In biology, stolons (from Latin stolō "branch") are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.

In botany

In botany, stems which grow at the soil surface or below ground form new plants at the ends or at the nodes. Stolons are often called runners. Imprecisely they are stems that run atop or just under the ground; more specifically, a stolon is a horizontal shoot from a plant that grows on top of or below the soil surface with the ability to produce new clones of the same plant from buds at the tip.

Stolons are stems

Stolons are similar to normal stems except they produce adventitious roots at the nodes and run horizontally rather than vertically. They also have long internodes with reduced leaves, with the exception of stolons in aqueous plants. Plants with stolons or stolon-like rhizomes are called stoloniferous. A stolon is a plant propagation strategy and the complex of individuals formed by a mother plant and all its clones produced from stolons form a single genetic individual. Runners are a type of stolon that exist above ground and are produced by many plants, such as strawberries. Stolons lack the same type of reduced leaves that rhizomes have at the nodes; stolons have scale-like leaves, and new roots are formed only at the nodes, while rhizomes typically have paper-like leaves at the nodes. Typically, stolons have very long internodes that form new plants at the ends. These rise to the soil surface and can produce foliage and flowers. In contrast, rhizomes most often have short internodes with leaf-scars and thin paper-like leaves and root along the under side of the stem. Root formation does not correspond strictly to the nodes but roots can generate from areas around the scar-like nodes as well.

Morphology

Stolons are like long branches of a tree that grow horizontal to the soil surface and produce new plants at the ends, they have nodes and internodes, leaves that are reduced to scales and buds that grow into roots and shoots. Stolons arise from the base of the plant. In strawberries the base is above the soil surface; in many bulb-forming species and plants with rhizomes, the stolons remain underground and form shoots that rise to the surface at the ends or from the nodes. The nodes of the stolons produce roots, often all around the node and hormones produced by the roots cause the stolon to initiate shoots with normal leaves. Typically after the formation of the new plant the stolon dies away in a year or two, while rhizomes persist normally for many years or for the life of the plant, adding more length each year to the ends with active growth. Rhizomes are used as storage structures for nutrients and most often are covered with thin papery leaves (normally a translucent brownish color), while stolons are not covered with reduced leaves but have scales like leaves at the nodes that are most often white in color. Stolons look and act like etiolated stems except for their orientation of growth, instead of stretching upward for light they grow laterally or downward. The horizontal growth of stolons results from the interplay of different hormones produced at the growing point and hormones from the main plant, with some studies showing that stolon and rhizome growth effected by the amount of shady light the plant receives with increased production and branching from plants exposed to mixed shade and sun, while plants in all day sun or all shade producing fewer stolons.

Often the general meaning of stolon (horizontal stems above ground) does not distinguish morphologically the differences between stolons and rhizomes but just differentiates rhizome and stolon from each other strictly by where they are found, with rhizomes being below ground. Though this generalization is imprecise with a number of plants having soil level or above ground rhizomes including ''Iris'' species and many orchid species. Because of this some botany texts now use the term underground stolon to refer to stolons that move under ground.

T. Holm (1929) restricted the term rhizome to a horizontal, usually subterranean, stem that produces roots from its lower surface and green leaves from its apex, developed directly from the plumule of the embryo. He recognized stolons as axillary, subterranean branches that do not bear green leaves but only membranaceous, scale-like ones.

Plants with stolons

In some ''Cyperus'' species the stolons end with the growth of tubers; the tubers are swollen stolons that form new plants.

Some species of crawling plants can also sprout adventitious roots, but are not considered stoloniferous: a stolon is sprouted from an existing stem and can produce a full individual. Examples of plants that extend through stolons include some species from the genera ''Argentina'' (silverweed), ''Cynodon'', ''Fragaria'', and ''Pilosella'' (Hawkweeds), ''Zoysia japonica'', ''Ranunculus repens''.

Other plants with stolons below the soil surface include many grasses, ''Ajuga'', ''Mentha'', and ''Stachys''.

Lily-of-the-valley (''Convallaria majalis'') which has rhizomes that grow stolon-like stems called stoloniferous rhizomes or leptomorph rhizomes. A number of plants have stoloniferous rhizomes including Asters These stolon-like rhizomes are long and thin, with long internodes and indeterminate growth with lateral buds at the node that mostly remain dormant.

In potatoes, the stolons start to grow within 10 days of plants emerging above ground, with tubers usually beginning to form on the end of the stolons. The tubers are modified stolons that hold food reserves with a few buds that grow into stems. Since it is ''not'' a rhizome it does not generate roots, but the new stem growth that grows to the surface produces roots. See also BBCH-scale (potato)

''Hydrilla'' use stolons that produce tubers to spread themselves and survive dry periods in aquatic habitats.

''Erythronium'' commonly called Trout Lily, have white stolons growing from the bulb. Most run horizontally, either underground or along the surface of the ground under leaf litter. Flowering plants often produce no stolons. A number of bulbous forming species produce stolons with ''Erythronium propullans'' producing one stolon below the soil surface on the midway point of the stem on blooming plants that produces a new bulb. On non blooming plants 1 to 3 stolons are produce directly from the bulbs, each ending in a new clone.

''Convolvulus arvensis'' is a weed species in agriculture that spreads by under ground stolons that produce rhizomes.

In studies on grass species, with plants that produce stolons or rhizomes and plants that produce both stolons and rhizomes; morphological and physiological differences where noticed. Stolons have longer internodes and function as means of seeking out light and were used for propagation of the plant, while rhizomes are used as storage organs for carbohydrates and the maintenance of meristem tissue to keep the parent plant alive from one year to the next.

Mycology

In mycology, a stolon is defined as an occasionally septate hypha, which connects sporangiophores together. Root-like structures called rhizoids may appear on the stolon as well, anchoring the hyphae to the substrate. The stolon is commonly found in bread molds, and are seen as horizontally expanding across the mold.

Zoology

Some bryozoans form colonies through connection of individual units by stolons. Other colonies include sheets and erect colonies.

See also

Root

Sprigging

Vegetative reproduction

References

Category:Plant morphology Category:Plant reproduction

ar:رئد ca:Estoló de:Stolo et:Võsund es:Estolón eo:Stolono fr:Stolon (organe) hu:Inda id:Stolon io:Stolono is:Rengla it:Stolone ms:Batang rayap ja:匍匐茎 pl:Stolon pt:Estolho ru:Столон uk:Столон

Colour	#DEDEE2
Name	Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.
Series	Indiana Jones
First	''Raiders of the Lost Ark''
Latest	''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull''
Creator	George LucasSteven Spielberg
Portrayer	Films:Harrison Ford (ages 36–58)River Phoenix (age 13)TV series:Neil Boulane (baby)Corey Carrier (ages 8–10)Sean Patrick Flanery (ages 16–21)George Hall (age 93)Video games:Doug Lee (voice)David Esch (voice)
Birthdate	July 1st, 1899
Birthplace	New Jersey (U.S.)
Nickname	IndianaIndyHenri DefenseMungo KidogoCaptain Dynamite, Scourge of the KaiserJonesy
Alma mater	University of Chicago
Occupation	ArchaeologistAssociate deanCollege professorSoldierSpy
Title	DoctorColonel
Education	University of Chicago
Family	Henry Walton Jones, Sr. (father, deceased)Anna Mary Jones (mother, deceased)Susie Jones (sister, deceased)
Spouse	Deirdre Campbell Jones (1926)Marion Ravenwood Jones (1957–present)
Children	Henry Walton "Mutt" Jones IIISon
Relatives	Pete (uncle)Fred (uncle)Grace Jones (aunt)Frank (cousin)Caroline (granddaughter, probably via his daughter)Henry Walton "Spike" Jones IV (grandson, probably via Mutt)Lucy (granddaughter, probably via his daughter)Annie Jones (great-granddaughter, probably via Mutt)Henry Walton "Harry" Jones V (great-grandson, probably via Mutt)
Nationality	American
Religion	Christian}}

Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr., Ph.D. is the central protagonist of the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise. George Lucas and Steven Spielberg created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', to be followed by ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'' in 1984, ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'' in 1989, ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' from 1992 to 1996, and ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' in 2008. Alongside the more widely known films and television programs, the character is also featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. Jones is also featured in the theme park attraction ''Indiana Jones Adventure'', which exists in similar forms at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea.

Jones is most famously played by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix (as the young Jones in ''The Last Crusade''), and in the television series ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' by Corey Carrier, Sean Patrick Flanery, and George Hall. Doug Lee has supplied Jones's voice to two LucasArts video games, ''Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis'' and ''Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine'', while David Esch supplied his voice to ''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb''.

Particularly notable facets of the character include his iconic look (bullwhip, fedora, and leather jacket), sense of humor, deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes.

Indiana Jones remains one of cinema's most revered movie characters. In 2003, he was ranked as the second greatest movie hero of all time by the American Film Institute. He was also named the sixth greatest movie character by ''Empire'' magazine. ''Entertainment Weekly'' ranked Indy 2nd on their list of ''The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture''. ''Premiere'' magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of ''The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time''. Since his first appearance in ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', he has become a worldwide star. On their list of the ''100 Greatest Fictional Characters'', Fandomania.com ranked Indy at number 10. In 2010, he ranked #2 on ''Time'' Magazine's list of the greatest fictional characters of all time, surpassed only by Sherlock Holmes.

Appearances

Indiana Jones, played by Harrison Ford, was first introduced in the 1981 film ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', set in 1936. The character is presented as an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes, whose research is funded by Marshall College (named after producer Frank Marshall) a fictional college in Connecticut, where he is a professor of archaeology. His students are predominantly female. In this first adventure, he is pitted against the Nazis, traveling the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant (see also Biblical archaeology). He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah. The Nazis are led by Jones's archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent.

The 1984 prequel, ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', set in 1935, took the character into a more horror-oriented story, skipping his legitimate teaching job and globe trotting, and taking place almost entirely in India. This time, Jones attempts to recover children and the Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round and accompanied by Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw).

The third film, 1989's ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones's classroom (he now teaches at Barnett College), the globe trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics, this time trying to find the Holy Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some back story to the character, specifically the origin of his fear of snakes, his use of a bullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that "Indiana" is not Jones's first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was a buddy movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father, often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended at the time to do five films, this ended up being the last for over eighteen years, as Lucas could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment.

The 2008 film, ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'', became the latest film in the series. Set in 1957, 19 years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of a crystal skull discovered in South America by his former colleague Harold Oxley (John Hurt). He is aided in his adventure by an old lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a young greaser named Henry "Mutt" Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be his biological child, Henry Jones III. There were rumors that LaBeouf will take over the Indy franchise. This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services (a predecessor department to the CIA) during World War II, attaining the rank of Colonel and running covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale on the Soviet Union.

Television

From 1992 to 1996, George Lucas executive-produced a television series named ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'', which was designed as an educational program for children, spotlighting historical figures and important events, using the concept of a prequel to the films as a draw. The show featured a standard formula of a 93-year-old Jones (George Hall), wearing an eye patch, introducing a story, and then an adventure with either a 17-year-old Jones (Sean Patrick Flanery) or a 10-year-old Jones (Corey Carrier), and even a baby Indy (Neil Boulane). Historical figures featured on the show include Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Leo Tolstoy, Pancho Villa, Charles de Gaulle, Elliot Ness, Ernest Hemingway, Patrick Pearse, Vladimir Lenin, T. E. Lawrence, Winston Churchill, Herman Göring, Theodore Roosevelt, Manfred von Richthofen, and John Ford, in such diverse locations as Egypt, Austria-Hungary, India, China, and the whole of Europe.

One episode, "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", is bookended by Harrison Ford, reprising his role as the character. Indiana loses one of his eyes sometime between 1957 and when the "Old Indy" segments take place.

The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. He was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced in ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. A large portion of the series centered around his activities during World War I.

In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases, as he re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed to ''The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones''.

Video games

The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, including Lego Indiana Jones video games, beginning with adaptations of ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'', ''Temple of Doom'', two adaptations of ''The Last Crusade'' (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure and puzzle based structure) and Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures which included the storylines from all three of the original films.

Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom, ''Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis'', ''Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine'', ''Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb'' and ''Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings''. ''Emperor's Tomb'' sets up Jones's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci's ashes seen at the beginning of ''Temple of Doom''. The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones; ''Emperor's Tomb'' had David Esch fill the role and ''Staff of Kings'' starred John Armstrong.

There is also a small game from Lucas Arts ''Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures''. A video game was made for young Indy called ''Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos'', as well as a video game version of ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''.

Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released. ''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures'' was released in 2008 and follows the plots of the first three films. It was followed by ''LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues'' in late 2009. The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films, but focuses on the plot of ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull''.

Indiana Jones has also made cameo appearances as an unlockable character in the games ''Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction'' and ''Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga''.

Theme parks

Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ("Temple of the Forbidden Eye" and "Temple of the Crystal Skull," respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time, opened in 1995 and 2001, respectively, with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering. Disney did not license Harrison Ford's likeness for the North American version; nevertheless, a differentiated Indiana Jones audio-animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions. However, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts. In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version have been replaced and now resemble Ford.

Disneyland Resort Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom''. ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril'' is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin AG, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, and opened in 1993.

The ''Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!'' is a live show that has been presented in the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening under a different name. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production, and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' films, including the well-known "running-from-the-boulder" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show. Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during the The Great Movie Ride's ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' segment.

Character description and formation

In his role as a college professor of archaeology, Henry Jones Jr. is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit, lecturing on ancient civilizations. In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, it is revealed that Jones is influenced by the Marxist Archaeologist, Vere Gordon Childe, whose qualified acceptance of cultural diffusionism theory he propounds. Ironically, though Childe loathes fieldwork, Indy goes on to say, "If you want to be a good archaeologist, you gotta get out of the library." This is in tongue-in-cheek contrast to the previous film's comment, "Seventy percent of all archaeology is done in the library."

However, at the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into "Indiana," a "non-superhero superhero" image he has concocted for himself. Producer Frank Marshall said, "Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. [...] That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers." Spielberg said there "was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him." According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating a duality. Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was because Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic, while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on a quest; a noble treasure hunter; a hardboiled detective; a human superhero; and an American patriot.

Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father, Henry Senior. His own contained anger is misdirected at the likes of Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at the University of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood. The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', after being given his hat. Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college. Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother. In ''Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom'', the character becomes the father in a temporary family unit with Willie Scott and Short Round to survive. Indiana is rescued from the evil of Kali by Short Round's dedication. Indiana also saves many children from slavery.

Because of Indiana's strained relationship with his father, who was absent much of Indiana's youth searching for the Holy Grail, the character does not pursue the more spiritual aspects of the cultures he studies. Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to ultimately defeat Mola Ram. In ''Raiders'', however, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq dies horribly for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.

In ''Crusade'''s prologue, Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure – a humble carpenter – rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to "let it go," overcoming his mercenary nature. ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic after fighting in World War I. In ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'', Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully arrogant and greedy, respectively.

Origins and inspirations

Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinée serials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the Republic Pictures serials, and the Doc Savage series). Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide/big game hunter Allan Quatermain of ''King Solomon's Mines'', who dates back to 1885, is a notable template for Jones. The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first ''Star Wars'' film. Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like perhaps a James Bond film. According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something "even better," or that he "got that beat."

The other clear basis for "Indiana" Jones is Professor Challenger, Professor George Challenger, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel, ''The Lost World''. Doyle based Prof. Challenger on his old physiology professor, Sir William Rutherford. As an adventuring academic, albeit a zoologist/anthropologist, Professor Challenger is the clear and singular inspiration for "Indiana" Jones. However, it appears the primary source for Indiana Jones was Charlton Heston's character of Harry Steele in "Secret of the Incas", Paramount, 1954.

The character was originally named "Indiana Smith" (perhaps in a nod to the 1966 Western film ''Nevada Smith''), after an Alaskan Malamute Lucas owned in the 1970s ("Indiana"); however, Spielberg disliked the name "Smith," and Lucas casually suggested "Jones" as an alternative based off the archaeologist Vendell Jones. Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis said the inspiration for Indiana's outfit was Charlton Heston's Harry Steele in ''Secret of the Incas'': "We did watch this film together as a crew several times, and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series."

Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed fedora. As a documentary of ''Raiders'' pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old "B"-movies that inspired the ''Indiana Jones'' series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples in ''Raiders'' include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time.

The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of ''The Last Crusade''. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head. Although other hats were also used throughout the movies, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include: The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films. It was referred to as "The Australian Model" by costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis and was fitted with a Petersham bow. Indy's fedora for ''Crystal Skull'' was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company.

The leather jacket, a hybrid of the "Type 440" and the A-2 jacket, were made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co) for ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' and ''The Last Crusade''. For ''Temple of Doom'', jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of The Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket in ''Kingdom of the Crystal Skull''.

The bag was a modified Mark VII British gas mask bag, usually worn under the jacket with the exception of Crystal Skull where the bag was inexplicably worn over the jacket.

The whip was a bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips for ''Crystal Skull'' were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts). The pistol was usually a World War I-era revolver, including the Webley Government (''Last Crusade'' and ''Crystal Skull''), or a .45 ACP Smith & Wesson Hand Ejector 2nd model revolver (''Raiders''). He has also used an M1917 revolver (''Temple of Doom''), a Nagant M1895 (''Young Indiana Jones''), and a 9 mm Browning Hi-Power (''Raiders''). The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster. The shoes were made by Alden. A stock style that had been a favorite of Ford's before the movies, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the movies) and are popularly known as "Indy Boots."

Jones's fedora and leather jacket (as used in ''The Last Crusade'') are on display at the Smithsonian's American History Museum in Washington, D.C. The collection of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise. Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.

Casting

Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in three of his movies (''American Graffiti'', ''Star Wars'', and ''The Empire Strikes Back''), and did not want Ford to become known as his "Bobby De Niro" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly cast Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast then little-known actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''.

However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to ''Magnum, P.I.'' (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for ''Magnum P.I.'' conflicted with shooting for ''Raiders'', both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for ''Magnum P.I.'' was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for ''Raiders'' had concluded. Sadly for Selleck, he could have finished his participation in ''Raiders'' and still had time to return for ''Magnum''.

After Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas gave in, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming of ''Raiders'' began.

Models

Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by George Lucas or Steven Spielberg. There are some suggestions, listed here In alphabetical order by last name: Beloit College professor and paleontologist Roy Chapman Andrews. Italian archaeologist and circus strongman Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823). Yale University professor, historian, and explorer Hiram Bingham III, who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu, and chronicled his find in the bestselling book ''The Lost City of the Incas'' in 1948. University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood. University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted. The British archaeologist Percy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book ''Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils''. British archaeologist and soldier T. E. Lawrence. The Northwestern University anthropologist, professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern. Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges. German archaeologist Otto Rahn.

George Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in the third film, ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''.

Influence

Though some archaeologists criticize Indy's methods as befitting a "looter" rather more than a careful worker of precious sites, many have adopted the popular figure as something of a standard-bearer for their profession. The industry magazine ''Archaeology'', believing that Jones, as one editor said, was "a horrible archaeologist but a great diplomat for archaeology," named eight past and current archaeologists who they felt "embodied [Jones'] spirit" as recipients of the "Indy Spirit Awards" in 2008. That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors of the Archaeological Institute of America. Commenting that "understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future," Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's "significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration."

While himself a homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations: Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of the ''Tomb Raider'' franchise, was originally designed as a man, but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt that the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones. Paramount Pictures, which distributed the Indiana Jones film series, would later make two films based on the ''Tomb Raider'' games.

Nathan Drake, The main protagonist of the Uncharted Video game series.

''Prince of Persia'' producer Ben Mattes explained that their "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo." The video game series ''Uncharted'' is also very heavily influenced by Indiana Jones, as well as some of the influences that led to Indiana Jones himself, such as pulp magazines and movie serials. The design team felt the sources shared themes of mystery and "what-if scenarios" that romanticized adventure and aimed to include those in ''Uncharted''.

Jack West Jr, a character featured in 3 Matthew Reilly books, (''Seven Ancient Wonders'', ''The Six Sacred Stones'' and ''The Five Greatest Warriors'') is heavily influenced by Indiana Jones. Reilly himself is a big fan of George Lucas.

Rick O'Connell of ''The Mummy'' and its sequels.

Ben Franklin Gates of the ''National Treasure'' film series.

In the game ''World of Warcraft'' there is an NPC named Harrison Jones, a reference to Indiana Jones and the actor Harrison Ford. This NPC teaches Archaeology to the character, making them able to find ancient treasures around the world. Furthermore, the game area Uldum has numerous playable quests with Harrison Jones as the main character, which contain a number of lines and references from ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''.

The Tia Carrere television show ''Relic Hunter''.

Robert Langdon from such Dan Brown novels as ''Angels & Demons'', ''The Da Vinci Code'', and ''The Lost Symbol'', adapted for cinema.

References

External links

IndianaJones.com – the official Indiana Jones site

The Indiana Jones Wiki – A wiki devoted to ''Indiana Jones''

Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Category:Fictional archaeologists Category:Fictional characters from New Jersey Category:Fictional professors Category:Fictional American people of Scottish descent Category:Fictional secret agents and spies Category:Fictional colonels Category:Child characters in television Category:Fictional World War I veterans Category:Fictional World War II veterans Category:Indiana Jones characters

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