| Muhammad Ali |
Ali in 1967 |
| Statistics |
| Nickname(s) |
The Greatest
The People's Champion
The Louisville Lip |
| Rated at |
Heavyweight |
| Height |
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Reach |
80 in (203 cm) |
| Nationality |
American |
| Born |
(1942-01-17) January 17, 1942 (age 70)
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Stance |
Orthodox |
| Boxing record |
| Total fights |
61 |
| Wins |
56 |
| Wins by KO |
37 |
| Losses |
5 |
| Draws |
0 |
| No contests |
0 |
|
|
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer,[1] philanthropist[2] and social activist.[2] Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified.[3][4]
Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converting to Sunni Islam in 1975, and more recently practicing Sufism.[clarification needed][5] In 1967, three years after Ali had won the World Heavyweight Championship, he was publicly vilified for his refusal to be conscripted into the U.S. military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. Ali stated, "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... No Viet Cong ever called me nigger" – one of the more telling remarks of the era.[6]
Widespread protests against the Vietnam War had not yet begun, but with that one phrase, Ali articulated the reason to oppose the war for a generation of young Americans, and his words served as a touchstone for the racial and antiwar upheavals that would rock the 1960s. Ali's example inspired Martin Luther King Jr. – who had been reluctant to alienate the Johnson Administration and its support of the civil rights agenda – to voice his own opposition to the war for the first time.[7]
Ali was eventually arrested and found guilty on draft evasion charges; he was stripped of his boxing title, and his boxing license was suspended. He was not imprisoned, but did not fight again for nearly four years while his appeal worked its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it was eventually successful.
Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion.
Nicknamed "The Greatest," Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches.[8] Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as "float[ing] like a butterfly, sting[ing] like a bee", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope.[9] Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world.[10] He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would "trash talk" opponents, often with rhymes.
In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated and "Sports Personality of the Century" by the BBC.[11][12]
Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky.[13] The younger of two boys, he was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., who was named after the 19th century abolitionist and politician of the same name. His father painted billboards and signs,[13] and his mother, Odessa O'Grady Clay, was a household domestic. Although Cassius Sr. was a Methodist, he allowed Odessa to bring up both Cassius and his elder brother Rudolph "Rudy" Clay (later renamed Rahman Ali) as Baptists.[14] He is a descendant of pre-Civil War era American slaves in the American South, and is predominantly of African-American descent, with some Irish ancestry.[15]
Clay was first directed toward boxing by the white Louisville police officer and boxing coach Joe E. Martin,[16] who encountered the 12-year-old fuming over a thief taking his bicycle. He told the officer he was going to "whup" the thief. The officer told him he better learn how to box first.[17] For the last four years of Clay's amateur career he was trained by legendary boxing cutman Chuck Bodak.[18]
Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.[19][20] Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses.
Ali states in his 1975 autobiography that he threw his Olympic gold medal into the Ohio River after being refused service at a 'whites-only' restaurant, and fighting with a white gang.[21] Whether this is true is still debated, although he was given a replacement medal at a basketball intermission during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit the torch to start the games.
After his Olympic triumph, Clay returned to Louisville to begin his professional career. There, on October 29, 1960, he won his first professional fight, a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia.
Standing at 6'3" (1.91 m), Clay had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. Rather than the normal style of carrying the hands high to defend the face, he instead relied on foot speed and quickness to avoid punches, and carried his hands low.
From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19–0, with 15 knockouts. He defeated boxers such as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout), Doug Jones and Henry Cooper.
Clay built a reputation by correctly predicting the round in which he would "finish" several opponents, and by boasting before his triumphs.[13] Clay admitted he adopted the latter practice from "Gorgeous" George Wagner, a popular professional wrestling champion in the Los Angeles area who drew thousands of fans.[13] Often referred to as "the man you loved to hate," George could incite the crowd with a few heated remarks, and Clay followed suit.
Among Clay's victims were Sonny Banks (who knocked him down during the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and the aged Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had fought over 200 previous fights, and who had been Clay's trainer prior to Angelo Dundee). Clay had considered continuing using Moore as a trainer following the bout, but Moore had insisted that the cocky "Louisville Lip" perform training camp chores such as sweeping and dishwashing. He considered having his idol, Sugar Ray Robinson, as a manager, but instead hired Dundee.
Clay first met Dundee on February 19, 1957 when the latter was in Louisville the day before a fight with light heavyweight champ Willie Pastrano.[22] The teenaged Golden Gloves winner traveled downtown to the fighter's hotel, called Dundee from the house phone, and was asked up to their room. He took advantage of the opportunity to query Dundee (who had worked with champions Sugar Ramos and Carmen Basilio) about what his fighters ate, how long they slept, how much roadwork (jogging) they did, and how long they sparred.
Following his bout with Moore, Clay won a disputed 10-round decision over Doug Jones in a matchup that was named "Fight of the Year" for 1963. Clay's next fight was against Henry Cooper, who knocked Clay down with a left hook near the end of the fourth round. The fight was stopped in the fifth due to deep cuts over Cooper's eyes.
Despite these close calls, Clay became the top contender for Sonny Liston's title. However, although he had an impressive record, he was not widely expected to defeat the champ. The fight was scheduled for February 25, 1964 in Miami, Florida, but was nearly canceled when the promoter, Bill Faversham, heard that Clay had been seen around Miami and in other cities with the controversial Malcolm X, a member of Nation of Islam. Because of this, news of this association was perceived as a potential gate-killer to a bout which, given Liston's overwhelming status as the favorite to win (7–1 odds),[23] had Clay's colorful persona and nonstop braggadocio as its sole appeal.
Faversham confronted Clay about his association with Malcolm X (who, at the time, was actually under suspension by the Nation as a result of controversial comments made in the wake of President Kennedy's assassination). While stopping short of admitting he was a member of the Nation, Clay protested the suggested cancellation of the fight. As a compromise, Faversham asked the fighter to delay his announcement about his conversion to Islam until after the fight. The incident is described in the 1975 book The Greatest: My Own Story by Ali (with Richard Durham).
During the weigh-in on the day before the bout, the ever-boastful Clay, who frequently taunted Liston during the buildup by dubbing him "the big ugly bear" (among other things), declared that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee," and, summarizing his strategy for avoiding Liston's assaults, said, "Your hands can't hit what your eyes can't see."
At the pre-fight weigh-in, Clay's pulse rate was around 120, more than double his norm of 54.[24] Liston, among others, misread this as nervousness. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height advantage to beat Liston to the punch with his own lightning-quick jab.[24]
By the third round, Clay was ahead on points and had opened a cut under Liston's eye.[24] Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a substance in his eyes.[24] It is unconfirmed whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts, or deliberately applied to Liston's gloves;[24] however, Bert Sugar has claimed that "in two of his previous fights, Liston's opponents had complained about their eyes 'burning,'"[25] suggesting the possibility that the Liston corner deliberately attempted to cheat.
Liston began the fourth round looking to put away the challenger. As Clay struggled to recover his vision, he sought to escape Liston's offensive. He was able to keep out of range until his sweat and tears rinsed the substance from his eyes, responding with a flurry of combinations near the end of the fifth round. By the sixth, he was looking for a finish and dominated Liston. Then, Liston shocked the boxing world when he failed to answer the bell for the seventh round, stating he had a shoulder injury. At the end of the fight, Clay boasted to the press that doubted him before the match, proclaiming, "I shook up the world!"
When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until Mike Tyson won the title (age 20) from Trevor Berbick on November 22, 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano's retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.
In the rematch with Liston, which was held in May 1965 in Lewiston, Maine, Ali (who had by then publicly converted to Islam and changed his name) won by knockout in the first round as a result of what came to be called the "phantom punch." Many believe that Liston, possibly as a result of threats from Nation of Islam extremists, or in an attempt to "throw" the fight to pay off debts, waited to be counted out (see Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston). Others, however, discount both scenarios and insist that it was a quick, chopping Ali punch to the side of the head that legitimately felled Liston. Ali was declared the winner after 1 minute and 52 seconds.[26]
On November 22, 1965, Ali fought Floyd Patterson in his second title defense. Patterson lost by TKO at the end of the 12th round. As would later occur with Ernie Terrell, many sportswriters accused Ali of "carrying" Patterson so that he could physically punish him without knocking him out. Ali countered that Patterson, who said his punching prowess was limited when he strained his sacroiliac, was not as easy to down as may have appeared. During the fight Ali called out "What's my name?" to Patterson, a gesture he would later repeat during the Terrell fight.
Ali was scheduled to fight WBA champion Ernie Terrell (the WBA stripped Ali of his title after his agreement to fight a rematch with Liston) on March 29, 1966, but the llinois Athletic Commission wouldn't approve the Terrell fight unless Ali went to Chicago and apologized for his remarks about the war.[27] The fight destination continued to change venues and ultimately was delayed. Ali won a 15-round decision against substitute opponent George Chuvalo. He then went to England and defeated Henry Cooper by stoppage on cuts May 21, and knocked out Brian London in the third round in August. Ali's next defense was against German southpaw Karl Mildenberger, the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling. In one of the tougher fights of his life, Ali stopped his opponent in round 12.
Ali returned to the United States in November 1966 to fight Cleveland Williams in the Houston Astrodome. According to the Sports Illustrated account, the bout drew an indoor world record 35,460 fight fans. A year and a half before the fight, Williams had been shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a Texas policeman. As a result, Williams went into the fight missing one kidney and 10 feet (3.0 m) of his small intestine, and with a shriveled left leg from nerve damage from the bullet that was still lodged in his body. Ali beat Williams in three rounds. Bert Sugar wrote that it had been Ali's greatest performance in the ring.[28]
On February 6, 1967, Ali returned to a Houston boxing ring to fight Terrell in what is regarded as one of the uglier fights in boxing. Terrell angered Ali by calling him Clay, and the champion vowed to punish him for this insult. During the fight, Ali kept shouting at his opponent, "What's my name, Uncle Tom ... What's my name?" Terrell suffered 15 rounds of brutal punishment, losing 13 rounds on two judges' scorecards, but Ali did not knock him out. Analysts, including several who spoke to ESPN on the sports channel's "Ali Rap" special, speculated that the fight continued only because Ali wanted to thoroughly punish and humiliate Terrell. After the fight, Tex Maule wrote, "It was a wonderful demonstration of boxing skill and a barbarous display of cruelty." When asked about this during a replay of the fight on ABC's popular "Wide World of Sports" by host Howard Cosell, Ali said he was not unduly cruel to Terrell- boxers are paid to punch their opponents into submission or defeat. He pointed out that if he had not hit and hurt Terrell, Terrell would have hit and hurt him, which is standard practice. Cosell's repeated reference to the topic surprised Ali. Following his final defense against Zora Folley in March 1967, Ali was stripped of his title the following month for refusing to be drafted into the Army[13] and had his professional boxing license suspended.
After winning the championship from Liston in 1964, Clay revealed that he was a member of the Nation of Islam (often called the Black Muslims at the time) and the Nation gave Clay the name Cassius X, discarding his surname as a symbol of his ancestors' enslavement, as had been done by other Nation members. On Friday, March 6, 1964, Malcolm X took Clay on a guided tour of the UN building (for a second time). Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X." That same night, Elijah Muhammad recorded a statement over the phone to be played over the radio that Clay would be renamed Muhammad (one who is worthy of praise) Ali (fourth rightly guided caliph). Only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it at that time. Venerable boxing announcer Don Dunphy addressed the champion by his adopted name, as did British reporters. The adoption of this name symbolized his new identity as a member of the Nation of Islam.
Many sportswriters of the early 1960s reported[where?] that it was Ali's brother, Rudy Clay, who converted to Islam first (estimating the date as 1961). Others wrote[where?] that Clay had been seen at Muslim rallies a few years before he fought Liston. Ali's own version[where?] is that he would sneak into Nation of Islam meetings through the back door roughly three years before he fought Sonny Liston.
Aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod for controversy, turning the outspoken but popular champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad and declaring his allegiance to him at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not outright hostility—made Ali a target of outrage, as well as suspicion. Ali seemed at times to provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of separatism. For example, Ali once stated, in relation to integration: "We who follow the teachings of Elijah Muhammad don't want to be forced to integrate. Integration is wrong. We don't want to live with the white man; that's all."[29] And in relation to inter-racial marriage: "No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their homes to marry their black sons and daughters."[29] Indeed, Ali's religious beliefs at the time included the notion that the white man was "the devil" and that white people were not "righteous." Ali claimed that white people hated black people.
Ali converted from the Nation of Islam sect to mainstream Sunni Islam in 1975. In a 2004 autobiography, written with daughter Hana Yasmeen Ali, Muhammad Ali attributes his conversion to the shift toward Sunni Islam made by Warith Deen Muhammad after he gained control of the Nation of Islam upon the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975. Later in 2005 he embraced spiritual practices of Sufism.[30]
In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-par. However, in early 1966, the tests were revised and Ali was reclassified as 1A.[13] This classification meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army during a time when the United States was involved in the Vietnam War. When notified of this status, he declared that he would refuse to serve in the United States Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector.[13] Ali stated that "War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." He famously said in 1966: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... They never called me nigger." Rare for a heavyweight boxing champion in those days, Ali spoke at Howard University, where he gave his popular "Black Is Best" speech to 4,000 cheering students and community intellectuals after he was invited to speak by sociology professor, Nathan Hare, on behalf of the Black Power Committee, a student protest group.[31][32]
Appearing shortly thereafter for his scheduled induction into the U.S. Armed Forces on April 28, 1967 in Houston, he refused three times to step forward at the call of his name. An officer warned him he was committing a felony punishable by five years in prison and a fine of $10,000. Once more, Ali refused to budge when his name was called. As a result, he was arrested and on the same day the New York State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his title. Other boxing commissions followed suit. Ali would not be able to obtain a license to box in any state for over three years.[33]
At the trial on June 20, 1967, after only 21 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Ali guilty.[13] After a Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court. During this time, the public began turning against the war and support for Ali began to grow. Ali supported himself by speaking at colleges and universities across the country, where opposition to the war was especially strong. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court reversed his conviction for refusing induction by unanimous decision in Clay v. United States.[13] The decision was not based on, nor did it address, the merits of Clay's/Ali's claims per se; rather, the Government's failure to specify which claims were rejected and which were sustained, constituted the grounds upon which the Court reversed the conviction.[34]
| “ |
I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... they never called me nigger.[35] |
” |
| “ |
No, I am not going 10,000 miles to help murder, kill, and burn other people to simply help continue the domination of white slavemasters over dark people the world over. This is the day and age when such evil injustice must come to an end.[36] |
” |
| “ |
Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs and denied simple human rights?[35] |
” |
In 1970, while his case was still on appeal, Ali was allowed to fight again. On August 12, 1970, with the help of Leroy R. Johnson, a Georgia State Senator, he was granted a license to box by the City of Atlanta Athletic Commission.[37] In Atlanta on October 26, 1970, he stopped Jerry Quarry on a cut after three rounds. Shortly after the Quarry fight, the New York State Supreme Court ruled that Ali had been unjustly denied a boxing license. Once again able to fight in New York, he fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden in December 1970. After a tough 14 rounds, Ali stopped Bonavena in the 15th, paving the way for a title fight against Joe Frazier, who was himself undefeated.
Ali and Frazier met in the ring on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden. The fight, known as "The Fight of the Century," was one of the most eagerly anticipated bouts of all time and remains one of the most famous. It featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had legitimate claims to the heavyweight crown. Frank Sinatra—unable to acquire a ringside seat—took photos of the match for Life magazine. Legendary boxing announcer Don Dunphy and actor and boxing aficionado Burt Lancaster called the action for the broadcast, which reached millions of people. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard, leaping left hook in the 15th and final round. Frazier retained the title on a unanimous decision, dealing Ali his first professional loss.
Ali rebounded with six victories in 1972, notching wins over Floyd Patterson and Jerry Quarry. In 1972 Muhammad Ali won six boxing matches including one over light-heavyweight champion of the world Bob Foster.
In 1973, Ali fought Ken Norton, who had broken Ali's jaw and won by split decision over 12 rounds in their first bout in 1972. Ali won the rematch, by split decision, on September 10, 1973, which set up Ali-Frazier II, a nontitle rematch with Joe Frazier, who had already lost his title to George Foreman. The bout was held on January 28, 1974, with Ali winning a unanimous 12-round decision.
In one of the biggest upsets in boxing history, Ali regained his title on October 30, 1974 by defeating champion George Foreman in their bout in Kinshasa, Zaire. Hyped as "The Rumble in the Jungle", the fight was promoted by Don King.
Almost no one, not even Ali's long-time supporter Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning. Analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton had given Ali four tough battles in the ring and won two of them, while Foreman had knocked out both of them in the second round. As a matter of fact, so total was the domination that, in their bout, Foreman had knocked down Frazier an incredible six times in only four minutes and 25 seconds.
During the bout, Ali employed an unexpected strategy. Leading up to the fight, he had declared he was going to "dance" and use his speed to keep away from Foreman and outbox him. However, in the first round, Ali headed straight for the champion and began scoring with a right hand lead, clearly surprising Foreman. Ali caught Foreman nine times in the first round with this technique, but failed to knock him out. He then decided to take advantage of the young champion's weakness: staying power. Foreman had won 37 of his 40 bouts by knockout, mostly within three rounds. Eight of his previous bouts did not go past the second round. Ali saw an opportunity to outlast Foreman, and capitalized on it.
In the second round, the challenger retreated to the ropes—inviting Foreman to hit him, while counterpunching and verbally taunting the younger man. Ali's plan was to enrage Foreman and absorb his best blows to exhaust him mentally and physically. While Foreman threw wide shots to Ali's body, Ali countered with stinging straight punches to Foreman's head. Foreman threw hundreds of punches in seven rounds, but with decreasing technique and potency. Ali leaned on the ropes while covering up his body as Foreman threw punches that were deflected and didn't land squarely. The technique was later termed "The Rope-A-Dope".
By the end of the seventh round, Foreman was exhausted. In the eighth, Ali dropped Foreman with a combination at center ring and Foreman failed to make the count. Against the odds, Ali had regained the title.
The "Rumble in the Jungle" was the subject of a 1996 Academy Award winning documentary film, When We Were Kings. The fight and the events leading up to it are extensively depicted in both John Herzfeld's 1997 docudrama Don King: Only in America and Michael Mann's 2001 docudrama, Ali.
In March 1975, Ali faced Chuck Wepner in a bout that inspired the original Rocky. While it was largely thought that Ali would dominate, Wepner surprised everyone by not only knocking Ali down in the ninth round, but nearly going the distance. Ali eventually stopped Wepner in the fading minutes of the 15th round. Following a title defense with Ron Lyle, in July Ali faced Joe Bugner, winning a 15 round decision.
On October 1, 1975, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the third time.[13] Taking place in the Philippines, the bout was promoted as the Thrilla in Manila[13] by Don King, who had ascended to prominence following the Ali-Foreman fight. The anticipation was enormous for this final clash between two great heavyweights. Ali believed Frazier was "over the hill" by that point. Ali's frequent insults, slurs and demeaning poems increased the anticipation and excitement for the fight, but enraged a determined Frazier. Regarding the fight, Ali famously remarked, "It will be a killa... and a chilla... and a thrilla... when I get the gorilla in Manila."
The fight lasted 14 grueling rounds in temperatures approaching 100 °F (38 °C). Ali won many of the early rounds, but Frazier staged a comeback in the middle rounds, while Ali lay on the ropes. By the late rounds, however, Ali regained control and the fight was stopped when Frazier was unable to answer the bell for the 15th and final round (his eyes were swollen shut). Frazier's trainer, Eddie Futch, refused to allow Frazier to continue.
In February 1976, Ali easily beat Jean-Pierre Coopman. In April 1976, he defeated Jimmy Young and then Richard Dunn the following month, which would turn out to be Ali's last knockout victory.
Following that fight, he staged an exhibition match with professional wrestler and martial artist Antonio Inoki.[38] Although widely perceived as a publicity stunt, the match against Inoki would have a long-term detrimental effect on Ali's mobility. Inoki spent much of the fight on the ground trying to damage Ali’s legs, while Ali spent most of the fight dodging the kicks or staying on the ropes.[39] At the end of 15 rounds, the bout was called a draw. Ali's legs, however, were bleeding, leading to an infection. He suffered two blood clots in his legs as well.[38]
In September 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight, with Ali winning a close but unanimous 15-round decision. Soon after the fight, Ali temporarily quit boxing to spread the faith of Islam.[40]
In May 1977, Ali defended his title against Alfredo Evangelista. In September of that year he faced a battering 15 rounds with Earnie Shavers. Fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco left Ali's camp following the Shavers fight after being rebuffed for advising Ali to retire.
In February 1978, Ali lost the heavyweight title to 1976 Olympic Light-Heavyweight Champion Leon Spinks. On September 15, 1978, Ali fought a rematch in the New Orleans Louisiana Superdome against Spinks for the WBA version of the Heavyweight title, winning it for a record third time. Ali retired following this victory on June 27, 1979, but returned in 1980 to face current champion Larry Holmes in an attempt to win a heavyweight title an unprecedented four times. Angelo Dundee refused to let his man come out for the 11th round, in what became Ali's only loss by anything other than a decision. The fight has been cited as a contributing factor in Ali's development of Parkinson's Disease.[41] Ali's final fight, a loss by unanimous decision after 10 rounds, was to up-and-coming challenger Trevor Berbick in 1981.
Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era, which has been called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali was named "Fighter of the Year" by Ring Magazine more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more Ring Magazine "Fight of the Year" bouts than any other fighter. He is an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and holds wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He is one of only three boxers to be named "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated.
In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, voted 6–5 to rename Walnut Street to Muhammad Ali Boulevard. This was controversial at the time, as within a week 12 of the 70 street signs were stolen. Earlier that year, a committee of the Jefferson County Public Schools considered renaming Central High School in his honor, but the motion failed to pass. At any rate, in time, Muhammad Ali Boulevard—and Ali himself—came to be well accepted in his hometown.[42]
In 1993, the Associated Press reported that Ali was tied with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athlete, out of over 800 dead or alive athletes, in America. The study found that over 97% of Americans over 12 years of age identified both Ali and Ruth.[43]
He was the recipient of the 1997 Arthur Ashe Courage Award.
Muhammad Ali in retirement
Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome in 1984,[44][45] a disease to which those subject to severe head trauma, such as boxers, are many times more susceptible than average.[46] Despite the disability, he remains a beloved and active public figure. In 1985, he served as a guest referee at the inaugural WrestleMania event.[47][48] In 1987 he was selected by the California Bicentennial Foundation for the U.S. Constitution to personify the vitality of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights in various high profile activities. Ali rode on a float at the 1988 Tournament of Roses Parade, launching the U.S. Constitution's 200th birthday commemoration. He published an oral history, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times by Thomas Hauser, in 1991. That same year Ali traveled to Iraq during the Gulf War and met with Saddam Hussein in an attempt to negotiate the release of American hostages.[49] Ali received a Spirit of America Award calling him the most recognized American in the world. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the flame at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.
He appeared at the 1998 AFL (Australian Football League) Grand Final, where Anthony Pratt invited him to watch the game. He greets runners at the start line of the Los Angeles Marathon every year. Since 1994, Ali has hosted an annual charity event in Phoenix, Arizona called "Celebrity Fight Night", which has raised more than $70 million for the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center and other charities.[50]
In 1999, the BBC produced a special version of its annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award ceremony, and Ali was voted their Sports Personality of the Century,[51] receiving more votes than the other four contenders combined. His daughter Laila Ali became a boxer in 1999,[52] despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get hit in the breast... hard... and all that."[53]
On September 13, 1999, Ali was named "Kentucky Athlete of the Century" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East.[54]
In 2001, a biographical film, entitled Ali, was made, directed by Michael Mann, with Will Smith starring as Ali. The film received mixed reviews, with the positives generally attributed to the acting, as Smith and supporting actor Jon Voight earned Academy Award nominations. Prior to making the Ali movie, Will Smith had continually rejected the role of Ali until Muhammad Ali personally requested that he accept the role. According to Smith, the first thing Ali said about the subject to him was: "Man, you're almost pretty enough to play me."[55]
On November 17, 2002, Muhammad Ali went to Afghanistan as "U.N. Messenger of Peace".[56] He was in Kabul for a three-day goodwill mission as a special guest of the UN.[57]
On January 8, 2005, Muhammad Ali was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush.
He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony on November 9, 2005,[58][59] and the "Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold" of the UN Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin for his work with the US civil rights movement and the United Nations (December 17, 2005).
On November 19, 2005 (Ali's 19th wedding anniversary), the $60 million non-profit Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center focuses on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth.
According to the Ali Center website, "Since he retired from boxing, Ali has devoted himself to humanitarian endeavors around the globe. He is a devout Muslim, and travels the world over, lending his name and presence to hunger and poverty relief, supporting education efforts of all kinds, promoting adoption and encouraging people to respect and better understand one another. It is estimated that he has helped to provide more than 22 million meals to feed the hungry. Ali travels, on average, more than 200 days per year."
At the FedEx Orange Bowl on January 2, 2007, Ali was an honorary captain for the Louisville Cardinals wearing their white jersey, number 19. Ali was accompanied by golf legend Arnold Palmer, who was the honorary captain for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, and Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade.
A youth club in Ali's hometown and a species of rose (Rosa ali) have been named after him. On June 5, 2007, he received an honorary doctorate of humanities at Princeton University's 260th graduation ceremony.[60]
Ali lives in Scottsdale, Arizona with his fourth wife, Yolanda "Lonnie" Ali.[61] They own a house in Berrien Springs, Michigan, which is for sale. On January 9, 2007, they purchased a house in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky for $1,875,000.[62] Lonnie converted to Islam from Catholicism in her late 20s.[63]
On August 17, 2009, it was voted unanimously by the town council of Ennis, Co Clare, Ireland to make Ali the first Freeman of Ennis. Ennis was the birthplace of Ali's great grandfather before he emigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s, before eventually settling in Kentucky.[64] On September 1, 2009, Ali visited the town of Ennis and at a civic reception he received the honour of the freedom of the town.[65]
Ali is generally considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time by boxing commentators and historians. Ring Magazine, a prominent boxing magazine, named him number 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras.[66]
Ali was named the second greatest fighter in boxing history by ESPN.com behind only welterweight and middleweight great Sugar Ray Robinson.[67] In December 2007, ESPN listed Ali second in its choice of the greatest heavyweights of all time, behind Joe Louis.[68]
The Associated Press voted Ali the No. 1 heavyweight of the 20th century in 1999.[69]
Muhammad Ali has been married four times and has seven daughters and two sons. Ali met his first wife, cocktail waitress Sonji Roi, approximately one month before they married on August 14, 1964.[citation needed] Roi's objections to certain Muslim customs in regard to dress for women contributed to the breakup of their marriage. They divorced on January 10, 1966.
On August 17, 1967, Ali married Belinda Boyd. After the wedding, she, like Ali, converted to Islam and more recently to Sufism,[70] changed her name to Khalilah Ali, though she was still called Belinda by old friends and family. They had four children: Maryum (b. 1968), Jamillah and Rasheda (b. 1970), and Muhammad Ali Jr. (b. 1972).[71] Maryam has a career as an author and rapper.[72]
In 1975, Ali began an affair with Veronica Porsche, an actress and model. By the summer of 1977, Ali's second marriage was over and he had married Veronica.[73] At the time of their marriage, they had a baby girl, Hana, and Veronica was pregnant with their second child. Their second daughter, Laila, was born in December 1977. By 1986, Ali and Veronica were divorced.
On November 19, 1986, Ali married Yolanda ("Lonnie") Williams. They had been friends since 1964 in Louisville. They have one son, Asaad Amin, who they adopted when Amin was five.[71][74][75][76][77]
Ali was a resident of Cherry Hill, New Jersey in the early 1970s.[78] Ali has two other daughters, Miya and Khaliah, from extramarital relationships.[71][79]
As a world champion boxer and social activist, Ali has been the subject of numerous books, films and other creative works. In 1963, he released an album of spoken word on Columbia Records titled I am the Greatest! He has appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on 37 different occasions, second only to Michael Jordan.[80] He appeared in the documentary film Black Rodeo (1972) riding both a horse and a bull. His autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story, written with Richard Durham, was published in 1975.[81] In 1977 the book was adapted into a film called The Greatest, in which Ali played himself and Ernest Borgnine played Angelo Dundee. When We Were Kings, a 1996 documentary about the Rumble in the Jungle, won an Academy Award,[82] and the 2001 biopic Ali garnered an Oscar nomination for Will Smith's portrayal of the lead role.[83]
For contributions to the entertainment industry, Ali was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.[84]
The Muhammad Ali Effect is a term used in psychology that was named after him when he stated, "I only said I was the greatest, not the smartest" in his autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story.[81] According to this effect, when people are asked to rate their intelligence and moral behavior in comparison to others, people will rate themselves as more moral, but not more intelligent than others.[85][86]
| 56 Wins (37 knockouts, 19 decisions), 5 Losses (4 decisions, 1 TKO), 0 Draws[1] |
| Res. |
Opponent |
Type |
Round, Time |
Date |
Age |
Location |
Notes |
| Loss |
Trevor Berbick |
Decision (unanimous) |
10 (10) |
01981-12-11December 11, 1981 |
&1000000000000003900000039 years, &10000000000000328000000328 days |
 Nassau, Bahamas |
"Drama in the Bahamas"[87] |
| Loss |
Larry Holmes |
TKO (Corner Stoppage) |
10 (15) |
01980-10-02October 2, 1980 |
&1000000000000003800000038 years, &10000000000000259000000259 days |
 Las Vegas, NV |
Lost The Ring World Heavyweight title. For WBC World Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Leon Spinks |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01978-09-15September 15, 1978 |
&1000000000000003600000036 years, &10000000000000241000000241 days |
New Orleans, LA |
Won The Ring & WBA World Heavyweight titles;
Vacated WBA title on 1979-09-06. |
| Loss |
Leon Spinks |
Decision (split) |
15 (15) |
01978-02-15February 15, 1978 |
&1000000000000003600000036 years, &1000000000000002900000029 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
Lost The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Earnie Shavers |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01977-09-29September 29, 1977 |
&1000000000000003500000035 years, &10000000000000255000000255 days |
New York City |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Alfredo Evangelista |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01977-05-16May 16, 1977 |
&1000000000000003500000035 years, &10000000000000119000000119 days |
Landover, MD |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Ken Norton |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01976-09-28September 28, 1976 |
&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000255000000255 days |
The Bronx, New York |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Richard Dunn |
TKO |
5 (15) |
01976-05-24May 24, 1976 |
&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000128000000128 days |
 Munich, West Germany |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Jimmy Young |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01976-04-30April 30, 1976 |
&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000104000000104 days |
Landover, MD |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Jean-Pierre Coopman |
KO |
5 (15) |
01976-02-20February 20, 1976 |
&1000000000000003400000034 years, &1000000000000003400000034 days |
 San Juan, Puerto Rico |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Joe Frazier |
TKO |
14 (15), 0:59 |
01975-10-01October 1, 1975 |
&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000257000000257 days |
 Quezon City, Philippines |
"The Thrilla in Manila";
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Joe Bugner |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01975-06-30June 30, 1975 |
&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000164000000164 days |
 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Ron Lyle |
TKO |
11 (15) |
01975-05-16May 16, 1975 |
&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000119000000119 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Chuck Wepner |
TKO |
15 (15), 2:41 |
01975-03-24March 24, 1975 |
&1000000000000003300000033 years, &1000000000000006600000066 days |
Richfield, OH |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
George Foreman |
KO |
8 (15), 2:58 |
01974-10-30October 30, 1974 |
&1000000000000003200000032 years, &10000000000000286000000286 days |
 Kinshasa, Zaire |
"The Rumble in the Jungle";
Won The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Joe Frazier |
Decision (unanimous) |
12 (12) |
01974-01-28January 28, 1974 |
&1000000000000003200000032 years, &1000000000000001100000011 days |
New York City, NY |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title;
Vacated title later in 1974. |
| Win |
Rudi Lubbers |
Decision (unanimous) |
12 (12) |
01973-10-20October 20, 1973 |
&1000000000000003100000031 years, &10000000000000276000000276 days |
 Jakarta, Indonesia |
|
| Win |
Ken Norton |
Decision (split) |
12 (12) |
01973-09-10September 10, 1973 |
&1000000000000003100000031 years, &10000000000000236000000236 days |
Inglewood, CA |
Won NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Loss |
Ken Norton |
Decision (split) |
12 (12) |
01973-03-31March 31, 1973 |
&1000000000000003100000031 years, &1000000000000007300000073 days |
San Diego, CA |
Lost NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Joe Bugner |
Decision (unanimous) |
12 (12) |
01973-02-14February 14, 1973 |
&1000000000000003100000031 years, &1000000000000002800000028 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
|
| Win |
Bob Foster |
KO |
7 (12) |
01972-11-21November 21, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000309000000309 days |
Stateline, NV |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Floyd Patterson |
TKO |
7 (12) |
01972-09-20September 20, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000247000000247 days |
New York City, NY |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Alvin Lewis |
TKO |
11 (12), 1:15 |
01972-07-19July 19, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000184000000184 days |
 Dublin, Ireland |
|
| Win |
Jerry Quarry |
TKO |
7 (12), 0:19 |
01972-06-27June 27, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000162000000162 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
George Chuvalo |
Decision (unanimous) |
12 (12) |
01972-05-01May 1, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000105000000105 days |
 Vancouver, Canada |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Mac Foster |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01972-04-01April 1, 1972 |
&1000000000000003000000030 years, &1000000000000007500000075 days |
 Tokyo, Japan |
|
| Win |
Jürgen Blin |
KO |
7 (12), 2:12 |
01971-12-26December 26, 1971 |
&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000343000000343 days |
 Zurich, Switzerland |
|
| Win |
Buster Mathis |
Decision (unanimous) |
12 (12) |
01971-11-17November 17, 1971 |
&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000304000000304 days |
Houston, TX |
Retained NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Jimmy Ellis |
TKO |
12 (12), 2:10 |
01971-07-26July 26, 1971 |
&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000190000000190 days |
Houston, TX |
Won vacant NABF Heavyweight title. |
| Loss |
Joe Frazier |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01971-03-08March 8, 1971 |
&1000000000000002900000029 years, &1000000000000005000000050 days |
New York City, NY |
"The Fight of the Century";
Lost The Ring World Heavyweight title. For WBA & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Oscar Bonavena |
TKO |
15 (15), 2:03 |
01970-12-07December 7, 1970 |
&1000000000000002800000028 years, &10000000000000324000000324 days |
New York City, NY |
Retained The Ring World Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Jerry Quarry |
TKO |
3 (15) |
01970-10-26October 26, 1970 |
&1000000000000002800000028 years, &10000000000000282000000282 days |
Atlanta, GA |
Retained The Ring World Heavyweight title. |
| Win |
Zora Folley |
KO |
7 (15), 1:48 |
01967-03-22March 22, 1967 |
&1000000000000002500000025 years, &1000000000000006400000064 days |
New York City, NY |
Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles;
Stripped of titles on 1967-04-28. |
| Win |
Ernie Terrell |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01967-02-06February 6, 1967 |
&1000000000000002500000025 years, &1000000000000002000000020 days |
Houston, TX |
Retained The Ring WBC & won WBA World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Cleveland Williams |
TKO |
3 (15) |
01966-11-14November 14, 1966 |
&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000301000000301 days |
Houston, TX |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Karl Mildenberger |
TKO |
12 (15) |
01966-09-10September 10, 1966 |
&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000236000000236 days |
Frankfurt, West Germany |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Brian London |
KO |
3 (15) |
01966-08-06August 6, 1966 |
&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000201000000201 days |
 London, England |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Henry Cooper |
TKO |
6 (15), 1:38 |
01966-05-21May 21, 1966 |
&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000124000000124 days |
London, England |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
George Chuvalo |
Decision (unanimous) |
15 (15) |
01966-03-29March 29, 1966 |
&1000000000000002400000024 years, &1000000000000007100000071 days |
Toronto, Canada |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Floyd Patterson |
TKO |
12 (15), 2:18 |
01965-11-22November 22, 1965 |
&1000000000000002300000023 years, &10000000000000309000000309 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Sonny Liston |
KO |
1 (15), 2:12 |
01965-05-25May 25, 1965 |
&1000000000000002300000023 years, &10000000000000128000000128 days |
Lewiston, ME |
Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles. |
| Win |
Sonny Liston |
TKO |
7 (15) |
01964-02-25February 25, 1964 |
&1000000000000002200000022 years, &1000000000000003900000039 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
Won The Ring, WBA & WBC World Heavyweight titles;
Stripped of WBA title on 1964-06-19. |
| Win |
Henry Cooper |
TKO |
5 (10), 2:15 |
01963-06-18June 18, 1963 |
&1000000000000002100000021 years, &10000000000000152000000152 days |
London, England |
|
| Win |
Doug Jones |
Decision (unanimous) |
10 (10) |
01963-03-13March 13, 1963 |
&1000000000000002100000021 years, &1000000000000005500000055 days |
New York City, NY |
|
| Win |
Charley Powell |
KO |
3, 2:04 |
01963-01-24January 24, 1963 |
&1000000000000002100000021 years, &100000000000000070000007 days |
Pittsburgh, PA |
|
| Win |
Archie Moore |
TKO |
4 (10), 1:35 |
01962-11-15November 15, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000302000000302 days |
Los Angeles, CA |
|
| Win |
Alejandro Lavorante |
KO |
5 (10), 1:48 |
01962-07-20July 20, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000184000000184 days |
Los Angeles, CA |
|
| Win |
Billy Daniels |
TKO |
7 (10), 2:21 |
01962-05-19May 19, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000122000000122 days |
New York City, NY |
|
| Win |
George Logan |
TKO |
4 (10), 1:34 |
01962-04-23April 23, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000009600000096 days |
New York City, NY |
|
| Win |
Don Warner |
TKO |
4, 0:34 |
01962-03-28March 28, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000007000000070 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
|
| Win |
Sonny Banks |
TKO |
4 (10), 0:26 |
01962-02-10February 10, 1962 |
&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000002400000024 days |
New York City, NY |
|
| Win |
Willi Besmanoff |
TKO |
7 (10), 1:55 |
01961-11-29November 29, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000316000000316 days |
Louisville, KY |
|
| Win |
Alex Miteff |
TKO |
6 (10), 1:45 |
01961-10-07October 7, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000263000000263 days |
Louisville, KY |
|
| Win |
Alonzo Johnson |
Decision (unanimous) |
10 (10) |
01961-07-22July 22, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000186000000186 days |
Louisville, KY |
|
| Win |
Duke Sabedong |
Decision (unanimous) |
10 (10) |
01961-06-26June 26, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000160000000160 days |
Las Vegas, NV |
|
| Win |
LaMar Clark |
KO |
2 (10), 1:27 |
01961-04-19April 19, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000009200000092 days |
Louisville, KY |
|
| Win |
Donnie Fleeman |
TKO |
7 (8) |
01961-02-21February 21, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000003500000035 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
|
| Win |
Jim Robinson |
KO |
1 (8), 1:34 |
01961-02-07February 7, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000002100000021 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
|
| Win |
Tony Esperti |
TKO |
3 (8), 1:30 |
01961-01-17January 17, 1961 |
&1000000000000001900000019 years, &100000000000000000000000 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
|
| Win |
Herb Siler |
KO |
4 (8) |
01960-12-27December 27, 1960 |
&1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000345000000345 days |
Miami Beach, FL |
|
| Win |
Tunney Hunsaker |
Decision (unanimous) |
6 (6) |
01960-10-29October 29, 1960 |
&1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000286000000286 days |
Louisville, KY |
|
- ^ a b "Muhammad Ali – Boxer". Boxrec.com. http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=000180&cat=boxer. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ a b "Muhammad Ali Biography". Biography.com. January 17, 1942. http://www.biography.com/articles/Muhammad-Ali-9181165?part=0. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali – Biography of Muhammad Ali – Page 2". History1900s.about.com. http://history1900s.about.com/od/people/a/muhammadali_2.htm. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ Cagle, Jess (December 17, 2001). "Ali: Lord of the Ring". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001498,00.html. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ BY: Interview by Deborah Caldwell. "Muhammad Ali has embraced Sufi Islam and is on a new spiritual quest". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2005/02/Muhammad-Alis-New-Spiritual-Quest.aspx. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Plimpton, George (June 14, 1999). "MUHAMMAD ALI: The Greatest". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991256,00.html#ixzz1WkE11Voo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "BACKTALK; Today's Athletes Owe Everything to Ali – Page 3 – New York Times". The New York Times. April 30, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/sports/backtalk-today-s-athletes-owe-everything-to-ali.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali". ESPN. January 20, 2012. http://espn.go.com/sports/boxing/topics/_/page/muhammad-ali. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. by Muhammad Ali". Quotedb.com. http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ Plimpton, George (June 14, 1999). "MUHAMMAD ALI: The Greatest". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991256,00.html#ixzz1WjqptGlj. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "CNN/SI – SI Online – This Week's Issue of Sports Illustrated – Ali named SI's Sportsman of the Century – Friday December 03, 1999 12:00 AM". Sports Illustrated. December 3, 1999. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Ali crowned Sportsman of Century". BBC News. December 13, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/561352.stm.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dawson, Dawn P; Salem Press (February 1, 2002). Great Athletes. 1 (Revised ed.). Salem Press. pp. 38–41. ISBN 978-1-58765-008-6. http://books.google.com/?id=TnIAPwAACAAJ.
- ^ Hauser 2004, p. 14
- ^ "Ali has Irish ancestry". BBC News. February 9, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ Kandel, Elmo (April 1, 2006). "Boxing Legend – Muhammad Ali". Article Click (Elmo Kandel). http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Boxing-Legend---Muhammad-Ali/938509. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali". University of Florida. http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ “GODFATHER” OF CUTMEN-CHUCK BODAK SUFFERS STROKE September 2, 2007 by Pedro Fernandez, ringtalk.com
- ^ "Muhammad Ali Timeline". Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/malitimeline1.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Nathan Ward "'A Total Eclipse of the Sonny,'" American Heritage, Oct. 2006.[dead link]
- ^ "Biographies: Muhammad Ali". Gale.cengage.com. http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/ali_m.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Irusta, Carlos (January 17, 2012). "Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest'". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ "Boxing Classics – Sonny Liston v Cassius Clay – February 25, 1964". Saddo Boxing. http://www.saddoboxing.com/boxing-article/Sonny-Liston-v-Cassius-Clay.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Lipsyte, Robert (February 26, 1964). "Clay Wins Title in Seventh-Round Upset As Liston Is Halted by Shoulder Injury". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-upset.html. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
- ^ Sugar, Bert Randolph (November 1, 2003). Bert Sugar on Boxing: The Best of the Sport's Most Notable Writer. Globe Pequot. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-59228-048-3. http://books.google.com/?id=tJ2uBBsN0E0C.
- ^ Anderson, Dave (January 16, 1992). "Sports of The Times; On His 50th, Ali Is Still 'The Greatest'". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/sports/sports-of-the-times-on-his-50th-ali-is-still-the-greatest.html?src=pm. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
- ^ Dundee, Maule, Angelo, Tex (August 28, 1967). "He Could Go To Jail And Still Be Champ". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1080216/1/index.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
- ^ Sugar, Bert (September 28, 2006). "Greatest Knockouts: Ali vs. Williams". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2606152. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Hauser, Thomas (November 2, 2003). "The living flame". The Observer (UK). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1072751,00.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ Caldwell, Deborah. "Muhammad Ali's New Spiritual Quest". Beliefnet. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2005/02/Muhammad-Alis-New-Spiritual-Quest.aspx. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ ""The Greatest" Is Gone". TIME: p. 5. February 27, 1978. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919377-5,00.html. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
- ^ "This Week in Black History". Jet. May 2, 1994. Archived from the original on April 28, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090428040723/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n26_v85/ai_15407999/. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
- ^ Reemstsma, Jean (1999). More Than a Champion: The Style of Muhammad Ali. New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-375-70005-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=Hc9tZ7IfUTEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=more+than+a+champion+prime&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NN1gT7LpBYOygwe21-XqBw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=stronger&f=false. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ^ Clay v. United States
- ^ a b Haas, Jeffrey (November 1, 2009). The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther. Lawrence Hill Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-55652-765-4. http://books.google.com/?id=ignjecF9pX4C.
- ^ African-American involvement in the Vietnam war |date=1967 |accessdate=May 25, 2010
- ^ "Ga. Senator Gets TKOed By His Political 'Friends'", by John H. Britton,Jet March 4, 1971, pp.52–54
- ^ a b Tallent, Aaron. "The Joke That Almost Ended Ali's Career". The Sweet Science. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070515075625/http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article/1716/joke-almost-ended-ali-career/. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- ^ "Inoki vs. Ali Footage". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrXzH4WOUdc. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- ^ "Champion Ali Quits Boxing". The Paris News: p. 12. October 1, 1976. http://www.newspaperarchive.com/SiteMap/FreePdfPreview.aspx?img=110827611?sec=Sports. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ Hale, Mike (October 26, 2009). "Boxing King Casts His Shadow, Even at Time of Defeat". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/arts/television/27muhammad.html?_r=3&scp=2&sq=parkinson%27s%2520disease&st=cse. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ Hill, Bob (November 19, 2005). "Ali stirs conflicting emotions in hometown". The Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051119/ALI01/511190320. Retrieved December 22, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Retton, Hammill most popular American athletes; Wilstein, Steve, Associated Press; May 17, 1993.
- ^ Thomas Jr., Robert McG. (September 20, 1984). "Change In Drug Helps Ali Improve". New York Times: pp. D–29. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/20/sports/change-in-drug-helps-ali-improve.html?sec=health. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
- ^ "Ali Leaves Hospital Vowing to take better care of himself and get more sleep". New York Times. September 22, 1984. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/22/sports/sports-people-ali-leaves-hospital-vowing-take-better-care-himself-get-more-sleep.html. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
- ^ "Progressive parkinsonism in boxers". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. November 16, 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2655100. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ March 31, 1985 (March 31, 1985). "WrestleMania I: Celebrities". Wwe.com. http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm1/celebrities/. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ McAvennie, Mike (January 17, 2007). "Happy Birthday to "The Greatest"". WWE.com. http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/archive/alibday. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali". Heroism.org. January 17, 1942. http://www.heroism.org/class/1970/ali.html. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Celebrities celebrate with Muhammad Ali", ABC15.com, March 24, 2012
- ^ "BBC SPORT | TV/Radio Schedule | Sports Personality | Past Winners | Past winners: 1998–2004". BBC News. November 8, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tv_and_radio/sports_personality_2003/3222644.stm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Laila Ali". Womenboxing.com. http://www.womenboxing.com/lailaali.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Boxing- Muhammad Ali". Womenboxing.com. June 8, 2001. http://www.womenboxing.com/ali.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Spears, Marc J. (September 14, 1999). "Ali: The Greatest of 20th century; Show stops when the champ arrives for awards dinner". The Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/localnews/1999/9909/14/990914ali.html. Retrieved January 7, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "FILM , Will Smith peaks as Ali". BBC News. December 25, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1719162.stm. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "UN Messenger of Peace Muhammad Ali arrives in Afghanistan". Web.archive.org. December 13, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021213180823/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&Cr=Muhammad&Cr1=Ali. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali visits Kabul". Getty Images. http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ William Plumber (November 3, 2003). "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". White House Press Secretary. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080306114811/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051103-5.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
- ^ "Bush presents Ali with Presidential Medal of Freedom". ESPN. November 14, 2005. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2219166. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
- ^ Ryan, Joe (June 5, 2007). "Boxing legend Ali gets Princeton degree". The Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2007/06/boxing_legend_ali_gets_princet_1.html. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ Dahlberg, Tim (January 17, 2007). "Ali turns 65 with a whisper and twinkle". The Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070426/ALI/104260005/-1/ALI. Retrieved January 18, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Shafer, Sheldon S. (January 25, 2007). "Ali coming home, buys house in Jefferson County". The Courier-Journal. http://www.greaterlouisville.com/content/community/FYI/pdf/files/ali%20will%20return%20home,%20buys%20louisville%20house.pdf. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
- ^ Patricia Sheridan (December 3, 2007) "Patricia Sheridan's Breakfast With ... Lonnie Ali" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
- ^ McDonald, Brian (August 12, 2009). "Fightin' talk as Ennis awaits Muhammed Ali". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/fightin-talk--as-ennis-awaits-mohammed-ali-1857049.html. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ "Ennis honours Muhammad Ali". RTÉ News. September 1, 2008. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0901/alim.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ "Was Ali the Greatest Heavyweight?". Boxinginsider.com. http://www.boxinginsider.com/columns/was-ali-the-greatest-heavyweight/. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Sugar Ray Robinson wins split decision from Ali". ESPN. September 6, 1999. Archived from the original on January 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080107172258/http://espn.go.com/boxing/fnf/981202topten.html. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
- ^ "ESPN Classic Ringside: Top 10 Heavyweights". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000R7HY5K. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "AP Fighters of the Century list". http://static.espn.go.com/boxing/news/1999/1208/221260.html. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
- ^ BY: Interview by Deborah Caldwell. "Muhammad Ali has embraced Sufi Islam and is on a new spiritual quest". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2005/02/Muhammad-Alis-New-Spiritual-Quest.aspx. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Winstead, Fry, Clay, Greathouse, and Alexander Family Tree:Information about Muhammad Ali". Familytreemaker.genealogy.com. http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/w/i/n/Keith-Winstead/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0094.html. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali's Daughter, May May Ali, Writes Children's Book About His Boxing Career", Jet 104 (24): 38, 8 Dec 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38
- ^ "Veronica Porsche Anderson Topics Page". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/Veronica+Porsche+Anderson. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Muhammad Ali confesses illness put a stop to his 'girl chasing,' but his son is just starting". Findarticles.com. 1997. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n10_v91/ai_19082473/. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ Miller, Davis (September 12, 1993). "Still Larger Than Life – To Millions, Muhammad Ali Will Always Be The Champ". Seattle Times Newspaper (Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com). http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912&slug=1720560. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ page 9. Google Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzTW9Nitee4C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ By Rhett Bollinger / MLB.com. "Angels draft boxing legend Ali's son". Mlb.mlb.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090611&content_id=5270622&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
- ^ "Ali's camp now a bed and breakfast". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014057.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Biography Channel – Muhammed Ali Biography". Web.archive.org. May 23, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060523172332/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/741:610/1/Muhammed_Ali.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Magazine of the Week (September 28, 2006): Sports Illustrated November 28, 1983". Dtmagazine.com. http://www.dtmagazine.com/magazineofweek9282006.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ a b Durham, Richard; Ali, Muhammad; Richard Durham (1975-10). The greatest, my own story. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46268-4. OCLC 1622063. http://books.google.com/?id=EkfhAAAAMAAJ.
- ^ When We Were Kings (1996).
- ^ Ali (2001).
- ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame database". HWOF.com. http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435.
- ^ Allison, S; Messick Goethals (1989). "On being better but not smarter than others: The Muhammad Ali effect". Social Cognition 7 (3): 275–295.
- ^ Van Lange, P. A. M. (December 1, 1991). "Being Better but Not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect at Work in Interpersonal Situations". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (6): 689–693. DOI:10.1177/0146167291176012.
- ^ Steen, Rob (October 29, 2006). "Obituary: Trevor Berbick". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/oct/30/guardianobituaries.sport. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
| Achievements |
Preceded by
Sonny Liston |
WBA Heavyweight boxing champion
February 25, 1964 – June 19, 1964 (Stripped) |
Succeeded by
Ernie Terrell
filled vacancy |
WBC Heavyweight boxing champion
February 25, 1964 – March 11, 1969 (Stripped) |
Succeeded by
Joe Frazier
filled vacancy |
Preceded by
Ernie Terrell |
WBA Heavyweight boxing champion
February 6, 1967 – April 28, 1967 (Stripped) |
Succeeded by
Jimmy Ellis
filled vacancy |
Preceded by
Leotis Martin (Vacated) |
NABF Heavyweight boxing champion
December 17, 1970–1971 (Vacated) |
Succeeded by
George Foreman
filled vacancy |
Preceded by
George Foreman (Vacated) |
NABF Heavyweight boxing champion
Ju1y 26, 1971 – March 31, 1973 |
Succeeded by
Ken Norton |
Preceded by
Ken Norton |
NABF Heavyweight boxing champion
September 10, 1973–1974 (Vacated) |
Succeeded by
Ken Norton
filled vacancy |
Preceded by
George Foreman |
WBA Heavyweight boxing champion
October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978 |
Succeeded by
Leon Spinks |
WBC Heavyweight boxing champion
October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978 |
Preceded by
Leon Spinks |
WBA Heavyweight boxing champion
September 15, 1978 – September 6, 1979 (Vacated) |
Succeeded by
John Tate
filled vacancy |
| Awards |
Preceded by
none |
United Press International
Athlete of the Year
1974 |
Succeeded by
João Carlos de Oliveira |
Preceded by
O.J. Simpson |
Hickok Belt Winner
1974 |
Succeeded by
Pete Rose |
Preceded by
Dick Tiger |
Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year
1963 |
Succeeded by
Emile Griffith |
Preceded by
Joe Frazier |
Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year
Shared award with Carlos Monzon
1972 |
Succeeded by
George Foreman |
Preceded by
George Foreman |
Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year
1974, 1975 |
Succeeded by
George Foreman |
Preceded by
Carlos Zarate |
Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year
1978 |
Succeeded by
Sugar Ray Leonard |
Preceded by
Willie Pastrano |
BWAA Fighter of the Year
1965 |
Succeeded by
Dick Tiger |
Preceded by
George Foreman |
BWAA Fighter of the Year
1974, 1975 (shared award with Joe Frazier) |
Succeeded by
U.S. Olympic Boxing Gold Medalists – Sugar Ray Leonard, Leo Randolph, Howard Davis, Jr., Leon Spinks and Michael Spinks |
| Olympic Games |
Preceded by
Antonio Rebollo |
Final Summer Olympic Torchbearer
Atlanta 1996 |
Succeeded by
Cathy Freeman |
|
Muhammad Ali
|
|
| Fights |
|
|
|
| Media |
|
|
| People |
|
|
| Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1920-1936: 160-175 lb (72.6-79.4 kg), 1948: 73-80 kg 1952-2008: 75-81 kg
|
|
|
|
|
| Persondata |
| Name |
Ali, Muhammad |
| Alternative names |
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, Jr. |
| Short description |
American boxer, world heavyweight champion, Olympic gold medalist; anti-Vietnam War activist |
| Date of birth |
January 17, 1942 |
| Place of birth |
Louisville, Kentucky |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
