam: j30b MSN: joep_blakie33@hotmail.com
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 418018
- author: MrRandomSong
Swimming in Siberia's Lake Baikal - no comment
- Order:
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
www.euronews.net Hundreds of Buddhists from around the world, who participate in "Days of Buddhist Culture" in Russia, swim in near-freezing Lake Baikal with air temperatures dropping down to -25 degrees Celsius. No comment | Euronews: The most striking images from around the world without commentary. Find us on: Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Swimming_in_Siberia's_Lake_Baikal_no_comment
www.euronews.net Hundreds of Buddhists from around the world, who participate in "Days of Buddhist Culture" in Russia, swim in near-freezing Lake Baikal with air temperatures dropping down to -25 degrees Celsius. No comment | Euronews: The most striking images from around the world without commentary. Find us on: Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 28794
- author: nocommenttv
Bear Grylls - Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
www.demanddvd.co.uk *ORDER NOW ON DVD* Bear Grylls is back! And this explosive episode sends him deep into the Siberian wilderness, one of the coldest and harshest places on the planet. With temperatures of minus 40 degrees to deal with and very little shelter, Bear is going to need all of his survival skills and army training to get out of this one. Watch in awe as Bear creates a toboggan from a deer skin, hitches a ride by leaping on to the mighty Trans-Siberian railway, abseils from a helicopter into the immense taiga forest and swims under the ice of a frozen lake... all in the name of survival.
http://wn.com/Bear_Grylls_Siberia
www.demanddvd.co.uk *ORDER NOW ON DVD* Bear Grylls is back! And this explosive episode sends him deep into the Siberian wilderness, one of the coldest and harshest places on the planet. With temperatures of minus 40 degrees to deal with and very little shelter, Bear is going to need all of his survival skills and army training to get out of this one. Watch in awe as Bear creates a toboggan from a deer skin, hitches a ride by leaping on to the mighty Trans-Siberian railway, abseils from a helicopter into the immense taiga forest and swims under the ice of a frozen lake... all in the name of survival.
- published: 07 Aug 2008
- views: 1734412
- author: demanddirect
Out of Siberia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
The beautiful city of Zheleznogorsk, the Jewel of Siberia, is home to Maya, a bright teen-aged girl. The city is enclosed with a fence, to secure its underground nuclear plant and its sputnik factory. As Mayas mom harvests veggies and as Maya picks berries in the summer garden (dacha), their history is revealed. The Soviet government recruited the brightest university students to work in the weapons complex, and Mayas parents were among them. These are the chocolate eaters, people who did patriotic work under the communists, and received privileges that they are no longer getting. The day at the garden culminates with Maya and her family enjoying tea together, with cake from Mayas berries. Maya loves the outdoors and her parents take her camping in summer and skiing in winter. She competes on a cross-country ski team, and Maya comes up the final hill to her coachs cheering. Shes not a winner, but her mother congratulates her for completing the rigorous course. Because the city is closed there is no mafia presence to speak of. The streets are safe for old and young, and Maya has always felt secure. However, the nuclear complex is changing, and there are limited job opportunities for Mayas generation. Maya is an excellent student, but as she looks ahead, she becomes interested in Moscow University. She and her mother make a special trip by train to Moscow, and Maya applies. She wins a place at the university and studies World Economy with a Japanese specialty. She is eager ...
http://wn.com/Out_of_Siberia
The beautiful city of Zheleznogorsk, the Jewel of Siberia, is home to Maya, a bright teen-aged girl. The city is enclosed with a fence, to secure its underground nuclear plant and its sputnik factory. As Mayas mom harvests veggies and as Maya picks berries in the summer garden (dacha), their history is revealed. The Soviet government recruited the brightest university students to work in the weapons complex, and Mayas parents were among them. These are the chocolate eaters, people who did patriotic work under the communists, and received privileges that they are no longer getting. The day at the garden culminates with Maya and her family enjoying tea together, with cake from Mayas berries. Maya loves the outdoors and her parents take her camping in summer and skiing in winter. She competes on a cross-country ski team, and Maya comes up the final hill to her coachs cheering. Shes not a winner, but her mother congratulates her for completing the rigorous course. Because the city is closed there is no mafia presence to speak of. The streets are safe for old and young, and Maya has always felt secure. However, the nuclear complex is changing, and there are limited job opportunities for Mayas generation. Maya is an excellent student, but as she looks ahead, she becomes interested in Moscow University. She and her mother make a special trip by train to Moscow, and Maya applies. She wins a place at the university and studies World Economy with a Japanese specialty. She is eager ...
- published: 29 Dec 2009
- views: 3891
- author: cinelanfilms
Amazing Fake? Video of 'Dead Alien' after Siberia crash-landing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
A video of what was claimed to be a mutilated alien corpse is said to be fake. The tiny "dead alien" is just skin from chicken filled with bread, reports the website 7d.org.ua. Police questioned the men who claimed to have found the "body" and they allegedly confessed to creating it themselves. The chief editor of the local Kabansk-Info newspaper initially thought that it was the body of an infant in the video and alerted the police. Officers immediately started the investigation and identified the alleged author. They went to his house and asked him about the infant's body. The scared man reportedly showed a fake alien corpse. It was even painted in "alien colors". Scolding is the only possible punishment for such a stunt as it cannot be considered a crime, the report says. The footage was taken near the village of Kamensk in the Russian republic Buryatia, just north of Lake Baikal. It showed what appeared to be a humanoid body less than a meter high with a skeletal big-eyed head and thin naked body. One of its legs was missing. Emotional off-screen comments said the body was found a couple of hours before and was clearly very dead. Local media reported there were numerous reports of UFO sightings in the area in March, some of them later attributed to bombing training at a nearby military range. RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com RT on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Amazing_Fake?_Video_of_'Dead_Alien'_after_Siberia_crash-landing
A video of what was claimed to be a mutilated alien corpse is said to be fake. The tiny "dead alien" is just skin from chicken filled with bread, reports the website 7d.org.ua. Police questioned the men who claimed to have found the "body" and they allegedly confessed to creating it themselves. The chief editor of the local Kabansk-Info newspaper initially thought that it was the body of an infant in the video and alerted the police. Officers immediately started the investigation and identified the alleged author. They went to his house and asked him about the infant's body. The scared man reportedly showed a fake alien corpse. It was even painted in "alien colors". Scolding is the only possible punishment for such a stunt as it cannot be considered a crime, the report says. The footage was taken near the village of Kamensk in the Russian republic Buryatia, just north of Lake Baikal. It showed what appeared to be a humanoid body less than a meter high with a skeletal big-eyed head and thin naked body. One of its legs was missing. Emotional off-screen comments said the body was found a couple of hours before and was clearly very dead. Local media reported there were numerous reports of UFO sightings in the area in March, some of them later attributed to bombing training at a nearby military range. RT on Facebook: www.facebook.com RT on Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 19 Apr 2011
- views: 825822
- author: RussiaToday
LIGHTS "Siberia" Lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
LIGHTS new album "Siberia" is now available on iTunes: bit.ly
http://wn.com/LIGHTS_Siberia_Lyrics
LIGHTS new album "Siberia" is now available on iTunes: bit.ly
- published: 15 Oct 2011
- views: 134324
- author: LIGHTSarmy
2009 - Trans-Siberian Orchestra - Nutrocker
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
75000 Christmas lights synchronized to Nutrocker utilizing 192 Light-O-Rama channels. For more information visit www.NeverEnoughLights.com
http://wn.com/2009_Trans-Siberian_Orchestra_Nutrocker
75000 Christmas lights synchronized to Nutrocker utilizing 192 Light-O-Rama channels. For more information visit www.NeverEnoughLights.com
- published: 08 Dec 2009
- views: 329290
- author: grodq
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
12 Dec 2012
MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Novosti
13 Dec 2012
Newstrack India
13 Dec 2012
Fox News
13 Dec 2012
Medicine Hunter. Hemp seeds. Hemp is a low THC variety of the plant Cannabis sativa, which is also known as marijuana. While marijuana is psychoactive and imparts a high, hemp does not do so ... In parts of Siberia and far northwestern China, I have driven past vast tracts of hemp that stretch on for hundreds of miles at a time ... Chris Kilham is a medicine hunter who researches natural remedies all over the world, from the Amazon to Siberia ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
The Telegraph India
13 Dec 2012
Voa News
13 Dec 2012
Newstrack India
13 Dec 2012
Tweet ... The UN Security Council called it a "clear violation" of UN resolutions ... In 2009, a defunct one-tonne Russian satellite with a nuclear reactor on-board collided with an American orbiter over Siberia causing a bus-sized piece of debris to re-enter the atmosphere, although it landed in the Atlantic Ocean ... Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Zeenews
13 Dec 2012
London ... The UN Security Council called it a "clear violation" of UN resolutions ... In 2009, a defunct one-tonne Russian satellite with a nuclear reactor on-board collided with an American orbiter over Siberia causing a bus-sized piece of debris to re-enter the atmosphere, although it landed in the Atlantic Ocean ... IANS ... First Published ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
DNA India
13 Dec 2012
A recently discovered asteroid gave Earth a close shave on Dec. 11, zipping between our planet and the moon just two days after astronomers first spotted it ... EST (1000 GMT) Tuesday ... An object of similar size flattened 800 square miles (2,000 square km) of forest when it exploded above Siberia’s Podkamennaya Tunguska River in 1908 ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Newstrack India
13 Dec 2012
Tweet. Washington, December 13 (ANI). A recently discovered asteroid gave Earth a close shave on Dec. 11, zipping between our planet and the moon just two days after astronomers first spotted it ... An object of similar size flattened 800 square miles (2,000 square km) of forest when it exploded above Siberia's Podkamennaya Tunguska River in 1908 ... 10) ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Novosti
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev’s National Reserve Bank has scrapped plans to issue debit cards branded with the name of Russian opposition blogger and anti-corruption fighter Alexei Navalny, Lebedev told Izvestia daily on Thursday ... Navalny accused Transneft's former management in November 2010 of multi-billion-dollar embezzlement during construction of the East Siberia–Pacific Ocean pipeline....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Examiner
13 Dec 2012
On Tuesday at 5.00 a.m. EST, an asteroid that was discovered only two days earlier passed within the Moon's orbit ... Such events are relatively rare, with the first known case occurring in 2008 ... An asteroid of similar or slightly larger size is believed to have caused the Tunguska event on June 30, 1908, which destroyed 2,150 square kilometers of forest in Siberia ... Suggested by the author. ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Xinhua
13 Dec 2012
Russian President Vladimir Putin delivers a state-of-the-nation address to the Federal Assembly at the Kremlin in Moscow, on Dec. 12, 2012. (Xinhua/Jiang Kehong). MOSCOW, Dec. 12 (Xinhua) -- Russia's priority of future development would be in the east, President Vladimir Putin said Wednesday in a state-of-the-nation address to the legislature ... Siberia and Far East are our enormous potential ... Related. ... MOSCOW, Dec ... Full story ... MOSCOW, Dec ... 分享. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
"Siberian" redirects here. For other uses, see Siberian (disambiguation).
This article is about Siberia as a whole. For the federal district, see Siberian Federal District. For other uses, see Siberia (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China.[1] Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.[2]
History[link]
Main articles: History of Siberia and Explorers of Siberia
The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history. The event continued for a million years and is considered the likely cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago,[3] which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.[4]
At least three species of humans lived in southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and an unknown type of hominin, nicknamed "Woman X" for the time being.[5]
Siberia was occupied by differing groups of nomads such as the Yenets, the Nenets, the Huns, the Iranian Scythians, and the Turkic Uyghurs. The Khan of Sibir in the vicinity of modern Tobolsk was known as a prominent figure who endorsed Kubrat as Khagan in Avaria in 630. The Mongols conquered a large part of this area early in the 13th century. With the breakup of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Siberia Khanate was established in late 14th century. The Yakuts migrated north from their original area of settlement in the vicinity of Lake Baikal under the pressure of the Mongol expansion during the 13th to 15th century.[6]
The growing power of Russia to the west began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area, and then the Russian army began to set up forts further and further east. Towns like Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk, and Tobolsk sprang up, the last being declared the capital of Siberia. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at Qashlik, near Tobolsk. Gerardus Mercator in a map published in 1595 marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob.[7]
By the mid-17th century, the Russian-controlled areas had been extended to the Pacific. The total Russian population of Siberia in 1709 was 230,000.[8]
Siberia remained a mostly undocumented and sparsely populated area. During the following few centuries, only a few exploratory missions and traders entered Siberia. The other group that was sent to Siberia consisted of prisoners exiled from western Russia or Russian-held territories like Poland (see katorga). In the 19th century, around 1.2 million prisoners had been sent to Siberia.[9]
The first great modern change to Siberia was the Trans-Siberian railway, constructed in 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrializing Russia of Nicholas II. From 1801 to 1914, an estimated 7 million settlers moved from European Russia to Siberia, 85% during the quarter-century before World War I.[10] From 1859 to 1917, over half a million people moved to the Russian Far East.[11] Siberia is filled with natural resources and during the 20th century large scale exploitation of these was developed, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.[12]
In the times of the Soviet Union, the earlier katorga system of penal labor camps was replaced by the new one, administered by the GULAG state agency.[13] According to official Soviet estimates, more than 14 million people passed through the Gulag from 1929 to 1953, with a further 7 to 8 million being deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities in several cases).[14] 516,841 prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943[15] due to food shortages caused by World War II. At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.[16] The size, scope, and scale of the GULAG slave labor camp system remains a subject of much research and debate; for example, Australian professor Stephen Wheatcroft argues that these penal camps were neither as large nor as deadly as is often claimed.[17] Many Gulag camps were positioned in extremely remote areas of north-eastern Siberia. The best known clusters are Sevvostlag (The North-East Camps) along Kolyma river and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners were kept in 1952.[18] Major industrial cities of the Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan, were originally camps built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.[19]
Geography[link]
| Physical map of Northern Asia. | ||
|---|---|---|
Further information: Geography of Russia
With an area of 13.1 million km² (5.1 million square miles), Siberia makes up roughly 77% of the total area of Russia. Major geographical zones include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. Siberia covers almost 10% of Earth's land surface (14,894,000 km²).
Eastern and central Sakha comprise numerous north-south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost three thousand metres in elevation, but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep, and covered with larch forest except in the extreme north, where tundra dominates. Soils are mainly Turbels and the active layer tends to be less than one metre deep except near rivers.
The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak is at 4,649 metres (15,253 ft).
Mountain ranges[link]
Lakes and rivers[link]
Main article: Rivers in Russia
Grasslands[link]
- Ukok Plateau — part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site[20]
Geology[link]
The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is somewhat low-lying. Many of the deposits on this plain result from ice dams; having reversed the flow of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers, so redirecting them into the Caspian Sea (perhaps the Aral as well). It is very swampy and soils are mostly peaty Histosols and, in the treeless northern part, Histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation (almost all cleared now).
The Central Siberian Plateau is an extremely ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that formed an independent continent before the Permian (see Siberia (continent)). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps which is a large igneous province. The massive eruptive period was approximately coincident with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event is said to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant; in fact, taiga covers a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.[21] Soils here are mainly Turbels, giving way to Spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice content lower.
Climate[link]
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polar desert tundra alpine tundra taiga montane forest |
| Vegetation in Siberia is mostly taiga, with a tundra belt on the northern fringe, and a temperate forest zone in the south. |
The climate of Siberia varies dramatically. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one-month-long) summer.
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Almost all the population lives in the south, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The climate in this southernmost part is Humid continental climate (Koppen Dfb) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least 4 months. Annual average is about 0.5 °C (32.9 °F), January averages about −15 °C (5 °F) and July about 19 °C (66 °F), while daytime temperatures in summer typically are above 20 °C.[22][23] With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, Southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was proven in the early twentieth century.
By far the most common climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about −5 °C (23 °F) and roughly −25 °C (−13 °F) average in January and 17 °C (63 °F) in July,[24] although this varies considerably, with July average about 10 °C at the taiga–tundra ecotone.
Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, Chita), where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. With a lowest record temperature of −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F), Oymyakon (Sakha Republic) has the distinction of being the coldest town on Earth. But summer temperatures in other regions reach 38 °C (100 °F). In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the Yana River has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching 1,493 metres (4,898 ft). Nevertheless, as far as Imperial Russian plans of settlement were concerned, cold was never viewed as an issue. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter.
Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding 500 millimetres (20 in) only in Kamchatka where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains – producing the region's only major glaciers, though the volcanic eruptions, and low summer temperatures allow limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall.
| Climate data for Novosibirsk, Siberia's largest city | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
17.5 (63.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.2 (2.8) |
−14.7 (5.5) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
3.2 (37.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−6 (21.2) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −20.1 (−4.2) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 19 (0.75) |
14 (0.55) |
15 (0.59) |
24 (0.94) |
36 (1.42) |
58 (2.28) |
72 (2.83) |
66 (2.6) |
44 (1.73) |
38 (1.5) |
32 (1.26) |
24 (0.94) |
442 (17.4) |
| Source: [25] | |||||||||||||
Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.[26] In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.[27][28]
Borders and administrative division[link]
The term "Siberia" has a long history. Its meaning has gradually changed during ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Russian Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.[29]
Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[30] and modern Russian ones[31] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Urals Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.
Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East)[32] or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).[33] In Russian, the word for Siberia is never used as a substitute for the name of the federal district.
Major cities[link]
The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of Novosibirsk. Other major cities include:
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If the wider definitions of Siberia were to be used, the following would also be included: Economy[link]Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals—largely because of the absence of Quaternary glaciation outside highland areas. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas. The Khanty-Mansiysk region is home to 70% of Russia's developed oil fields.[34] Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in Siberia. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer.[35] Siberian agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils are exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundra — which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years. Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR.[citation needed] Sport[link]Bandy, which is the national sport of Russia[36] is even more popular in Siberia than in European Russia. Demographics[link]Main article: Demographics of Siberia
Siberia is home to approximately 38 million people.[37] It has a population density of about three people per square kilometer. Most Siberians are Russians and Russified Ukrainians. There are approximately 400,000 Russified ethnic Germans living in Siberia.[38] Such Mongol and Turkic groups as Buryats, Tuvinians, Yakuts, and Siberian Tatars[39] lived in Siberia originally, and descendants of these peoples still live there.[40] The Buryats number 445,175, which makes them the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia.[41] According to the 2002 census there are 443,852 Yakuts.[42] Other ethnic groups include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, Eskimos, and Yukaghirs. See the Northern indigenous peoples of Russia article for more. About 70% of Siberia's people live in cities. Most city people live in apartments. Many people in rural areas live in simple, but more spacious, log houses. Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.5 million. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk and Omsk are the older, historical centers. Religion[link]
See also: Shamanistic cultures in Siberia
There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including Orthodox Christianity, other denominations of Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism and Islam.[43] An estimated 70,000 Jews live in Siberia,[44] there is also the Jewish Autonomous Region.[45] The predominant group is the Russian Orthodox Church. Siberia is regarded as the locus classicus of shamanism and polytheism is popular.[46] These native religions date back hundreds of years. The vast terrority of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: Ak Ana, Anapel, Bugady Musun, Kara Khan, Khaltesh-Anki, Kini'je, Ku'urkil, Nga, Nu'tenut, Numi-Torem, Numi-Turum, Pon, Pugu, Todote, Toko'yoto, Tomam, Xaya Iccita, Zonget. Places with sacred areas include Olkhon, an island in Lake Baikal. Transport[link]Many cities in Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached by road, as there is virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. The best way to tour Siberia is through the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the West to Vladivostok in the East. Cities not nearby the Railway are best reached by air or the separate Baikal-Amur-Railway (BAM). Bibliography[link]
References[link]
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Ray Mears, see Ray Mears (disambiguation).
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|
| Ray Mears | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1964-02-07) 7 February 1964 (age 48) Kenley, London |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Television presenter and author |
| Known for | Bushcraft and survival techniques |
Raymond Paul "Ray" Mears (born 7 February 1964) is an English woodsman, instructor, author and TV presenter. His TV appearances cover bushcraft and survival techniques, and he is best known for the TV series Ray Mears' Bushcraft, Ray Mears' World of Survival, Extreme Survival, Survival with Ray Mears, Wild Britain with Ray Mears and Ray Mears Goes Walkabout.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Mears grew up in Kenley, Greater London, and the North Downs, where he discovered a countryside abundant with wildlife. Educated at Reigate Grammar School, a co-educational independent school in Reigate, Surrey, he learned to track foxes in the forest at a young age. As a boy, he desired to sleep out on the trail, but unable to afford camping equipment, he resorted to setting up camp using what he could find in his surroundings.
Interests[link]
Mears's enthusiasm for his subject, combined with his broad knowledge of survival and the uses which may be made of plants, trees and other natural materials found in woodland, forest or desert, have made him a popular figure in TV broadcasting in the UK.[citation needed] He has travelled extensively across the world for his TV series and has learned survival techniques from the indigenous peoples he has met. In his programmes he demonstrates his knowledge of the wild, how to find food from seeds, berries, roots and other growing things, and how to survive by constructing temporary shelters, fires and canoes from natural materials.
Mears has practiced Judo for many years. He once proudly on TV when challenged as a guest wrestled the then winner of a 6 player bushmans tournament. Mears emerged victorious after a strenuous and competitive match. The bush community were most impressed.
Mears is particularly interested in the survival of groups of resistance fighters and partisans for extended periods during the Second World War, such as the Norwegian heavy water plant saboteurs (see The Real Heroes of Telemark[1]) and the Bielski brothers in Belarus (see Extreme Survival).
Personal life[link]
Mears met his partner, Rachel, in 1992 when she attended one of his five day survival courses. The couple lived in East Sussex with her two adult children, and married in 2005, after Rachel was diagnosed with breast cancer. Rachel died from cancer in 2006, aged 50, and her ashes are scattered in the Ashdown forest near their home.[2]
While filming a documentary in Wyoming in 2005 Mears was involved in a serious accident. The helicopter in which he and his camera crew were travelling struck the ground during a steep low level turn, and broke apart, rolling to a stop. The fuel tank was ruptured in the accident, and escaping fuel covered Mears and the crew. No fire occurred, and Mears was able to escape the wreckage and assist in the rescue and first aid of one of the crew who was badly injured. Mears escaped uninjured.[3]
Non-television work[link]
Mears started his bushcraft company aged 19. Mears' first book, The Survival Handbook, was published in 1990. Mears has continued to publish books, both standalone works, and as accompaniments to his TV series.
In September 2007, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University, and in the same year he began to deliver public lectures across the United Kingdom on his experiences in front of and behind the lens.
In July 2010, Mears was asked by Northumbria Police to help them track fugitive killer Raoul Moat, after he fled his temporary tent-based shelter in the village of Rothbury.[4]
Television[link]
Mears has made a number of series for BBC television, visiting various parts of the world and covering such topics as bushcraft and survival skills, the traditional culture of indigenous peoples, and the achievements of noted explorers.
In 2009 he was approached by ITV to present a planned revival of its long-running nature documentary series Survival.[5] The resulting three-part series was rebranded Survival with Ray Mears and broadcast on ITV1 in 2010. Each episode followed Mears as he used his tracking skills to locate bears, wolves and leopards. In a Radio Times interview to promote the series, Mears complained of being typecast by the BBC.[6] This series was followed by Wild Britain with Ray Mears, also broadcast by ITV.
Series[link]
- Wild Tracks (BBC, 1994)
- Tracks (BBC, 1994–97)
- Ray Mears' World of Survival (BBC, 1997–98, 2 seasons of 6 episodes each)
- Ray Mears' Country Tracks (BBC, 1998, 2002–03)
- The Essential Guide to Rocks (BBC Education, 1998)
- Ray Mears' Extreme Survival (BBC, 1999–2002, 3 seasons of 6 episodes each)
- Ray Mears' Adventure Special (BBC, 2001) – Mears takes Ewan McGregor into the Honduran jungle on the trail of the prehistoric people of the Mosquito Coast.
- Ray Mears' Real Heroes of Telemark (BBC, 2003)
- Ray Mears' Bushcraft (BBC, 2004–05, 2 seasons of 5 episodes each)
- Ray Mears' Wild Food (BBC, 2007, 5 episodes)
- Ray Mears Goes Walkabout (BBC, June 2008, 4 episodes)[7] – Mears tours the Australian outback. An accompanying hardcover book was published in the UK by Hodder and Stoughton in March 2008. In the series Mears meets one of his heroes: Les Hiddins (aka "The Bush Tucker Man"). He also heads to the Kimberley region to meet the reputed aboriginal artist and bush guide Ju Ju Wilson.
- Ray Mears' Northern Wilderness (BBC Two, Autumn 2009, 6 episodes) – Mears follows in the footsteps of pioneers who opened up Canada, such as Samuel Hearne, John Rae and David Thompson.
- Survival with Ray Mears (ITV, Spring 2010, 3 episodes)
- Wild Britain with Ray Mears (ITV, Autumn 2010, 6 episodes) - To be followed in 2011 by extended 60 minute episodes with exclusive additional content to be broadcast on UKTV's natural history channel Eden.
Books[link]
- The Survival Handbook (1990)
- The Outdoor Survival Handbook (1992)
- Ray Mears' World of Survival (1997)
- Bushcraft (2002)
- Essential Bushcraft (2003)
- The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb (2003)
- Ray Mears' Bushcraft Survival (2005)
- Wild Food by Ray Mears & Professor Gordon Hillman (2007)
- Ray Mears Goes Walkabout (2008)
- Vanishing World - A Life of Bushcraft (2008)
- Northern Wilderness (2009)
Quotations[link]
Quotations by Ray Mears include:
- "Bushcraft is what you carry in your mind and your muscles."
- "The great thing about bushcraft is that wherever you go, the skills go with you."
- "One of the great things about bushcraft is that skills you learn in your back garden can be used all over the world." [8]
- "Knowledge is the key to survival and the best thing about that is: it doesn't weigh anything."
- "You cannot underestimate the importance of preparation."
- "As far as I'm concerned, these people are just showmen." On Bear Grylls[9]
See also[link]
- Les Hiddins
- Mors Kochanski
- Lofty Wiseman
- Richard Proenneke
- Les Stroud
- Bear Grylls
- Rüdiger Nehberg
- Bruce Parry
- Lars Monsen
References[link]
- ^ Mears, Ray (2003). The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-83016-6.
- ^ Thorne, Frank (9 July 2008). "TV survival guru Ray Mears on death of his wife". London: "The Mirror". http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2008/06/09/exclusive-tv-survival-guru-ray-mears-on-death-of-his-wife-115875-20600692/.
- ^ Danziger, Danny (1 June 2008). "Best of times worst of times Ray Mears". The Times (London). http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4021907.ece. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Sims, Paul (July 20, 2010). "TV survival expert Ray Mears was drafted in by police to hunt for fugitive killer Raoul Moat". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1296577/Ray-Mears-TV-survival-expert-drafted-police-hunt-Raoul-Moat.html#ixzz0uM63Wb3q. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ Holmwood, Leigh (2 April 2009). "Survival of the fittest as ITV wildlife show returns". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2009/apr/02/survival-ray-mears-itv.
- ^ "Ray Mears: "I was typecast by the BBC"". Digital Spy. 16 April 2010. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a214867/ray-mears-i-was-typecast-by-the-bbc.html.
- ^ Katsoulis, Melissa (25 April 2008). "Ray Mears discusses bushcraft and his new book about the Australian outback". London: The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article3814871.ece. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Bushcraft series 2, episode 3
- ^ Martin, Nicole (20 May 2008). "TV survivial expert Ray Mears attacks rival 'showman' Bear Grylls". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/1989977/TV-survivial-expert-Ray-Mears-attacks-rival-showman-Bear-Grylls.html.
External links[link]
- Official website
- Ray Mears on Myspace
- Ray Mears at the Internet Movie Database
- Ray Mears Woodlore on Facebook
- Ray Mears Bushcraft's channel on YouTube
- Ray Mears' Survival shows on Dave (UKTV)
- Photographs of 2005 helicopter accident
- Wild Britain on itvWILD
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mears, Ray |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 7 February 1964 |
| Place of birth | Kenley, North Downs |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ray_Mears
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Рэй Мирс
http://fr.wn.com/Ray Mears
http://de.wn.com/Raymond Paul Mears
http://nl.wn.com/Ray Mears
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mears
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bear Grylls | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Edward Michael Grylls (1974-06-07) 7 June 1974 (age 38) United Kingdom |
| Residence | A barge moored by Battersea Bridge on the River Thames, England[1] An island on Llŷn Peninsula, Abersoch, North Wales[2] |
| Occupation | Chief Scout Adventurer Explorer Author Motivational speaker[3] Television presenter |
| Spouse | Shara Cannings Knight[4] |
| Children | Jesse, Marmaduke,[5] and Huckleberry[6] |
| Parents | Sir Michael Grylls Lady Grylls (née Sarah Ford) |
| Website | |
| BearGrylls.com | |
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls (born 7 June 1974) is an English adventurer, writer and television presenter. He is best known for his television series Man vs. Wild, known as Born Survivor[7] in the United Kingdom. In July 2009, Grylls was appointed the youngest ever Chief Scout at the age of 35.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Grylls grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland until the age of 4 when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight.[8][9] He is the son of the late Conservative party politician Sir Michael Grylls and Lady Sarah Grylls.[10] Lady Grylls was the daughter of Patricia Ford,[11] briefly an Ulster Unionist Party MP, and cricketer and businessman Neville Ford. Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, a cardio-tennis coach, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old.[12]
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School, Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club,[13] and Birkbeck, University of London,[14] where he graduated with a degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002. From an early age, he learned to climb and sail from his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron. As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate. He practices yoga and ninjutsu. At age eight he became a Cub Scout.[15] He speaks English, Spanish, and French.[16] Grylls is a Christian, describing his faith as the "backbone" in his life.[17]
Although Grylls was christened 'Edward' he has legally changed his forename to 'Bear'.[18] Grylls married Shara Grylls (née Cannings Knight) in 2000.[4][11] They have three sons: Jesse, Marmaduke,[19] and Huckleberry.[6]
Military service[link]
After leaving school, Grylls considered joining the Indian Army and hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim.[20] Grylls joined the British Army and served in the part-time United Kingdom Special Forces Reserve, with 21 Regiment Special Air Service, 21 SAS(R) for 3 years until 1996.
In 1996, he suffered a freefall parachuting accident in Zambia. His canopy ripped at 4,900 metres (16,000 ft), partially opening, causing him to fall and land on his parachute pack on his back, which partially crushed three vertebrae. Grylls later said: "I should have cut the main parachute and gone to the reserve but thought there was time to resolve the problem".[21] According to his surgeon, Grylls came "within a whisker" of being paralysed for life and at first it was questionable whether he would ever walk again. Grylls spent the next 12 months in and out of military rehabilitation at Headley Court[21] before being discharged and directing his efforts into trying to get well enough to fulfil his childhood dream of climbing Mount Everest.
In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of Lieutenant Commander in the Royal Naval Reserve for services to charity and human endeavour.[22]
Everest[link]
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream (an ambition since his father gave him a picture of Everest when he was eight) and entered the Guinness Book of Records, as the youngest Briton, at 23, to summit Mount Everest[23], just eighteen months after injuring his back. (James Allen, an Australian-British climber who ascended Everest in 1995 with an Australian team, but who has dual citizenship, reached the summit at age 22.[24][25] The feat has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and, at age 19, by Rob Gauntlett.)
Other expeditions[link]
Circumnavigation of the UK[link]
In 2000, Grylls, led the first team to circumnavigate the UK on a personal watercraft or jet ski, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). He also rowed naked for 22 miles in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident.[26]
Crossing the North Atlantic[link]
Three years later, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on the first unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Arctic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat[27]. Suffering weeks of frozen spray and icebergs, battling force 8 gale winds, hypothermia, and storms in an eleven-metre-long boat through some of the most treacherous stretches of water in the world including the Labrador Sea, the Denmark Strait, and the stretch made famous by The Perfect Storm, Grylls and his team were just barely able to finish the journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland.
Paramotoring over Angel Falls[link]
In 2005, Grylls led the first team ever to attempt to paramotor over the remote jungle plateau of the Angel Falls in Venezuela, the world's highest waterfall. The team was attempting to reach the highest, most remote tepuis.
Dinner party at altitude[link]
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks. To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps. This was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust.
Paramotoring over the Himalayas[link]
In 2007, Grylls claimed to have broken a new world record by flying a Parajet paramotor over the Himalayas, higher than Mount Everest.[28] Grylls took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles south of the mountain. Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F). He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft). The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK.[29]
While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace.[30]
Journey Antarctica 2008[link]
In 2008, Bear lead a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica. This was raising funds for Global Angels kids charity and awareness for the potential of alternative energies. During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor. However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice. Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down. He had to be medically evacuated.[31]
Longest indoor freefall[link]
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall.[32] The previous record was 1 hr 36 mins by a US team. Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds. The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels.
Northwest Passage expedition[link]
In August 2010 Grylls lead a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 2,500 miles (4,000 km) of the ice strewn Northwest Passage. The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels.[33]
Media[link]
Grylls entered television work with an appearance in an advertisement for Sure deodorant, featuring his ascent of Mount Everest. Bear was also used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for the world-renowned department store Harrods. Grylls has been a guest on television programs, including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show, The Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp. Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009. He also appeared as a distinguished instructor in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era". He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash. He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith. Warner Bros. had asked Grylls to appear in its remake of the film Clash of the Titans[34]
Grylls is a best-selling author. Grylls' first book, titled Facing Up, went into the UK top 10 best-seller list, and was launched in the USA entitled The Kid Who Climbed Everest. About his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest. Grylls' second book Facing the Frozen Ocean was shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year Award 2004. His third book was written to accompany the series Born Survivor: Bear Grylls. (Released in America in April 2008 to the Man vs. Wild Discovery television show) It features survival skills learned from some of the world's most hostile places. This book reached the Sunday Times Top 10 best-seller list. He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures. In 2011 Bear released his autobiography Mud, Sweat and Tears. and it is still currently the best-selling book in Australia and the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
He has a series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion and Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger.
[edit] Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara. The show was broadcast in the UK on Channel 4,[35] and in the USA on the Military Channel.[36] In 2008, it was repeated in the UK on the History Channel.[37]
[edit] Born Survivor / Man vs. Wild
Main article: Man vs. Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs. Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the U.S.A., and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive. Man vs. Wild debuted in 2006 and went on to become the number one cable show in all of America and now reaches a global audience of over 1.2 billion viewers.[19] The second season premièred in the US on 15 June 2007, the third in November 2007, and the fourth in May 2008.
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked t-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], utilising the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration.[38][39] Grylls also regales the viewer with tales of adventurers stranded or killed in the wilderness.
In some early episodes, Man vs. Wild / Born Survivor was criticised by some sources for misleading viewers about some of the situations in which Grylls finds himself. Discovery and Channel 4 television subsequently pledged production and editing transparency and clarification related to the criticism.
In March 2012, Discovery Channel terminated its productions with Grylls due to contract disputes.[40]
[edit] Worst Case Scenario
Grylls' latest project is titled Worst Case Scenario and airs on Discovery in the USA. It is based on the popular books of the same name.[41]
Chief Scout[link]
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five year term in July 2009.[42] He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts. He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920.[43][44]
Charities[link]
Many of Grylls' expeditions and stunts have raised money for charitable organisations.[citation needed] Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom.[19] He is also vice president for The JoLt Trust, a small charity that takes disabled, disadvantaged, abused or neglected young people on challenging month-long expeditions.
Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest. Grylls's held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards. His successfully circumnavigating Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former, and serving members of the British Armed Forces, and their families and dependents. His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust. His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children.[45] In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat. Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish.
In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city.
Other work[link]
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations.[46] He is also a spokesperson for and owner of a Juice Plus franchise. Grylls has his own outdoor survival clothing range produced by British manufacturer Craghoppers as well as a knife manufactured by Gerber.
See also[link]
- Ranulph Fiennes, British adventurer and a hero of Grylls' growing up[47]
- Bruce Parry, British adventurer and TV presenter
- Les Hiddins, Australian survival expert and TV presenter
- Les Stroud, Canadian survival expert and TV presenter
- Ray Mears, English survival expert and TV presenter
References[link]
- ^ "Who dares wins". The Echo. thisisdorset.net. 17 April 2004. http://archive.thisisdorset.net/2004/4/17/68138.html. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ Hastie, Jenny, "This is where we hide from the world" homesandgardens.com, July 2005
- ^ Bear Grylls' speaker biography
- ^ a b "Out of the Wild: Bear Grylls survives the urban jungle". mensvogue.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080316130106/http://www.mensvogue.com/arts/articles/2007/08/grylls?currentPage=2. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ "Bear Grylls : Man vs. Wild". Discovery Channel. http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/manvswild/bio/bio.html. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ a b Bear Grylls Welcomes Son Huckleberry Celebrity Baby Blog, 15 January 2009
- ^ Series called Man vs. Wild on Discovery Channel (US) and Born Survivor on Channel 4 (UK) according to Bear Grylls' speaker biography
- ^ "Sunday Life reclaims the celebs with Ulster ties". The Belfast Telegraph. 1 November 2009. http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/sunday-life-reclaims-the-celebs-with-ulster-ties-14547046.html. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ "My Life In Travel: Bear Grylls" Independent.co.uk, 17 April 2004
- ^ "Obituary: Sir Michael Grylls" Telegraph.co.uk, 13 February 2001
- ^ a b "Person Page 24749". thePeerage.com. http://www.thepeerage.com/p24749.htm#i247489. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ Dudman, Jane (12 January 2011). "Leading questions: Bear Grylls, chief Scout". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/jan/12/bear-grylls-scout-association-chief-scout.
- ^ "Life support
- ^ "History of Birkbeck: 1900s". Birkbeck. http://www.bbk.ac.uk/about_us/history/1900s. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
- ^ <url=http://scouts.org.uk/news_view.php?news_id=185>
- ^ "Ask Bear Your Questions" BearGrylls.com
- ^ Alpha course interview www.alphafriends.org
- ^ "Bear Grylls Author Page". Shelfariaccess. 7 March 2011. http://www.shelfari.com/authors/a1637314/Bear-Grylls/summary.
- ^ a b c "Biography". BearGrylls.com. http://www.beargrylls.com/index.php/about/about-bear/. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ "Bear Grylls". hmforces.co.uk. http://www.hmforces.co.uk/careers/articles/748-bear-grylls. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ a b Petty, Moira (24 April 2007). "Adventurer Bear Grylls' battle with back pain and high cholesterol". Daily Mail. UK. http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/health/healthmain.html?in_article_id=450338&in_page_id=1774&ICO=HEALTH&ICL=TOPART. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ "News and Events: Royal Navy – Honorary Officers of the RNR". The Royal Navy. 2006. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/introduction-to-the-rnr/honorary-officers-of-the-rnr/honorary-officers-of-the-rnr/*/changeNav/3533/noRedirect/1. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
- ^ http://www.personallyspeakingbureau.com/bear_grylls_189.html
- ^ "Bear-faced cheek of adventurer who sneaked off to hotels", Daily Mail (London), 23 July 2007, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-470460/Bear-faced-cheek-adventurer-sneaked-hotels.html
- ^ Summit Magazine No. 40, Winter 2005, page 12
- ^ Blundell, Joanna, "A Boys Own adventure" Telegraph.co.uk, 7 April 2003
- ^ According to his speaker biography
- ^ "Latest News". Bear Grylls. http://beargrylls.com. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ Grylls, Bear, "Flying Into A Dream" Telegraph.co.uk 19 May 2007
- ^ Martin, Nicole, "Explorer hits heights with Himalayan record" Telegraph.co.uk 16 May 2007
- ^ "Diary: From Bear" JourneyAntarctica2008.com, 6 December 2008
- ^ "Bear Grylls breaks Guinness World Record at Airkix Milton Keynes". MiltonKeynes.com. 2008. http://miltonkeynes.com/bear-grylls-breaks-guinness-world-record-at-airkix-milton-keynes.html. Retrieved 12 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Shields, Rachel (11 April 2010). "Ice cold and waterlogged with the born survivor". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/ice-cold-and-waterlogged-with-the-born-survivor-1941255.html. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Escape to the Legion" Channel4.com
- ^ "Military Channel: TV Listings: Escape to the Legion". The Military Channel. 2007. http://military.discovery.com/tv-schedules/series.html?paid=52.14319.112490.29359.x. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
- ^ "ESCAPE TO THE LEGION: Escape To The Legion – Part 4". The HistoryChannel.co.uk. 24 March 2008. http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/tv_guide/full_details/World_history/programme_2838.php. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
- ^ Man vs. Wild(Entertainment Tonight)
- ^ Man vs. Wild/Guano Enema(Discovery Channel Video)
- ^ Guthrie, Marisa (13 March 2012). "Discovery Terminates Relationship With 'Man vs. Wild' Star Bear Grylls (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bear-grylls-man-vs-wild-canceled-discovery-298648. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ Outside Online May 2010 Issue
- ^ Pugh, Oliver, "Grylls puts on his woggle and scouts out a new challenge" Independent.co.uk, 18 May 2009
- ^ Quinn, Ben, "Survivalist Bear Grylls named as new Chief Scout" Guardian.co.uk, 17 May 2009
- ^ "Bear Grylls announced as new Chief Scout" Scouts.org.uk, 17 May 2009
- ^ Murray Norton (20 October 2005). "Fancy An Adventure". Webchats.tv. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070816111120/http://www.webchats.tv/webchat.php?ID=219. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
- ^ "Speaker: Bear Grylls" CitySpeakersInternational.co.uk
- ^ Barkham, Patrick (18 September 2008). "Grylls admits TV rival Mears is fittest of the survivors". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/18/television.television.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bear Grylls |
- BearGrylls.com official website
- Bear Grylls on Twitter
- ScoutBase.org (UK) "Meet the Chiefs"
| The Scout Association | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Peter Duncan |
Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories 2009 – present |
Incumbent |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Grylls, Bear |
| Alternative names | Grylls, Edward |
| Short description | English mountaineer, adventurer, author, television presenter and motivational speaker. |
| Date of birth | 7 June 1974 |
| Place of birth | Bembridge, Isle of Wight, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bear_Grylls
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://cs.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://es.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://ru.wn.com/Гриллс, Беар
http://nl.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://pl.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://fr.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://de.wn.com/Bear Grylls
http://hi.wn.com/बेयर ग्रिल्स
http://pt.wn.com/Bear Grylls
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Grylls
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
