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- Abolitionism
- AES Corporation
- African American
- Al-Qaeda
- Alcalde and Fay
- Aldrich Hazen Ames
- Alexander Ovechkin
- Alexander Semin
- Alexandria, Virginia
- Allegheny Mountains
- American Civil War
- American Revolution
- Anacostia River
- Andrew Ellicott
- Argosy University
- Arlington Hall
- Arlington Transit
- Arlington, Virginia
- Asian American
- Attorney at law
- BAE Systems Inc.
- Ballston, Virginia
- Barbara Favola
- Bedford, Virginia
- Benjamin Godfre
- Blue Ridge Mountains
- Bluefield, Virginia
- Boeing
- Booz Allen Hamilton
- Bristol, Virginia
- Brooks Laich
- BusinessWeek
- CACI
- Cambridge Associates
- Capital Bikeshare
- Capital district
- Chesapeake Bay
- Chesapeake, Virginia
- Clarendon, Virginia
- Climate of Virginia
- Cold War
- Colony of Virginia
- Condé Nast Traveler
- Confederate Army
- Connor Barth
- County manager
- County seat
- Courthouse, Virginia
- Covington, Virginia
- Coyoacán
- Crystal City, VA
- Culpeper, Virginia
- Culture of Virginia
- Cumberland Mountains
- Custis Trail
- Danny Ahn
- Danville, Virginia
- DARPA
- Dave Batista
- David McDowell Brown
- Dayton, Ohio
- Delmarva Peninsula
- DeVry University
- Economy of Virginia
- Edwin M. Stanton
- El Salvador
- Emporia, Virginia
- EnviroCAB
- ESI International
- Everest College
- Fairfax Connector
- Fairfax County
- Fairfax, Virginia
- Fairlington
- FBR Capital Markets
- Fort Hood shootings
- Fort Myer
- Four Mile Run Trail
- France
- Frank O'Leary
- Franklin, Virginia
- Galax, Virginia
- George Washington
- Germany
- Glencarlyn, Virginia
- Graduate degrees
- Green transport
- Greenhouse gases
- Ground zero
- H-B Woodlawn
- Hampton Roads
- Hampton, Virginia
- Henry G. Shirley
- History of Virginia
- Hoover Field
- Hopewell, Virginia
- Hybrid taxi
- Illegals Program
- Independent city
- Interstate 395
- Interstate 66
- Ivano Frankivsk
- James A. Garfield
- James K. Polk
- Jim Moran
- John F. Kennedy
- John William Wallace
- Katie Couric
- Lee County, Virginia
- Lexington, Virginia
- Lockheed Martin
- Lynchburg, Virginia
- Macy's
- Manassas, Virginia
- Martha Washington
- Mary Anna Custis Lee
- Marymount University
- Mexico
- Middle Peninsula
- Military cemetery
- Minor's Hill
- Money (magazine)
- Mount Vernon
- Mount Vernon Trail
- Music of Virginia
- Netherlands Carillon
- Nidal Malik Hasan
- Norfolk, Virginia
- Northern Neck
- Northern Virginia
- Norton, Virginia
- Parkfairfax
- Patch Adams
- Pentagon
- Pentagon Memorial
- Petersburg, Virginia
- Plantation
- Politics of Virginia
- Poquoson, Virginia
- Portsmouth, Virginia
- Potomac River
- Potomac river
- Poverty threshold
- Radford, Virginia
- Rail trail
- Rapid transit
- Reims
- Residence Act
- Richmond, Virginia
- Richmond-Petersburg
- Roanoke, Virginia
- Robert Brink
- Robert E. Lee
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Rosslyn, VA
- Rosslyn, Virginia
- Rossyln, VA
- SAIC (company)
- Salem, Virginia
- Sandra Bullock
- Scouting in Virginia
- September 11 attacks
- Sheema Kalbasi
- Shenandoah Valley
- Shirley MacLaine
- Shirlington
- Sister cities
- Smart Growth
- South Hampton Roads
- Southside (Virginia)
- Southwest Virginia
- SRA International
- Staunton, Virginia
- Strayer Education
- Strayer University
- STS-107
- Suffolk, Virginia
- Tampa Bay Buccaneers
- Ted Kennedy
- Template Virginia
- Tennessee Valley
- The Chubb Institute
- The New York Times
- The Pentagon
- Tom Dolan
- Tomb of the Unknowns
- Towers Watson
- Tri-Cities, Virginia
- Troy University
- Ukraine
- Unincorporated area
- Union Army
- United States
- United States Army
- Upton's Hill
- Urban planning
- Urban village
- US Airways
- US Airways Group
- USMC War Memorial
- Verizon
- Virginia
- Virginia Beach
- Virginia furniture
- Virginia Peninsula
- Virginia Senate
- Virginia Square
- Walkability
- Warren Beatty
- Washington Capitals
- Washington Metro
- Washington Monument
- Washington, D.C.
- Waynesboro, Virginia
- West Virginia
- White American
- Wikitravel
- William Howard Taft
- Winchester, Virginia
- Woodbridge, Virginia
- World War II
- WWE
- Zac Hanson
- Zip code
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-
Alexandria, Virginia
Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of 2010, the city had a total population of 139,966. Located along the Western bank of the Potomac River, Alexandria is approximately six miles (9.6 kilometers) south of downtown Washington, D.C.
Like the rest of Northern Virginia, as well as central Maryland, modern Alexandria has been shaped by its proximity to the nation's capital. It is largely populated by professionals working in the federal civil service, the U.S. military, or for one of the many private companies which contract to provide services to the federal government. The latter are known locally as beltway bandits, after the Capital Beltway, an interstate highway that circles Washington, D.C. One of Alexandria's largest employers is the U.S. Department of Defense. Others include the Institute for Defense Analyses and the Center for Naval Analyses. In 2005, the United States Patent and Trademark Office moved 7,100 employees from 18 separate buildings in nearby Crystal City into a new headquarters complex in the city.
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Arlington Hall
Arlington Hall (also called Arlington Hall Station) was a former girl's school and the headquarters of the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography effort during World War II. The site presently houses the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, and the United States National Guard Readiness Center. It is located on Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50) between S. Glebe Road (Virginia Route 120) and S. George Mason Drive in Arlington, Virginia.
"Arlington Hall" was founded in 1927 as a private girls school, which, by 1941, resided on a 100-acre (0.40 km2) campus and had acquired the name "Arlington Hall Junior College for Women". The school suffered financial problems in the 1930s, and eventually became a non-profit institution in 1940. On June 10, 1942, the U.S. Army took possession of the facility under the War Powers Act for use by its Signals Intelligence Service.
During the War, Arlington Hall was in many respects similar to Bletchley Park in England, only one of two primary cryptography operations in Washington (the other was the Naval Communications Annex, also housed in a commandeered private girls' school). Arlington Hall concentrated its efforts on the Japanese systems (including PURPLE) while Bletchley Park concentrated on European combatants.
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BAE Systems Inc.
Coordinates: 39°05′41″N 77°10′43″W / 39.09472°N 77.17861°W / 39.09472; -77.17861
BAE Systems Inc. (formerly BAE Systems North America) is a major subsidiary of the British defence and aerospace company BAE Systems plc. As per its Special Security Agreement, BAE Systems Inc. operates as a semi-autonomous business unit within BAE Systems controlled at a local level by American management.
BAE has described the rationale for expansion in the US; "[it] is by far the largest defence market with spend running close to twice that of the Western European nations combined. Importantly, US investment in research and development is significantly higher than in Western Europe." The company's 2004 strategy review confirmed a "strategic bias" for expansion and investment in the US. In 2007 BAE Systems Inc. had sales of £7,454 million and EBITA of £741 million. These represent 46% and 45% respectively of BAE Systems' group results.
The company was created on 30 November, 1999. On this date Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) and British Aerospace (BAe) merged to form BAE Systems. Their respective subsidiaries in the USA, Marconi North America and British Aerospace North America, were similarly merged to form BAE Systems North America.
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Barbara Favola
Barbara Favola is a Virginia politician, currently serving as a State Senator representing the 31st District.
Favola has been a resident of Arlington since 1982. Favola is currently serving as Vice Chairman of the Arlington County Board. She has served as Chairman in 2000 and 2004 and Vice Chairman in 1999 and 2003. She has been a Board member since December 1997.
http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersBarbaraFavola.aspx
In 2006, Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine appointed Arlington County Board Member Barbara Favola to a four-year term on the State Health Board.
Favola was a policy advisor for 15 years at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Favola started her career at HHS as a Presidential Management Intern (PMI), and served in various policy and planning positions throughout the Department, with several assignments in the Office of the Secretary and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health. As part of the PMI experience, Ms. Favola also worked on the House Budget Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives.
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Bedford, Virginia
Bedford is an independent city located within the confines of Bedford County in the U.S. state of Virginia. It serves as the county seat of Bedford County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 6,222. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Bedford with surrounding Bedford county for statistical purposes. It is part of the Lynchburg Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Bedford is home to the National D-Day Memorial. (despite the "National" in its name, the memorial is owned and operated by a Non-governmental, non-profit, education foundation). The United States Congress warranted that this memorial would be the nation's D-Day Memorial and President Bill Clinton authorized this effort in September 1996. President George W. Bush dedicated this memorial as the nation's D-Day memorial on June 6, 2001. Bedford lost more residents per capita in the Normandy landings than any other American community. Nineteen soldiers from Bedford, whose 1944 population was about 3,200, were killed on D-Day. Three other Bedford soldiers died later in the Normandy campaign. Proportionally this community suffered the nation's severest D-Day losses.
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Bluefield, Virginia
Bluefield is a town in Tazewell County, Virginia, along the Bluestone River. The population was 5,444 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area which has a population of 107,342. The micropolitan area is the 350th largest statistical population area in the United States.
Bluefield is located at 37°14′39″N 81°16′30″W / 37.24417°N 81.275°W / 37.24417; -81.275 (37.244195, -81.274926).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 7.6 square miles (19.6 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,078 people, 2,134 households, and 1,423 families residing in the town. The population density was 669.9 people per square mile (258.7/km²). There were 2,349 housing units at an average density of 309.9 per square mile (119.7/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.30% White, 4.86% African American, 0.32% Native American, 1.42% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.
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Bristol, Virginia
Bristol is an independent city in Virginia, United States, bounded by Washington County, Virginia, Bristol, Tennessee, and Sullivan County, Tennessee.
The 2010 U.S. Census revealed a population of 17,835. It is the twin city of Bristol, Tennessee, just across the state line, which runs down the middle of its main street, State Street. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Bristol, Virginia with Washington County for statistical purposes. Bristol is a principal city of Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.
Originally named Goodson, it was renamed to Bristol (after Bristol, England) in 1890.
Bristol is located at 36°36′N 82°11′W / 36.6°N 82.183°W / 36.6; -82.183 (36.6111, -82.1762).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.2 square miles (34 km2), of which, 12.9 square miles (33 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) of it (2.05%) is water. The city is served by I-81, US-58, US-421, and US-11.
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Capital district
A capital territory or capital district is normally a specially designated administrative division where a country's seat of government is located. As such, in a federal model of government, no state or territory has any political or economic advantage relative to the others because of the national capital lying within its borders. A capital territory can be a specific form of federal district.
A distinction should be made from administrative divisions which include national capitals, but have no special designated status legally (for example, Île de France has no distinct quality from other regions of France). Some federal countries (like Belgium), give their national capitals the status as full, equal federal units.
Some federal countries have made no distinction administratively for the territory around the capital. A few federal countries have their national capitals located in the capital city of a federal state: Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of federal units and de jure capital of Republika Srpska, the other federal unit; further, Bern, the capital of Switzerland, is the capital of the Canton of Bern.
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Chesapeake, Virginia
Chesapeake is an independent city located in the South Hampton Roads portion of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia in the United States. One of the cities Hampton Roads, Chesapeake was formed in 1963 by a political consolidation of the city of South Norfolk with the former Norfolk County, which dated to 1691. Chesapeake is the second-largest city by land area in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Chesapeake is a diverse city with few urban areas as well as many square miles of protected farmland, forests, and wetlands, including a substantial portion of the Great Dismal Swamp. Extending all the way from the rural border with North Carolina to the harbor area of Hampton Roads adjacent to the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Chesapeake is located on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and has miles of waterfront industrial, commercial and residential property.
It is currently the third largest city in Virginia in terms of population. According to the 2010 Census, its population is 222,209. In 2011, Chesapeake was named the 21st best city in America by Bloomberg Businessweek
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Courthouse, Virginia
Courthouse is a transit-oriented neighborhood in Arlington County, Virginia. It is home to the Court House stop on the Orange Line of the Washington Metro.
Although Arlington is so geographically small that it does not have component towns or cities, the Courthouse neighborhood is sometimes referred to as county seat, as it is home to the primary county government administrative complex as well as a justice center consisting of a jail, courthouse and police HQ. Indeed, the neighborhood gets its name from the governmental uses that call it home.
The neighborhoods consists of high-rise residential and business buildings including offices of Verizon and an 8-screen AMC movie theater. It is home to more than 25 bars and restaurants, ranging from informal lunch take-out spots, to a venue for local bands, to upscale Latin and Thai evening establishments.
Courthouse also features one of the first garden-style apartments complexes built in the United States. Built in the 1930s, Colonial Village consists of private condos, co-op housing, and apartments for rent and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Covington, Virginia
Covington is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia, located at the confluence of Jackson River and Dunlap Creek. It is surrounded by Alleghany County, of which it is also the county seat. The population was 5,961 in 2010. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Covington with Alleghany county for statistical purposes. Covington is one of three cities (with Roanoke and Salem) in the Roanoke Regional Partnership.
The current mayor of Covington is Robert Bennett. The city's media and news needs are served by The Virginian Review newspaper, which has been continuously published since August 10, 1914, and by AM radio station WKEY.
Fire protection is provided by the Covington Fire Department, which was chartered on March 4, 1902. The Covington Rescue Squad provides emergency medical services to the city of Covington. Both the fire department and rescue squad are volunteer organizations. The rescue squad was organized in 1933 and is the third oldest volunteer rescue squad in Virginia.
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Coyoacán
Coyoacán refers to one of the sixteen boroughs (delegaciones) of the Federal District of Mexico City as well as the former village which is now the borough’s “historic center.” The name comes from Nahuatl and most likely means “place of coyotes,” when the Aztecs named a pre-Hispanic village on the southern shore of Lake Texcoco which was dominated by the Tepanec people. Against Aztec domination, these people welcomed Hernán Cortés and the Spanish, who used the area as a headquarters during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and made it the first capital of New Spain between 1521 and 1523. The village, later municipality, of Coyoacan remained completely independent of Mexico City through the colonial period into the 19th century. In 1857, the area was incorporated into the Federal District when this district was expanded. In 1928, the borough was created when the Federal District was divided into sixteen boroughs. The urban sprawl of Mexico City reached the borough in the mid 20th century, turning farms, former lake and forests into developed areas, but many of the former villages have kept their original layouts, plazas and narrow streets and have conserved structure built from the 16th to the early 20th centuries. This has made the borough of Coyoacan, especially its historic center a popular place to visit on weekends.
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Culpeper, Virginia
Culpeper is an incorporated town in Culpeper County, Virginia, United States. The population was 16,379 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Culpeper County the northernmost county of the Central Virginia region. Culpeper is part of the Culpeper Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Culpeper County. Both the Town of Culpeper and Culpeper County are part of the greater Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area.
Culpeper is located at 38°28′19″N 77°59′57″W / 38.47194°N 77.99917°W / 38.47194; -77.99917 (38.471915, -77.999168).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 6.8 square miles (17.5 km²), of which, 6.7 square miles (17.4 km²) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (0.44%) is water.
After forming Culpeper County, Virginia, in 1748, the Virginia House of Burgesses voted to establish the Town of Fairfax on February 22, 1759. The name honored Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who was proprietor of the Northern Neck, a vast domain north of the Rappahannock River; his territory was then defined as stretching from Chesapeake Bay to what is now Hampshire County, West Virginia.
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Cumberland Mountains
The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern section of the Appalachian Mountains. They are located in southern West Virginia, western Virginia, eastern edges of Kentucky, and eastern middle Tennessee, including the Crab Orchard Mountains. Their highest peak, with an elevation of 4,145 feet (1,263 m) above mean sea level, is Black Mountain, which is located near Lynch in Harlan County, Kentucky.
According to the USGS, the Cumberland Mountain range is 131 miles (211 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide, bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast, the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. The crest of the range forms the Kentucky and Virginia boundary from the Tennessee border to Russell Fork River.
Variant names of the Cumberland Mountains include Cumberland Mountain, Cumberland Range, Ouasioto Mountains, Ouasiota Mountains, Laurel Mountain, and Pine Mountain. They are named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland.
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Custis Trail
The Custis Trail is a hilly 4 miles (6.4 km), paved bicycle trail in Arlington County, Virginia that extends from Key Bridge at Rosslyn westward to the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail. It connects at its east end to the Mount Vernon Trail, which continues east and south along the Potomac River to Mount Vernon and at its west end to the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail, which continues northwest to Purcellville, Virginia.
The Custis Trail was built alongside Interstate 66 (named the Custis Memorial Parkway in Virginia east of the Capital Beltway). The trail opened in the early 1980s at the same time that the highway did. The trail connects to the Key Bridge into Georgetown and to the Mount Vernon Trail, which provides access to three Potomac River crossings into downtown Washington, D.C. (the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, the Arlington Memorial Bridge and the George Mason Memorial Bridge (see: 14th Street Bridge)).
Coordinates: 38°53′14″N 77°07′03″W / 38.8872415°N 77.1173783°W / 38.8872415; -77.1173783
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Danville, Virginia
Danville is an independent city in Virginia, United States, bounded by Pittsylvania County, Virginia and Caswell County, North Carolina. It was the last capital of the Confederate States of America. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Danville with Pittsylvania county for statistical purposes under the Danville, Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 43,055 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. It hosts the Danville Braves baseball club of the Appalachian League. Dan River Industries closed its local mill in 2006, leaving a large number of Danvillians without jobs.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 43.9 square miles (114 km2), of which 43.1 square miles (112 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) is water.
As of 2010, Danville had a population of 43,055. Races in Danville were White Non-Hispanic 46.7%, African American 48.3%, Hispanic 2.9%, Asian 0.9%, American Indian or Alaska Native 0.2%, and two or more races 1.3%.
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Dayton, Ohio
Dayton (
/ˈdeɪtn/) is the 6th largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. At the 2010 census, the population was 141,527; the Dayton metropolitan area had 841,502 residents, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Ohio and the 61st largest in the United States. The Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,072,891 in 2010 and is the 43rd largest in the United States. Dayton is situated within the Miami Valley region of Ohio just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area.
Ohio's borders are within 500 miles (805 km) of roughly 60% of the country's population and manufacturing infrastructure making the Dayton area a logistical centroid for manufacturers, suppliers, and shippers. Dayton also plays host to significant research and development in fields like industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place within the community. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Dayton's businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors.
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Delmarva Peninsula
The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by most of Delaware and portions of Maryland and Virginia. The peninsula is 170 miles (274 km) long. In width, it ranges from 70 miles (113 km) to 12 miles (19 km) at the isthmus on its northern edge to less near its southern tip. It is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Elk River and its isthmus on the north.
The northern isthmus of the peninsula is transected by the sea-level Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Several bridges cross the canal, and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel join the peninsula to mainland Maryland and Virginia, respectively. Another point of access is Lewes, Delaware, reachable by ferry from Cape May, New Jersey.
Dover, Delaware's capital city, is the peninsula's largest city by population but the main commercial area is Salisbury, Maryland, near its center. Including all offshore islands (the largest of which is Kent Island in Maryland), the total land area south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is 5,454 sq mi (14,130 km2). At the 2000 census the total population was 681,030, giving an average population density of 124.86 persons/sq mi (48.2 persons/km²).
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El Salvador
El Salvador
i/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
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Emporia, Virginia
Emporia is an independent city located within the confines of Greensville County, Virginia, United States. The population was estimated to be 5,927 in 2010. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Emporia with surrounding Greensville county for statistical purposes. It is the county seat of Greensville County.
The Town of Hicksford (also sometimes called Hick's Ford) was settled in 1710 in the Virginia Colony, where the Fort Road of eastern Virginia crossed the Meherrin River en route to Fort Christanna. After statehood, the Town of Belfield was established in 1798 on the north bank of the river. The two Greensville County towns merged in 1887 to form the new incorporated town of Emporia, which was named after the town of Emporia, Kansas. The Town Emporia was re-chartered by the Virginia General Assembly as an independent city in 1967.
Emporia has long been a transportation crossroads. Currently, a major north-south railroad line of CSX Transportation crosses with an east-west line of Norfolk Southern. U.S. Route 58 crosses east-west and Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 301 crosses north-south.
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Fairfax, Virginia
The City of Fairfax is an independent city forming an enclave within the confines of Fairfax County, Virginia in the United States. Although politically independent of the surrounding county, the City is nevertheless the county seat. Situated in the Northern Virginia region, Fairfax forms part of the Washington Metropolitan Area.
The population was 22,565 as of the 2010 Census. In May 2009, the City of Fairfax was ranked No. 3 in the "Top 25 Places to Live Well" by Forbes Magazine. Forbes commended Fairfax for its strong public school system, high median salary, and a rate of sole proprietors per capita that ranks it in the top 1% nationwide.
While the city is the county seat, a small unincorporated portion of the County comprising the courthouse complex, the jail, and a small area nearby is itself an enclave within the city. Fairfax County's Government Center is west of the City of Fairfax in an unincorporated area.
The city gets its name from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who was awarded five million acres (20,000 km²) in land located in Northern Virginia by King Charles. The area the City of Fairfax now encompasses was settled in the early 18th century by farmers from Virginia's Tidewater region.
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Fairlington
Fairlington is an unincorporated neighborhood in Arlington County, Virginia, United States, located adjacent to Shirlington in the southernmost part of the county on the boundary with the City of Alexandria. The main thoroughfares are Interstate 395 (Shirley Highway) which divides the neighborhood into North and South Fairlington, State Route 7 (King Street) and State Route 402 (Quaker Lane).
The neighborhood consists almost entirely of townhouse-type condominium apartments built in the 1940s as the largest housing project financed by the Defense Homes Corporation during World War II. Fairlington is listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and on the Virginia Landmarks Register.
Fairlington was originally called Seminary Heights but it was changed due to confusion with other nearby geographical features named for Alexandria's Virginia Theological Seminary including Seminary Drive, Seminary Road, and Seminary View, among others. A new name, Fairlington, was chosen combining the two counties in which the neighborhood was then located: Fairfax and Arlington. (The former Fairfax County section is now part of the City of Alexandria.)
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Fort Myer
Fort Myer is a U.S. Army post adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. It is a small post by U.S. Army standards, and has no ranges or field training areas. Fort Myer is home to the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment, the oldest infantry regiment in the United States Army.
As a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) initiative to create more efficiency of efforts, the Army’s Fort Myer and the Marines’ Henderson Hall became the first Joint Base in the Department of Defense. Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall (JBMHH) and consists of military installations at Fort Myer, Virginia, Crystal City, The Pentagon, Fort McNair, the District of Columbia, and Henderson Hall – Headquarters Marine Corps, Virginia. These installations and departments serve over 150,000 active duty, DoD civilian, and retired military personnel in the region.
Fort Myer traces its origin to the American Civil War. It was originally established as Fort Whipple, after Brevet Major General Amiel Weeks Whipple who died during the American Civil War in May 1863. Whipple Field was named in his honor. On Feb. 4, 1881, the post was renamed for Brigadier General Albert J. Myer, who established the Signal School of Instruction for Army and Navy Officers there in 1869. Since then it has been a Signal Corps post, a showcase for US Army's cavalry and since the 1940s, home to the US Army's elite ceremonial units - The US Army Band ("Pershing's Own") and the US Army's 3d Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard").
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Franklin, Virginia
Franklin is an independent city in Virginia. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Franklin with Southampton county for statistical purposes. The population was 8,582 in 2010.
The city of Franklin had its humble beginnings in the 1830s as a railroad stop along the Blackwater River. During this era, the Blackwater River was used to transport goods to and from the Albemarle Sound in North Carolina.
In 1862 the American Civil War came to Franklin, in what was referred to as the Joint Expedition Against Franklin As several United States Navy Flag steamships, led by the USS Commodore Perry, tried to pass through Franklin on the Blackwater River, a band of local Confederates opened fire on the ships. As stated by an officer aboard one of the ships, "The fighting was the same—Here and there high banks with dense foliage, a narrow and very crooked stream, with frequent heavy firing of musketry." In all, the battle yielded five naval casualites and 16 wounded. As the naval vessels retreated, the Confederates tried to block the narrow Blackwater River by felling large trees across the width. In the end, the Confederate attempts failed as no soldiers were captured and no ships were lost. A total of 7 Medals of Honor were awarded to individual seamen for their distinguished service.
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Galax, Virginia
Galax ( /ˈɡeɪlæks/) is an independent city in the southwestern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is bounded to the northeast by Carroll County and to the southwest by Grayson County. The population was 7,042 as of 2010. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Galax with neighboring Carroll county for statistical purposes.
Galax is located at 36°39′52″N 80°55′12″W / 36.66444°N 80.92°W / 36.66444; -80.92 (36.664675, -80.920275).
The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of 8.2 square miles (21 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,837 people, 2,950 households, and 1,843 families residing in the city. The population density was 830.9 people per square mile (320.8/km²). There were 3,217 housing units at an average density of 391.0 per square mile (150.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.11% White, 6.26% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 5.51% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. 11.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Hampton Roads
Coordinates: 36°58′N 76°22′W / 36.967°N 76.367°W / 36.967; -76.367
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk–Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia, United States. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marine Corps, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
The water area known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors (more accurately a roadstead or "roads"), and incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River and James River with several smaller rivers and itself empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean.
The land area (also known as "Tidewater") includes dozens of cities, counties and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the more outlying areas from the harbor may or may not be included as part of "Hampton Roads", depending upon the organization or purpose. For a commonly used example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads metropolitan statistical area (MSA) additionally includes one county in northeastern North Carolina and two counties in Virginia’s Middle Peninsula. Officially, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA has a population of about 1.7 million, the 36th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
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Hampton, Virginia
Hampton is an independent city that is not part of any county in Southeast Virginia. Its population is 137,436. As one of the seven major cities that compose the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, it is on the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula. Located on the Hampton Roads Beltway, it hosts the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (HRBT) on Interstate 64. First opened in 1957, it was the world's first bridge-tunnel, crossing the mouth of the James River, which serves as the gateway to the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean from the eastern United States' largest ice-free harbor and its tributary rivers. Expanded in the 1970s, the HRBT remains Virginia's busiest and deepest such facility.
Hampton traces its history to 1610. The city's Old Point Comfort, home of Fort Monroe for almost 400 years, was named by the voyagers of 1607 led by Captain Christopher Newport on the mission which first established Jamestown as a British colony. Since 1952, Hampton has included the former Elizabeth City County and the incorporated town of Phoebus, consolidating by mutual agreement. After the end of the American Civil War, historic Hampton University was established here, providing an education for many of the newly freed former slaves. In the 20th century, the area became the location of Langley Air Force Base, NASA Langley Research Center, and the Virginia Air and Space Center. Hampton features many miles of waterfront and beaches.
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Hoover Field
Coordinates: 38°52′N 77°03′W / 38.87°N 77.05°W / 38.87; -77.05
Hoover Field was the first airport to serve the city of Washington, D.C. It was constructed as a private airfield in 1925, but opened to public commercial use on July 16, 1926. It was located in Arlington, Virginia, near the intersection of the Highway Bridge and the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway, where The Pentagon and its northern parking lots now stand.
Considered one of the most hazardous airfields in the United States, Hoover Field suffered from short and unpaved runways, numerous life-threatening obstructions around the field, poor visibility (due to a burning garbage dump to its northwest), and poor drainage. It was purchased by the owner of nearby Washington Airport in early 1929, causing a brief merger of the two fields, but was sold to a new owner just 12 months later. It nearly went bankrupt in 1933, and was sold at auction and merged with Washington Airport to become Washington-Hoover Airport on August 2, 1933.
Washington-Hoover Airport closed in June 1941. Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) was built as its replacement.
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Hopewell, Virginia
Hopewell is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 22,591 at the 2010 Census. It is in Tri-Cities area of the Richmond-Petersburg region and is a portion of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Hopewell with Prince George County for statistical purposes.
The city owes its existence to its site overlooking the James and Appomattox Rivers. City Point, the oldest part of Hopewell, was established in 1613 by Sir Thomas Dale. It was first known as "Bermuda City" which was changed to Charles City, lengthened to Charles City Point, and later abbreviated to City Point. (At this time, Bermuda, the Atlantic archipelago, was considered part of the Colony of Virginia and appeared on its maps.)
"Charles City Point" was in Charles City Shire when the first eight shires were established in the Colony of Virginia in 1634. Charles City Shire soon became known as Charles City County in 1637. In 1619 Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan from City Point, then named Charles City, were burgesses at the first meeting of the House of Burgesses. An area of the county south of the river including City Point became Prince George County in 1703. City Point was an unincorporated town in Prince George County until the City of Hopewell annexed the Town of City Point in 1923.
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Ivano Frankivsk
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківськ; formerly Stanyslaviv,Stanislau, or Stanisławów see below) is a historic city located in the western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district)[clarification needed] within the oblast, municipality.
Built in the mid 17th century as a private fortress of the Potocki family, with the partition of Poland in 1772 it was passed to the Habsburg Empire, after which it became a property of the State authorities of the Austrian Empire. It was during that time that the fortress was transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. After World War I for a short stint it served a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, after the fall of which Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic. At the dawn of World War II the city was "liberated" by the Soviet forces which were soon overran by Nazi Germany. With the liberation of Ukraine in 1944, Soviet regime was established in the city for the next 45 years. A few years before the fall of the Soviet Union the blue-yellow flag was raised in the city as the symbol of independent Ukraine.
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Lee County, Virginia
Lee County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,587. Its county seat is Jonesville. Lee County is the westernmost county in Virginia.
The first Europeans to enter what is present-day Lee County were a party of Spanish explorers in 1540, sent by Hernando de Soto, in search of gold.
The county was formed in 1793 from Russell County. It was named for Light Horse Harry Lee, the Governor of Virginia from 1791 to 1794, who was known as "Light Horse Harry" for his exploits as a leader of light troops in the American Revolutionary War. He was the father of the Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
Among the largest early landowners in the county was Revolutionary War officer and explorer Joseph Martin, for whom Martin's Station and Martin's Creek at Rose Hill are named, and who was awarded some 25,000 acres (100 km2) in the county, which he later sold. Martin was among the earliest explorers of the region.
In 1814, parts of Lee County, Russell County, and Washington County were combined to form Scott County. In 1856, parts of Lee County, Russell County, and Scott County were combined to form Wise County, Virginia.
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Lexington, Virginia
Lexington is an independent city within the confines of Rockbridge County in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 7,042 in 2010. Lexington is about 55 minutes east of the West Virginia border and is about 50 miles north of Roanoke, Virginia. It was first settled in 1777.
It is home to the Washington and Lee University (W&L) and Virginia Military Institute (VMI). It is the county seat of Rockbridge County. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Lexington (along with nearby Buena Vista) with Rockbridge County for statistical purposes.
Union General David Hunter led a raid on Virginia Military Institute during the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are buried here. It is also the site of the only house Jackson ever owned, now open to the public as a museum. At the Sam Houston Wayside is a 38,000 pound piece of Texas pink granite commemorating the birthplace of Sam Houston, governor of both Tennessee and Texas.
Today, Lexington's primary economic activity stems from higher education and tourism. Located at the intersection of historic U.S. Route 11 and U.S. Route 60 and more modern highways, Interstate 64 and Interstate 81, Lexington is host to Washington and Lee University and Virginia Military Institute. With its various connections to the Civil War, Lexington attracts visitors from around the country. Places of interest in Lexington include the Stonewall Jackson House, Lee Chapel, George C. Marshall Museum, Virginia Military Institute Museum, Museum of Military Memorabilia and the downtown historic district. There are also two non-profit theaters in Lexington that attract visitors to the area: Theater at Lime Kiln and Hull's Drive In.
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Lynchburg, Virginia
Lynchburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 75,568 as of 2010. Located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River, Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" or "The Hill City." Lynchburg was the only major city in Virginia that did not fall to the Union in the American Civil War.
The Metropolitan Statistical Area of Lynchburg of 2,122 square miles (5,500 km2) is near the geographic center of Virginia and encompasses Amherst County, Appomattox County, Bedford County, Campbell County, City of Bedford, and the City of Lynchburg. It is the fifth largest MSA in Virginia with a population of 246,036. Other nearby cities include Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Danville. Lynchburg's sister cities are Rueil-Malmaison, France and Glauchau, Germany.
Lynchburg is the home of Central Virginia Community College, Liberty University, Lynchburg College, Randolph College, and Virginia University of Lynchburg. The Lynchburg MSA also includes Sweet Briar College.
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Manassas, Virginia
The City of Manassas is an independent city surrounded by Prince William County and the independent city of Manassas Park in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Its population was 37,821 as of 2010. Manassas also surrounds the 38-acre (150,000 m2) county seat for Prince William County but that county property is not part of the city. Manassas either contains or is close to several important historic sites from the period 1850 - 70. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Manassas (along with Manassas Park) with Prince William County for statistical purposes. The City of Manassas is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and it is situated in the Northern Virginia region.
In July 1861, the First Battle of Manassas – also known as the First Battle of Bull Run – the first major land battle of the American Civil War, was fought near here. Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of First Battle of Manassas July 21–24, 2011.
Second Battle of Manassas (or the Second Battle of Bull Run) was fought near here on August 28–30, 1862. At that time, Manassas Junction was little more than a railroad crossing, but a strategic one, with rails leading to Richmond, Virginia, Washington, D.C., and the Shenandoah Valley. Despite these two Confederate victories, Manassas Junction was in Union hands for most of the war.
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Marymount University
Marymount University is a coeducational, four-year Catholic university that has its main campus located in Arlington, Virginia. Marymount offers bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees in a wide range of disciplines and has a diverse and welcoming academic community with approximately 3,600 students representing approximately 40 states and 70 countries.
Marymount was founded in 1950 by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM) as Marymount College, a two-year women's school. It was a member school of the Marymount colleges operated by the sisterhood in New York, California and several other states. The campus was located on the former estate of Admiral Presley Marion Rixey, Naval Surgeon General and personal physician to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William McKinley. Classes and activities were centered around the former Rixey Mansion, renamed as the university's "Main House".
Marymount became a four-year college in 1973, added master's degree programs in 1979, and its first doctoral program, the Doctor of Physical Therapy, in 2004. Its first male students were admitted into the nursing program in 1972 and the college became fully coeducational and moved to university standing in 1986.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Middle Peninsula
Coordinates: 37°36′10″N 76°39′15″W / 37.60278°N 76.65417°W / 37.60278; -76.65417
The Middle Peninsula is the second of three large peninsulas on the western shore of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, in the United States. It lies between the Northern Neck and the Virginia Peninsula. This peninsula is bounded by the Rappahannock River on the north and the York River on the south. It encompasses six Virginia counties: Essex, Gloucester, King and Queen, King William, Mathews, and Middlesex. The Middle Peninsula is known for its quiet rural life, vegetable truck-farming, and fishing.
There are no cities on the Middle Peninsula and little industry. Among the towns found there, West Point has a pulp-and-paper mill, and the unincorporated community of Deltaville is a popular spot for city-dwellers seeking a weekend boating on the bay. Tappahannock is a thriving community on the Rappahannock River, and Urbanna has a small but prosperous tourism industry.
There are two tiny land reservations, home to the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Indian tribes.
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Netherlands Carillon
Coordinates: 38°53′18″N 77°04′10″W / 38.8882°N 77.0695°W / 38.8882; -77.0695
The Netherlands Carillon adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery was a gift from the people of the Netherlands to the people of the United States of America in 1954. The gift was made to thank the United States for its aid during and after World War II. First installed at a nearby site in 1954, the 49-bell carillon was moved to the present tower (designed by Joost Boks) in 1960. A 50th bell was added following Dutch- and American-sponsored renovations in 1995, and dedicated on May 5, the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands.
The total weight of the bells is 28 metric tons, the largest being 5,800 kg. The bells are constructed of a bronze alloy of approximately four-fifths copper and one-fifth tin. Each bell carries an emblem signifying a group within Dutch society. The smallest bells represent the youth of the Netherlands. The verses cast on the bells were composed by the Dutch poet, Ben van Eysselsteijn.
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Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk ( /ˈnɔrfɨk/ NOR-fək) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. With a population of 242,803 as of the 2010 Census, it is Virginia's second-largest city behind neighboring Virginia Beach.
Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA. The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east. One of the oldest of the cities in Hampton Roads, Norfolk is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, and cultural center of the region.
The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. Norfolk Naval Base is the world's largest such base, and the world's largest military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has its defense headquarters here. The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway, one of North America's principal Class I railroads, and Maersk Line, Limited, who manages the world's largest fleet of US-flag vessels. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property. It is linked to its neighbors by an extensive network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels, and bridge-tunnel complexes.
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Northern Neck
Coordinates: 37°58′N 76°38′W / 37.967°N 76.633°W / 37.967; -76.633
The Northern Neck is the northernmost of three peninsulas (traditionally called "necks" in Virginia) on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This peninsula is bounded by the Potomac River on the north and the Rappahannock River on the south. It encompasses the following Virginia counties: Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, and Westmoreland. The inclusion of King George in the Northern Neck varies among commentators. Historically the grant for the Northern Neck included all land between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers including far upstream of King George. The boundaries of King George and Westmoreland Counties have changed radically since their establishment with significant exchanges of territory. Significant portions of the early King George lay in what is now Westmoreland county.
In the winter of 1607-08, Captain John Smith traveled up the Rappahannock River as a prisoner of the Powhatans and became the first European known to have visited the Northern Neck.
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Norton, Virginia
Norton is an independent city within the confines of Wise County in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 3,958, making it the smallest city in the state by population. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Norton with surrounding Wise County for statistical purposes.
Mayor: William Mays
Sheriff: Carlos Noaks
City Manager: E.W. Ward
Commissioner of the Revenue: Judy Miller
Treasurer: Barbara Muir
Clerk of the Court Jack Kennedy, Jr.
Norton is located at 36°56′12″N 82°37′31″W / 36.936805°N 82.625146°W / 36.936805; -82.625146, along the Powell and Guest Rivers.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.5 square miles (19 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,904 people, 1,730 households, and 1,067 families residing in the city. The population density was 518.5 people per square mile (200.2/km²). There were 1,946 housing units at an average density of 258.4 per square mile (99.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.57% White, 6.15% Black, 0.08% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.
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Pentagon Memorial
The Pentagon Memorial, located just southwest of The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, is a permanent outdoor memorial to the 184 men and women who lost their lives as victims of the attack, killed both in the building and on American Airlines Flight 77 in the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Designed by Julie Beckman and Keith Kaseman of the architectural firm of Kaseman Beckman Advanced Strategies with engineers Buro Happold, the memorial opened to the public on September 11, 2008.
In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, an impromptu memorial was set up on a hill at the Navy Annex, overlooking the Pentagon. People came to pay respects and place tributes. One month after the attacks, 25,000 people attended a memorial service at the Pentagon for employees and family members; speakers included President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Bush remarked, "The wound to this building will not be forgotten, but it will be repaired. Brick by brick, we will quickly rebuild the Pentagon." The American flag that hung on the Pentagon, near the damaged section, was lowered during the service.
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Petersburg, Virginia
Petersburg is an independent city in Virginia, United States, located on the Appomattox River and 23 miles (37 km) south of the state capital city of Richmond. The city's population was 32,420 as of 2010. The city's unique industrial past and its location as a transportation hub combined to create wealth for Virginia and the region.
The location on the Appomattox River at the fall line (head-of-navigation of the U.S. east coast rivers) early in the history in the Colony of Virginia caused Petersburg to become a strategic place for transportation and commercial activities, as well as the site of Fort Henry. As railroads emerged beginning in the 1830s, it became a major transfer point for both north-south and east-west competitors. The Petersburg Railroad was one of the earliest predecessors of the modern-day CSX Transportation (CSX) system. Several of the earliest predecessors of the area's other major Class 1 railroad, Norfolk Southern (NS), also met at Petersburg. Both CSX and NS rail systems maintain transportation centers at Petersburg.
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Poquoson, Virginia
Poquoson ( /pəˈkoʊsən/) is an independent city located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Virginia. The population was 12,150 according to the 2010 Census. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Poquoson with surrounding York county for statistical purposes.
Poquoson, which was formerly part of York County, became an incorporated town in 1952 and an independent city in 1975. (In Virginia, municipalities incorporated as independent cities are not part of any county.) However, the ties remain close. Over 30 years after Poquoson became a politically independent entity, some constitutional services such as the courts, sheriff and jail continue to be shared with neighboring York County.
Poquoson is one of the oldest continuously named cities in Virginia. It is also one of the few to retain a name which derived from the Native Americans who inhabited the area before colonization by the English began in the 17th century.
The name of the city is a Native American word which roughly translates to "great marsh" or "flat land." The term pocosin, with its varied spellings, was a term used by the area's inhabitants to describe a low, marshy, woody place covered by water in the winter, but is dry in the summer. These Native Americans were Algonquians, a tribal group affiliated through the Powhatan Confederacy, and were hostile to the early settlers. A petition to have the name of the parish and river changed was an attempt to rid the language of all vestiges of Indian terms. However, "poquoson" has survived through the centuries and has become a proper noun used to designate the present city.
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Portsmouth, Virginia
Portsmouth is located in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. As of 2010, the city had a total population of 95,535.
The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard, is a historic and active U.S. Navy facility that is actually located in Portsmouth rather than Norfolk; the name "Norfolk" was adopted to avoid confusion with Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where a naval shipyard already existed when the Virginia facility opened. The shipyard builds, remodels, and repairs the Navy's ships of all types.
Directly opposite Norfolk, the city of Portsmouth also has miles of waterfront land on the Elizabeth River as part of the harbor of Hampton Roads. There is a ferry boat that takes riders back and forth across the water between Downtown Norfolk and Olde Towne Portsmouth.
Portsmouth is located on the western side of the Elizabeth River directly across from the City of Norfolk. In 1620, the future site of Portsmouth was recognized as suitable shipbuilding location by John Wood, a shipbuilder, who petitioned King James I of England for a land grant. The surrounding area was soon settled as a plantation community.
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Radford, Virginia
Radford is an independent city in Virginia, United States. The population was 16,408 in 2010. For statistical purposes, the Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Radford with neighboring Montgomery County, including the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, calling the combination the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Radford University is located here. The Radford Arsenal is nearby in Pulaski and Montgomery Counties. Radford City has four schools: McHarg Elementary, Belle Heth Elementary, Dalton Intermediate, and Radford High School.
Radford has many restaurants and municipal parks. Radford has four parks; Bisset, Sunset, Wildwood, and Riverview. Bisset Park and Sunset are family attraction parks with playgrounds, swings, baseball fields, beach volleyball, and picnic shelters for parties. Bisset is the larger of the two, located on the New River, it stretches 57 acres (23 ha).Bisset Park was named for David Bisset, a major contributor and overseer of parks and recreation in Radford. Bisset Park is located in the center of town across from Wildwood Park. Sunset Park is located in the center of the west end of Radford. Riverview is used mainly for soccer practices and like its name suggests is also located on the river and in the west end of Radford. Wildwood Park is a wildlife and plant reserve for the city. Radford also has a movie theater, the Radford Soccer Club, a farmer’s market, and tubing on the New River.
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Richmond, Virginia
Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/) is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is an independent city and not part of any county. Richmond is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond area. The population within the city limits was 204,214 in 2010, with an estimated population of 1,258,251 for the Richmond Metropolitan Area — making it the third largest in Virginia.
Geographically, Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 108 miles (174 km) south of Washington DC, 71 miles (114 km) east of Charlottesville, and 54 miles (87 km) west of Williamsburg. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.
The site of Richmond, at the fall line of the James River, had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.
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Roanoke, Virginia
Roanoke is an independent city in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. state of Virginia and is the tenth-largest city in the Commonwealth. It is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. The population within the city limits was 97,032 as of 2010. It is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the principal municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). In 2009 the Roanoke MSA had an estimated population of 303,418 residents. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and the counties of Botetourt, Craig, Franklin and Roanoke. Bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of the surrounding area of Virginia and Southwest Virginia.
The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874. It was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke. The name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell "money". This was also the name of the river that bisected it (probably where shells had come from) and the county. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century. The last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties. Roanoke's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains, in the middle of the Roanoke Valley between Maryland and Tennessee, made it the transportation hub of western Virginia and contributed to its rapid growth.
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Salem, Virginia
Salem is an independent city in Virginia, USA, bordered by the city of Roanoke to the east but otherwise adjacent to Roanoke County. It is part of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 24,802 according to 2010 U.S. Census. While Salem is politically separate from Roanoke County, the Roanoke County courthouse is located there ; historically, Salem was the county seat of Roanoke County, however the executive government offices for the County are now located in an unincorporated section of the County. Salem and Roanoke County still share jail facilities but are otherwise politically separate. Residents of Salem do not pay taxes to Roanoke County. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Salem with Roanoke County for statistical purposes.
Roanoke College is located in the city. The NCAA Division III National Football Championship, also known as the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl, as well as the Division III Men's Basketball Championship, are played there annually. Salem is also the home to a minor league baseball team, the Salem Red Sox, formerly the Salem Avalanche.
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Shirlington
Shirlington is an unincorporated urban area, officially called an "urban village", in the southern part of Arlington County, Virginia, United States, adjacent to the Fairlington area. The word "Shirlington" is a combination of "Shirley" (from the Shirley Highway or Interstate 395) and "Arlington".
Shirlington is billed as "Arlington’s Arts and Entertainment District" and is largely mixed-use development based on New Urbanist principles. It is mostly middle-class residential, but like most of Arlington County has been experiencing an economic renaissance and is now home to many upscale dwellings and retail and service establishments that also serve the nearby Fairlington, Parkfairfax, Nauck and Long Branch Creek areas.
Shirlington lies in the valley of Four Mile Run, a tributary of the Potomac River. The land rises toward Fairlington in the south and Nauck in the north.
The area is bounded by I-395 on the east except for a small section of the city of Alexandria that lies to the west of the interstate. The only structure in that section, the Shirlington Gateway office building, has an Arlington address and is usually considered a part of Shirlington.) To the north and west, starting in the east, Shirlington is bordered by South Glebe Road, 24th Street South, South Shirlington Road, South Four Mile Run Drive, and South Walter Reed Drive. On the west and south, starting in the west, Shirlington is bounded by South Arlington Mill Drive, the Arlington County Environmental Services facility, and the west side of Park Shirlington Apartments.
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Staunton, Virginia
Staunton (/ˈstæntən/ STAN-tən) is an independent city within the confines of Augusta County in the commonwealth of Virginia. The population was 23,746 as of 2010. It is the county seat of Augusta County.
It is known for being the birthplace of Woodrow Wilson, the 28th U.S. president, and the home of Mary Baldwin College, a women's college. The city is also home to Stuart Hall, a private co-ed preparatory school, as well as the Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind.
Staunton is the larger of the two principal cities of the Staunton-Waynesboro micropolitan statistical area, which covers Augusta County and the cities of Staunton and Waynesboro. The micropolitan area had a combined population of 116,299 in 2009.
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Suffolk, Virginia
Suffolk is an independent city located in the state of Virginia, within the Metropolitan Statistical Area of Hampton Roads. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 84,585 and a median household income of $57,546. Suffolk is the largest city in Virginia, by area.
Suffolk was founded by English colonists in 1742 as a port town on the Nansemond River in the Virginia Colony. Originally known as Constant's Warehouse, for John Constant, Suffolk was renamed after Royal Governor William Gooch's home of Suffolk, a county in East Anglia, England. Before European contact, indigenous American tribes lived in the region for thousands of years. At the time of English settlement, the Nansemond Indians lived along the river. In the early colonial years, the English cultivated tobacco as a commodity crop, but later turned to mixed farming. The labor-intensive crop depended on enslaved Africans.
Early in its history, Suffolk became a land transportation gateway to the areas east of it in South Hampton Roads. Before the American Civil War, both the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad and the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad were built through Suffolk, early predecessors of 21st century Class 1 railroads operated by CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern, respectively. Other railroads and later major highways followed after the war.
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Tomb of the Unknowns
Coordinates: 38°52′35″N 77°04′20″W / 38.87638°N 77.07217°W / 38.87638; -77.07217
The Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to American service members who have died without their remains being identified. It is also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier; it has never been officially named. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in the United States. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by the U.S. presidents who presided over their funerals.
On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred inside a three-level marble tomb. (The source of the marble is not stated). The top two levels are six marble sections each and the bottom at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone other than marble covers the rectangular opening.
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Tri-Cities, Virginia
The Tri-Cities of Virginia (also known as the Tri-City area or the Appomatox Basin) is an area in the Greater Richmond Region which includes the three independent cities of Petersburg, Colonial Heights, and Hopewell and portions of the adjoining counties of Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, and Prince George in south-central Virginia. Other unincorporated communities located in the Tri-Cities area include Ettrick, Fort Lee, and City Point, the latter formerly a historic incorporated town which was annexed to become part of the City of Hopewell.
The Tri-Cities area is centered on the Appomattox River about 25 miles (40 km) south of Richmond. The Appomattox has its confluence with the James River near historic City Point in Hopewell. The applicable Metropolitan Statistical Area for the Tri-Cities area is the Richmond, VA MSA, which includes Richmond and counties generally to the north of the Tri-Cities area. Economic diversity is typical of the entire Richmond-Petersburg region, and helps to insulate it from hardship due to economic fluctuation in particular sectors of the economy. The region's central location also allows it to benefit from growth in other regions of Virginia and the state as a whole.
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Troy University
Troy University is a flagship public university that is located in Troy, Alabama, United States. It was originally founded in 1887 as Troy Normal School. It is the flagship university of the Troy University System. Its main campus enrollment is 7,194 students. The total enrollment of all Troy University campuses is 29,689. Today, Troy University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.
Troy University is a public university with its main campus located in Troy, Alabama. It was founded as a normal school in 1887 with a mission to educate and train new teachers. The school has since evolved into a state university, located in four sites across the Alabama: Troy, Montgomery, Phenix City and Dothan. The university also has sites located throughout the United States and in international locations. Troy is known for both in class and online academic programs and service to traditional, nontraditional and military students. The main campus enrollment as of the fall of 2010 is 9,000 students.[4] The campus itself consists of 36 major buildings on 650 acres (1.9 km²) plus the adjacent Troy University Arboretum. [edit]
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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USMC War Memorial
The Marine Corps War Memorial (also called the Iwo Jima Memorial) is a military memorial statue outside the walls of the Arlington National Cemetery and next to the Netherlands Carillon, in Arlington, Virginia, in the United States. The memorial is dedicated to all personnel of the United States Marine Corps who have died in the defense of their country since 1775. The design of the massive sculpture by Felix de Weldon was based on the iconic photo Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, taken during the Battle of Iwo Jima by Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal.
The memorial features the Marines and Sailor who raised the second flag over Iwo Jima: Sgt Michael Strank, Cpl Harlon Block, PFC Franklin Sousley, PFC Rene Gagnon, PFC Ira Hayes, PM2 John Bradley.
In 1951, work commenced on creating a cast bronze memorial based on the photo, with the figures 32 feet (9.8 m) tall and the flagpole 60 feet (18 m) long. The granite base of the memorial bears two inscriptions:
The location and date of every major Marine Corps engagement up to the present are inscribed around the base of the memorial. The base is made entirely in the deep black diabase of Lönsboda, a small town and a quarry in the southernmost province of Sweden.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach is an independent city located in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area of Virginia, on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Although Fairfax County is the most populous jurisdiction in the state of Virginia, Virginia Beach is the most populous city in the state, as well as the 39th largest city in the United States, with a population of 437,994 according to the 2010 Census.
Virginia Beach is the easternmost city of the Hampton Roads (or "Tidewater") area that makes up the core of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA. This area, known as "America's First Region", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties and towns of Hampton Roads.
Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, three military bases, a number of large corporations, two universities, Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.
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Virginia Peninsula
The Virginia Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Virginia, USA, bounded by the York River, James River, Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay.
Hampton Roads is the common name for the metropolitan area that surrounds the body of water of the same name. The land portion of Hampton Roads has been historically divided into two regions, the Virginia Peninsula or Peninsula on the north side, and South Hampton Roads on the south side. (Locally, South Hampton Roads is commonly called "the Southside", which is not to be confused with "Southside Virginia", which is a separate region of the south central portion of Virginia located farther inland.) More recently, the metropolitan area has expanded to include the two southernmost counties of the Middle Peninsula, across the York River from the Virginia Peninsula.
Geographically located at the northwestern reaches, Charles City and New Kent counties are by some reckonings part of the Virginia Peninsula. However, in modern times, they are more often considered part of the Richmond-Petersburg region. The rest of the Virginia Peninsula is all part of the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area) with a population of about 1.6 million. The Hampton Roads MSA is the seventh largest metropolitan area in the southeastern United States and the largest between Washington, D.C., and Charlotte, North Carolina.
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Virginia Senate
Coordinates: 37°32′20.3″N 77°26′1.7″W / 37.538972°N 77.433806°W / 37.538972; -77.433806
The Senate of Virginia is the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The Senate is composed of 40 Senators representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts. The Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. Prior to the American War of Independence, the upper house of the General Assembly was represented by the Governor's Council, consisting of executive counselors appointed by the Governor of Virginia as advisers.
The Lieutenant Governor presides daily over the Virginia Senate. In the Lieutenant Governor's absence, a president pro tempore presides, usually a powerful member of the majority party. The Senate is equal with the House of Delegates, the lower chamber of the legislature, except that taxation bills must originate in the House, similar to the federal U.S. Congress.
Members of the Virginia Senate are elected every four years by the voters of the 40 senatorial districts on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. The last election took place in November 2011. There are no term limits for Senators.
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Washington Metro
The Washington Metro, commonly called Metro, and unofficially Metrorail, is the rapid transit system in Washington, D.C., United States, and its surrounding suburbs. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which also operates Metrobus service under the Metro name. In Maryland, Metro provides service to Montgomery County and Prince George's County; in Virginia, to Fairfax County, Arlington County, and the City of Alexandria. Since opening in 1976, the network has grown to include five lines, 86 stations, and 106.3 miles (171.1 km) of track.
Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the United States in number of passenger trips, after the New York City Subway. There were 215.3 million trips, or 727,684 trips per weekday, on Metro in fiscal year 2008. In June 2008, Metro set a new monthly ridership record with 19,729,641 trips, or 798,456 per weekday. Fares vary based on the distance traveled, the time of day, and the type of card used by the passenger. Riders enter and exit the system using a stored-value card in the form of a paper magnetic stripe farecard or a proximity card known as SmarTrip.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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Waynesboro, Virginia
Waynesboro, deriving its name from General Anthony Wayne, is an independent city surrounded by Augusta County in the U.S. state of Virginia. The population was 21,006 in 2010..
It is located in the Shenandoah Valley, near many important historical markers of the Civil War and Shenandoah National Park. A portion of Interstate 64 falls within the city limits of Waynesboro, and the Blue Ridge Parkway, Skyline Drive, and the Appalachian Trail are less than five miles away. The town is perhaps best known for being the home of P. Buckley Moss and the P. Buckley Moss Museum, which attracts 45,000 visitors annually. A large DuPont plant (now Invista and owned by Koch Industries) and the associated Benger Laboratory where Lycra (a very famous brand of spandex) was invented, as well as a large textile mill called Wayn-Tex (now owned by Mohawk Industries), were significant employers for residents through much of the 20th century. Waynesboro is home to the corporate headquarters of Ntelos (a regional wireless and telecommunications company serving Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio). Tourism, industrial production, and retail remain vital to the Waynesboro economy. The Generals of the Valley Baseball League play there.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Winchester, Virginia
Winchester is an independent city located in the northwestern portion of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the USA. The city's population was 26,203 according to the 2010 Census. Winchester is the county seat of Frederick County and the principal city of the Winchester, Virginia-West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Winchester with surrounding Frederick County for statistical purposes. Winchester is home to Shenandoah University and the Museum of the Shenandoah Valley.
Various indigenous peoples lived along the waterways of present-day Virginia for thousands of years before European contact. Archeological, linguistic and anthropological studies have provided insights into their cultures. Though little is known of specific tribal movements prior to European contact, the Shenandoah Valley area, considered a sacred common hunting ground, appears by the 17th century to have been controlled mostly by the local Iroquoian-speaking groups, including the Senedo and Sherando.
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Woodbridge, Virginia
Woodbridge is a census-designated place and magisterial district of Prince William County, Virginia, United States, located 20 miles (32 km) south of Washington, D.C.. Bounded by the Occoquan and Potomac rivers, Woodbridge Magisterial District had 54,275 residents at the 2010 census. The Woodbridge census-designated place comprises just one portion of the magisterial district and had a population of 4,055 in the 2010 census. The census-designated place consists solely of the section north of Occoquan Road and Dawson Beach Road, and east of Interstate 95.
Woodbridge offers a variety of amenities for residents and visitors, including the Potomac Mills shopping mall. Woodbridge is served by the Prince William County Public Schools, and the Woodbridge campus of Northern Virginia Community College borders the district. Potomac Hospital recently expanded and now has the capacity to serve 183 patients. Transportation includes access to Interstate 95, two VRE commuter train stations, bus service, and a local “slug” system, offering residents a variety of transit options.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Alexander Ovechkin
Alexander Mikhaylovich Ovechkin (Russian: Александр Михайлович Овечкин; IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐˈvʲet͡ɕkʲɪn]; born September 17, 1985) is a Russian professional ice hockey left winger and captain of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). Prior to playing in the NHL, Ovechkin played for HC Dynamo Moscow of the Russian Superleague for four seasons from 2001 until 2005. Ovechkin was the first overall selection in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, drafted from Dynamo after 3 seasons with the club. Since the 2004–05 NHL season was lost because of a lockout, Ovechkin remained with Dynamo for one more season before transferring to the NHL for the 2005–06 NHL season, in which he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year, scoring 52 goals and 54 assists to lead all rookies with 106 points.
During the 2007–08 season, he led the NHL with 65 goals and 112 points to capture the Rocket Richard and Art Ross Trophies. That season he also won the Lester B. Pearson Award as the top player voted by the NHL Players' Association and the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's MVP. He is the only player to win all four awards since the Rocket Richard Trophy's inception in 1999. He would lead Team Russia to a gold medal at the World Championships the same year.
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Alexander Semin
Alexander Valerevich Siomin (Russian: Александр Валерьевич Сёмин, Russian pronunciation: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɵˈmʲin]; born March 3, 1984) is a Russian professional ice hockey player currently a under contract with the Washington Capitals until June 30, 2012 when he becomes a Free Agent in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Semin was trained in the Traktor Chelyabinsk hockey school and made his professional debut in Russia's second-tier Russian Major League in 2001–02. After scoring 21 goals and eight assists with Chelyabinsk that season, the Washington Capitals selected Semin with their second pick, 13th overall (they selected Steve Eminger with their first pick, 12th overall) in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Remaining in Russia for the subsequent season, he joined Lada Togliatti of the first-tier Russian Superleague (RSL) in 2002–03 and scored 10 goals and seven assists in 47 games.
Semin made his NHL debut in the 2003–04 season, scoring 10 goals and 12 assists in 52 games. However, he missed his team's flight to Pittsburgh when the Capitals closed out their season against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Semin then reported to Maine to play for the American Hockey League's Portland Pirates, where he collected 15 points in four regular season and seven playoff games.
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Andrew Ellicott
Andrew Ellicott (January 24, 1754 – August 28, 1820) was a U.S. surveyor who helped map many of the territories west of the Appalachians, surveyed the boundaries of the District of Columbia, continued and completed Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's work on the plan for Washington, D.C., and served as a teacher in survey methods for Meriwether Lewis.
Andrew Ellicott was born in Buckingham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania as the first of nine children of Joseph Ellicott (1732 – 1780) and his wife Judith (née Blaker or Bleaker, 1729 – 1809). The Quaker family lived in modest conditions; his father was a miller and clockmaker. Young Andrew was educated at the local Quaker school, where Robert Patterson, who later became a professor and vice provost at the University of Pennsylvania, was his teacher for some time. Andrew was a talented mechanic like many of the family and showed some mathematical talent, too.
In 1770, his father, together with his uncles Andrew and John, purchased land on the Patapsco River and set up a new milling business there, founding the town of Ellicott's Mills in 1772. Three years later, Andrew married Sarah Brown (1756/8 – 1827) of Newtown, Pennsylvania, with whom he would have ten children, one of which died as a child. When the Revolutionary War broke out, Andrew enlisted as a commissioned officer in the Elk Ridge Battalion of the Maryland militia despite his Quaker upbringing. During the course of the war, he rose to the rank of major, a title he would keep as an honorific throughout his life.
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Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses. They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%.
The term Asian American was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term Oriental, arguing that the latter was derogatory and colonialist. Formal usage was introduced by academics in the early 1970s, notably by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term. Today, Asian American is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage.
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Barbara Favola
Barbara Favola is a Virginia politician, currently serving as a State Senator representing the 31st District.
Favola has been a resident of Arlington since 1982. Favola is currently serving as Vice Chairman of the Arlington County Board. She has served as Chairman in 2000 and 2004 and Vice Chairman in 1999 and 2003. She has been a Board member since December 1997.
http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersBarbaraFavola.aspx
In 2006, Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine appointed Arlington County Board Member Barbara Favola to a four-year term on the State Health Board.
Favola was a policy advisor for 15 years at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Favola started her career at HHS as a Presidential Management Intern (PMI), and served in various policy and planning positions throughout the Department, with several assignments in the Office of the Secretary and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health. As part of the PMI experience, Ms. Favola also worked on the House Budget Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives.
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Brooks Laich
Evan Brooks Laich ( /ˈlaɪk/; born June 23, 1983) is a Canadian ice hockey player, who is an alternate captain for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League. Laich was originally drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft, and was later traded to the Capitals as part of the package for Peter Bondra. Before playing professionally, Laich spent time in the Western Hockey League playing with the Moose Jaw Warriors and Seattle Thunderbirds. He has represented Canada internationally, capturing a silver medal at the 2003 World Junior Championships, and playing for Canada again at the 2010 World Hockey Championships. Laich is one of the team's leaders, and plays in all situations for the Capitals.
Laich started playing minor hockey in his hometown of Wawota, Saskatchewan. During the 1999–2000 season, was the top scorer and most valuable player for the midget AAA Tisdale Trojans. He was the runner up for league MVP.
Laich started his junior hockey career with the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL) during the 2000–01 season. He played in 71 games with the Warriors, scoring nine goals and adding 21 assists. Laich was a dedicated student in Moose Jaw, being awarded the club's Scholastic Player of the Year for the 2000–01 season. After the season, he was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the sixth round (193rd overall) of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He started the 2001–02 season with the Warriors, but was traded to the Seattle Thunderbirds along with Tomas Mojzis for Craig Olynick and Stas Avksentiev. The deal was unpopular with Warriors fans, as Olynick left the club and Avksentiev never reported.
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Connor Barth
Connor Thomas Barth (born April 11, 1986) is an American football placekicker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at North Carolina.
Barth has also been a member of the Miami Dolphins.
Barth is the son of Thomas and Susan Barth. He has a younger brother. Casey Barth, is currently the placekicker for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team.
Barth was named to the first-team high school All-America by USA Today during his prep career at John T. Hoggard High School in Wilmington, NC. He played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl, where he was named the top kicker in the combine. He was selected to the inaugural EA Sports High School All-America Team. Out of high school, Barth was considered one of the best kickers in the country by most recruiting services. He set the North Carolina state record for field goals in a season and career with 38. The Charlotte Observer ranked him among the top 25 overall players in North Carolina. In 2002, he had a string of 40 consecutive extra points. Playing as a punter and a kicker, Barth made 11 of 14 field goals that year. He also was 53 of 54 on extra point attempts as a Junior. He kicked 75 percent of his kickoffs into the end zone. As a punter, he punted 42 times for a 38.2-yard average.
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Danny Ahn
Danny Ahn (born Ahn Shin-won; December 22, 1978 in Seattle, Washington) is a Korean American actor and rapper of the popular boy band g.o.d. He is notable for his unique rapping. .He has one older sister. He attended Department of Theater/Acting in Dankuk University.
He debuted in the K-pop industry as a rapper for singer Uhm Junghwa, and then became a part of boyband g.o.d. (short for "groove overdose"); the group became one of the most popular groups in the 2000s. He released his solo album on May 28, 2007. He also was a radio DJ on the show Kiss The Radio.
Digital Single 2007-05-28
1. 꿈이었으면(Feat. 스윗소로우) If it were a Dream (ft. Sweet Sorrow)
In 2008, he appeared in Crazy Waiting (also known as The Longest 24 Months) (기다리다 미쳐). He appeared as Baekho in the KBS drama, Chuno (TV Series). He appeared in KBS Let's Go Dream Team season 2, and he was the leader of the team. He also appeared as Manager Baek Nam Jung in Fugitive: Plan B alongside Bi, Lee Jung Jin, Daniel Henney and Lee Nayoung. He is a permanent guest on 'Strong Heart'.
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Edwin M. Stanton
Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during the American Civil War from 1862–1865. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.
After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the House of Representatives.
Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. His mother ran a general store in Steubenville. His father was a physician of Quaker stock. Stanton's father died in 1827 when Edwin was only thirteen. Stanton was forced to leave school to help support his mother. Stanton began his political life as a lawyer in Ohio and an antislavery Democrat. After leaving Kenyon College he returned to Steubenville in 1833 to get a job to support his family. He began studying law and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1836. At the age of twenty one Stanton argued his first case before the court. Stanton built a house in the small town of Cadiz, Ohio, and practiced law there until 1847, when he moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He resided at one point in Richmond, Ohio, in what is now Everhart Bove Funeral Home.
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Frank O'Leary
Francis X. (Frank) O’Leary (born 1943) is the elected Treasurer of Arlington County, Virginia and a member of the Democratic Party. He began his seventh term as Treasurer in January, 2008. During his tenure, he has lowered the County's tax delinquency rate from a high of more than nine percent in 1982 to an all-time low of just over one half of one percent in 2011. This represents the lowest tax delinquency rate in Arlington history and currently the lowest in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The effect of this lower rate has been to increase County revenue by approximately $128,000,000.
Frank O’Leary was born in 1943. As the son of a career Army officer, O’Leary moved with his family to many different states during his childhood. He graduated from Frankfurt American High School, while living with his family over-seas in Frankfurt, Germany. O’Leary attended the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor of Science Foreign Service (BSFS) degree with a major in Economic Theory. In 1966, O’Leary received a State Department appointment as a Foreign Service Officer. He also served as a Reserve Officer of Artillery in the New Jersey National Guard from 1963 to 1968. He completed the course work for a Masters degree in Economic Theory from Georgetown University in 1967. Immediately prior to being elected the Treasurer of Arlington County, O’Leary served as President of NOVA Research Associates, a computer operations firm.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States of America, serving from 1789 to 1797, and the dominant military and political leader of the United States from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. Washington became the first president, by unanimous choice, and oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Washington is universally regarded as the "Father of his country."
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Henry G. Shirley
Henry Garnett Shirley (1874 – July 16, 1941) was Commissioner of the Virginia Department of Highways. He was a leader in national highway policy and oversaw the development of an extensive state highway system in Virginia.
Shirley was born in Locust Grove, West Virginia, the son of Robert Vinson Shirley and Julia Moore Baylor. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1896 with a civil engineering degree and later earned a doctorate, doctor of science degree from the University of Maryland.
After serving in the Spanish-American War, he worked for the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad and other railroad companies and for the engineering department of the District of Columbia. He was roads engineer for Baltimore County, Maryland, and chief engineer of the Maryland State Roads Commission. During World War I, he served on the Highway Transport Committee, Council of National Defense, helping keep the roads of the nation in shape to handle military traffic. In 1918, he became executive secretary of the Federal Highway Council.
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James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) served as the 20th President of the United States, after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Garfield's accomplishments as President included a controversial resurgence of Presidential authority above Senatorial courtesy in executive appointments; energizing U.S. naval power; and purging corruption in the Post Office Department. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U.S. Supreme Court justice. Garfield appointed several African-Americans to prominent federal positions.
Garfield was a self-made man who came from a modest background, having been raised in obscurity on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother and endearing brother Thomas, who was nine years his senior. Next door were his uncle Amos and aunt Alpha Boynton. The families were very close as Amos was James' father's half brother, and Alpha was his mother's sister. James and his Boynton cousins cherished their memories of childhood together. Upon entering higher education James worked as a school janitor, bellringer, carpenter, teacher, and preacher to help finance his education. He completed his studies and graduated from Williams College, Massachusetts in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican, after campaigning for the party's antislavery platform in Ohio. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and in 1860 was admitted to practice law while serving as an Ohio State Senator (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a Major General in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 as Representative of the 19th District of Ohio.
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James K. Polk
James Knox Polk ( /ˈpoʊk/ "poke"; November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th President of the United States (1845–1849). Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He later lived in and represented Tennessee. A Democrat, Polk served as the 17th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841). Polk was the surprise (dark horse) candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System.
Polk was the last strong pre–Civil War president, and he is the earliest of whom there are surviving photographs taken during a term in office. He is noted for his foreign policy successes. He threatened war with Britain over the issue of which nation owned the Oregon Country, then backed away and split the ownership of the region with Britain. When Mexico rejected American annexation of Texas, Polk led the nation to a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War, which gave the United States most of its present Southwest. He secured passage of the Walker tariff of 1846, which had low rates that pleased his native South, and he established a treasury system that lasted until 1913.
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Jim Moran
James Patrick "Jim" Moran, Jr. ( /mɵˈræn/; born May 16, 1945) is the U.S. Representative for Virginia's 8th congressional district, serving since 1991. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district is located in Northern Virginia and includes the cities of Falls Church and Alexandria, all of Arlington County, and a portion of Fairfax County.
Jim Moran was the mayor of Alexandria, Virginia for five years from 1985 to 1990, when he resigned to run for Congress. He defeated Republican incumbent Stanford Parris in the general election on November 6, 1990, and was sworn in the following January. Since then he has served ten consecutive terms as a member of the Congress. He is of Irish descent and is the son of professional football player James Patrick Moran, Sr. and the brother of Democratic Party of Virginia Chairman Brian Moran.
Moran, the oldest of seven children, was born in Buffalo, New York, and grew up in Natick, Massachusetts, a working-class suburb west of Boston. His parents were Dorothy (Dwyer) and James Patrick Moran, Sr., a professional football player for the Boston Redskins in 1935 and 1936; outside of football he worked as a probation officer. Both his father and mother were Roosevelt Democrats and supporters of the New Deal. Moran attended Marian High School in Framingham, Massachusetts.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy
pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John William Wallace
John William Wallace (February 17, 1815–January 12, 1884) was an American lawyer and the seventh reporter of decisions of the United States Supreme Court, serving from 1863 to 1874.
Born in Philadelphia, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1833 and studied law under his father. While librarian to the Law Association of Philadelphia, he compiled three volumes of decisions of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, which sat in that city. He wrote The Reporters on English reporters and cases, a book which was often reprinted and made his reputation. His twenty-three volumes of reports of the Supreme Court's cases are highly respected for their quality. He also served as president of the Historical Society of Philadelphia. Wallace died in his hometown.
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Katie Couric
Katherine Anne "Katie" Couric (born January 7, 1957) is an American journalist and author. She serves as special correspondent for ABC News, contributing to ABC World News, Nightline, 20/20, Good Morning America, This Week and primetime news specials. Starting on September 6, 2012, she will host Katie, a syndicated daytime talk show produced by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. She has anchored the CBS Evening News, reported for 60 Minutes, and hosted Today and reported for Dateline NBC. She was the first solo female anchor of a weekday evening news program on one of the three traditional USA broadcast networks. Couric's first book, The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary Lives was a New York Times best-seller.
As of May 2012, Couric also has a web show for ABC News, entitled Katie's Take, airing weekly on Yahoo.
Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia, the daughter of Elinor Tullie (née Hene), a homemaker and part-time writer, and John Martin Couric Jr., a public relations executive and news editor at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the United Press in Washington, D.C. Her mother was Jewish, but Couric was raised Presbyterian. Couric's maternal grandparents, Bert Hene and Clara L. Froshin, were the children of Jewish immigrants from Germany. In a report for Today, she traced her paternal ancestry back to a French orphan who immigrated to the U.S. in the nineteenth century and became a broker in the cotton business.
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Mary Anna Custis Lee
Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee (October 1, 1808 – November 5, 1873) was the wife of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek. She enjoyed discussing politics with her father, and later with her husband. She kept current with the new literature and, after her father's death, edited and published his writings as "Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter" in 1859.
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Nidal Malik Hasan
Nidal Malik Hasan, USA (Arabic: نضال مالك حسن; born September 8, 1970) is a United States Army officer and sole accused in the November 5, 2009, Fort Hood shooting, which occurred less than a month before he would have deployed to Afghanistan.
Born in Virginia to parents who moved to the United States from a Palestinian town near Jerusalem, Hasan joined the Army while in college and became a psychiatrist at Fort Hood, Texas. Prior to the shooting, Hasan had expressed extremist views which had been brought to the attention of his superiors and the F.B.I.. Hasan was discovered to have exchanged emails with Imam Anwar al-Awlaki asking for spiritual guidance regarding violence. Al-Awlaki has since been linked to other attacks by radical Muslims, and he quickly blessed the Fort Hood operation because it was against a military target. Al-Qaeda spokesman Adam Gadahn also praised the "Mujahid brother" as a "pioneer, a trailblazer and a role-model." The attack was described by a Senate report as "the worst terrorist attack on U.S. soil since September 11, 2001." General Jack Keane testified before a Senate committee that his first reaction was "...just how unacceptable the military’s failure to deal properly with Major Hasan’s radicalization to violent Islamist extremism was." He also agreed with "...the report’s conclusion that Hasan’s open displays of violent Islamist extremism was (sic) a violation of military rules calling for good order and discipline." He listed what he believed to be "...some of the obvious signs that Hasan should have been discharged..."
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Patch Adams
Hunter Doherty "Patch" Adams (born May 28, 1945, in Washington, D.C.) is an American physician, social activist, citizen diplomat and author. He founded the Gesundheit! Institute in 1971. Each year he organizes a group of volunteers from around the world to travel to various countries where they dress as clowns in an effort to bring humor to orphans, patients, and other people.
Adams is currently based in Urbana, Illinois. In collaboration with the institute, he promotes an alternative health care model, not funded by insurance policies.
Adams had a difficult childhood. His father, an officer in the United States Army, had fought in Korea, and died while stationed in Germany when Adams was still a teenager. After his father's death, Adams returned to the United States with his mother and brother. Upon his return, Adams has stated that he encountered institutional injustice which made him a target for bullies at school. As a result, Adams was unhappy and became actively suicidal. After being hospitalized three times in one year for wanting to end his life, he decided "you don't kill yourself; you make revolution."[citation needed]
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Robert Brink
Robert Greenleaf Brink (b. 1924) is an American violinist, conductor, and educator. He is a professor of music at the New England Conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts.
He has performed with the harpsichordist Daniel Pinkham and has given the premieres of works by Walter Piston, Henry Cowell, Alan Hovhaness, and Daniel Pinkham. Pinkham composed his 1958 violin concerto for Brink.
He has performed in the United States, Canada, and Europe, and has played under the conductors Sergei Koussevitzky, Aaron Copland, and Darius Milhaud. With Daniel Pinkham, Brink co-founded the Cambridge Festival Orchestra in the mid-1950s, serving as that orchestra's concertmaster. In 1951 and 1952, Brink and Pinkham performed at Brown University and Wellesley college under the auspices of the Peabody Mason Concerts. Brink founded the Boston Classical Orchestra and served as its concertmaster until 1995. He founded and conducts the Orchestra for the Art of Music (OAM), which performs music from the Classical period.
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Robert E. Lee
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.
The son of Revolutionary War officer Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III and a top graduate of the United States Military Academy, Robert E. Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican-American War, served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and married Mary Custis.
When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army. During the Civil War, Lee originally served as a senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against larger Union armies. His abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians. His strategic vision was more doubtful, and both of his invasions of the North ended in defeat. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's campaigns bore down on Lee in 1864 and 1865, and despite inflicting heavy casualties, Lee was unable to force back Grant. Lee would ultimately surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. By this time, Lee had been promoted to the commanding officer of all Confederate forces; the remaining armies soon capitulated after Lee's surrender. Lee rejected the starting of a guerrilla campaign against the North and called for reconciliation between the North and South.
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Sandra Bullock
Sandra Annette Bullock ( /ˈbʊlək/; born July 26, 1964) is an American actress and producer who rose to fame in the 1990s after roles in successful films such as Demolition Man, Speed, The Net, A Time to Kill, and While You Were Sleeping. In the new millennium she appeared in such films as Miss Congeniality, The Lake House, and Crash, the third of which received critical acclaim. In 2007, she was ranked as the 14th richest female celebrity with an estimated fortune of US$85 million. In 2009, Bullock starred in two of the more financially successful films of her career, The Proposal and The Blind Side. Bullock was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, and the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her role as Leigh Anne Tuohy in The Blind Side. She is listed in the 2012 edition of the Guinness Book Of World Records as the highest-paid actress, with $56 million.
Sandra Annette Bullock was born in Arlington, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. Her father, John W. Bullock (born 1925), was a United States Army employee and part-time voice coach from Birmingham, Alabama, and her mother, Helga D. Meyer (1942–2000), was a German opera singer and voice teacher. Bullock's maternal grandfather was a rocket scientist from Nuremberg, Germany. John Bullock, then in charge of the Army's Military Postal Service in Europe, was stationed in Nuremberg when he met his wife. They married in Germany, soon moving to Arlington, where John Bullock worked with the Army Materiel Command, before becoming a contractor for The Pentagon.
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Sheema Kalbasi
Sheema Kalbasi (Persian: شیما کلباسی , born 20 November 1972 in Tehran, Iran) is an award winning poet and producer.
Kalbasi is the founder and president of Reel Content, a film production and publishing company. She is the director and the co-director of several literary projects including the Other Voices International project. She has published two books of poetry and two anthologies of poems. Her poems have been anthologized and translated into eighteen languages to date. Kalbasi's work is distinguished by her passionate defense of ethnic and religious minorities' rights. Her poetry have been compared to that of Bertolt Brecht and Lauro de Bosis. She has done voluntary teaching and tutoring of Baha'i refugee children as well as Iraqi Kurdish children, and disadvantaged Pakistani children in Pakistan. In 2009 she signed an open letter of apology posted to Iranian.com along with 266 other Iranian academics, writers, artists, journalists about the Persecution of Bahá'ís.
Kalbasi has worked for the United Nations and the Center for non Afghan Refugees in Pakistan, and in Denmark. She lives near Washington, D.C..
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Shirley MacLaine
Shirley MacLean Beaty (born April 24, 1934), known professionally as Shirley MacLaine, is an American film and theater actress, singer, dancer, activist and author, well known for her beliefs in New Age spirituality and reincarnation. She has written a large number of autobiographical works, many dealing with her spiritual beliefs as well as her Hollywood career. She was nominated for an Academy Award five times before winning the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1983 for her role in Terms of Endearment. Her younger brother is Warren Beatty.
Named after Shirley Temple, MacLaine was born in Richmond, Virginia. Her father, Ira Owens Beaty, was a professor of psychology, public school administrator, and real estate agent, and her mother, Kathlyn Corinne (née MacLean), was a drama teacher originally from Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada; MacLaine's grandparents were also teachers.The family was devoutly Baptist. Her uncle (her mother's brother-in-law) was A.A. MacLeod, a Communist member of the Ontario legislature in the 1940s.
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Tom Dolan
Tom Dolan (born September 15, 1975) is a swimmer from the United States, who won a gold medal and silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He swam for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, under the guidance of coach Jon Urbanchek, just like two of his main rivals Eric Namesnik and Marcel Wouda.
Dolan grew up swimming for Rick Curl and the Curl-Burke Swim Club, along with Washington Golf & Country Club during the summer. Dolan held the world record in the 400 m individual medley longer than any other swimmer in history (eight years), including Tamás Darnyi, Alex Baumann, Jesse Vassallo, Charles Hickcox, Dick Roth and Ted Stickles. He is the third swimmer to win successive 400 m I.M. Olympic gold medals (1996 and 2000), along with Hungary's Darnyi and Michael Phelps.
At 6'7" tall and 3% body fat, shoe-size 14, Dolan was diagnosed with exercise-induced asthma and a narrowed windpipe, which would side-line the normal person. He only trained harder and exhaustion, dizziness and occasional blackouts never stopped him from swimming. Coached by Rick Curl and later Urbancheck, Dolan also set two world records, won two gold medals in World Championship swimming, won nine NCAA National Championships and fourteen U.S. National Championships. He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame (ISHOF) in 2006. Tom is currently working with Carlile Swimming in Australia to help bring their swim school model to the US.
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Warren Beatty
Warren Beatty ( /ˈbeɪti/ BAY-tee; born March 30, 1937) is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and director. He has been nominated for 15 Academy Awards, including winning the Best Director Award and its highest honor, the Irving G. Thalberg Award. He has been nominated for 16 Golden Globe Awards and won six, including the Cecil B. DeMille Award, which he received in 2007. Only Beatty and Orson Welles have been nominated for producer, director, writer and actor in the same film. Welles did it once (for Citizen Kane), Beatty did it twice (for Heaven Can Wait and Reds).
Beatty was born Henry Warren Beaty in Richmond, Virginia. His mother, Kathlyn Corinne (née MacLean), was a Nova Scotia-born teacher, and his father, Ira Owens Beaty, was a Ph.D. of educational psychology, a public school administrator, and dealt in real estate. Beatty's grandparents were also educators. The family was Baptist. In 1945, the family moved from Richmond to Arlington, Virginia. Beatty's sister is the multi-award winning actress and writer Shirley MacLaine.
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White American
White Americans are people of the United States who are considered or consider themselves White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported “White” or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish." Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and white Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is often used interchangeably with "White", despite the fact they are not synonymous.
German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%), Italian Americans (5.8%), French Americans (4%), Polish Americans (3%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%), and Swedish Americans (1.4%) constitute the ten largest White American ancestries. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.
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William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930). He is the only person to have served in both of these two offices.
Before becoming President, Taft was selected to serve on the Ohio Superior Court in 1887. In 1890, Taft was appointed Solicitor General of the United States and in 1891 a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1900, President William McKinley appointed Taft Governor-General of the Philippines. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Taft Secretary of War in an effort to groom Taft, then his close political ally, into his handpicked presidential successor. Taft assumed a prominent role in problem solving, assuming on some occasions the role of acting Secretary of State, while declining repeated offers from Roosevelt to serve on the Supreme Court.
Riding a wave of popular support for fellow Republican Roosevelt, Taft won an easy victory in his 1908 bid for the presidency.
wn.com/William_Howard_Taft -
Zac Hanson
Zachary Walker "Zac" Hanson (born October 22, 1985) is an American musician, best known as a member of the pop band Hanson. He plays drums, percussion, piano, guitar and also sings back-up and lead vocals. He was the lead singer on "Go", the second single from The Walk.
Hanson was born on October 22, 1985 in Arlington, Virginia, and grew up in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He is the third child of Walker and Diana Hanson. In 1992, he and his older brothers Isaac and Taylor formed a band called the Hanson Brothers (later shortened to Hanson). In May 1997, the band released their first major album (third studio album), Middle of Nowhere with Mercury Records. The first single, "MMMBop", made it to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Hanson is one of the youngest artists ever to have a number one single (UK & US charts), second only to Michael Jackson.
After releasing three albums through the record company Island Def Jam (formerly Mercury Records), the band parted ways with the label in 2003 due to irreconcilable differences and formed their own independent label, 3CG Records.
wn.com/Zac_Hanson
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Arlington: The Rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Available Now on iTunes! I moved to a new town a couple weeks ago. Clarendon. It's pretty tough. Thank you to BJ and Q for their co-starring roles once again. And to the people of Arlington who I ran into (literally and figuratively) in the process of filming. Oh yes, and thanks to Ally the dog! More videos on the channel/website! www.goremy.com LYRICS Just moved to a new hood and it's straight up gangsta Let me show you around... my town People all around better know the deal that the people in this town are ghetto for real So when people tell me Remy, where you calling from? I say a straight up thug town called Arlington It's a real tough town packing heat and boat shoes my crib's in a rough spot right next to the Whole Foods I'm ducking gunfire daily check to see if one got me but that's just life in the hood when I go get my puffed kashi But we never do drugs no, cuz that's not me the only thing high up in here are my condo fees Welcome to Arlington the town that never fizzles Ballston, Rosslyn, Courthouse the Clizzledizzle So many places to choose you're gonna like to pick I'm in Courthouse so much that they call me Michael Vick And Rosslyn girls got money they all can pay the bills but that's all I'll film in Rosslyn cuz I hate walking up these hills and we kinda got a mall yeah you know you can't stop us got everything but nothing good, man it's kinda like tapas Just try to mess with us I'll shoot you right in the foot punk Just don't come on Tuesday nights that's ...
http://wn.com/Arlington_The_Rap
Available Now on iTunes! I moved to a new town a couple weeks ago. Clarendon. It's pretty tough. Thank you to BJ and Q for their co-starring roles once again. And to the people of Arlington who I ran into (literally and figuratively) in the process of filming. Oh yes, and thanks to Ally the dog! More videos on the channel/website! www.goremy.com LYRICS Just moved to a new hood and it's straight up gangsta Let me show you around... my town People all around better know the deal that the people in this town are ghetto for real So when people tell me Remy, where you calling from? I say a straight up thug town called Arlington It's a real tough town packing heat and boat shoes my crib's in a rough spot right next to the Whole Foods I'm ducking gunfire daily check to see if one got me but that's just life in the hood when I go get my puffed kashi But we never do drugs no, cuz that's not me the only thing high up in here are my condo fees Welcome to Arlington the town that never fizzles Ballston, Rosslyn, Courthouse the Clizzledizzle So many places to choose you're gonna like to pick I'm in Courthouse so much that they call me Michael Vick And Rosslyn girls got money they all can pay the bills but that's all I'll film in Rosslyn cuz I hate walking up these hills and we kinda got a mall yeah you know you can't stop us got everything but nothing good, man it's kinda like tapas Just try to mess with us I'll shoot you right in the foot punk Just don't come on Tuesday nights that's ...
Arlington Condos in Clarendon. Walking Tour (Virginia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Walking tour starting at Clarendon Metro station in Arlington Virginia. Condos include Phoenix, Clarendon 1021, Station Square, Zoso, Clarendon Park, Hartford Condos. Also shows Clarendon Market Common and bars like Clarendon Grill, Mister Days, Whitlows on Wilson, La Tasca, Boulevard Woodgrill and RIRA. Also look for the Clarendon 1021 Condos video. More at Blog.FranklyRealty.com
http://wn.com/Arlington_Condos_in_Clarendon_Walking_Tour_Virginia
Walking tour starting at Clarendon Metro station in Arlington Virginia. Condos include Phoenix, Clarendon 1021, Station Square, Zoso, Clarendon Park, Hartford Condos. Also shows Clarendon Market Common and bars like Clarendon Grill, Mister Days, Whitlows on Wilson, La Tasca, Boulevard Woodgrill and RIRA. Also look for the Clarendon 1021 Condos video. More at Blog.FranklyRealty.com
- published: 04 Dec 2007
- views: 17969
- author: FranklyRealty
Arlington, Virginia: National History. Local Flavor.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Featuring stunning views of the nations capital, Arlington and its Metro-centered urban villages offer first-class shopping, diverse dining and an eclectic local arts and entertainment scene. To learn more and plan your visit, check out www.stayarlington.com.
http://wn.com/Arlington,_Virginia_National_History_Local_Flavor
Featuring stunning views of the nations capital, Arlington and its Metro-centered urban villages offer first-class shopping, diverse dining and an eclectic local arts and entertainment scene. To learn more and plan your visit, check out www.stayarlington.com.
- published: 10 Nov 2009
- views: 14156
- author: arlingtoncounty
WASHINGTON DC / ARLINGTON VA , USA - 2011 WALKING TOUR - 1080P HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Walking around Washington DC as well as Arlington VA during the day and night. Filmed in September 2011. Camera equipment: - Sony Nex VG10 HD video camera Camera Accessories: - Glidecam HD-2000 hand-held camera stabilization. - Manfrotto 190XB tripod with 701HDV Pro Fluid Mini Video head.
http://wn.com/WASHINGTON_DC_ARLINGTON_VA_,_USA_2011_WALKING_TOUR_1080P_HD
Walking around Washington DC as well as Arlington VA during the day and night. Filmed in September 2011. Camera equipment: - Sony Nex VG10 HD video camera Camera Accessories: - Glidecam HD-2000 hand-held camera stabilization. - Manfrotto 190XB tripod with 701HDV Pro Fluid Mini Video head.
- published: 16 Oct 2011
- views: 29175
- author: GlobeTrotterAlpha
Road Trip to Washington DC/Arlington Virginia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
I took a road trip with my friend down to Washington DC during the week of the Cherry Blossom Festival - during a heat wave! The city had to bring in extra ambulances because people so many people were collapsing from heat related problems. We did many things, and here are some of them: The White House Lincoln Memorial & Reflecting Pool Washington Monument Arlington National Cemetery Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns International Spy Museum Hamburger Hamlet, MD Gunston Hall Plantation, VA We stayed at the Hyatt Place in Sterling, VA. Great staff and good service.FREE GIVE-AWAY CONTEST INFO! When I get 500 subscribers, I'll have a free give-away contest, open to anyone anywhere in the world, so please subscribe! PLEASE SUBSCRIBE, COMMENT AND RATE! Email sassiwench@gmail.com sassiwench.blogspot.com http No one paid for any of this except me!
http://wn.com/Road_Trip_to_Washington_DC_Arlington_Virginia
I took a road trip with my friend down to Washington DC during the week of the Cherry Blossom Festival - during a heat wave! The city had to bring in extra ambulances because people so many people were collapsing from heat related problems. We did many things, and here are some of them: The White House Lincoln Memorial & Reflecting Pool Washington Monument Arlington National Cemetery Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns International Spy Museum Hamburger Hamlet, MD Gunston Hall Plantation, VA We stayed at the Hyatt Place in Sterling, VA. Great staff and good service.FREE GIVE-AWAY CONTEST INFO! When I get 500 subscribers, I'll have a free give-away contest, open to anyone anywhere in the world, so please subscribe! PLEASE SUBSCRIBE, COMMENT AND RATE! Email sassiwench@gmail.com sassiwench.blogspot.com http No one paid for any of this except me!
- published: 17 Jul 2010
- views: 2653
- author: thesassiwench
Realtor Arlington VA | 703-431-2731
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Realtor Arlington VA | 703-431-2731 Professional Handyman Services The HandyMensch specializes in those smaller projects for which you don't have the time or expertise to handle on your own. Our portfolio of projects range from the simple to the complex and includes both interior and exterior examples of our work. When called upon for a more unique challenge, we can use our network of specialty suppliers to bring a wider variety and higher quality of materials than those found at the local home center. Our clients choose us because of our professional approach to their needs. We respect their busy lifestyles by showing up on time for our scheduled appointments, providing quality service and cleaning up after ourselves. Please give us a call or visit our website for more information! www.handymensch.com
http://wn.com/Realtor_Arlington_VA_|_703-431-2731
Realtor Arlington VA | 703-431-2731 Professional Handyman Services The HandyMensch specializes in those smaller projects for which you don't have the time or expertise to handle on your own. Our portfolio of projects range from the simple to the complex and includes both interior and exterior examples of our work. When called upon for a more unique challenge, we can use our network of specialty suppliers to bring a wider variety and higher quality of materials than those found at the local home center. Our clients choose us because of our professional approach to their needs. We respect their busy lifestyles by showing up on time for our scheduled appointments, providing quality service and cleaning up after ourselves. Please give us a call or visit our website for more information! www.handymensch.com
- published: 23 Apr 2012
- views: 19437
- author: FollowMedia2
Arlington VA Paramedic Accident Audio 2/8/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:53
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Arlington VA Paramedic Accident Audio 2/8/12 Audio used under a creative common license from Radioreference.com THE AUDIO HAS BEEN EDITED AND IS NOT REAL TIME.
http://wn.com/Arlington_VA_Paramedic_Accident_Audio_2_8_12
Arlington VA Paramedic Accident Audio 2/8/12 Audio used under a creative common license from Radioreference.com THE AUDIO HAS BEEN EDITED AND IS NOT REAL TIME.
- published: 09 Feb 2012
- views: 21760
- author: firefighterdispatch
Missing Arlington Woman.m4v
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Missing Arlington Woman - Maria Arrocha - Seeking public's help. Last seen on 12-18-2012 at 9 am - She is believed to be on foot. Last known location is Arbor Lane in East Arlington.
http://wn.com/Missing_Arlington_Womanm4v
Missing Arlington Woman - Maria Arrocha - Seeking public's help. Last seen on 12-18-2012 at 9 am - She is believed to be on foot. Last known location is Arbor Lane in East Arlington.
- published: 19 Dec 2012
- views: 324
- author: arlingtonpolicemedia
Arlington Adoption Attorney
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:34
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
www.virginialawfirmdirectory.com Find an Arlington VA Adoption Lawyer Today Using the Virginia Law Firm Directory Mobile Web App, Mobile Website, and Desktop Website. Free for Consumers, and Free for Law Firms to Add a Basic Listing. "Like" Your Favorite Law Firm to Spread the News!
http://wn.com/Arlington_Adoption_Attorney
www.virginialawfirmdirectory.com Find an Arlington VA Adoption Lawyer Today Using the Virginia Law Firm Directory Mobile Web App, Mobile Website, and Desktop Website. Free for Consumers, and Free for Law Firms to Add a Basic Listing. "Like" Your Favorite Law Firm to Spread the News!
- published: 23 Dec 2012
- views: 304
- author: Virginia LawFirmDirectory
Mamma Mia Flash Mob - Ballston Mall, Arlington, VA, May 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Bowen McCauley Dance and the DC Cowboys take over Ballston Mall food court in Arlington, Va
http://wn.com/Mamma_Mia_Flash_Mob_Ballston_Mall,_Arlington,_VA,_May_2
Bowen McCauley Dance and the DC Cowboys take over Ballston Mall food court in Arlington, Va
- published: 13 May 2010
- views: 11681
- author: bmdcdance
Auto Glass Arlington VA - Windshield Repair & Replacement - DC, MD, VA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
www.nuproautoglass.com Call 301-574-8000. Auto glass replacement and repair in VA, MD, and DC. Nu-Pro Mobile Auto Glass offers fast auto glass replacement and repair and free mobile service. Video Creation & Marketing by JP Marketing, LLC www.seoallianceteam.com
http://wn.com/Auto_Glass_Arlington_VA_Windshield_Repair_Replacement_DC,_MD,_VA
www.nuproautoglass.com Call 301-574-8000. Auto glass replacement and repair in VA, MD, and DC. Nu-Pro Mobile Auto Glass offers fast auto glass replacement and repair and free mobile service. Video Creation & Marketing by JP Marketing, LLC www.seoallianceteam.com
- published: 01 Jul 2009
- views: 20226
- author: nuproautoglass
SPELL & SIDESHOW - 'BLUE MAGIC' Arlington Va. LIVE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:06
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
"BLUE MAGIC" at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Crystal City, Arlington Va.
http://wn.com/SPELL_SIDESHOW_'BLUE_MAGIC'_Arlington_Va_LIVE!
"BLUE MAGIC" at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Crystal City, Arlington Va.
- published: 18 Apr 2011
- views: 33727
- author: 1SHOUTOUT
Northern Virginia Sleep Center | Arlington Sleep Center 703-385-9222.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Northern Virginia Sleep Center | Arlington Sleep Center 703-385-9222. www.1stclasssleepcenter.com When we first opened our sleep lab, we noticed that every other sleep testing facility seemed to have a cold, drab, and clinical environment. This was ironic to us, considering how much of an impact a person's comfort affects their quality of sleep. There are many reasons why 1st Class Sleep Diagnostics stands apart from all others. We pride ourselves on the quality of our customer service. With 6 convenient locations inspired by 5 star hotels and resorts, we're proud to serve the residents of northern Virginia [and those in need]. Using state of the art digital recording equipment, we provide the highest quality clinical testing. Our expertly trained staff of professionals include licensed nurse and registered polysomnographic technologists, 4 physicians board certified in sleep medicine but also certified in neurology, pulmonary medicine and otolaryngology, along with a multilingual staff. 1st Class Sleep Diagnostics will service all of your sleep therapy needs. From a consultation with one of our physicians to baseline sleep studies. We are here to help you sleep better in order to live better. If you feel you or a loved one may have a sleep related issue affecting your health, consult with your physician or one of our physicians board certified in sleep to schedule your sleep study today. With proper education and information, you will be fully aware of your condition ...
http://wn.com/Northern_Virginia_Sleep_Center_|_Arlington_Sleep_Center_703-385-9222
Northern Virginia Sleep Center | Arlington Sleep Center 703-385-9222. www.1stclasssleepcenter.com When we first opened our sleep lab, we noticed that every other sleep testing facility seemed to have a cold, drab, and clinical environment. This was ironic to us, considering how much of an impact a person's comfort affects their quality of sleep. There are many reasons why 1st Class Sleep Diagnostics stands apart from all others. We pride ourselves on the quality of our customer service. With 6 convenient locations inspired by 5 star hotels and resorts, we're proud to serve the residents of northern Virginia [and those in need]. Using state of the art digital recording equipment, we provide the highest quality clinical testing. Our expertly trained staff of professionals include licensed nurse and registered polysomnographic technologists, 4 physicians board certified in sleep medicine but also certified in neurology, pulmonary medicine and otolaryngology, along with a multilingual staff. 1st Class Sleep Diagnostics will service all of your sleep therapy needs. From a consultation with one of our physicians to baseline sleep studies. We are here to help you sleep better in order to live better. If you feel you or a loved one may have a sleep related issue affecting your health, consult with your physician or one of our physicians board certified in sleep to schedule your sleep study today. With proper education and information, you will be fully aware of your condition ...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 232733
- author: Aaron Peck
Giant at Signature Theatre in Arlington, VA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Signature Theatre in association with the Shen Family Foundation presents GIANT A new musical based on the novel by Edna Ferber Book by Sybille Pearson Music and Lyrics by Michael John LaChiusa Directed by Jonathan Butterell Adapted from the American classic by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Edna Ferber, Giant is a daring new musical, already acknowledged as one of the most promising contemporary theater debuts. Epic in vision and scope, swept with passion and violence, Giant is the powerful story of a Texas rancher and his Virginia-born wife as they face increasing challenges in their marriage and family in an ever-changing American landscape. APRIL 28 MAY 31, 2009
http://wn.com/Giant_at_Signature_Theatre_in_Arlington,_VA
Signature Theatre in association with the Shen Family Foundation presents GIANT A new musical based on the novel by Edna Ferber Book by Sybille Pearson Music and Lyrics by Michael John LaChiusa Directed by Jonathan Butterell Adapted from the American classic by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Edna Ferber, Giant is a daring new musical, already acknowledged as one of the most promising contemporary theater debuts. Epic in vision and scope, swept with passion and violence, Giant is the powerful story of a Texas rancher and his Virginia-born wife as they face increasing challenges in their marriage and family in an ever-changing American landscape. APRIL 28 MAY 31, 2009
- published: 05 May 2009
- views: 5065
- author: sigtheatre
Unsolved Mysteries-Wanted (Arlington, Virginia)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Unsolved_Mysteries-Wanted_Arlington,_Virginia
Flash mob at Central Library in Arlington, Virginia. June 25, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Flash mob at Central Library in Arlington, Virginia. June 25, 2011 Thanks to The Friends of the Library and Bowen McCauley Dance
http://wn.com/Flash_mob_at_Central_Library_in_Arlington,_Virginia_June_25,_2011
Flash mob at Central Library in Arlington, Virginia. June 25, 2011 Thanks to The Friends of the Library and Bowen McCauley Dance
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 2805
- author: William Karell
Tour of: Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
On our last few hours in the Washington DC area, we decided to take a tour of the world famous Arlington National Cemetery. It is a military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, formerly the estate of the family of Robert E. Lee's wife Mary Anna (Custis) Lee. The cemetery is situated directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC and near The Pentagon. It is a truly remarkable place, where ex-presidents lye. The sights include: 2:00 John. F. Kennedy Gravesite. Includes the Eternal Flame. 2:28 World War 2 Repatriation Section. 2:48 History into the Cemetery. 3:11 Sir John Greer Dill Memorial Statue. 3:29 Guide talks about the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. 3:57 The Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. 4:26 USS Maine Memorial. 4:43 Challenger and Columbia Space Shuttle Memorials and Iran Hostage Memorial. 4:55 The original Arlington Amphitheater. 6:08 The Women in Military Service for America Memorial. Filmed using the Sony HDR-HC9 HDV1080i High Definition Handycam.
http://wn.com/Tour_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery,_Arlington,_Virginia,_USA
On our last few hours in the Washington DC area, we decided to take a tour of the world famous Arlington National Cemetery. It is a military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, formerly the estate of the family of Robert E. Lee's wife Mary Anna (Custis) Lee. The cemetery is situated directly across the Potomac River from Washington, DC and near The Pentagon. It is a truly remarkable place, where ex-presidents lye. The sights include: 2:00 John. F. Kennedy Gravesite. Includes the Eternal Flame. 2:28 World War 2 Repatriation Section. 2:48 History into the Cemetery. 3:11 Sir John Greer Dill Memorial Statue. 3:29 Guide talks about the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. 3:57 The Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. 4:26 USS Maine Memorial. 4:43 Challenger and Columbia Space Shuttle Memorials and Iran Hostage Memorial. 4:55 The original Arlington Amphitheater. 6:08 The Women in Military Service for America Memorial. Filmed using the Sony HDR-HC9 HDV1080i High Definition Handycam.
- published: 28 Jan 2010
- views: 5294
- author: Craig Simons
Muscle Ativation Technique Arlington VA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
www.HealthAndWholeness.info - Muscle Activation Techniques (MAT) is a system designed to evaluate and treat muscular imbalances. The program is based upon the monitoring and restoring the capability of muscles to contract. Do you want to know more? Give us a call!!
http://wn.com/Muscle_Ativation_Technique_Arlington_VA
www.HealthAndWholeness.info - Muscle Activation Techniques (MAT) is a system designed to evaluate and treat muscular imbalances. The program is based upon the monitoring and restoring the capability of muscles to contract. Do you want to know more? Give us a call!!
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 5618
- author: healthandwholeness
Arlington Virginia Foreclosures. How to buy like a REALTOR.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Blog.FranklyRealty.com. Watch as a Realtor describes the process for buying a REO / Bank Owned house. She bought it for herself, the house is in Arlington Virginia.
http://wn.com/Arlington_Virginia_Foreclosures_How_to_buy_like_a_REALTOR
Blog.FranklyRealty.com. Watch as a Realtor describes the process for buying a REO / Bank Owned house. She bought it for herself, the house is in Arlington Virginia.
- published: 12 Nov 2007
- views: 17551
- author: FranklyRealty
EAST Ethiopia Dr. Birhanu Nega in Arlington Virginia July 2011 part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
www.ethsat.com - Ethiopian Satellite Television (ESAT) ESAT is the first independent Ethiopian Satellite Television service and Radio Station who broadcast to Ethiopia and the rest of the world.
http://wn.com/EAST_Ethiopia_Dr_Birhanu_Nega_in_Arlington_Virginia_July_2011_part_2_of_2
www.ethsat.com - Ethiopian Satellite Television (ESAT) ESAT is the first independent Ethiopian Satellite Television service and Radio Station who broadcast to Ethiopia and the rest of the world.
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 25301
- author: ESATelevision
Arlington National Cemetery - Memorial Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
History and meaning of Arlington National Cemetery as presented at the National Memorial Day Concert from Washington DC on May 27, 2007.
http://wn.com/Arlington_National_Cemetery_Memorial_Day
History and meaning of Arlington National Cemetery as presented at the National Memorial Day Concert from Washington DC on May 27, 2007.
- published: 28 May 2007
- views: 61625
- author: HerBunk
Cops, Cameras & Accountability in Arlington, VA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Are those with badges entitled to more rights? Pete Eyre, Bureaucrash's Crasher-in-Chief, doesn't think so. That's why, on 2009.01.23 when he saw an Arlington County Police Department vehicle parked in a no parking zone he called it in. He didn't expect that to lead to him being followed on foot by an officer, but that's exactly what happened. This is the edited version of his encounter. For the raw footage, go to: YouTube.com/Bureaucrash
http://wn.com/Cops,_Cameras_Accountability_in_Arlington,_VA
Are those with badges entitled to more rights? Pete Eyre, Bureaucrash's Crasher-in-Chief, doesn't think so. That's why, on 2009.01.23 when he saw an Arlington County Police Department vehicle parked in a no parking zone he called it in. He didn't expect that to lead to him being followed on foot by an officer, but that's exactly what happened. This is the edited version of his encounter. For the raw footage, go to: YouTube.com/Bureaucrash
- published: 25 Jan 2009
- views: 15544
- author: bureaucrash
Them, Roaringtwenties Live in Arlington, VA (part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
sounds from chicago
http://wn.com/Them,_Roaringtwenties_Live_in_Arlington,_VA_part_1
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang
23 Dec 2012
Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Examiner
24 Dec 2012
Wondering what the next day off is for Federal employees? ... Tuesday, Jan ... Monday, Feb ... For Federal employees who work in the District of Columbia, Montgomery or Prince George's Counties in Maryland, Arlington or Fairfax Counties in Virginia, or the cities of Alexandria or Fairfax in Virginia, Inauguration Day is observed concurrently with the Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday ... Source ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Star Telegram
24 Dec 2012
A nursing home in Arlington is damaged by a tornado on Tuesday, April 3, 2012 ... Barnubus United Methodist Church in Arlington Tuesday, April 3, 2012 ... A structure in Arlington is destroyed after a tornado hit on Tuesday, April 3, 2012 ... He rode out the tornado with his brother and their mother inside the home at 2804 Quail Lane in Arlington ... Photographed 4/3/12, Mansfield & Arlington, TX ... Photographed 4/3/12, Mansfield & Arlington, TX....(size: 6.5Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
24 Dec 2012
The Examiner
24 Dec 2012
Rangers Ballpark in Arlington on Opening Day ... Rangers Ballpark in Arlington on Opening Day.Pregame at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington on Opening Day.New high-definition video board at Rangers Ballpark.Texas State Flag on Opening Day.The 2011 Texas Rangers.The Texas Rangers and Boston Red Sox on the field before the National Anthem.MercyMe singing the National Anthem on Opening Day.U.S....(size: 5.5Kb)
The News & Observer
24 Dec 2012
23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... ARLINGTON, Texas -- Tony Romo and the Dallas Cowboys figure their situation hasn't really changed, even though their comeback came up short in an overtime loss ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... 23, 2012 in Arlington, Texas....(size: 17.4Kb)
Star Telegram
24 Dec 2012
ARLINGTON -- With four children and no husband, job or car, Anna has her hands full. But it doesn't stop her from providing a tidy home and keeping a bright outlook. Still, all help is appreciated. The Christmas Store at Mission Arlington was one stop ... Her two boys and two girls are 12, 10, 8 and 6 ... Walker,....(size: 1.6Kb)
Denver Post
24 Dec 2012
Click photo to enlarge. Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo (9) leaves the field after overtime play of an NFL football game against the New Orleans Saints, Sunday, Dec. 23, 2012 in Arlington, Texas ... ARLINGTON, Texas—Tony Romo and the Dallas Cowboys figure their situation hasn't really changed, even though their comeback came up short in an overtime loss ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... 23, 2012, in Arlington, Texas ... "It hurts ... NOTES....(size: 5.7Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
24 Dec 2012
The 1,554-page, 7-pound tome is the “Flora of Virginia,” the first authoritative guide to the state’s plants to sprout up since 1762 ... The “Flora of Virginia” provides details on the state’s 3,164 species of plants — from ferns to wildflowers to trees — plus 1,400 pen-and-ink illustrations commissioned for the project ... Reasons for Virginia’s floral abundance include a diverse landscape, ranging from coast to mountains....(size: 5.2Kb)
noodls
24 Dec 2012
OTC Markets Group Inc) Virginia Energy Resources Begins Trading on OTCQX (R). Virginia Energy Resources Begins Trading on OTCQX® ... OTCM), operator of Open, Transparent and Connected financial marketplaces, today announced that Virginia Energy Resources Inc ... Virginia Energy Resources began trading today on OTCQX International, a segment of the OTCQX marketplace reserved for high-quality non-U.S ... Virginia Energy Resources trades in the U.S....(size: 4.1Kb)
Famous newspaper editorial put 8-year-old girl's mind at ease: Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
The Australian24 Dec 2012
ONE hundred and 15 years ago, a little girl by the name of Virginia O'Hanlon was being teased about Santa Claus by her friends. Virginia wrote a letter to the editor of the New York Sun ... Virginia O’Hanlon. Virginia, your little friends are wrong ... All minds, Virginia, whether they be men’s or children’s, are little ... Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus....(size: 3.3Kb)
New York Daily News
24 Dec 2012
It was sent by 8-year-old Virginia O’Hanlon, who lived with her parents in Manhattan ... Virginia O’Hanlon ... Virginia, your little friends are wrong ... All minds, Virginia, whether they be men’s or children’s, are little ... Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus ... Alas! How dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus! It would be as dreary as if there were no Virginias....(size: 2.9Kb)
Springfield News-Sun
24 Dec 2012
When House Speaker John Boehner came to Congress in 1991, he was one of 21 members of the Ohio congressional delegation — 23 if you count the state’s two senators ... The question is, is its clout? ... Rep ... Rep ... Rep ... Rep ... But Larry Sabato, director of the Center for Politics at the University of Virginia, said that can change ... Steve Stivers, R-Upper Arlington, Renacci, Gibbs and Bill Johnson, R-Marietta, all began their terms in 2010....(size: 6.1Kb)
The Florida Times Union
24 Dec 2012
Eight-year-old Virginia O’Hanlon wrote a letter to the editor of New York’s Sun, and the quick response was printed as an unsigned editorial Sept ... Papa says, “If you see it in The Sun, it’s so.” Please tell me the truth; is there a Santa Claus? — Virginia O’Hanlon. Virginia, your little friends are wrong ... All minds, Virginia, whether they be men’s or children’s, are little ... Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus....(size: 2.8Kb)
"Arlington, Virginia" redirects here. For the community in Northampton County, see Arlington, Northampton County, Virginia.
| Arlington County, Virginia | ||
|
||
 Location in the state of Virginia |
||
 Virginia's location in the U.S. |
||
| Founded | February 27, 1801 | |
|---|---|---|
| Seat | Arlington | |
| Area - Total - Land - Water |
26 sq mi (67 km²) 26 sq mi (67 km²) 0 sq mi (0 km²), 0.35% |
|
| Population - (2010) - Density |
207,627 7,995/sq mi (3,087/km²) |
|
| Website | www.arlingtonva.us | |
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Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal capital district. On February 27, 1801, the United States Congress organized the area as a subdivision of the District of Columbia named Alexandria County. In 1846, Congress returned the land donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation and the abolition of slavery. The General Assembly of Virginia changed the county's name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria.
The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the south bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington, D.C. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and the City of Falls Church to the southwest, and the City of Alexandria to the southeast. With a land area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the United States and has no other incorporated towns within its borders. Given these unique characteristics, for statistical purposes the county is included as a municipality within the Washington Metropolitan Area by the United States Census Bureau. As of 2010, Arlington County had a population of 207,627 residents.[1]
Given the county's proximity to Washington, D.C., Arlington is headquarters to many departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States, including the Pentagon, the Department of Defense, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The many federal agencies, government contractors, and service industries contribute to Arlington's stable economy, which has made it one of the highest-income counties in the United States. Arlington is also the location of national memorials and museums, including Arlington National Cemetery, the Pentagon Memorial, the Marine Corps War Memorial, and the United States Air Force Memorial.
Contents |
History[link]
Foundation[link]
The area that now forms Arlington County was originally part of Fairfax County in the Colony of Virginia. Land grants from the British monarch were awarded to prominent Englishmen in exchange for political favors and efforts at development. One of the grantees was Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron whose lends his name to both Fairfax County and the City of Fairfax. The name Arlington comes from Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington whose name had been applied to a plantation along the Potomac River. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of First Lady Martha Washington, acquired this land in 1802. The estate was eventually passed down to Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of General Robert E. Lee.[2] The property later became Arlington National Cemetery during the American Civil War, and now lends its name to present-day Arlington County.
The area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the exact area to be selected by President George Washington. The Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territory's borders to the southeast in order to include the pre-existing city of Alexandria at the District's southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, including the territory ceded by Virginia.[3] However, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the "erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac."[4] As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the initial shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 km2). During 1791–92, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants placed boundary stones at every mile point. Fourteen of these markers were in Virginia and many of the stones are still standing.[5]
When Congress arrived in the new capital, they passed the Organic Act of 1801 to officially organize the District of Columbia and placed the entire federal territory, including the cities of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, under the exclusive control of Congress. Further, the unincorporated territory within the District was organized into two counties: the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west.[6] This Act formally established the borders of the area that would eventually become Arlington but the citizens located in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia, thus ending their representation in Congress.[7]
Retrocession[link]
Residents of Alexandria County had expected the federal capital's location to result in land sales and the growth of commerce. Instead the county found itself struggling to compete with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at the port of Georgetown, which was farther inland and on the northern side of the Potomac River next to the City of Washington.[8] Members of Congress from other areas of Virginia also used their power to prohibit funding for projects, such as the Alexandria Canal, which would have increased competition with their home districts. In addition, Congress had prohibited the federal government from establishing any offices in Alexandria, which made the county less important to the functioning of the national government.[9]
Alexandria had also been a major market in the American slave trade, and rumors circulated that abolitionists in Congress were attempting to end slavery in the District; such an action would have further depressed Alexandria's slavery-based economy.[10] At the same time, an active abolitionist movement arose in Virginia that created a division on the question of slavery in the Virginia General Assembly. Pro-slavery Virginians recognized that if Alexandria were returned to the Commonwealth, it could provide two new representatives who favored slavery in the state legislature. During the American Civil War, this division led to the formation of the state of West Virginia, which comprised the 55 counties in the northwest that favored abolitionism.[11]
Largely as a result of the economic neglect by Congress, divisions over slavery, and the lack of voting rights for the residents of the District, a movement grew to return Alexandria to Virginia from the District of Columbia. From 1840 to 1846, Alexandrians petitioned Congress and the Virginia legislature to approve this transfer known as retrocession. On February 3, 1846, the Virginia General Assembly agreed to accept the retrocession of Alexandria if Congress approved. Following additional lobbying by Alexandrians, Congress passed legislation on July 9, 1846, to return all the District's territory south of the Potomac River back to the Commonwealth of Virginia, pursuant to a referendum; President James K. Polk signed the legislation the next day. A referendum on retrocession was held on September 1–2, 1846. The residents of the City of Alexandria voted in favor of the retrocession, 734 to 116; however, the residents of Alexandria County voted against retrocession 106 to 29. Despite the objections of those living in Alexandria County, President Polk certified the referendum and issued a proclamation of transfer on September 7, 1846. However, the Virginia legislature did not immediately accept the retrocession offer. Virginia legislators were concerned that the people of Alexandria County had not been properly included in the retrocession proceedings. After months of debate, the Virginia General Assembly voted to formally accept the retrocession legislation on March 13, 1847.[9] In 1852, the Virginia legislature voted to incorporate a portion of Alexandria County to make the City of Alexandria, which until then had been only been considered politically as a town.[12]
Civil War[link]
During the American Civil War, Virginia seceded from the Union as a result of a statewide referendum held on May 23, 1861; the voters from Alexandria County approved secession by a vote of 958–48. This vote indicates the degree to which its only town, Alexandria, was pro-secession and pro-Confederate. The Union loyalists who lived in rural areas outside the town of Alexandria, rejected secession.[13] Although Virginia was part of the Confederacy, its control did not extend all the way through Northern Virginia. In 1862, the United States Congress passed a law that provided that those districts in which the "insurrection" persisted were to pay their real estate taxes in person.
In 1864, during the war, the federal government confiscated the Abingdon estate, which was located on and near the present Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, when its owner failed to pay the estate's property tax in person because he was serving in the Confederate Army.[14][15] The government then sold the property at auction, whereupon the purchaser leased the property to a third party.[14][15]
After the war ended in 1865, the Abingdon estate's heir, Alexander Hunter, initiated a legal action to recover the property. James A. Garfield, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives who had been a Brigadier General in the Union Army during the Civil War and who later became the 20th President of the United States, was an attorney on Hunter's legal team.[14][15] In 1870, the Supreme Court of the United States, in a precedential ruling, found that the government had illegally confiscated the property and ordered that it be returned to Hunter.[14][15]
The property containing the home of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's family at and around Arlington House was subjected to an appraisal of $26,810, on which a tax of $92.07 was assessed. However, Lee's wife, Mary Anna Custis Lee, the owner of the property, did not pay this tax in person.[16][17][18] As a result of the 1862 law, the Federal government confiscated the property and made it into a military cemetery.[16]
After the war ended and after the death of his parents, George Washington Custis Lee, the Lee's eldest son, initiated a legal action in an attempt to recover the property.[16] In December 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the federal government had illegally confiscated the property without due process and returned the property to Custis Lee while citing the Court's earlier ruling in the Hunter case.[16][17][18] In 1883, the U.S. Congress purchased the property from Lee for $150,000, whereupon the property became a military reservation and eventually Arlington National Cemetery.[16] Although Arlington House is within the National Cemetery, the National Park Service presently administers the House and its grounds as a memorial to Robert E. Lee.[16]
Confederate incursions from Falls Church, Minor's Hill and Upton's Hill—-then securely in Confederate hands—-occurred as far east as the present-day area of Ballston. On August 17, 1861 an armed force of 600 Confederate soldiers engaged the 23rd New York Infantry near that crossroads, killing one. Another large incursion on August 27 involved between 600 and 800 Confederate soldiers, which clashed with Union soldiers at Ball’s Crossroads, Hall’s Hill and along the modern-day border between the City of Falls Church and Arlington. A number of soldiers on both sides were killed. However, the territory in present-day Arlington was never successfully captured by Confederate forces.[19]
20th century[link]
In 1896, an electric trolley line was built from Washington through Ballston, which lead to growth in the county.
In 1920, the Virginia legislature renamed the area Arlington County to avoid confusion with the City of Alexandria which had become an independent city in 1870 under the new Virginia Constitution adopted after the Civil War.
In the 1930s, Hoover Field was established on the present site of the Pentagon; in that decade, Buckingham, Colonial Heights, and other apartment communities also opened. World War II brought a boom to the county, but one that could not be met by new construction due to rationing imposed by the war effort.
In October 1942, not a single rental unit was available in the county.[20] The Henry G. Shirley Highway (now Interstate 395) was constructed during World War II, along with adjacent developments such as Shirlington, Fairlington, and Parkfairfax.
21st century[link]
On September 11, 2001, five al-Qaeda hijackers deliberately crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into The Pentagon killing 125 Pentagon personnel and all 64 people on board, as part of the September 11 attacks.
Geography[link]
Arlington County is located at 38°52′49″N 77°06′30″W / 38.88028°N 77.10833°W / 38.88028; -77.10833Coordinates: 38°52′49″N 77°06′30″W / 38.88028°N 77.10833°W / 38.88028; -77.10833 and is surrounded by Fairfax County and the Falls Church to the southwest, the City of Alexandria to the southeast, and Washington, D.C. to the northeast directly across the Potomac River, which forms the county's northern border. Other landforms also form county borders, particularly Minor's Hill and Upton's Hill on the west.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 26 square miles (67.3 km2), of which about 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) is federal property. The county is roughly in the shape of a rectangle 4 miles (6.4 km) by 6 miles (9.7 km), with the small end slanting in a northwest-southeast direction. All cities within the Commonwealth of Virginia are independent of counties, though towns may be incorporated within counties. However, Arlington has no existing incorporated towns because Virginia law prevents the creation of any new municipality within a county that has a population density greater than 1,000 persons per square mile. Its county seat is the census-designated place (CDP) of Arlington,[21] which is coterminous with the boundaries of the county; however, the county courthouse and most government offices are located in the Courthouse neighborhood.
There are a number of unincorporated neighborhoods within Arlington that are commonly referred to by name as if they were distinct towns. For over 30 years, the government has pursed a development strategy of concentrating much of its new development near transit facilities, such as Metrorail stations and the high-volume bus lines of Columbia Pike.[22] Within the transit areas, the government has a policy of encouraging mixed-use and pedestrian- and transit-oriented development.[23] Some of these "urban village" communities include:
In 2002, Arlington received the EPA's National Award for Smart Growth Achievement for "Overall Excellence in Smart Growth."[24] In 2005, the County implemented an affordable housing ordinance that requires most developers to contribute significant affordable housing resources, either in units or through a cash contribution, in order to obtain the highest allowable amounts of increased building density in new development projects, most of which are planned near Metrorail station areas.[25]
A number of the county's residential neighborhoods and larger garden-style apartment complexes are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and/or designated under the County government's zoning ordinance as local Historic Preservation Districts.[26][27] These include Arlington Village, Arlington Forest, Ashton Heights, Buckingham, Cherrydale, Claremont, Colonial Village, Fairlington, Lyon Park, Lyon Village, Maywood, Penrose, Waverly Hills and Westover.[28][29] Many of Arlington County's neighborhoods participate in the Arlington County government's Neighborhood Conservation Program (NCP).[30] Each of these neighborhoods has a Neighborhood Conservation Plan that describes the neighborhood's characteristics, history and recommendations for capital improvement projects that the County government funds through the NCP.[31]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1800 | 5,949 |
|
|
| 1810 | 8,552 | 43.8% | |
| 1820 | 9,703 | 13.5% | |
| 1830 | 9,573 | −1.3% | |
| 1840 | 9,967 | 4.1% | |
| 1850 | 10,008 | 0.4% | |
| 1860 | 12,652 | 26.4% | |
| 1870 | 16,755 | 32.4% | |
| 1880 | 17,546 | 4.7% | |
| 1890 | 18,597 | 6.0% | |
| 1900 | 6,430 | −65.4% | |
| 1910 | 10,231 | 59.1% | |
| 1920 | 16,040 | 56.8% | |
| 1930 | 26,615 | 65.9% | |
| 1940 | 57,040 | 114.3% | |
| 1950 | 135,449 | 137.5% | |
| 1960 | 163,401 | 20.6% | |
| 1970 | 174,284 | 6.7% | |
| 1980 | 152,599 | −12.4% | |
| 1990 | 170,936 | 12.0% | |
| 2000 | 189,453 | 10.8% | |
| 2010 | 207,627 | 9.6% | |
The United States Census Bureau found that there were 207,627 residents as of April 1, 2010.[32]
As of the 2000 census[33], there were:
- 189,453 people
- 86,352 households,
- and 39,290 families residing in Arlington.
The population density was 7,323 people per square mile (2,828/km²), the highest of any county in Virginia.[34] There were 90,426 housing units at an average density of 3,495/sq mi (1,350/km²).
In 2010, the racial makeup of the county was:
- 64.04% non-Hispanic White
- 8.23% Non-Hispanic Black or African American
- 0.20% Non-Hispanic Native American
- 9.52% Non-Hispanic Asian (2.0% Indian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.1% Filipino, 0.9% Korean, 0.7% Vietnamese, 2.7% Other Asian)
- 0.08% Pacific Islander
- 0.29% Non-Hispanic other races
- 2.55% Non-Hispanics reporting two or more race
- 15.11% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race (3.4% Salvadoran, 2.0% Bolivian, 1.7% Mexican, 1.5% Guatemalan, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Peruvian, 0.6% Colombian)
- 28% of Arlington residents were foreign-born as of 2000.
There were 86,352 households out of which 19.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.30% were married couples living together, 7.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.50% were non-families. 40.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.96.
Families headed by single parents was the lowest in the DC area, under 6%, as estimated by the Census Bureau for the years 2006–2008. For the same years, the percentage of people estimated to be living alone was the third highest in the DC area, at 45%.[35]
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the county was $94,876, and the median income for a family was $127,179.[36] Males had a median income of $51,011 versus $41,552 for females. The per capita income for the county was $37,706. About 5.00% of families and 7.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.10% of those under age 18 and 7.00% of those age 65 or over.
In 2009, the county was second in the nation (after nearby Loudoun County) for the percentage of people ages 25–34 earning over $100,000 annually (8.82% of the population).[37] [38]
In 2009, Arlington was highest in the Washington DC Metropolitan area for percentage of people who were single – 70.9%. 14.3% were married. 14.8% had families.[37]
The age distribution was 16.50% under 18, 10.40% from 18 to 24, 42.40% from 25 to 44, 21.30% from 45 to 64, and 9.40% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 101.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.70 males.
CNN Money ranked Arlington as the most educated city in 2006 with 35.7% of residents having held graduate degrees. Along with five other counties in Northern Virginia, Arlington ranked among the twenty American counties with the highest median household income in 2006.[39] In August 2011, CNN Money ranked Arlington seventh in the country in its listing of "Best Places for the Rich and Single."[40]
In 2008, 20.3% of the population did not have medical health insurance.[41]
In 2010, AIDS prevalence was 341.5 per 100,000 population. This was eight times the rate of nearby Loudoun County and one-quarter the rate of the District of Columbia.[42]
Crime statistics for 2009 included the report of 2 homicides, 15 forcible rapes, 149 robberies, 145 incidents of or aggravated assault, 319 burglaries, 4,140 incidents of larceny, and 297 reports of vehicle theft. This was a reduction in all categories from the previous year.[43]
Government[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 27.1% | 71.7% |
| 2004 | 31.3% | 67.6% |
| 2000 | 34.2% | 60.1% |
| 1996 | 34.6% | 60.5% |
| 1992 | 31.9% | 57.8% |
| 1988 | 45.4% | 53.5% |
| 1984 | 48.2% | 51.3% |
| 1980 | 46.1% | 39.6% |
| 1976 | 47.9% | 50.4% |
| 1972 | 59.4% | 39.0% |
| 1968 | 45.9% | 42.6% |
| 1964 | 37.7% | 61.7% |
| 1960 | 48.1% | 51.4% |
Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the United States.[44] The county is governed by a five person County Board, whose members are elected at-large to staggered four year terms. They appoint a county manager, who is the chief executive of the County Government. Like all Virginia Counties, Arlington also has five elected constitutional officers: a sheriff, a clerk of court, a commonwealth's attorney, a treasurer, and a commissioner of the revenue. The budget for fiscal year 2009 was $1.177 billion.[45]
| Position | Name | Party | First Election | Next Election |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chair of the County Board | Chris Zimmerman[46] | Democratic Party | 1997 | 2013 |
| Vice-Chair of the County Board | Mary Hynes[47] | Democratic Party | 1996 | 2014 |
| Member of the County Board | Jay Fisette[48] | Democratic Party | 2007 | 2013 |
| Member of the County Board | J. Walter Tejada[49] | Democratic Party | 2003 | 2015 |
| Member of the County Board | Barbara Favola[50] | Democratic Party | 1997 | 2012 |
| Treasurer | Frank O'Leary[51] | Democratic Party | 1983 | 2011 |
| Clerk of the Court | Paul Ferguson | Democratic Party | 2007 | 2015 |
| Commonwealth's Attorney | Richard "Dick" Trodden[52] | Democratic Party | 1993 | 2011 |
| Sheriff | Beth Arthur[53] | Democratic Party | 2000 | 2011 |
| Commissioner of Revenue | Ingrid Morroy[54] | Democratic Party | 2003 | 2011 |
In 2009, as the state was voting for the Republican candidate for governor by a 59% to 41% margin, Arlington voted for the Democratic candidate 66% to 34%.[55] Voter turnout was 42.78%.[56] Arlington also elects four Members of the 100 Member Virginia House of Delegates and two Members of the Virginia Senate. State Senators are elected to four year terms, while Delegates are elected to two year terms. The county is included within the Virginia's 8th congressional district, currently represented by Democrat Jim Moran.
| Office | Name | Party and District | First Election | Next Election |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Adam Ebbin | Democratic Party (30) | 2011 | 2015 |
| Senator | Barbara Favola | Democratic Party (31) | 2011 | 2015 |
| Delegate | David Englin[57] | Democratic Party (45) | 2005 | 2013 |
| Delegate | Patrick Hope[58] | Democratic Party (47) | 2009 | 2013 |
| Delegate | Robert Brink[59] | Democratic Party (48) | 1997 | 2013 |
| Delegate | Alfonso Lopez[60] | Democratic Party (49) | 2011 | 2013 |
Arlington is governed or represented by three of the four openly gay elected officials in Virginia. Arlington County Board member Jay Fisette was the first in 1997. Adam Ebbin became the first openly gay Delegate in 2003. In 2006, School Board member Sally Baird became the first openly lesbian elected official in Virginia. (The fourth openly gay elected official is Councilman Paul Smedberg of the City of Alexandria Council.)[citation needed]
The United States Postal Service designates zip codes starting with "222" for exclusive use in Arlington County. As a result of the unique relationship of some institutions to the federal government, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport and The Pentagon both use Washington, D.C. as their address and have zip codes that begin with the digits "20" even though each is actually located in Arlington County.
Economy[link]
See also: List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia and List of companies headquartered in Northern Virginia
Arlington has consistently had the lowest unemployment rate of any jurisdiction in Virginia.[61] The unemployment rate in Arlington was 4.2% in August 2009.[62] 60% of office space in the Rosslyn-Ballston corridor is leased to government agencies and government contractors.[63] There were an estimated 205,300 jobs in the county in 2008. About 28.7% of these were with the federal, state or local government; 19.1% technical and professional; 28.9% accommodation, food and other services.[64]
In October 2008, BusinessWeek ranked Arlington as the safest city in which to weather a recession, with a 49.4% share of jobs in "strong industries".[65] In October 2009, during the economic downturn, the unemployment in the county reached 4.2%. This was the lowest in the state, which averaged 6.6% for the same time period, and among the lowest in the nation, which averaged 9.5% for the same time.[66]
In 2010, there were an estimated 90,842 residences in the county.[67] In 2000, the median single family home price was $262,400. About 123 homes were worth $1 million or more. In 2008, the median home was worth $586,200. 4,721 houses, about 10% of all stand-alone homes, were worth $1 million or more.[68]
In 2010, there were 0.9 percent of the homes in foreclosure. This was the lowest rate in the DC area.[69]
A number of federal agencies are headquartered in Arlington, including the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, DARPA, Drug Enforcement Administration, Foreign Service Institute, National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research, Transportation Security Administration, United States Department of Defense, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Marshals Service, and the United States Trade and Development Agency.
Companies headquartered in Arlington include AES, Allbritton Communications Company, Alcalde and Fay, Arlington Asset Investment, CACI, Corporate Executive Board, ENVIRON International Corporation, ESI International, FBR Capital Markets, Interstate Hotels & Resorts, Rosetta Stone and Strayer Education.
Organizations located here include Associated General Contractors, The Conservation Fund, Conservation International, the Consumer Electronics Association, The Fellowship, the Feminist Majority Foundation, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, The Nature Conservancy, the Public Broadcasting Service, United Service Organizations and the US-Taiwan Business Council.
According to the County's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[70] the top employers in the county are:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Virginia Hospital Center | 2,354 |
| 2 | Corporate Executive Board | 1,534 |
| 3 | US Airways Group | 1,472 |
| 4 | Lockheed Martin | 1,453 |
| 5 | Marriott International | 1,450 |
| 6 | BAE Systems | 1,407 |
| 7 | Booz Allen Hamilton | 1,384 |
| 8 | SRA International | 1,283 |
| 9 | SAIC | 1,257 |
| 10 | CACI | 1,198 |
| 11 | Bureau of National Affairs | 900 |
| 12 | Verizon | 790 |
| 13 | Marymount University | 637 |
| 14 | Boeing | 545 |
| 15 | Cambridge Associates | 520 |
| 16 | Macy's | 507 |
| 17 | Interstate Hotels & Resorts | 501 |
| 18 | Towers Watson | 500 |
| 19 | National Rural Electric Cooperative Association | 500 |
| 20 | Jacobs | 500 |
Landmarks[link]
Arlington National Cemetery[link]
Main article: Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington National Cemetery is an American military cemetery established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's home, Arlington House (also known as the Custis-Lee Mansion). It is directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., north of the Pentagon. With nearly 300,000 people buried there, Arlington National Cemetery is the second-largest national cemetery in the United States.
Arlington House was named after the Custis family's homestead on Virginia's Eastern Shore. It is associated with the families of Washington, Custis, and Lee. Begun in 1802 and completed in 1817, it was built by George Washington Parke Custis. After his father died, young Custis was raised by his grandmother and her second husband, the first US President George Washington, at Mount Vernon. Custis, a far-sighted agricultural pioneer, painter, playwright, and orator, was interested in perpetuating the memory and principles of George Washington. His house became a "treasury" of Washington heirlooms.
In 1804, Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Their only child to survive infancy was Mary Anna Randolph Custis, born in 1808. Young Robert E. Lee, whose mother was a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington. Two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Custis at Arlington on June 30, 1831. For 30 years, Arlington House was home to the Lees. They spent much of their married life traveling between U.S. Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Mary's parents, the Custis family.
When George Washington Parke Custis died in 1857, he left the Arlington estate to Mrs. Lee for her lifetime and afterward to the Lees' eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee.
The U.S. government confiscated Arlington House and 200 acres (81 ha) of ground immediately from the wife of General Robert E. Lee during the Civil War. The government designated the grounds as a military cemetery on June 15, 1864, by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. In 1882, after many years in the lower courts, the matter of the ownership of Arlington National Cemetery was brought before the United States Supreme Court. The Court decided that the property rightfully belonged to the Lee family. The United States Congress then appropriated the sum of $150,000 for the purchase of the property from the Lee family.
Veterans from all the nation's wars are buried in the cemetery, from the American Revolution through the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. Pre-Civil War dead were re-interred after 1900.
The Tomb of the Unknowns, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, stands atop a hill overlooking Washington, DC. President John F. Kennedy is buried in Arlington National Cemetery with his wife and some of their children. His grave is marked with an "Eternal Flame." His brothers, Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy, are also buried nearby. Another President, William Howard Taft, who was also a Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, is the only other President buried at Arlington.
Other frequently visited sites near the cemetery are the U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial, commonly known as the "Iwo Jima Memorial", the U.S. Air Force Memorial, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial, the Netherlands Carillon and the U.S. Army's Fort Myer.
The Pentagon[link]
Main article: The Pentagon
The Pentagon in Arlington is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. It was dedicated on January 15, 1943 and it is the world's largest office building. Although it is located in Arlington, the United States Postal Service requires that "Washington, D.C." be used as the place name in mail addressed to the six ZIP codes assigned to The Pentagon.[71]
The building is pentagon-shaped in plan and houses about 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel. It has five floors and each floor has five ring corridors. The Pentagon's principal law enforcement arm is the United States Pentagon Police, the agency that protects the Pentagon and various other DoD jurisdictions throughout the National Capital Region.
Built during the early years of World War II, it is still thought of as one of the most efficient office buildings in the world. It has 17.5 miles (28 km) of corridors, yet it takes only seven minutes or so to walk between any two points in the building.
It was built from 680,000 short tons (620,000 t) of sand and gravel dredged from the nearby Potomac River that were processed into 435,000 cubic yards (330,000 m³) of concrete and molded into the pentagon shape. Very little steel was used in its design due to the needs of the war effort.
The open-air central plaza in the Pentagon is the world's largest "no-salute, no-cover" area (where U.S. servicemembers need not wear hats nor salute). The snack bar in the center is informally known as the Ground Zero Cafe, a nickname originating during the Cold War when the Pentagon was targeted by Soviet nuclear missiles.
During World War II, the earliest portion of the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway was built in Arlington in conjunction with the parking and traffic plan for the Pentagon. This early freeway, opened in 1943, and completed to Woodbridge, Virginia in 1952, is now part of Interstate 395.
Transportation[link]
Main articles: Streets and highways of Arlington County, Virginia and Arlington County, Virginia, street-naming system
Arlington forms part of the region's core transportation network. The county is traversed by two interstate highways, Interstate 66 in the northern part of the county and Interstate 395 in the eastern part, both with high-occupancy vehicle lanes or restrictions. In addition, the county is served by the George Washington Memorial Parkway. In total, Arlington County maintains 376 miles (605 km) of roads.[72]
The street names in Arlington generally follow a unified countywide convention. The north-south streets are generally alphabetical, starting with one-syllable names, then two-, three- and four-syllable names. The "lowest" alphabetical street is Ball Street. The "highest" is Arizona. Many east-west streets are numbered. Route 50 divides Arlington County. Streets are generally labeled North above Route 50, and South below.
Arlington is served by the Orange, Blue and Yellow lines of the Washington Metro. Additionally, it is served by Virginia Railway Express commuter rail, Metrobus (regional public bus), Fairfax Connector (regional public bus), Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission (PRTC) (regional public bus), and a county public bus system, Arlington Transit (ART).
Arlington County is home to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, which provides domestic air services to the Washington, D.C. area. In 2009, Condé Nast Traveler readers voted it the country's best airport.[73] Nearby international airports are Washington Dulles International Airport, located in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia, and Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, located in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.
In 2007, the county authorized EnviroCAB, a new taxi company, to operate exclusively with a hybrid-electric fleet of 50 vehicles and also issued permits for existing companies to add 35 hybrid cabs to their fleets. As operations began in 2008, EnvironCab became the first all-hybrid taxicab fleet in the U.S. and the company not only offsets the emissions generated by its fleet of hybrids, but also the equivalent emissions of 100 non-hybrid taxis in service in the metropolitan area.[74][75] The green taxi expansion is part of a county campaign known as Fresh AIRE, or Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emissions, that aims to cut production of greenhouse gases from county buildings and vehicles by 10 percent by 2012.[74]
Arlington has 86 miles (138 km) of on-street and paved off-road bicycle trails.[76] Off-road trails travel along the Potomac River or its tributaries, abandoned railroad beds, or major highways, including: Four Mile Run Trail that travels the length of the county; the Custis Trail, which runs the width of the county from Rosslyn; the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail (W&OD Trail) that travels 45 miles (72 km) from the Shirlington neighborhood out to western Loudoun County; the Mount Vernon Trail that runs for 17 miles (27 km) along the Potomac, continuing through Alexandria to Mount Vernon.
Capital Bikeshare, a bicycle sharing system, began operations in September 2010 with 14 rental locations primarily around Washington Metro stations in throughout the county.[77]
Education[link]
Arlington Public Schools operates the county's public K-12 education system of 22 elementary schools, 5 middle schools, and 4 public high schools in Arlington County including Wakefield High School, Washington-Lee High School, Yorktown High School and the H-B Woodlawn alternative school. Arlington County spends about half of its local revenues on education, making it one of the top ten per-pupil spenders in the nation. As of 2004, over $13,000, the second highest amount spent on education in the United States, behind New York City.[citation needed]
Arlington has an elected five-person school board whose members are elected to four year terms. Virginia law does not permit political parties to place school board candidates on the ballot.[78]
| Position | Name | First Election | Next Election |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chair | Sally Baird | 2006 | 2010 |
| Vice Chair | Libby Garvey | 1996 | 2012 |
| Member | James Lander | 2009 | 2013 |
| Member | Abby Raphael | 2007 | 2011 |
| Member | Emma Sanchez-Violand | 2008 | 2012 |
Through an agreement with Fairfax County Public Schools approved by the school board in 1999, up to 26 students residing in Arlington per grade level may be enrolled at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax at a cost to Arlington of approximately $8000 per student. For the first time in 2006, more students (36) were offered admission in the selective high school than allowed by the previously established enrollment cap.[79]
Marymount University is the only university with its main campus located in Arlington. Founded in 1950 by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary as Marymount College of Virginia, both its main campus and its Ballston Center are located on North Glebe Road, with a shuttle service connecting the two.
George Mason University operates an Arlington campus in the Virginia Square area between Clarendon and Ballston. The campus houses the George Mason University School of Law, School of Public Policy and other programs.
In June 2011, Virginia Tech opened the Virginia Tech Research Center - Arlington in Ballston, providing a teaching and research base for graduate students in computer research and engineering to interact with organizations and research agencies in the National Capital area.[80]
Other private and technical schools maintain a campus in Arlington, including the Institute for the Psychological Sciences, the John Leland Center for Theological Studies, the University of Management and Technology, The Art Institute of Washington, DeVry University. Strayer University has a campus in Arlington as well as its corporate headquarters.
In addition, Argosy University, Banner College, Everest College, George Washington University, Georgetown University, Northern Virginia Community College, Troy University, the University of New Haven, the University of Oklahoma, and Westwood College all have campuses in Arlington.
Sister cities[link]
Arlington has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: [81]
Aachen, Germany
Reims, France
San Miguel, El Salvador
Coyoacán, Mexico
Ivano Frankivsk, Ukraine [82]
Notable residents[link]
- Patch Adams
- Danny Ahn, musician
- Aldrich Hazen Ames[83]
- Connor Barth, kicker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
- Dave Batista, former WWE professional wrestler
- Warren Beatty, actor and director
- David McDowell Brown, NASA astronaut, died during Shuttle Columbia mission STS-107
- Sandra Bullock, Oscar winning actress and American golden girl
- Katie Couric, journalist, CBS News anchor, interviewer
- George Washington Parke Custis, orator and playwright, the stepgrandson and informally adopted son of President George Washington
- Tom Dolan, Olympic swimmer
- Benjamin Godfre, a multi genre model and the CEO of Benjamin Godfre LLC, a mixed-media production company
- Zac Hanson
- Major Nidal Malik Hasan, the sole suspect in the November 5, 2009, Fort Hood shootings. Born in Arlington.[84]
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general who lived at Arlington House
- Shirley MacLaine, actress
- Alexander Ovechkin, NHL player with the Washington Capitals
- Mikhail Kutzik and Natalia Pereverzeva, accused spies
- Alexander Semin, NHL player with the Washington Capitals
- Brooks Laich, NHL player with the Washington Capitals
- Greg Garcia, television writer, producer and director
- Sheema Kalbasi, writer and producer
See also[link]
- Arlington Hall
- Arlington Independent Media
- List of federal agencies in Northern Virginia
- List of people from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
References[link]
- ^ "Weldon Cooper Center 2010 Census Count". http://www.coopercenter.org/demographics. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- ^ "Will of George Washington Parke Custis". Nathanielturner.com. 2008-06-29. http://www.nathanielturner.com/willofgeorgewashingtonparkecustis.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb, John Wooldridge (1892). Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C.. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. pp. 89–92. http://books.google.com/?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ.
- ^ United States Statutes At Large, 1st Congress, Session III, Chapter 18, pp. 214–215, March 3, 1791.
- ^ "Boundary Stones of Washington, D.C.". BoundaryStones.org. http://www.boundarystones.org/. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
- ^ Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb, John Wooldridge (1892). "IV. Permanent Capital Site Selected". Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C.. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 103. http://books.google.com/?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ.
- ^ "Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act" (PDF). American Bar Association. September 14, 2006. http://www.abanet.org/poladv/letters/electionlaw/060914testimony_dcvoting.pdf. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Washington, D.C". Historical Society of Washington, D.C.. http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ a b Richards, Mark David (Spring/Summer 2004). "The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004". Washington History (www.dcvote.org): 54–82. http://www.dcvote.org/pdfs/mdrretro062004.pdf. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ Greeley, Horace (1864). The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States. Chicago: G. & C.W. Sherwood. pp. 142–144. http://books.google.com/?id=ZlIMAAAAYAAJ.
- ^ Richards, Mark David (Spring/Summer 2004). "The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004". Washington History (Historical Society of Washington, D.C.): 54–82. http://www.dcvote.org/pdfs/mdrretro062004.pdf. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ "Alexandria's History". http://alexandriava.gov/city/about-alexandria/about.html#history. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
- ^ Bradley E. Gernand. A Virginia Village Goes to War--Falls Church During the Civil War. Virginia Beach: The Donning Company, 2002. Page 23.
- ^ a b c d Wikisource: Bennett v. Hunter
- ^ a b c d Wallace, John William (1870). "Bennett v. Hunter". Cases argued and adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States, December Term, 1869 (Washington, D.C.: William H. Morrison) 9: 326–338. http://books.google.com/books?id=QL0GAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ a b c d e f "Arlington House". History of Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/arlington_house.html. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ a b Wikisource: United States v. Lee Kaufman
- ^ a b Desty, Robert, ed. (1883). "United States v. Lee; Kaufman and another v. Same, December 4, 1882 (106 U.S. 196)". Supreme Court Reporter. Cases Argued and Determined in the United States Supreme Court, October Term, 1882: October, 1882-February, 1883 (Saint Paul, MN: West Publishing Company) 1: 240–286. http://books.google.com/books?id=9U03AAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
- ^ Gernand, A Virginia Village Goes to War, pp. 73–74, 89.
- ^ Arlington Sun Gazette, October 15, 2009, "Arlington history", page 6, quoting from the Northern Virginia Sun
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Smart Growth : Planning Division : Arlington, Virginia". Arlingtonva.us. 2011-03-07. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CPHD/planning/CPHDPlanningSmartGrowth.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/CPHD/planning/powerpoint/rbpresentation/rbpresentation_060107.pdf
- ^ "Arlington County, Virginia – National Award for Smart Growth Achievement – 2002 Winners Presentation". Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/arlington.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Housing Development – Affordable Housing Ordinance : Housing Division : Arlington, Virginia". Arlingtonva.us. 2011-08-04. http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/CPHD/housing/development/CPHDHousingDevOrdinance.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Arlington County Government Historic Preservation Program Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ Arlington County Zoning Ordinance: Section 31.A. Historic Preservation Districts Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ List of Arlington County Government Designated Local Historic Districts Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ List of Arlington County Sites in the National Register of Historic Places Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ Neighborhood Conservation Program Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ Neighborhood Conservation Plans Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on 2008-02-05.
- ^ "2010 U.S. Census Data: Virginia". http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "Arlington County Virginia – Geography". Experiencefestival.com. http://www.experiencefestival.com/arlington_county_virginia_-_geography. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Carol Morello; Dan Keating (October 28, 2009). "Single living surges across D.C. region". Washington Post (Washington Post): pp. A20. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/27/AR2009102702019.html.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Arlington CDP, Virginia". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US5103000&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ a b Annie Gowen (November 7, 2009). "Fresh faces, thick wallets". Washington Post (Washington Post): pp. B4. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/06/AR2009110604170.html.
- ^ The highest was Loudoun County, Virginia
- ^ Woolsey, Matt (January 22, 2008). "Real Estate: America's Richest Counties". Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2008/01/22/counties-rich-income-forbeslife-cx_mw_0122realestate.html. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ "Best Places for the Rich and Single" Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ Hank Silverberg (October 9, 2008). "Hundreds of thousands in region lack health insurance". WTOP FM Radio. WTOP FM Radio. http://www.wtop.com/?nid=720&sid=1493997.
- ^ Fears, Darryl (April 27, 2010). "Suburbs trail D.C. in fighting AIDS, study ssays". Washington, DC: Washington Post. pp. A5. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/26/AR2010042604338.html.
- ^ "Violent Crime Down 8.3 Percent". Arlington, Virginia: The Arlington Connection. April 14–20, 2010. p. 5. http://www.co.arlington.va.us/departments/Communications/PressReleases/page75824.aspx.
- ^ "National Association of Counties". Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080708090111/http://www.naco.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_Counties/County_Government/A_Brief_Overview_of_County_Government.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
- ^ http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/ManagementAndFinance/budget/fy09adopted/C.2_Budget%20REsolution.pdf
- ^ "Chris Zimmerman". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersChristopherZimmerman.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Mary Hughes Hynes – Member, Arlington County Board : Mary Hynes : Arlington, Virginia". Arlingtonva.us. 2011-03-15. http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/CountyBoard/BoardMembers/HynesMary/page60021.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Jay Fisette - Member, Arlington County Board : Jay Fisette : Arlington, Virginia". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersJayFisette.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "J. Walter Tejada, Member, Arlington County Board : J. Walter Tejada : Arlington, Virginia". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersJWalterTejada.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Barbara Favola". Arlingtonva.us. 2011-02-24. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CountyBoard/meetings/members/CountyBoardMeetingsMembersBarbaraFavola.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Frank O'Leary". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/Treasurer/treasbio.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Richard "Dick" Trodden". Vacao.com. http://www.vacao.com/Nonframes%20Homepage%20(Overview).htm. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Beth Arthur". Arlingtonva.us. 2011-09-18. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/Sheriff/SheriffMain.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Ingrid Morroy". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CommissionerOfRevenue/CommissionerOfRevenueIngridBio.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Carl M. Cannon (November 4, 2009). "McDonnell, Republicans Sweep Virginia". Washington Post. Washington Post. pp. A1, A6. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/11/04/mcdonnell-republicans-sweep-virginia/.
- ^ "Northern Virginia Voter Turnout". Falls Church News-Press. Falls Church News Press. November 5, 2009. p. 5.
- ^ "David Englin". David Englin. http://www.davidenglin.org/. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Patrick Hope". Hopefordelegate.com. http://www.hopefordelegate.com/. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Robert Brink". Bobbrink.org. http://www.bobbrink.org/. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Alfonso Lopez". Alfonso Lopez. http://www.alfonsofordelegate.com/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Arlington Unemployment Drops Below 4 Percent, Arlington Sun Gazette, December 4, 2009
- ^ Clabaugh, Jeff (September 1, 2009). "Northern Virginia jobless rate falls to 5%". Bizjournals.com. http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2009/08/31/daily31.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Meyer, Eugene L. (2009-10-06). "An Oasis of Stability Amid a Downturn". Washington (DC): Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/realestate/commercial/07ballston.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "The Department of Management and Finance (DMF)" (PDF). http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/ManagementAndFinance/budget/fy09adopted/C.1_County%20Profile.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Gopal, Prashant (2008-10-14). "Some Cities Will Be Safer in a Recession". Businessweek.com. http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/oct2008/bw20081014_006902.htm?campaign_id=rss_daily. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Scott McCaffrey (November 5, 2009). "Arlington Unemployment Up Slightly, Still Lowest Statewide". Sun Gazette. Sun Gazette. p. 4. http://www.sungazette.net/articles/2009/11/05/arlington/news/nw377.txt.
- ^ "If you have questions about Arlington, we have answers". Arlington, Virginia: Arlington Sun Gazette. September 23, 2010. p. 25.
- ^ O'Donohue, Julia (April 7–13, 2010). "Housing Market Looking Up" (PDFwork=Arlington Connection). Melbourne, Florida: Files.connectionnewspapers.com. p. 2. http://files.connectionnewspapers.com/PDF/current/Arlington.pdf.
- ^ Merle, Renae (April 15, 2010). "Federal aid forestalls fraction of foreclosures". Washington, DC: Washington Post. pp. A16. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/14/AR2010041404336.html.
- ^ "Arlington County, Maryland Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, for the Year ended June 30, 2009" (PDF). http://www.arlingtonva.us/departments/ManagementAndFinance/cafr/2009%20CAFR%20Part%202.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Facts & Figures: Zip Codes". Pentagon.afis.osd.mil. http://pentagon.afis.osd.mil/facts-zip.html. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "County website". Arlingtonva.us. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/EnvironmentalServices/uepd/snow/EnvironmentalServicesSnow.aspx. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "2009 Business Travel Awards from Conde Nast Traveler" Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ a b Downey, Kirstin (September 7, 2007). "Arlinton County: Board Gives Go-Ahead to Eco-Friendly Taxicabs". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091902438.html. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ "All-Hybrid Taxi Fleet Debuts in Sunny Phoenix". GreenBiz. October 20, 2009. http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/10/20/all-hybrid-taxi-fleet-debuts-sunny-phoenix. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Arlington Country Environmental Services Official Arlington County Government Website. Retrieved on September 17, 2008
- ^ "Capital Bikeshare has launched!". Capital Bikeshare. http://www.capitalbikeshare.com/. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
- ^ "School Board". Arlington.k12.va.us. http://www.arlington.k12.va.us/schoolboard/. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "TJHSST Admissions Statistics for 2005–06" (PDF). http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/mediapub/pressrel/tjhsstadmisstats2005-06.pdf. Retrieved August 30, 2006.
- ^ "Virginia Tech Research Center — Arlington opens to expand capability for scientific inquiry, extend university footprint in National Capital Region" VT News. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ "Sister City Directory". Sister Cities International. http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/index.cfm. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ "Ivano Frankivsk: Arlington’s Ukrainian Sister City". http://library.arlingtonva.us/2011/10/06/ivano-frankivsk-arlingtons-ukrainian-sister-city/. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ^ A Spy's Story in a World Of Many-Sided Betrayal, The New York Times, by Tim Weiner, February 23, 1994 dated February 22, 1994, Washington
- ^ McKinley, Jr., James C.; Dao, James (November 8, 2009). "Fort Hood Gunman Gave Signals Before His Rampage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/us/09reconstruct.html. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arlington County, Virginia |
- Official Site of Arlington County Government
- Arlington travel guide from Wikitravel
- Arlington's Urban Villages
- Arlington County on Facebook
- Arlington Historical Society
- Why is it Named Arlington? - history of the county's name
- Soil survey and climate summary
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http://wn.com/Arlington_County,_Virginia
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Contea di Arlington
http://id.wn.com/Arlington County, Virginia
http://es.wn.com/Condado de Arlington
http://ru.wn.com/Арлингтон (округ, Виргиния)
http://nl.wn.com/Arlington (Virginia)
http://pt.wn.com/Condado de Arlington
http://pl.wn.com/Hrabstwo Arlington
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia
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This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Virginia (disambiguation).
| Commonwealth of Virginia | |||||
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| Nickname(s): Old Dominion; Mother of Presidents; Mother of states. | |||||
| Motto(s): Sic Semper Tyrannis (Latin)[1] | |||||
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English 94.6%, Spanish 5.9% | ||||
| Demonym | Virginian | ||||
| Capital | Richmond | ||||
| Largest city | Virginia Beach | ||||
| Largest metro area | Northern Virginia | ||||
| Area | Ranked 35th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 42,774.2 sq mi (110,785.67 km2) |
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| - Width | 200 miles (320 km) | ||||
| - Length | 430 miles (690 km) | ||||
| - % water | 7.4 | ||||
| - Latitude | 36° 32′ N to 39° 28′ N | ||||
| - Longitude | 75° 15′ W to 83° 41′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 12th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 8,096,604 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 204/sq mi (79.0/km2) Ranked 14th in the U.S. |
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| - Median household income | $61,044[3] (8th) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Rogers[4][5] 5,729 ft (1746 m) |
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| - Mean | 950 ft (290 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[4] sea level |
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| Before statehood | Colony of Virginia | ||||
| Admission to Union | June 25, 1788 (10th) | ||||
| Governor | Bob McDonnell (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Bill Bolling (R) | ||||
| Legislature | General Assembly | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Delegates | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Jim Webb (D) Mark Warner (D) |
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| U.S. House delegation | 8 Republicans, 3 Democrats (list) |
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| Time zone | Eastern: UTC −5/−4 | ||||
| Abbreviations | VA US-VA | ||||
| Website | www.virginia.gov | ||||
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.[2]
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.[6]
The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere. The state government has been repeatedly ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States.[7] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the Department of Defense and CIA; and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport. Virginia's public schools and many colleges and universities have contributed to growing media and technology sectors. As a result, computer chips have become the state's leading export.[8]
Contents |
Geography[link]
Main article: Environment of Virginia
Virginia has a total area of 42,774.2 square miles (110,784.7 km2), including 3,180.13 square miles (8,236.5 km2) of water, making it the 35th-largest state by area.[9] Virginia is bordered by Maryland and Washington, D.C. to the north and east; by the Atlantic Ocean to the east; by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south; by Kentucky to the west; and by West Virginia to the north and west. Virginia's boundary with Maryland and Washington, D.C. extends to the low-water mark of the south shore of the Potomac River.[10] The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, though surveyor error led to deviations of as much as three arcminutes.[11]
Geology and terrain[link]
The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed following a meteoroid impact crater during the Eocene.[12] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay.[13][14] Geographically and geologically, Virginia is divided into five regions from east to west: Tidewater, Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Plateau.[15]
The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic.[16] The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains.[17] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the chain of Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).[18] The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains, and includes the Great Appalachian Valley. The region is carbonate rock based, and includes Massanutten Mountain.[19] The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the south-west corner of Virginia, below the Allegheny Plateau. In this region rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.[20]
The state's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 caves, ten of which are open for tourism.[22] The Virginia seismic zone has not had a history of regular activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 on the Richter magnitude scale because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The largest earthquake, at an estimated 5.9 magnitude, was in 1897 near Blacksburg.[23] A 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral. The earthquake was reportedly felt as far away as Toronto, Canada.[24] Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 40 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.[25] Other resources such as slate, kyanite, sand, and gravel are mined, with an annual value of nearly $2 billion as of 2006[update].[26]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Virginia
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The climate of Virginia becomes increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east.[27] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 26 °F (−3 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July. The Atlantic ocean has a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the state. Influenced by the Gulf Stream, coastal weather is subject to hurricanes, most pronouncedly near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.[28]
Virginia has an annual average of 35–45 days of thunderstorm activity, particularly in the western part of the state,[29] and an average annual precipitation of 42.7 inches (108 cm).[28] Cold air masses arriving over the mountains in winter can lead to significant snowfalls, such as the Blizzard of 1996 and winter storms of 2009–2010. The interaction of these elements with the state's topography creates distinct microclimates in the Shenandoah Valley, the mountainous southwest, and the coastal plains.[30] Virginia averages seven tornadoes annually, most F2 or lower on the Fujita scale.[31]
In recent years, the expansion of the southern suburbs of Washington, D.C. into Northern Virginia has introduced an urban heat island primarily caused by increased absorption of solar radiation in more densely populated areas.[32] In the American Lung Association's 2011 report, 11 counties received failing grades for air quality, with Fairfax County having the worst in the state, due to automobile pollution.[33][34] Haze in the mountains is caused in part by coal power plants.[35]
Flora and fauna[link]
Forests cover 65% of the state, primarily with deciduous, broad leaf trees.[36] Lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance, with hickory and oak in the Blue Ridge.[27] However since the early 1990s, Gypsy moth infestations have eroded the dominance of oak forests.[37] In the lowland tidewater yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps. Other common trees and plants include chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, mountain laurel, milkweed, daisies, and many species of ferns. The largest areas of wilderness are along the Atlantic coast and in the western mountains, where the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in North America are found.[27][38] The Atlantic coast regions are host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia.
Mammals include White-tailed deer, black bear, beaver, bobcat, coyote, raccoon, skunk, groundhog, Virginia Opossum, gray fox, red fox, and eastern cottontail rabbit.[39] Birds include cardinals, barred owls, Carolina chickadees, Red-tailed Hawks, Ospreys, Brown Pelicans, Quail, Sea gulls, Bald Eagles, and Wild Turkeys. The Peregrine Falcon was reintroduced into Shenandoah National Park in the mid-1990s.[40] Walleye, brook trout, Roanoke bass, and blue catfish are among the 210 known species of freshwater fish.[41] Running brooks with rocky bottoms are often inhabited by a plentiful amounts of crayfish and salamanders.[27] The Chesapeake Bay is host to many species, including blue crabs, clams, oysters, and rockfish (also known as striped bass).[42]
Virginia has 30 National Park Service units, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, the Shenandoah National Park.[43] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost 40% of the park's area (79,579 acres/322 km2) has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[44] Additionally, there are 34 Virginia state parks and 17 state forests, run by the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Department of Forestry.[36][45] The Chesapeake Bay, while not a national park, is protected by both state and federal legislation, and the jointly run Chesapeake Bay Program which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed. The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[46]
History[link]
Main article: History of Virginia
Jamestown 2007 marked Virginia's quadricentennial year, celebrating 400 years since the establishment of the Jamestown Colony. The celebrations highlighted contributions from Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, each of which had a significant part in shaping Virginia's history.[47][48] Warfare, including among these groups, has also had an important role. Virginia was a focal point in conflicts from the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and the Civil War, to the Cold War and the War on Terrorism.[49] Stories about historic figures, such as those surrounding Pocahontas and John Smith, George Washington's childhood, or the plantation elite in the slave society of the antebellum period, have also created potent myths of state history, and have served as rationales for Virginia's ideology.[50]
Colony[link]
Main article: Colony of Virginia
The first people are estimated to have arrived in Virginia over 12,000 years ago.[51] By 5,000 years ago more permanent settlements emerged, and farming began by 900 AD. By 1500, the Algonquian peoples had founded towns such as Werowocomoco in the Tidewater region, which they referred to as Tsenacommacah. The other major language groups in the area were the Siouan to the west, and the Iroquoians, who included the Nottoway and Meherrin, to the north and south. After 1570, the Algonquians consolidated under Chief Powhatan in response to threats from these other groups on their trade network.[52] Powhatan controlled more than 30 smaller tribes and over 150 settlements, who shared a common Virginia Algonquian language. In 1607, the native Tidewater population was between 13,000 to 14,000.[53]
Several European expeditions, including a group of Spanish Jesuits, explored the Chesapeake Bay during the 16th century. In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Walter Raleigh a charter to plant a colony north of Spanish Florida.[54] In 1584, Raleigh sent an expedition to the Atlantic coast of North America.[55] The name "Virginia" may have been suggested then by Raleigh or Elizabeth, perhaps noting her status as the "Virgin Queen", and may also be related to a native phrase, "Wingandacoa", or name, "Wingina".[56] Initially the name applied to the entire coastal region from South Carolina to Maine, plus the island of Bermuda.[57] The London Company was incorporated as a joint stock company by the proprietary Charter of 1606, which granted land rights to this area. The Company financed the first permanent English settlement in the "New World", Jamestown. Named for King James I, it was founded in May 1607 by Christopher Newport.[58] In 1619, colonists took greater control with an elected legislature called the House of Burgesses. With the bankruptcy of the London Company in 1624, the settlement was taken into royal authority as a British crown colony.[59]
Life in the colony was perilous, and many died during the "starving time" in 1609 and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, including the Indian massacre of 1622, which fostered the colonists' negative view of all tribes.[60][61] By 1624, only 3,400 of the 6,000 early settlers had survived.[62] However, European demand for tobacco fueled the arrival of more settlers and servants.[63] The headright system tried to solve the labor shortage by providing colonists with land for each indentured servant they transported to Virginia.[64] African workers were first imported in 1619, and their slavery was codified after a 1654 lawsuit over the servant John Casor.[65]
Tensions and the geographic differences between the working and ruling classes led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, by which time current and former indentured servants made up as much as 80% of the population.[66] Rebels, largely from the colony's frontier, were also opposed to the conciliatory policy towards native tribes. Colonists appropriated tribal land by force and treaty, including the Treaty of 1677, which made the signatory tribes tributary states. Williamsburg became the colonial capital in 1699, following the founding of The College of William & Mary in 1693.[67] In 1747, a group of Virginian speculators formed the Ohio Company, with the backing of the British crown, to start English settlement and trade in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains.[68] France, which claimed this area as part of their colony of New France, viewed this as a threat, and the ensuing French and Indian War became part of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). A militia from several British colonies, called the Virginia Regiment, was led by then-Lieutenant colonel George Washington.[69]
Statehood[link]
The British Parliament's efforts to levy new taxes following the French and Indian War were deeply unpopular in the colonies. In the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others.[70] Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773, and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.[71] After the House of Burgesses was dissolved by the royal governor in 1774, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution.[72] Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.[73]
When the American Revolutionary War began, George Washington was selected to head the colonial army. During the war, the capital was moved to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared that Williamsburg's location would make it vulnerable to British attack.[74] In 1781, the combined action of Continental and French land and naval forces trapped the British army on the Virginia Peninsula, where troops under George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau defeated British General Cornwallis in the Siege of Yorktown. His surrender on October 19, 1781, led to peace negotiations in Paris and secured the independence of the colonies.[75]
Virginians were instrumental in writing the United States Constitution. James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan in 1787 and the Bill of Rights in 1789.[73] Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788. The three-fifths compromise ensured that Virginia, with its large number of slaves, initially had the largest bloc in the House of Representatives. Together with the Virginia dynasty of presidents, this gave the Commonwealth national importance. In 1790, both Virginia and Maryland ceded territory to form the new District of Columbia, though the Virginian area was retroceded in 1846.[76] Virginia is sometimes called "Mother of States" because of its role in being carved into states like Kentucky, which became the 15th state in 1792, and for the numbers of American pioneers born in Virginia.[77]
Civil War and aftermath[link]
Main article: Virginia in the American Civil War
In addition to agriculture, slave labor was increasingly used in mining, shipbuilding and other industries.[78] Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831 and John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 showed deep social discontent about slavery and its role in the plantation economy. By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31% of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.[79] This division contributed to the start of the American Civil War.
Virginia voted to secede from the United States on April 17, 1861, after the Battle of Fort Sumter and Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. On April 24, Virginia joined the Confederate States of America, which chose Richmond as its capital.[77] After the 1863 Wheeling Convention, 48 counties in the northwest separated to form a new state of West Virginia, which chose to remain loyal to the Union. Virginian general Robert E. Lee took command of the Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, and led invasions into Union territory, ultimately becoming commander of all Confederate forces. During the war, more battles were fought in Virginia than anywhere else, including Bull Run, the Seven Days Battles, Chancellorsville, and the concluding Battle of Appomattox Court House.[80] After the capture of Richmond in 1865, the capital was briefly moved to Danville.[81] Virginia was formally restored to the United States in 1870, due to the work of the Committee of Nine.[82]
During the post-war Reconstruction era, Virginia adopted a constitution which provided for free public schools, and guaranteed political, civil, and voting rights.[83] The populist Readjuster Party ran an inclusive coalition until the conservative white Democratic Party gained power after 1883.[84] It passed segregationist Jim Crow laws and in 1902 rewrote the Constitution of Virginia to include a poll tax and other voter registration measures that effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites.[85] Though their schools were segregated and underfunded, as were services, due to a lack of political representation, African Americans were able to create their own communities.[86]
Modern era[link]
New economic forces also changed the Commonwealth. Virginian James Albert Bonsack invented the tobacco cigarette rolling machine in 1880 leading to new industrial scale production centered around Richmond. In 1886, railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington founded Newport News Shipbuilding, which was responsible for building six major World War I-era battleships for the U.S. Navy from 1907–1923.[87] During the war, German submarines like U-151 attacked ships outside the port.[88] In 1926, Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church, began restoration of colonial-era buildings in the historic district with financial backing of John D. Rockefeller, Jr..[89] Though their project, like others in the state, had to contend with the Great Depression and World War II, work continued as Colonial Williamsburg became a major tourist attraction.[90]
File:Virginia Civil Rights Memorial wide.jpg
The Virginia Civil Rights Memorial was erected in 2008 to commemorate the protests which led to school desegregation.
Protests started by Barbara Rose Johns in 1951 in Farmville against segregated schools led to the lawsuit Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. This case, filed by Richmond natives Spottswood Robinson and Oliver Hill, was decided in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education, which rejected the segregationist doctrine of "separate but equal". But, in 1958, under the policy of "massive resistance" led by the influential segregationist Senator Harry F. Byrd and his Byrd Organization, the Commonwealth prohibited desegregated local schools from receiving state funding.[91]
The Civil Rights Movement gained many participants in the 1960s. It achieved the moral force and support to gain passage of national legislation with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In 1964 the United States Supreme Court ordered Prince Edward County and others to integrate schools.[92] In 1967, the Court also struck down the state's ban on interracial marriage with Loving v. Virginia. From 1969 to 1971, state legislators under Governor Mills Godwin rewrote the constitution, after goals such as the repeal of Jim Crow laws had been achieved. In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected as governor in the United States.[93]
The Cold War led to the expansion of national defense government programs housed in offices in Northern Virginia near Washington, D.C., and correlative population growth.[94] Among the federal developments was the Pentagon, built during World War II as the headquarters for the Department of Defense. It was one of the targets of the September 11 attacks; 189 people died at the site when a jet passenger plane crashed into the building.[95]
Cities and towns[link]
Main article: Political subdivisions of Virginia
Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities, which both operate the same way since independent cities are considered to be county-equivalent.[96] This method of treating cities and counties equally is unique to Virginia, with only three other independent cities in the United States outside Virginia.[97] Virginia limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand laws expressly allowed by the Virginia General Assembly under what is known as Dillon's Rule.[98] In addition to independent cities, there are also incorporated towns which operate under their own governments, but are part of a county. Finally there are hundreds of unincorporated communities within the counties. Virginia does not have any further political subdivisions, such as villages or townships.
Virginia has 11 Metropolitan Statistical Areas; Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and Richmond-Petersburg are the three most populous. Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its metropolitan area has a population of over 1.2 million.[99] As of 2010[update], Virginia Beach is the most populous city in the Commonwealth, with Norfolk and Chesapeake second and third, respectively.[100] Norfolk forms the urban core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.6 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.[99][101] Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[102]
Fairfax County is the most populous locality in Virginia, with over one million residents, although that does not include its county seat Fairfax, which is one of the independent cities.[103] Fairfax County has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons Corner, Virginia's largest office market.[104] Neighboring Loudoun County, with the county seat at Leesburg, is both the fastest-growing county in Virginia and has the highest median household income ($114,204) in the country as of 2010[update].[105] Arlington County, the smallest self-governing county in the United States by land area, is an urban community organized as a county.[106] The Roanoke area, with an estimated population of 300,399, is the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Virginia.[107]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Virginia
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 691,737 |
|
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| 1800 | 807,557 | 16.7% | |
| 1810 | 877,683 | 8.7% | |
| 1820 | 938,261 | 6.9% | |
| 1830 | 1,044,054 | 11.3% | |
| 1840 | 1,025,227 | −1.8% | |
| 1850 | 1,119,348 | 9.2% | |
| 1860 | 1,219,630 | 9.0% | |
| 1870 | 1,225,163 | 0.5% | |
| 1880 | 1,512,565 | 23.5% | |
| 1890 | 1,655,980 | 9.5% | |
| 1900 | 1,854,184 | 12.0% | |
| 1910 | 2,061,612 | 11.2% | |
| 1920 | 2,309,187 | 12.0% | |
| 1930 | 2,421,851 | 4.9% | |
| 1940 | 2,677,773 | 10.6% | |
| 1950 | 3,318,680 | 23.9% | |
| 1960 | 3,966,949 | 19.5% | |
| 1970 | 4,648,494 | 17.2% | |
| 1980 | 5,346,818 | 15.0% | |
| 1990 | 6,187,358 | 15.7% | |
| 2000 | 7,078,515 | 14.4% | |
| 2010 | 8,001,024 | 13.0% | |
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The United States Census Bureau estimates that the state population was 8,096,604 on July 1, 2011, a 1.19% increase since the 2010 United States Census,[2] which showed Virginia had a population of 8,001,024.[108] This includes an increase from net migration of 314,832 people into the Commonwealth since the 2000 census. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 159,627 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 155,205 people.[109] The center of population is located in Goochland County outside of Richmond.[110]
English was passed as the Commonwealth's official language by statutes in 1981 and again in 1996, though the status is not mandated by the Constitution of Virginia.[111] English is the only language spoken by 6,245,517 (86.7%) Virginians, though it is spoken "very well" by an additional 570,638 (7.9%) for a total of 94.6% of the Commonwealth. Among speakers of other languages, Spanish is the most common with 424,381 (5.9%). 226,911 (3.2%) speak Asian and Pacific Islander languages, including Korean, Vietnamese, and Filipino.[112]
Ethnicity[link]
The state's most populous ethnic group, Non-Hispanic White, has declined from 76% in 1990 to 64.8% in 2010.[113][114] People of English heritage settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period, and others of British and Irish heritage have since immigrated.[115] Those who self-identify as having "American ethnicity" are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestry that has been in North America for so long that they choose to identify simply as American.[116][117] Of the English immigrants to Virginia in the 1600s, 75% came as indentured servants.[118] The western mountains have many settlements that were founded by Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolution.[119][120] There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley.[121]
The largest minority group in Virginia is African American, at 19.4% as of 2010[update].[114] Most African American Virginians have been descendants of enslaved Africans who worked on tobacco, cotton, and hemp plantations. These men, women and children were brought from west-central Africa, primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the single largest African group among slaves in Virginia.[122][123] Though the black population was reduced by the Great Migration, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of blacks returning south.[124] 2.9% of Virginians also describe themselves as biracial.[125] Additionally, 0.4% of Virginians are American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.1% are Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.[114] Virginia has extended state recognition to eight Native American tribes resident in the state, though all lack federal recognition status. Most Native American groups are located in the Tidewater region.[126]
More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has fueled new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2010[update], 7.9% of Virginians are Hispanic or Latino (of any race), and 5.5% are Asian.[114] The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics living in Northern Virginia.[125] Hispanic citizens in Virginia have higher median household incomes and educational attainment than the general Virginia population.[127] Northern Virginia also has a signigicant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War,[128] and Korean Americans, whose migration has been more recent and was induced in part by the quality school system.[129] The Filipino American community has about 45,000 in the Hampton Roads area, many of whom have ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.[130]
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Religion[link]
| Religion (2008) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Christian[131] | 76% | |
| Baptist | 27% | |
| Roman Catholic | 11% | |
| Methodist | 8% | |
| Lutheran | 2% | |
| Other Christian | 28% | |
| Buddhism | 1% | |
| Hinduism | 1% | |
| Judaism | 1% | |
| Islam | 0.5% | |
| Unaffiliated | 18% | |
Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptists are the largest single group with 27% of the population as of 2008[update].[131] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.[132][133] Roman Catholics are the second-largest religious group, and the group which grew the most in the 1990s.[134][135] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest.
The Virginia Conference is the regional body of the United Methodist Church and the Virginia Synod is responsible for the congregations of the Lutheran Church. Presbyterians, Pentecostals, Congregationalists, and Episcopalians each composed 1–3% of the population as of 2001[update].[136] The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches.
In November 2006, 15 conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claims the secessionist churches' properties. The resulting property law case is a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.[137]
Among other religions, adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute 1% of the population, with 190 congregations in Virginia as of 2010[update].[138] Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.[139] Muslims are a growing religious group throughout the Commonwealth through immigration.[140] Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church.[141] Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and Lynchburg College.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Virginia
While Virginia is an employment-at-will state,[143] its economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and business. Virginia has 4.1 million civilian workers, and one-third of the jobs are in the service sector.[144][145] The unemployment in Virginia in among the lowest in the nation, at 5.6%, as of March 2012.[146] The second fastest job growth town in the nation is Leesburg, as of 2011.[147] The Gross Domestic Product of Virginia was $24 billion in 2010.[148] According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Virginia had the most counties in the top 100 wealthiest in the United States based upon median income in 2007.[149] Northern Virginia is the highest-income region in Virginia, having six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the three highest as of 2011[update].[150] According to CNN Money Magazine the highest-income town in the nation is Great Falls, as of 2011.[151]
Virginia has the highest concentration of technology workers of any state.[152] Computer chips became the state's highest-grossing export in 2006, surpassing its traditional top exports of coal and tobacco combined.[8] Northern Virginia, once considered the state's dairy capital, now hosts software, communication technology, and consulting companies, particularly in the Dulles Technology Corridor. Northern Virginia's data centers currently carry more than 50% of the nation's internet traffic, and by 2012 Dominion Power expects that 10% of all its electricity in Northern Virginia will be used by data centers.[153] Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Northern Virginia have the highest and second highest median household income, respectively, of all counties in the United States as of 2011[update].[105]
Virginia companies received the fourth-highest amount of venture capital funding in the first half of 2011 after California, Massachusetts, and New York.[154] In 2009, Forbes Magazine named Virginia the best state in the nation for business for the fourth year in a row,[155] while CNBC named it the top state for business in 2007, 2009, and 2011.[156] Virginia has 20 Fortune 500 companies, ranking the state eighth nationwide.[157]
Virginia has the highest defense spending of any state per capita, providing the Commonwealth with around 900,000 jobs, and 10% of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia.[158][159] Virginia has over 800,000 veterans, more than any other state, and is second to California in total Department of Defense employees.[159][160] Many Virginians work for federal agencies in Northern Virginia, which include the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation, the United States Geological Survey and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Many others work for government contractors, including defense and security firms, which hold more than 15,000 federal contracts.[161] The Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military bases and facilities of any metropolitan area in the world. The largest of the bases is Naval Station Norfolk.[101]
Agriculture occupies 24% of the land in Virginia. As of 2007[update], about 357,000 Virginian jobs were in agriculture, with over 47,000 farms, averaging 171 acres (0.27 sq mi; 0.69 km2), in a total farmland area of 8.1 million acres (12,656 sq mi; 32,780 km2). Though agriculture has declined significantly since 1960 when there were twice as many farms, it remains the largest single industry in Virginia.[162] Tomatoes surpassed soy as the most profitable crop in Virginia in 2006, with peanuts and hay as other agricultural products.[163] Although it is no longer the primary crop, Virginia is still the fifth-largest producer of tobacco nationwide.[164] Eastern oyster harvests are an important part of the Chesapeake Bay economy, but declining oyster populations from disease, pollution, and overfishing have diminished catches.[165] Wineries and vineyards in the Northern Neck and along the Blue Ridge Mountains also have begun to generate income and attract tourists.[166]
Virginia collects personal income tax in five income brackets, ranging from 3.0% to 5.75%. The state sales and use tax rate is 4%, while the tax rate on food is 1.5%. There is an additional 1% local tax, for a total of a 5% combined sales tax on most Virginia purchases and 2.5% on most food.[167] Virginia's property tax is set and collected at the local government level and varies throughout the Commonwealth. Real estate is also taxed at the local level based on 100% of fair market value. Tangible personal property also is taxed at the local level and is based on a percentage or percentages of original cost.[168]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Virginia
Virginia's culture was popularized and spread across America and the South by figures such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Robert E. Lee. Their homes in Virginia represent the birthplace of America and the South.[169] Modern Virginia culture has many sources, and is part of the culture of the Southern United States.[170] The Smithsonian Institution divides Virginia into nine cultural regions.[171] The Piedmont region is one of the most famous for its dialect's strong influence on Southern American English. While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, various accents are also used, including the Tidewater accent, the Old Virginia accent, and the anachronistic Elizabethan of Tangier Island.[172][173]
Besides the general cuisine of the Southern United States, Virginia maintains its own particular traditions. Virginia wine is made in many parts of the state.[166] Smithfield ham, sometimes called "Virginia ham", is a type of country ham which is protected by state law, and can only be produced in the town of Smithfield.[174] Virginia furniture and architecture are typical of American colonial architecture. Thomas Jefferson and many of the state's early leaders favored the Neoclassical architecture style, leading to its use for important state buildings. The Pennsylvania Dutch and their style can also be found in parts of the state.[121]
Literature in Virginia often deals with the state's extensive and sometimes troubled past. The works of Pulitzer Prize winner Ellen Glasgow often dealt with social inequalities and the role of women in her culture.[175] Glasgow's peer and close friend James Branch Cabell wrote extensively about the changing position of gentry in the Reconstruction era, and challenged its moral code with Jurgen, A Comedy of Justice.[176] William Styron approached history in works such as The Confessions of Nat Turner and Sophie's Choice.[177] Tom Wolfe has occasionally dealt with his southern heritage in bestsellers like I Am Charlotte Simmons.[178] Mount Vernon native Matt Bondurant received critical acclaim for his historic novel The Wettest County in the World about moonshiners in Franklin County during prohibition.[179] Virginia also names a state Poet Laureate, currently Kelly Cherry of Halifax County, who will serve until mid-2012.[180]
Fine and performing arts[link]
See also: Music of Virginia
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Though rich in cultural heritage, Virginia ranks near the bottom of U.S. states in terms of public spending on the arts, at nearly half of the national average.[181] The state government does fund some institutions, including the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and the Science Museum of Virginia. Other museums include the popular Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum and the Chrysler Museum of Art.[182] Besides these sites, many open-air museums are located in the Commonwealth, such as Colonial Williamsburg, the Frontier Culture Museum, and various historic battlefields.[183] The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities works to improve the Commonwealth's civic, cultural, and intellectual life.[184]
Theaters and venues in the Commonwealth are found both in the cities and suburbs. Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts is located in Vienna and is the only national park intended for use as a performing arts center.[185] The Harrison Opera House, in Norfolk, is home of the Virginia Opera. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra operates in and around Hampton Roads.[186] Resident and touring theater troupes operate from the American Shakespeare Center in Staunton.[187] The Barter Theatre in Abingdon won the first ever Regional Theatre Tony Award in 1948, while the Signature Theatre in Arlington won it in 2009. There's also a Children's Theater of Virginia, Theatre IV, which is the second largest touring troupe nationwide.[188] Virginia has launched many award-winning traditional musical artists and internationally successful popular music acts, as well as Hollywood actors.[1] Notable performance venues include The Birchmere, the Landmark Theater, and Jiffy Lube Live.[189]
Festivals[link]
Many counties and localities host county fairs and festivals. The Virginia State Fair is held at the Meadow Event Park every September. Also in September is the Neptune Festival in Virginia Beach, which celebrates the city, the waterfront, and regional artists. Norfolk's Harborfest, in June, features boat racing and air shows.[190] Fairfax County also sponsors Celebrate Fairfax! with popular and traditional music performances.[191] The Virginia Lake Festival is held during the third weekend in July in Clarksville.[192] Wolf Trap hosts the Wolf Trap Opera Company, which produces an opera festival every summer.[185] Each September, Bay Days celebrates the Chesapeake Bay as well as Hampton's 400 year history since 1610, and Isle of Wight County holds a County Fair on the second week of September as well. Both feature live music performances, and other unique events.
On the Eastern Shore island of Chincoteague the annual Pony Swim & Auction of feral Chincoteague ponies at the end of July is a unique local tradition expanded into a week-long carnival. The Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival is a six-day festival held annually in Winchester that includes parades and bluegrass concerts. The Old Time Fiddlers' Convention in Galax, begun in 1935, is one of the oldest and largest such events worldwide. Two important film festivals, the Virginia Film Festival and the VCU French Film Festival, are held annually in Charlottesville and Richmond, respectively.[193]
Media[link]
The Hampton Roads area is the 43rd-largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while the Richmond-Petersburg area is 57th and Roanoke-Lynchburg is 66th as of 2010[update].[194] Northern Virginia is part of the much larger Washington, D.C. media market.
There are 36 television stations in Virginia, representing each major U.S. network, part of 42 stations which serve Virginia viewers.[195] More than 720 FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Virginia, with about 300 such AM stations.[196][197] The nationally available Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is headquartered in Arlington. Independent PBS affiliates exist throughout Virginia, and the Arlington PBS member station WETA-TV produces programs such as the PBS NewsHour and Washington Week.
The most circulated native newspapers in the Commonwealth are Norfolk's The Virginian-Pilot (156,968 daily subscribers), the Richmond Times-Dispatch (118,489), The Roanoke Times (75,740), and Newport News' Daily Press (63,366), as of 2010[update].[198] Several Washington, D.C. papers are based in Northern Virginia, such as The Washington Examiner and Politico. The paper with the nation's widest circulation, USA Today, with 1.83 million daily subscriptions, is headquartered in McLean.[199] Besides traditional forms of media, Virginia is the home base for telecommunication companies such as Voxant and XO Communications. In Northern Virginia, The Washington Post is the dominant newspaper, since Northern VA is located in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Virginia
Virginia's educational system consistently ranks in the top ten states on the U.S. Department of Education's National Assessment of Educational Progress, with Virginia students outperforming the average in all subject areas and grade levels tested.[201] The 2011 Quality Counts report ranked Virginia's K–12 education fourth best in the country.[202] All school divisions must adhere to educational standards set forth by the Virginia Department of Education, which maintains an assessment and accreditation regime known as the Standards of Learning to ensure accountability.[203] In 2010, 85% of high school students graduated on-time after four years.[204] Between 2000 and 2008, school enrollment increased 5%, the number of teachers 21%.[205]
Public K–12 schools in Virginia are generally operated by the counties and cities, and not by the state. As of April 2011[update], a total of 1,267,063 students were enrolled in 1,873 local and regional schools in the Commonwealth, including three charter schools, and an additional 109 alternative and special education centers across 132 school divisions.[206][207] Besides the general public schools in Virginia, there are Governor's Schools and selective magnet schools. The Governor's Schools are a collection of more than 40 regional high schools and summer programs intended for gifted students.[208] The Virginia Council for Private Education oversees the regulation of 320 state accredited and 130 non-accredited private schools.[209][210] An additional 24,682 students receive homeschooling.[211]
As of 2011[update], there are 176 colleges and universities in Virginia.[212] In the U.S. News and World Report ranking of public colleges, the University of Virginia is second and The College of William & Mary is sixth.[213][214] Virginia Commonwealth University is ranked the top public graduate school in fine arts, while James Madison University has been recognized as the top regional public master's program in The South since 1993.[215][216] The Virginia Military Institute is the oldest state military college and a top ranked public liberal arts college.[217][218] George Mason University is the largest university in Virginia with over 32,000 students.[219] Virginia Tech and Virginia State University are the state's land-grant universities. Virginia also operates 23 community colleges on 40 campuses serving over 260,000 students.[220] There are 129 private institutions, including Washington and Lee University, Randolph-Macon College, Hampden–Sydney College, Emory & Henry College, Roanoke College, and the University of Richmond.[212]
Health[link]
Virginia has a mixed health record, and is ranked as the 22nd overall healthiest state according to the 2010 United Health Foundation's Health Rankings.[221] Virginia also ranks 21st among the states in the rate of premature deaths, 7,104 per 100,000. In 2008, Virginia reached its lowest ever rate of infant mortality, at 6.7 deaths per 1,000.[222] There are however racial and social health disparities, with African Americans experiencing 27.9% more premature deaths than whites, while 12.7% of Virginians lack any health insurance.[221] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2009 survey, 25.5% of Virginians are obese and another 35.1% are overweight. 78.1% of residents claim to have exercised at least once in the past three months.[223][224] About 30% of Virginia's 10- to 17-year-olds are overweight or obese.[225] Virginia banned smoking in bars and restaurants in January 2010.[226] 19% of Virginians smoke tobacco.[221] Residents of Virginia's 8th congressional district share the longest average life expectancy rate in the nation, over 83 years.[227]
There are 89 hospitals in Virginia listed with the United States Department of Health and Human Services.[228] Notable examples include Inova Fairfax Hospital, the largest hospital in the Washington Metropolitan Area, and the VCU Medical Center, located on the medical campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. The University of Virginia Medical Center, part of the University of Virginia Health System, is highly ranked in endocrinology according to U.S.News & World Report.[229] Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, part of the Hampton Roads based Sentara Health System and a teaching institution of Eastern Virginia Medical School, was the site of the first successful in-vitro fertilization birth.[230][231] Virginia has a ratio of 124 primary care physicians per 10,000 residents, which is the 13th highest nationally.[221] Virginia was one of five states to receive a perfect score in disaster preparedness according to a 2008 report by the Trust for America's Health, based on criteria such as detecting pathogens and distributing vaccines and medical supplies.[232]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Virginia
Because of the 1932 Byrd Road Act, the state government controls most of Virginia's roads, instead of a local county authority as is usual in other states.[233] As of 2011[update], the Virginia Department of Transportation owns and operates 57,867 miles (93,128 km) of the total 70,105 miles (112,823 km) of roads in the state, making it the third largest state highway system in the United States.[234] Although the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes Northern Virginia, has the second worst traffic in the nation, Virginia as a whole has the 21st-lowest congestion and the average commute time is 26.9 minutes.[235][236]
Virginia has Amtrak passenger rail service along several corridors, and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) maintains two commuter lines into Washington, D.C. from Fredericksburg and Manassas. VRE is one of the nation's fastest growing commuter rail services, handling nearly 20,000 passengers a day.[237] The Washington Metro rapid transit system serves Northern Virginia as far west as communities along I-66 in Fairfax County, with expansion plans to reach Tysons Corner by 2013, and Loudoun County by 2017.[238] Major freight railroads in Virginia include Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation. Commuter buses include the Fairfax Connector and the Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus. The Virginia Department of Transportation operates several free ferries throughout Virginia, the most notable being the Jamestown-Scotland ferry which crosses the James River in Surry County.[239]
Virginia has five major airports: Washington Dulles International handling over 23 million passengers a year, Reagan Washington National, Norfolk International serving the Hampton Roads area, Richmond International, and Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. Several other airports offer limited commercial passenger service, and sixty-six public airports serve the state's aviation needs.[240] The Virginia Port Authority's main seaports are those in Hampton Roads, which carried 17,726,251 short tons (16,080,984 t) of bulk cargo in 2007, the sixth most of United States ports.[241] The Eastern Shore of Virginia is the site of Wallops Flight Facility, a rocket testing center owned by NASA, and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport, a commercial spaceport.[242][243] Space tourism is also offered through Vienna-based Space Adventures.[244]
Law and government[link]
Main article: Government of Virginia
In colonial Virginia, free men elected the lower house of the legislature, called the House of Burgesses, which together with the Governor's Council, made the "General Assembly". Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the Western Hemisphere.[245] The modern government is ranked by the Pew Center on the States with an A− in terms of its efficiency, effectiveness, and infrastructure. This is the second time Virginia received the highest grade in the nation, which it shares with two others.[7]
Since 1971, the government has functioned under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which provides for a strong legislature and a unified judicial system. Similar to the federal structure, the government is divided in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature is the General Assembly, a bicameral body whose 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate write the laws for the Commonwealth. The Assembly is stronger than the executive, as it selects judges and justices. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected every four years in separate elections. Incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General can, and governors may serve non-consecutive terms.[246] The judicial system, the oldest in America, consists of a hierarchy from the Supreme Court of Virginia and the Court of Appeals of Virginia to the Circuit Courts, the trial courts of general jurisdiction, and the lower General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts.[247]
The Code of Virginia is the statutory law, and consists of the codified legislation of the General Assembly. The Virginia State Police is the largest law enforcement agency in Virginia. The Virginia Capitol Police is the oldest police department in the United States.[248] The Virginia National Guard consists of 7,500 soldiers in the Virginia Army National Guard and 1,200 airmen in the Virginia Air National Guard.[249] Since the resumption of capital punishment in Virginia in 1982, 107 people have been executed, the second highest number in the nation.[250] The "total crime risk" is 28% lower than the national average.[251] Since Virginia ended prisoner parole in 1995, the rate of recidivism has fallen to 28.3%, among the lowest nationwide.[252]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Virginia
Over the 20th century, Virginia shifted from a largely rural, politically Southern and conservative state to a more urbanized, pluralistic, and politically moderate environment. Up until the 1970s, Virginia was a racially divided single-party state dominated by the Byrd Organization.[253] The legacy of slavery in the state effectively disfranchised African Americans until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.[254] Enfranchisement and immigration of other groups, especially Hispanics, have placed growing importance on minority voting.[255] Regional differences play a large part in Virginia politics.[256] Rural southern and western areas moved to support the Republican Party in response to its "southern strategy", while urban and growing suburban areas, including much of Northern Virginia, form the Democratic Party base.[257][258] Democratic support also persists in union-influenced parts of Southwest Virginia, college towns such as Charlottesville and Blacksburg, and the southeastern Black Belt Region.[259]
Political party strength in Virginia has likewise been in flux. In the 2007 state elections, Democrats regained control of the State Senate, and narrowed the Republican majority in the House of Delegates to eight seats.[260] Yet elections in 2009 resulted in the election of Republican Robert McDonnell as governor by a 17 point margin, the election of a Republican Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General, as well as Republican gains of six seats in the House of Delegates.[261] In 2011, the Republican caucus took over two-thirds of the seats in the House of Delegates, and a majority of the Senate based on the Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling as the tie-breaker.[262] State election seasons traditionally start with the annual Shad Planking event in Wakefield.[263]
In federal elections since 2006, both parties have seen success. In the 2006 Senate election, Democrat Jim Webb won on a populist platform over the Republican incumbent following a very close race.[264] The party took both U.S. Senate seats with the election of former Governor Mark Warner to replace retiring Republican John Warner.[265] Virginia, which has 13 electoral votes, was won by Democrat Barack Obama in 2008, after being won by Republican candidates in the previous ten presidential elections.[266] In the 2010 elections, Republicans picked up three House seats from Democrats. Of the state's 11 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, Republicans hold eight and Democrats hold three. Virginia may be considered a "swing state" in future presidential elections.[6]
Sports[link]
Virginia is the most populous U.S. state without a major professional sports league franchise.[268] The reasons for this include the lack of any dominant city or market within the state, the proximity of teams in Washington, D.C. and North Carolina, and a reluctance to publicly finance stadiums.[269] Virginia has several minor league clubs, especially in baseball and soccer, and the Virginia Destroyers are the 2011 champions of the United Football League.[270] Additionally, the Washington Redskins have Redskins Park, their headquarters and training facility, in Ashburn and the Washington Capitals train at Kettler Capitals Iceplex in Ballston.[271] Virginia has many professional caliber golf courses including the Greg Norman course at Lansdowne Resort and Kingsmill Resort, home of the Michelob ULTRA Open. NASCAR currently schedules Sprint Cup races on two tracks in Virginia: Martinsville Speedway and Richmond International Raceway. Current Virginia drivers in the series include Jeff Burton, Denny Hamlin, and Elliott Sadler.[272]
The Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles also have followings due to their proximity, and both are broadcast in the state on MASN.[273] When the New York Mets ended their long affiliation with the Norfolk Tides in 2007, the Orioles adopted the minor league club as their top level (AAA) minor league affiliate.[274] The San Francisco Giants' AA team, the Richmond Flying Squirrels, began play at The Diamond in 2010, replacing the AAA Richmond Braves, who relocated after 2008.[275] Additionally, the Nationals, Boston Red Sox, Seattle Mariners, Chicago White Sox, and Atlanta Braves also have Single-A and Rookie-level farm teams in Virginia.[276]
Virginia does not allow state appropriated funds to be used for either operational or capital expenses for intercollegiate athletics.[277] Despite this, both the Virginia Cavaliers and Virginia Tech Hokies have been able to field competitive teams in the Atlantic Coast Conference and maintain modern facilities. Their rivalry is followed statewide. Several other universities compete in NCAA Division I, particularly in the Colonial Athletic Association. Three historically black schools compete in the Division II Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, and two others compete in the Division I Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. Several smaller schools compete in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the USA South Athletic Conference of NCAA Division III. The NCAA currently holds its Division III championships in football, men's basketball, volleyball and softball in Salem.[278]
State symbols[link]
Main article: List of Virginia state symbols
The state nickname is its oldest symbol, though it has never been made official by law. Virginia was given the title "Dominion" by King Charles II of England at the time of The Restoration, because it had remained loyal to the crown during the English Civil War, and the present moniker, "Old Dominion" is a reference to that title. The other nickname, "Mother of Presidents", is also historic, as eight Virginians have served as President of the United States, including four of the first five.[1]
The state's motto, Sic Semper Tyrannis, translates from Latin as "Thus Always to Tyrants", and is used on the state seal, which is then used on the flag. While the seal was designed in 1776, and the flag was first used in the 1830s, both were made official in 1930.[1] The majority of the other symbols were made official in the late 20th century.[279] The Virginia reel is among the square dances classified as the state dance.[15] Virginia currently has no state song. In 1940, Virginia made "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" the state song, but it was retired in 1997 and reclassified as the state song emeritus.[280] Various alternatives, including a version of "Oh Shenandoah", have met with resistance in the Virginia House of Delegates.[281]
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See also[link]
- Outline of Virginia
- Index of Virginia-related articles
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Factpack" (PDF). Virginia General Assembly. January 11, 2007. http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/class_media/4_5_pdfs/factpack-1.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2007 inflation-adjusted dollars)". American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US51&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ a b Balz, Dan (October 12, 2007). "Painting America Purple". The Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/10/12/the_purpling_of_america.html. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^ a b Somashekhar, Sandhya (March 4, 2008). "Government Takes Top Honors in Efficiency". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/03/03/ST2008030303550.html. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
- ^ a b Richards, Gregory (February 24, 2007). "Computer chips now lead Virginia exports". The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070310155937/http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=120082&ran=25886. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ "2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 71. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc3-us-pt1.pdf. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ "Supreme Court Rules for Virginia in Potomac Conflict". The Sea Grant Law Center. University of Mississippi. 2003. http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SandBar/SandBar2/2.4supreme.htm. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^ Hubbard, Jr. 2009, p. 140
- ^ "Fact Sheet 102–98 – The Chesapeake Bay: Geologic Product of Rising Sea Level". United States Geological Survey. November 18, 1998. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs102-98/. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 7, 56–57
- ^ "Rivers and Watersheds". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 23, 2007. http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/rivers/rivers.html. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ a b The Encyclopedia of Virginia 1999, pp. 2–15
- ^ Pazzaglia 2006, pp. 135–138
- ^ "Virginia's Agricultural Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. http://www.deq.state.va.us/vanaturally/guide/agriculture.html. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ Burnham & Burnham 2004, p. 277
- ^ "Physiographic Regions of Virginia". The Geology of Virginia. College of William and Mary. February 16, 2007. http://web.wm.edu/geology/virginia/provinces/phys_regions.html. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ Palmer 1998, pp. 49–51
- ^ Heinemann et al. 2007, p. 3
- ^ "Caves" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. July 2008. http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMR3/dmrpdfs/CAVES.pdf. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ "Largest Earthquake in Virginia". United States Geological Survey. January 25, 2008. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1897_05_31.php. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ "Magnitude 5.8 – Virginia". United States Geological Survey. August 23, 2011. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/se082311a.php#summary. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ "Coal". Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. 2006. http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMR3/coal.shtml. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ "About DMME". Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. 2006. http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/aboutus.shtml. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Burnham & Burnham 2004, pp. 1–3
- ^ a b Hayden, Bruce P.; Michaels, Patrick J. (January 20, 2000). "Virginia's Climate". Department of Environmental Sciences. University of Virginia. http://climate.virginia.edu/description.htm. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
- ^ "Thunderstorms and Lightening". Virginia Department of Emergency Management. April 2, 2001. http://www.vaemergency.com/news/history/thunderstorms-lightening. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ "The Natural Communities of Virginia". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2006. http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncoverview.shtml. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ Ricketts, Lauryn (February 7, 2008). "Tornadoes DO happen in Virginia!". TV3 Winchester. http://www.tv3winchester.com/blogs/laurynrickettsblog/15421801.html. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
- ^ "Advisory 01/07: The Hot Get Hotter? Urban Warming and Air Quality". University of Virginia Climatology Office. Archived from the original on September 22, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20020922182906/http://climate.virginia.edu/advisory/2001/ad01-07.htm. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
- ^ "Report Card: Virginia". State of the Air: 2011. American Lung Association. April 27, 2011. http://www.stateoftheair.org/2011/states/virginia/. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
- ^ "Fairfax County Residents Can Play Their Part to Reduce Air Pollution". Fairfax County, Virginia. May 26, 2004. http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/2004/04145.htm. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (June 25, 2008). "Debating Coal's Cost in Rural Va.". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/06/25/ST2008062500042.html. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ a b "Virginia's Forest Resources". Natural Resource Education Guide. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. January 21, 2008. http://www.deq.virginia.gov/vanaturally/guide/forests.html. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "Shenandoah National Park — Forests". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. http://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/forests.htm. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
- ^ Carroll & Miller 2002, pp. xi−xii
- ^ "Species Information: Mammals". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/?t=2. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ "Shenandoah National Park — Birds". National Park Service. July 25, 2006. http://www.nps.gov/shen/naturescience/birds.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2007.
- ^ "Virginia Fishes". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. 2008. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/fish/. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
- ^ "Bay Biology". Chesapeake Bay Program. January 5, 2006. http://www.chesapeakebay.net/info/baybio1.cfm. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
- ^ "Virginia". National Park Service. 2008. http://www.nps.gov/state/VA/index.htm. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Carroll & Miller 2002, p. 158
- ^ "Park Locations". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. November 9, 2007. http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state_parks/state_park.shtml. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Smith 2008, pp. 152–153, 356
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- ^ Burchett, Michael H. (Summer 1997). "Promise and prejudice: Wise County, Virginia and the Great Migration, 1910–1920". The Journal of Negro History 82 (3): 312–327. DOI:10.2307/2717675. JSTOR 2717675.
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- ^ Clemons, Michael L.; Jones, Charles E. (July 2000). "African American Legislative Politics in Virginia". Journal of Black Studies 30 (6, Special Issue: African American State Legislative Politics): 744–767. DOI:10.1177/002193470003000603. JSTOR 2645922.
- ^ Craig, Tim; Kumar, Anita (November 8, 2007). "Kaine Hails 'Balance' in New Political Landscape". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/07/AR2007110700553_2.html. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
- ^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Kumar, Anita (November 4, 2009). "GOP reclaims Virginia". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/03/AR2009110300371.html. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Bob (November 10, 2011). "GOP claims Va. Senate majority after Dem concedes". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2011/11/10/gop_claims_va_senate_majority_after_dem_concedes/. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
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- ^ Kumar, Anita (November 5, 2008). "Warner Rolls Past His Fellow Former Governor". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/04/AR2008110404091.html. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
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- ^ Wood, Norm (December 28, 2008). "Bowl streak began humbly". Daily Press. http://www.dailypress.com/sports/dp-spt_techbowlstreak_1228dec28,0,2384850.story. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
- ^ Minium, Harry (July 19, 2001). "Region Works to Attract Franchise Area Makes "Short List" for Existing Team’s Move" (PDF). The Virginian-Pilot. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080226215152/http://www.facilityplanners.com/news/pdf/Professional+Sports+in+Hampton+Roads.pdf. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
- ^ Utt, Ronald D. (October 2, 1998). "Cities in Denial: The False Promise of Subsidized Tourist and Entertainment Complexes". The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/research/urbanissues/bg1223.cfm. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ Robinson, Tom (October 22, 2011). "Virginia Destroyers capture UFL title in 17–3 victory". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/2011/10/virginia-destroyers-capture-ufl-title-173-victory. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ Fernandes, Deirdre (January 4, 2008). "Beach officials hope to lure Redskins' training camp to Sportsplex". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/2008/01/beach-officials-hope-lure-redskins%E2%80%99-training-camp-sportsplex. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ "NASCAR in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. http://www.virginia.org/nascar/. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ "Find MASN on your TV". Mid-Atlantic Sports Network. September 7, 2007. http://masnsports.com/2007/09/find-masn.html. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
- ^ Borawski, Brian (September 27, 2006). "Business of Baseball Report". The Orioles Warehouse. http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/business-of-baseball-report120/. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ O'Connor, John (April 2, 2010). "Squirrels will nest at Diamond for several years". Richmond Times-Dispatch. http://www2.timesdispatch.com/rtd/sports/minors/minors_baseball/article/BASE02_20100401-221608/334637/. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ "Baseball in Virginia". Virginia is for Lovers. 2011. http://www.virginia.org/baseball/. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ Sylwester, MaryJo; Witosky, Tom (February 18, 2004). "Athletic spending grows as academic funds dry up". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2004-02-18-athletic-spending-cover_x.htm. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
- ^ Brady, Erik (December 14, 2006). "Virginia town is big game central". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2006-12-13-focus-salem_x.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
- ^ "Capitol Classroom". Virginia General Assembly. December 13, 2007. http://legis.state.va.us/1_cap_class/9-12/9_12_emb_symb.html. Retrieved April 12, 2008.
- ^ Berrier, Ralph (January 11, 2008). "Carry me back to the state song search". The Roanoke Times. http://www.roanoke.com/columnists/berrier/wb/146590. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ Sluss, Michael (March 2, 2006). "Proposed state song doesn't bring down the House". The Roanoke Times. http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/wb/xp-54991. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
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External links[link]
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- Government
- State Government website
- Virginia General Assembly
- Virginia's Judicial system
- Constitution of Virginia
- Virginia State and County Government Websites
- Tourism and recreation
- Virginia Tourism Website
- Virginia State Parks
- Virginia Main Street Communities Travel
- WikiTravel guide
- Culture and history
- Virginia Historical Society
- Virginia's First People
- WPA Guide to the Old Dominion
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- USGS geographic resources of Virginia
- Virginia State Climatology Office
- Virginia State Fact Sheet
Geographic data related to Virginia at OpenStreetMap
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 West Virginia |
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Chesapeake Bay | ||
| Virginia: Outline • Index East |
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 Tennessee |
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Atlantic Ocean |
| Preceded by New Hampshire |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Ratified Constitution on June 25, 1788 (10th) |
Succeeded by New York |
Coordinates: 37°30′N 79°00′W / 37.5°N 79°W / 37.5; -79
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Wiki Summary
Arlington County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The land that became Arlington was originally donated by Virginia to the United States government to form part of the new federal capital district. On February 27, 1801, the United States Congress organized the area as a subdivision of the District of Columbia named Alexandria County. In 1846, Congress returned the land donated by Virginia due to issues involving Congressional representation and the abolition of slavery. The General Assembly of Virginia changed the county's name to Arlington in 1920 to avoid confusion with the adjacent City of Alexandria.
The county is situated in Northern Virginia on the south bank of the Potomac River directly across from Washington, D.C. Arlington is also bordered by Fairfax County and the City of Falls Church to the southwest, and the City of Alexandria to the southeast. With a land area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Arlington is the geographically smallest self-governing county in the United States and has no other incorporated towns within its borders. Given these unique characteristics, for statistical purposes the county is included as a municipality within the Washington Metropolitan Area by the United States Census Bureau. As of 2010, Arlington County had a population of 207,627 residents.
