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- author: Sushil Sakhuja
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- Alexandrite
- Ambikapur, India
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- Baloda Bazar
- Balrampur
- Bambleshwari Temple
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Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
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Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
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Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Balod
Balod is a town in bank of river tandula and a nagar palika in Balod district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. Balod is 44 km from Dhamtari and 58 km from Durg. Balod has one college,one court, one CHC ( Community Health Center ), and a jail. Medical facilities are good in Balod. In CHC present Block Medical Officer is Dr Smt S Claudius. There are two Dams nearby Tandula and Aadmabaad built on river sukha and tandula in 1913. Recently Balod become 19Th district of Chhattishgarh.
Balod is located at 20°44′N 81°12′E / 20.73°N 81.2°E / 20.73; 81.2. It has an average elevation of 324 metres (1063 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Balod had a population of 21,044. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Balod has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 56% of the males and 44% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Template:Balod district
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Balrampur
Balrampur (Hindi: बलरामपुर, Urdu: بلرام پور) is a city and a municipal board in Balrampur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated on the bank of river Rapti and is the district headquarters of Balarampur district. According to Government of India, the district Balrampur is one of the Minority Concentrated District in India on the basis of the 2001 census data on population, socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators.
According to census of March 2001, it has a population of 1,684,567 persons, in which rural population is 1549293 (Males 817298 and Females 731995). In Urban Population is 135274 (number of Males are 71261 and number of Females are 64013) and Number of Educated person is 470632 (Males 333632 and Females 137000). In which Rural Educated Person is 398261 (Males 290802 and Females 107459). In Urban Educated Person is 72371 (males 42830 and Females 29541).
Former Prime Minister of India Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was first elected for the parliament from Balrampur constituency.
Famous Institution M. L. K. P. G. College is situated in Balrampur. In last few years it has been highly affected by floods. The district is almost 17 kilometres from the Shravasti where Lord Gautam Buddha displayed his supernatural powers.
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Bambleshwari Temple
Bambleshwari Temple is at Dongargarh in Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh, India. It is on a hilltop of 1600 feet. This temple is referred as Badi Bambleshwari. Another temple at ground level, the Chhotti Bambleshwari is situated about 1/2 km from the main temple complex. These temples are revered by lakhs of people of Chhattisgarh who flock around the shrine during the Navratris of Kavar (during Dashera) and Chaitra (during Ram Navami).
The temple is at 21°14′16″N 81°36′28″E / 21.23778°N 81.60778°E / 21.23778; 81.60778.
Dongargarh is 107 kilometers from Raipur , via Bhilai, Durg and Rajnandgaon. Dongargarh does not exactly fall on the massive Mumbai highway, a diversion some 25 km before, from the Calcutta-Mumbai National Highway (NH #6) leads the vehicle through lush green vegetation and mild forests on a narrow winding single road.
Dongargarh is located at a distance of 40 km from district headquarter Rajnandgaon and is well connected with buses from Rajnandgaon. Dongargarh is also well connected with trains. It is on the Mumbai - Howrah main line at a distance of 170 km from Nagpur and 100 km from Raipur . The nearest airport is at Raipur Airport.
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Bhilai
Bhilai or Bhilai Nagar (Hindi: भिलाई) is a city in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh, in eastern central India. As of 2001, it had a population of 556,366. The city is located 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of the capital Raipur, on the main Howrah–Mumbai rail line, and National Highway 6. Bhilai is famous for the Bhilai Steel Plant, which is the largest steel plant in India and known for being the only manufacturer of rails in the country used by Indian Railways.
As of the 2001 India census the population is 52% male and 48% female. Bhilai Nagar has an average literacy rate of 90%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; the male literacy rate is 90% and female literacy is 89%. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
In the 2011 census Durg-Bhilainagar Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,064,077. Durg-Bhilainagar Urban Agglomeration includes: Durg (M Corp.), Bhilai Nagar (M Corp.), Dumar dih (part) (OG), Bhilai Charoda (M), Jamul (M), Kumhari (M), and Utai (NP).
Bhilai Municipal Corporation had a total population of 625,697 in 2011, out of which 322,254 were males and 303,443 were females. Bhilai had a below six years population of 67,131. Bhilai had an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 87.23 per cent and a sex ratio of 942.
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Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] (
listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ (
locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Danteshwari Temple
Danteshwari Temple is temple dedicated to Goddess Danteshwari, and is one of the 52 Shakti Peethas, shrines of Shakti, the divine feminine, spread across India. The temple built in 14th century by the Chalukyas of the South, is situated in Dantewada, a town situated 80 km from Jagdalpur Tehsil, Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is named after the Goddess Danteshwari, the presiding deity of the earlier Kakatiya rulers. Traditionally she is the Kuldevi (family goddess) of Bastar state,
The temple is as according legends, the spot where the Daanth or Tooth of Sati fell, during the episode when all the Shakti shrines were created in the Satya Yuga.
Every year during Dusshera thousands of tribals from surrounding villages and jungles gather here to pay homage to the goddess, when her idol was taken out of that ancient Danteshwari temple and then taken around the city in an elaborate procession, now a popular tourist attraction part of the 'Bastar Dussehra' festival.
Situated in Dantewada, south-west of Jagdalpur, at the confluence of the holy rivers Shankini and Dhankini,both the rivers have different colors,this six hundred year old temple is one of the ancient heritage sites of India and is a representation of the religio-socio-cultural history of the Bastar region. Little is known about this shrine to much of India. The vast temple complex today is truly a standing monument to centuries of history and tradition. With its rich architectural and sculptural wealth and its vibrant festival traditions, Danteshwari Mai temple serves as the most important spiritual center for the people of this region.
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Dantewada District
Dantewada District, also known as Dantewara District or Dakshin Bastar District (South Bastar District), is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bastar Division. Until 1998, the Dantewada District was a tehsil of the larger Bastar District.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Narayanpur and Bijapur.
Before Indian Independence, the district was part of the princely state of Bastar. After Indian Independence in 1947, Bastar's ruler acceded to the government of India, and the erstwhile state became part of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh state. Bastar District was divided into the districts of Bastar, Dantewada, and Kanker in 1999. In 2000, Dantewada was one of the 16 Madhya Pradesh districts that constituted the new state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada has further been bifurcated in the year 2007 resulting into a new district Bijapur with 4 Tehsils namely Bijapur, Bhairamgarh, Usoor & Bhopalpatnam.
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Dantewada district
Dantewada District, also known as Dantewara District or Dakshin Bastar District (South Bastar District), is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada is the district headquarters. The district is part of Bastar Division. Until 1998, the Dantewada District was a tehsil of the larger Bastar District.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Narayanpur and Bijapur.
Before Indian Independence, the district was part of the princely state of Bastar. After Indian Independence in 1947, Bastar's ruler acceded to the government of India, and the erstwhile state became part of Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh state. Bastar District was divided into the districts of Bastar, Dantewada, and Kanker in 1999. In 2000, Dantewada was one of the 16 Madhya Pradesh districts that constituted the new state of Chhattisgarh. Dantewada has further been bifurcated in the year 2007 resulting into a new district Bijapur with 4 Tehsils namely Bijapur, Bhairamgarh, Usoor & Bhopalpatnam.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dhamtari district
Dhamtari is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It was officially formed on July 6, 1998, from an amalgamation of Dhamma and Tarai (hence the name). The district headquarter is Dhamtari. It is situated between 20042' N Latitude and 81o33' Longtitude. The total area of the district is 2029 km² and it is 305 meters above the sea level. In the east, Satpura range is located. It is popularly known as Sihawa pahad.
Mahanadi River is the principal river of this district and till this area it is named as Kankannadi, Chitrotpala, Neelotpala, Mandvahini, Jairath etc. Its tributaries are Sendur, Pairy, Sondur, Joan, Kharun and Shivnath. The fertility of lands of Dhamtari district can be attributed to the presence of these rivers. The chief crop of this region is paddy. Mahanadi one of the major river in central India originates in the hills of Sihawa flows in an easterly direction into the Bay of Bengal.
The national highway No. 43 Raipur – Vijaynagaram (Andhra Pradesh) passes through Dhamtari. Raipur is 78 km from Dhamtari. thankyou
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Dhamtari District
Dhamtari is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It was officially formed on July 6, 1998, from an amalgamation of Dhamma and Tarai (hence the name). The district headquarter is Dhamtari. It is situated between 20042' N Latitude and 81o33' Longtitude. The total area of the district is 2029 km² and it is 305 meters above the sea level. In the east, Satpura range is located. It is popularly known as Sihawa pahad.
Mahanadi River is the principal river of this district and till this area it is named as Kankannadi, Chitrotpala, Neelotpala, Mandvahini, Jairath etc. Its tributaries are Sendur, Pairy, Sondur, Joan, Kharun and Shivnath. The fertility of lands of Dhamtari district can be attributed to the presence of these rivers. The chief crop of this region is paddy. Mahanadi one of the major river in central India originates in the hills of Sihawa flows in an easterly direction into the Bay of Bengal.
The national highway No. 43 Raipur – Vijaynagaram (Andhra Pradesh) passes through Dhamtari. Raipur is 78 km from Dhamtari. thankyou
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Durg
Durg is a city located in Chhattisgarh state, Central India. It is located just east of the Seonath River (Shivnath River) and is part of the Durg-Bhilai urban agglomeration. The city is an agricultural market and is heavily engaged in milling rice and pigeon peas. Durg gained importance as an industrial centre after the establishment of a large steel plant at Bhilai. Industries include brass working and bell-metal working, oil pressing, mining, and weaving. It is the headquarters of Durg District, the third largest district of Chattisgarh.
Forest Cover is 9.01% i.e. 730 square kilometers.
Durg District is a populous District of Chhattisgarh. It occupies the southwestern part of the Chhattisgarh plain and possesses belts of hilly country in the south, southwest and northwest, bestowed with mineral resources and forests. The National Highway No. 6 (Mumbai - Nagpur - Calcutta) is the major highway of the district and the train route is the main line of the South Eastern Railway midway between Mumbai-Calcutta. Nearest airport from the District Headquarter Durg is at Raipur about 60 km.
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Durg District
Durg District is situated in Chattisgarh state of India. Until 2000 it formed part of Madhya Pradesh. District headquarters is Durg. The district covers an area of 8,537 km². The population in 1991 was 2, 397,134 of which 12.4% were members of scheduled tribes. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Raipur.
The district is home to two important religious sites. The principal Hindu temple, the Ganga Maiyaat Jhalmala, Jain shrine of Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura (near Durg), attract pilgrims from all over India.
The town of Bhilai is home to the Bhilai Steel Plant.
According to the 2011 census Durg district has a population of 3,343,079, roughly equal to the nation of Uruguay or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 100th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 391 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,010 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.95 %. Durg has a sex ratio of 988 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 79.69 %.
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Durg district
Durg District is situated in Chattisgarh state of India. Until 2000 it formed part of Madhya Pradesh. District headquarters is Durg. The district covers an area of 8,537 km². The population in 1991 was 2, 397,134 of which 12.4% were members of scheduled tribes. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Raipur.
The district is home to two important religious sites. The principal Hindu temple, the Ganga Maiyaat Jhalmala, Jain shrine of Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura (near Durg), attract pilgrims from all over India.
The town of Bhilai is home to the Bhilai Steel Plant.
According to the 2011 census Durg district has a population of 3,343,079, roughly equal to the nation of Uruguay or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 100th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 391 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,010 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.95 %. Durg has a sex ratio of 988 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 79.69 %.
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Goa
Goa
i/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Gwalior
Gwalior (Hindi/Marathi: ग्वालियर pronunciation (help·info)) ग्वाल्हेर is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India, lying 122 kilometres (76 mi) south of Agra, and 423 kilometres (263 mi) north of Bhopal, the state capital. Gwalior occupies a strategic location in the Gird region of India, and the city and its fortress have served as the center of several of historic northern Indian kingdoms. Gwalior is the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior division.
It is famous for Gwalior Fort, which has changed hands many times. From the Tomaras in the 8th century it passed on to the Mughals, then the Marathas under the Scindias (1754), followed briefly by Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, Tatiya Tope and the British.
The city has several important educational institutions including the Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, Scindia School, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education. Gwalior has five government universities: Jiwaji University, Maharaja Maan Singh Tomar music and arts university, Rajmata Vijyarahe Scindia agriculture university, Laxmibai National University of Physical Education and ABV-IIITM are government universities. Few Private institutions are also well known in this region like Aditya College, ITM University, Amity University etc.
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Halba
Halba (Arabic: حلبا) is the capital of Akkar District in North Governorate, Lebanon, close to the border with Syria. It is located at around 34°33′2″N 36°4′41″E / 34.55056°N 36.07806°E / 34.55056; 36.07806.
The population in Halba is majority Muslim Sunnah, and minority Christian Greek Orthodox and Christian Maronites.
Halba is home to a Lebanese Red Cross First Aid Center.
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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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Ib River
Ib River is a tributary of Mahanadi river, located in North-Eastern Central India. It joins Mahanadi river flowing directly into the Hirakud dam. The river originates in hills near Pandrapet at an elevation of 762 m. It passes through Raigarh district and Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh and Jharsuguda and Sundargarh District of Orissa and finally meets Mahanadi at Hirakud Dam in the state . Ib river valley is famous for its rich coal belt. Major portions of Mahanadi Coalfields are situated on the banks of Ib. Many industries have flourished on the banks of the river IB. The Ib valley areas are counted as one of the most important industrial zones of Eastern India. The river runs for a distance of about 252 km and drains an area of 12,447 km2.
There are enough sightseeing opportunities in the adjoining areas of River Ib. it is believed that the perennial river inspired several tribal groups of Chhattisgarh and Orissa to make permanent habitat on its bank in the past ages. Also there are ample folklores regarding the mythological significance of the Ib river.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indore
Indore /ɪnˈdɔər/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the largest city and the headquarters of Indore District in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Indore is located 190 km west of the state capital of Bhopal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Indore city has a population of 1,960,631 and is fourteenth most populous city in India, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 2.3 million. It is the 147th largest city in the world. Indore is the richest city in central India and also known as "Mini Mumbai" due to it's lifestyle similarities with Mumbai. It also reflects Mumbai's potpourri of cultures, with significant Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari and Sindhi populations.
Indore is the only city of India with both an Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
During the days of the Maratha Empire Indore was an important hub between the Deccan and Delhi. However after the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, the Maratha Empire disintegrated and Indore was declared the capital of the Holkar state, until Rani Ahilyabai Holkar moved the capital to Maheshwar.
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Indravati River
Indravati River (Hindi: इंद्रावती नदी, Marathi: इन्द्रावती,Oriya: ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରାବତୀ ନଦୀ, Telugu: ఇంద్రావతి నది) is a tributary of the Godavari River, located in central India.
It originates from the Eastern Ghats of Dandakaranya range in Kalahandi district and flows in a westerly direction; enters into Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state. It further traverses in the westerly direction and thereafter in southern direction before finally meeting Godavari River at the border of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The river during its course forms the boundary between the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh at various places.
The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, one of the greenest districts in India.
Most of the river course is through dense forests of Bastar. The river flows for a length of 535 km with a drainage area of 41,665 km2.
The river Indravati rises at an altitude of 914 m in the Kalahandi district of Orissa on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It flows west-ward through the Kalahandi, Narainpur and Koraput districts for a length of 164 km and after forming the boundary between Orissa and Chhattisgarh states for a length of 9.5 km, enters the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. After flowing 233 km in Chattisgarh, it turns south and flows along the boundary of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra for about 129 km and joins Godavari River at the junction of the boundaries of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh states.
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Jagdalpur
Jagdalpur is a city and a municipality in Bastar district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is the administrative headquarters of Bastar District and Bastar Division, and was the capital of the erstwhile princely state of Bastar. Jagdalpur is well known for its greenery, filled with lush green mountains, deep valleys, dense forests, streams, waterfalls, caves, natural parks, magnificent monuments, rich natural resources, magic herbs, exuberant festivity and blissful solitude, Bastar, the very name spells magic, conjours up images of the royal past and the tribes.
As of the[update]2011 census, Jagdalpur municipality had a population of 125,345. The municipality had a sex ratio of 961 females per 1,000 males and 11.0% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.44%; male literacy was 91.51% and female literacy was 79.16%.
Road network in and around Jagdalpur can be seen from the road network map of the area.
In view of the poor rail and practically non-existent air connectivity, road based transport has emerged as the sole mode of transport for almost all the goods as well as people originating from or destined to Jagdalpur.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Janjgir
Janjgir is the district headquarters of the district of Janjgir-Champa in Chhattisgarh.Janjgir was made the district on 1997 after it was carved out of Bilaspur.It is well known for its famous Vishnu Temple.Janjgir is undergoing very fast industrial developments and is going to host various thermal power plants in the coming years.Janjgir is well connected to railways and roads.The railway station of Janjgir is called Naila after the portion of the city in which it is located .Though there has been several attempts made by the people to renew its name as Janjgir. Every year,the city organises "Jajwalya Dev Lok Mahotsav",a cultural programme in gratitude of King Jajwalya known to rule the city in ancient times.
Janjgir has been the residence of Miss A.C Funk,a Christian Missionary who lost her life in Titanic.Her house still lies deserted in the city and people often visit the ruins of her house.Further,the Nahariya Baba Temple,a temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman has always been a place of interest for the tourists.Janjgir is connected to major cities like Bilaspur and Raipur through N.H 200.
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Jashpur district
Jashpur District lies in the north-eastern corner of the state of Chhattisgarh in India adjoining the border of Jharkhand and Orissa. Jashpur Nagar is the administrative headquarter of the district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The North-South length of this district is about 150 km, and its East-West breadth is about 85 km. Its total area is 6,205 km². It is between 22° 17′ and 23° 15′ North latitude and 83° 30′ and 84° 24′ East longitude.
It is divided geographically into two parts. The northern hilly belt is called the Upper Ghat. The remaining, southern part, is called Nichghat.
The upper ghat runs from Loroghat Kastura, Narayanpur, Bagicha up to the Surguja district. This belt is a forest area and contains a reserve forest. It covers the Sanna, Bagicha and Narayanpur. The upper ghat is an extension plateau covering 1384 km² which is about 1200 meters above sea level and is covered by a dense forest. The elevated plateau is called "Pat". The Upper Ghat is climbed through Loroghat. Loroghat is about 4 km in length and there are three turnings that are very dangerous.
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Jashpur District
Jashpur District lies in the north-eastern corner of the state of Chhattisgarh in India adjoining the border of Jharkhand and Orissa. Jashpur Nagar is the administrative headquarter of the district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The North-South length of this district is about 150 km, and its East-West breadth is about 85 km. Its total area is 6,205 km². It is between 22° 17′ and 23° 15′ North latitude and 83° 30′ and 84° 24′ East longitude.
It is divided geographically into two parts. The northern hilly belt is called the Upper Ghat. The remaining, southern part, is called Nichghat.
The upper ghat runs from Loroghat Kastura, Narayanpur, Bagicha up to the Surguja district. This belt is a forest area and contains a reserve forest. It covers the Sanna, Bagicha and Narayanpur. The upper ghat is an extension plateau covering 1384 km² which is about 1200 meters above sea level and is covered by a dense forest. The elevated plateau is called "Pat". The Upper Ghat is climbed through Loroghat. Loroghat is about 4 km in length and there are three turnings that are very dangerous.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Jonk River
Jonk River is the tributary of Mahanadi and flows in Chattisgarh state in India. The river starts from the Sundabeda plateau and enters Maraguda valley where it is joined by a stream called Gaidhas-nala near Patora village. The river forms Beniadhas fall (80 feet) and Kharaldhas fall (150 feet) before entering the valley. It joins Mahanadi at Sheorinarayan.
Coordinates: 21°42′N 82°33′E / 21.7°N 82.55°E / 21.7; 82.55
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Kabirdham district
Kabirdham district is one of the 16 administrative districts of Chhattisgarh state in central India. The district was earlier known as Kawardha district. The district is located between 21.32' to 22.28' north latitudes and 80.48' to 81.48' east longitudes. The district covers an area of 4634.98 km2. The city of Kawardha is its administrative headquarters. This district is known for the Bhoramdeo temple (which is also known by the sobriquet, "the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh") located at a distance of 18 km from the district headquarters, Kawardha.
The boundaries of the district are Dindori District to the north, Bilaspur District and Durg District to the east, Rajnandgaon District to the south, and Balaghat District to the west. The northern and western parts are surrounded by the Maikal mountain ranges of Satpura.
On July 2, 1998 the government of Madhya Pradesh state decided to constitute a new district, Kawardha by combining the erstwhile tehsil of Kawardha of Rajnandgaon district and the erstwhile tehsil of Pandariya of Bilaspur district. The town of Kawardha was decided as the headquarters for this new district. The new district came into existence on July 6, 1998. The district is presently known as Kabirdham district.
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Kanhar River
The Kanhar River (Hindi: कनहार नदी) is a tributary of the Son River and flows through the Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.
The Kanhar originates at Gidha-Dhodha on the Khudia plateau in Jashpur district of Chhattishgarh. It initially flows north forming the boundary with Garhwa district in Palamu division of Jharkhand. Thereafter, it flows for about 100 kilometres (62 mi) through Surguja district of Chhatisgarh. Subsequently, it runs parallel to the Son in Garhwa district and turns north-west and flowing through Sonbhadra district in Mirzapur division of Uttar Pradesh. It confluences with the Son River to the north-east of the village of Kota. It has a rocky bed almost throughout its course. A rapid mountain torrent, flowing through forested areas, it is a dangerous stream.
The tributaries of the Kanhar are: Theme, Lanva, Pandu, Goita, Hathinala, Suria, Chana, Sendur, Kursa, Galphulla, Semarkhar, Riger and the Cherna nallah.
A number of waterfalls are located along the track of the river. Pavai Falls near Kothali village (Balrampur) is of about 61 metres (200 ft).Gur-Sindhu Falls is located in Chinia Community block, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Garhwa. Sukhdari Falls is 100 feet (30 m) high. It located near the meeting point of the borders of Chhattishgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.
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Kanker District
Kanker District is located in the southern region of the state of Chhattisgarh, India within the longitudes 20.6-20.24 and latitudes 80.48-81.48. The total area of the district is 5285.01 square kilometers. The population is 651,333.
The Kanker town (the district's headquarter) is situated on the National Highway NH-43. It lies between the two well developed cities of Chhattisgarh namely Raipur (Capital of Chhattisgarh) and Jagdalpur (the district headquarter of the neighboring Bastar district).
The History of Kanker is started from Stone era. With reference of Ramayana and Mahabharat there was a dense forest area named Dandakaranya and the Kanker state belonged to Dandakaranya. According to myths the Kanker was the land of monks. A lot of Rishis (monks) named Kank, Lomesh, Shringi, Angira were lived here. In sixth century before Christ the region was affected by Buddhism. The ancient history of Kanker tells that it remained always independent state.
In 106 AD the Kanker state was under the Satvahan dynasty and the king was Satkarni, This fact is also described by Chinese visitor Whensaung. After Satvahans the state was under control of Nags, Vakataks , Gupt, Nal and Chalukya dynasties time to time. Som dynasty was founded by the king Singh Raj and this dynasty ruled the state from 1125 to 1344. After the downfall of Soms a brave and strong person Dharam Dev kept the foundation of Kandra dynasty. Kandra dynasty ruled the state up to 1385. After the downfall of Kandras the Chandra dynasty came. According to a myth the first king of this dynasty was Veer Kanhar Dev. He ruled the state up to 1404. This dynasty ruled the state up to 1802.
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Kanker district
Kanker District is located in the southern region of the state of Chhattisgarh, India within the longitudes 20.6-20.24 and latitudes 80.48-81.48. The total area of the district is 5285.01 square kilometers. The population is 651,333.
The Kanker town (the district's headquarter) is situated on the National Highway NH-43. It lies between the two well developed cities of Chhattisgarh namely Raipur (Capital of Chhattisgarh) and Jagdalpur (the district headquarter of the neighboring Bastar district).
The History of Kanker is started from Stone era. With reference of Ramayana and Mahabharat there was a dense forest area named Dandakaranya and the Kanker state belonged to Dandakaranya. According to myths the Kanker was the land of monks. A lot of Rishis (monks) named Kank, Lomesh, Shringi, Angira were lived here. In sixth century before Christ the region was affected by Buddhism. The ancient history of Kanker tells that it remained always independent state.
In 106 AD the Kanker state was under the Satvahan dynasty and the king was Satkarni, This fact is also described by Chinese visitor Whensaung. After Satvahans the state was under control of Nags, Vakataks , Gupt, Nal and Chalukya dynasties time to time. Som dynasty was founded by the king Singh Raj and this dynasty ruled the state from 1125 to 1344. After the downfall of Soms a brave and strong person Dharam Dev kept the foundation of Kandra dynasty. Kandra dynasty ruled the state up to 1385. After the downfall of Kandras the Chandra dynasty came. According to a myth the first king of this dynasty was Veer Kanhar Dev. He ruled the state up to 1404. This dynasty ruled the state up to 1802.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
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Kondagaon
Kondagaon is a district separated from bastar district on 24th january 2012 and formed as 27th district of Chhattisgarh state a municipality in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
Kondagaon is located at 19°36′N 81°40′E / 19.6°N 81.67°E / 19.6; 81.67. It has an average elevation of 593 metres (1945 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Kondagaon had a population of 26,772. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kondagaon has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 55%. In Kondagaon, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Kondagaon lies on NH 43 and can easily be reached from Raipur or Jagdalpur. There are frequent buses travelling to these places and to smaller villages in the vicinity.
Kondagaon is a manufacturing centre of handicrafts that are sold throughout India under the name of Bastar Art. The local artisans, most notable of them the artist Jaidev Baghel,Sushil Sakhuja, are working mainly with the Lost-wax casting process to produce bell metal sculptures with scenes from the traditional life of the Indian Adivasi people.
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Korba district
Korba District is an administrative district of Chhattisgarh state in central India. The city of Korba is the district headquarters.
The district was situated in the Northern Rocks and Hills area of the state. Most of the land which has plateau from the Maikal ranges of the Satpura hills, is high and low and open. The biggest area of this open land is spread near Pasan. Hasdeo River has three tributaries Gajechorai, Tan and Ahiran. On the banks of the rivers are small obstructions, thin forest area and bastties. The areas most important hill, the Karela Hill (Height 3253 Ft./991Mtr.). To the north of Katghora, the slope of the valleys of the Hasdeo and Gage is very less and joined the Sarguja District in the north. The Tan and Chorai Rivers joins the River Hasdeo from opposite directions - from the East and the West. Towards the northern banks are the Gurudwari Hill, Janta Hill, Matin and Dhajag Hills.
Korba is known for its coal mines such as Gevra Area (one of the biggest coal mines of Asia), Kusmunda Area and Dipka Area, all located in Korba Coalfield, power plants such as NTPC, CSEB East - West and Balco Aluminium Plant.
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Korba District
Korba District is an administrative district of Chhattisgarh state in central India. The city of Korba is the district headquarters.
The district was situated in the Northern Rocks and Hills area of the state. Most of the land which has plateau from the Maikal ranges of the Satpura hills, is high and low and open. The biggest area of this open land is spread near Pasan. Hasdeo River has three tributaries Gajechorai, Tan and Ahiran. On the banks of the rivers are small obstructions, thin forest area and bastties. The areas most important hill, the Karela Hill (Height 3253 Ft./991Mtr.). To the north of Katghora, the slope of the valleys of the Hasdeo and Gage is very less and joined the Sarguja District in the north. The Tan and Chorai Rivers joins the River Hasdeo from opposite directions - from the East and the West. Towards the northern banks are the Gurudwari Hill, Janta Hill, Matin and Dhajag Hills.
Korba is known for its coal mines such as Gevra Area (one of the biggest coal mines of Asia), Kusmunda Area and Dipka Area, all located in Korba Coalfield, power plants such as NTPC, CSEB East - West and Balco Aluminium Plant.
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Koriya district
Koriya district, also commonly spelled as Korea district, is a district in the north-western part of the Chhattisgarh state in Central India. The administrative headquarter of the district is Baikunthpur.
Little is known of the area before the 16th century. Koriya was a princely state of British Empire in India; the other princely state that lay within the Koriya District was Chang Bhakar. After Indian Independence in 1947, the rulers of Koriya and Chang Bhakar acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948 and both were made part of Surguja District of Madhya Pradesh state.
The District of Koriya came into existence on May 25, 1998, when it was carved out of Surguja District. After the formation of the new state of Chhattisgarh on November 1, 2000, Koriya District became part of the new state. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
Koriya District lies between 22°56′ and 23°48′ North and 81°56′ and 82°47′ East. It is bounded on the north by Sidhi District of Madhya Pradesh, on the south by Bilaspur District, on the east by Surguja District, and on the west by Shahdol District of Madhya Pradesh. The area of the district is 5977 km², of which 59.9% is forest area. The district is a vast mass of hill ranges. The general height of the lower tableland is 550 m (1800 feet) above sea level. The Sonhat Plateau has a maximum elevation of 755 m (2477 feet). The highest peak in the district is Deogarh, which is 1027 m (3370 feet) high.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Mahasamund District
Mahasamund District is an administrative district in Chhattisgarh state in eastern India. The city of Mahasamund is the district headquarters.
Mahasamund District covers an area of 3902.39 km² in the central eastern part of the Chhattisgarh. The district lies between 20°47' to 21°31'30" latitude and 82°00' and 83°15'45" longitude, surrounded by Raigarh District and Raipur District of Chhattisgarh and Nuapara District and Bargarh District of Orissa.
Granite rocks can be found in the Bagbahra, Basna and Pithora region. Rocks are predominantly Limestone of the Chhattisgarh group contemporary to the Cuddapah group of the Upper Pre-Cambrian age, consisting of limestone layers, shale, sandstone, or quartzite. Neo-granite, dolerite, and quartz in intrusive forms are also found in the district. Hence there is a great scope of intense mining activity.
According to the 2011 census Mahasamund district has a population of 1,032,275, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 438rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 216 inhabitants per square kilometre (560 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20 %. Mahasamund has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.54 %.
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Mahasamund district
Mahasamund District is an administrative district in Chhattisgarh state in eastern India. The city of Mahasamund is the district headquarters.
Mahasamund District covers an area of 3902.39 km² in the central eastern part of the Chhattisgarh. The district lies between 20°47' to 21°31'30" latitude and 82°00' and 83°15'45" longitude, surrounded by Raigarh District and Raipur District of Chhattisgarh and Nuapara District and Bargarh District of Orissa.
Granite rocks can be found in the Bagbahra, Basna and Pithora region. Rocks are predominantly Limestone of the Chhattisgarh group contemporary to the Cuddapah group of the Upper Pre-Cambrian age, consisting of limestone layers, shale, sandstone, or quartzite. Neo-granite, dolerite, and quartz in intrusive forms are also found in the district. Hence there is a great scope of intense mining activity.
According to the 2011 census Mahasamund district has a population of 1,032,275, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 438rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 216 inhabitants per square kilometre (560 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20 %. Mahasamund has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.54 %.
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Mand River
Mand River is a tributary of Mahanadi and joins it in Chandrapur 28 km before Orissa border and before the river reaches Hirakud dam. The river rises at an elevation of about 686 m in Surguja district of Chhattisgarh and the total length of the river is 241 km. It drains an area in the range of 5200 km2
Coordinates: 21°42′04″N 83°15′03″E / 21.70111°N 83.25083°E / 21.70111; 83.25083
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Narayanpur district
Narayanpur district (Hindi: नारायणपुर जिला) is one of the 18 districts of Chhattisgarh state in central India. It is one of the two new districts created on May 11, 2007. It was carved out from the erstwhile Bastar district. This district occupies an area of 6640 km² and it had a population of 110,800 in 2001. Narayanpur town is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district comprises 366 villages. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18).
Centre for Rural Management (CRM), Kottayam, Kerala has been assigned to prepare five year Perspective Plan and Annual Plans under BRGF [1] in the District of Narayanpur. The annual plan for 2012-2013 has been approved by the District Planning Committee District planning committees in India on 15 March 2012 and it is started uploading in the plan plus [2]. The Preparation of perspective plan is under progress. CRM has constituted a team under the leadership of Dr. Jos Chathukulam, the Director. Bastar Dharma Kshema Samiti, Jagadalpur provides local support for the plan preparation under the leadership of Rev.Fr.Abraham Kochukarackal CMI.
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pairi River
Pairi River is one of the important tributaries of Mahanadi and it joins Mahanadi near Ranjim, Raipur district in Chhattisgarh, India.
Coordinates: 20°58′N 81°52′E / 20.967°N 81.867°E / 20.967; 81.867
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Pondicherry
Puducherry /ˌpɒndɨˈtʃɛri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil language. The territory is called புதுச்சேரி (Putuccēri) or பாண்டிச்சேரி (Pāṇṭiccēri) in Tamil, or Pondichéry in French. It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Côte d'Azur de l'Est).
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492 km²: Pondicherry (city) 293 km², Karaikal 160 km², Mahé 9 km² and Yanam 30 km². It has 900,000 inhabitants (2001).
Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of whom are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Puducherry has retained the borders of former French India.
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Raigarh
Raigarh (Hindi: रायगढ़) is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Raigarh district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. It is the administrative headquarter of Raigarh district.
Prior to Indian Independence, Raigarh was a Princely state. The former king and his sons still live here. They still lead a royal life but with no rent to collect. Their palace - Moti Mahal - is in very bad shape. It was declared a heritage site very recently by the state government.
Raigarh is located at 21°54′N 83°24′E / 21.9°N 83.4°E / 21.9; 83.4. It has an average elevation of 215 metres (705 feet). The Kelo river flows through the city, which is one of its main water sources.
The minimum - maximum temperature range is 29.5 - 49 °C in summer, and 8 - 25 °C in winter.
As of 2001[update] India census, Raigarh district had a population of 12,69,925, and the city of Raigarh a population of 364,287. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Raigarh has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 62%. About 80% of the population are Hindus, 15% Christians and remaining 5% are other religions. In Raigarh, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Raigarh District
Raigarh district is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh, in India. Raigarh is the district headquarters.The languages spoken in the district are Chhattisgarhi, Oriya and Hindi. Due to Railway and industrial development a fair representation from all over India we can see here. A large population of Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Bihari and other community are living here. The city has cosmopolitan nature.
The district was formed by merging the princely states of Raigarh, Sarangarh, Udaipur (Dharamjaigarh) and Jashpur. Jashpur is now a separate district. It is rapidly growing as a industrial district of Chhattisgarh.One of the oldest Jute mill of india is situated here, Mohan jute mill; it was the only Jute mill of the state CG and undivided MP. Raigarh is one of the major producers of steel in country.Here are situated many steel and power plants such as JSPL, MSP, Monnet steel, and many other small and medium producers. The volume can be judged by the statement that Raigarh itself is consuming about 20,000 tons of coal per day.
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Raigarh district
Raigarh district is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh, in India. Raigarh is the district headquarters.The languages spoken in the district are Chhattisgarhi, Oriya and Hindi. Due to Railway and industrial development a fair representation from all over India we can see here. A large population of Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Bihari and other community are living here. The city has cosmopolitan nature.
The district was formed by merging the princely states of Raigarh, Sarangarh, Udaipur (Dharamjaigarh) and Jashpur. Jashpur is now a separate district. It is rapidly growing as a industrial district of Chhattisgarh.One of the oldest Jute mill of india is situated here, Mohan jute mill; it was the only Jute mill of the state CG and undivided MP. Raigarh is one of the major producers of steel in country.Here are situated many steel and power plants such as JSPL, MSP, Monnet steel, and many other small and medium producers. The volume can be judged by the statement that Raigarh itself is consuming about 20,000 tons of coal per day.
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Raipur District
Raipur district is a district in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Raipur is the administrative headquarter of the district. The district is rich in mineral resources. There are many wild life sanctuaries and sight seeing places worth visiting. The district has the population of 30 lakhs.
As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18).
Raipur district was once part of Southern Kosal and considered to be under Maurya Kingdom. Raipur city had been the capital of the Haihaya Kings, controlling the traditional forts of Chhattisgarh for a long time. The town of Raipur has existed since the 9th century, the old site and ruins of the fort can be seen in the southern part of the city. Satawahana Kings ruled this part till the 2nd-3rd century AD.
It is situated between 22° 33' N to 21°14'N Latitude and 82° 6' to 81° 38'E Longitude. It occupies the south eastern part of the upper Mahanadi River valley and the bordering hills in the south and the east. Thus, the district is divided into two major physical divisions: the Chhattisgarh plains and the hilly areas.
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Raipur district
Raipur district is a district in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Raipur is the administrative headquarter of the district. The district is rich in mineral resources. There are many wild life sanctuaries and sight seeing places worth visiting. The district has the population of 30 lakhs.
As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18).
Raipur district was once part of Southern Kosal and considered to be under Maurya Kingdom. Raipur city had been the capital of the Haihaya Kings, controlling the traditional forts of Chhattisgarh for a long time. The town of Raipur has existed since the 9th century, the old site and ruins of the fort can be seen in the southern part of the city. Satawahana Kings ruled this part till the 2nd-3rd century AD.
It is situated between 22° 33' N to 21°14'N Latitude and 82° 6' to 81° 38'E Longitude. It occupies the south eastern part of the upper Mahanadi River valley and the bordering hills in the south and the east. Thus, the district is divided into two major physical divisions: the Chhattisgarh plains and the hilly areas.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Rajim
Rajim is a town in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, India.
It is located at 20°57′54″N 81°52′54″E / 20.965°N 81.88167°E / 20.965; 81.88167 at an elevation of 281 m above MSL.
Rajim is 45 km from Raipur. To reach there, one needs to take National Highway 43 to Abhanpur; from there a left turn leads a narrow but motor-able road to Rajim. Nearest airport is Raipur Airport.
The holy confluence of three rivers Mahanadi (Chitrotpala), Pairi and Sondur, called Triveni Sangam is at Rajim. Rajim is also known as the "Prayag" of the Chhattisgarh.
Rajim is famous for its rich cultural heritage and the beautiful ancient temples. Shri Rajiv Lochan Mandir, dedicated to Lord Vishnu is at Rajim. The temple structure is supported by twelve towered columns embroidered with stone carvings, which bear the faces of the various gods of the Hindu mythology. The temple is an important religious construct visited by devotees from all over the globe who arrive to offer their prayers to the Lord Vishnu. Other temples dedicated to the various incarnations of Lord Vishnu like the Vamana and the Narasimha are in close proximity of the Rajiv Lochan Mandir.
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Rajnandgaon
Rajnandgaon (Devnagari राजनांदगाँव) is the primary town of Rajnandgaon District, in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. The population of the city is 143,727 (2001 census). It came into existence on 26th Jan' 1973, by way of division of district Durg. The District headquarters of Rajnandgaon is on the Bombay - Howrah line of southeastern railways. The town is surrounded by ponds and rivers and is known for its small-scale industries and traders. Another name used for the city is Shanskardhani, representing the peacefulness of how the residents live together in religious harmony. National Highway 6 (Great Eastern Road) also passes through the town of Rajnandgaon. The nearest airport to the District is at Mana(Raipur), about 80 km away.
The Rajnandgaon was originally named Nandgram. The Rajnandgaon state was ruled by Somvanshis, Kalchuris and Marathas. The palaces in the town of Rajnandgaon reveal their own tale of the rulers, their society and culture, and the splendid traditions of those times. Rajnandgaon is a major road and rail junction. The city was ruled by a dynasty of Hindu caretakers (mahants) with titles "Vaishnav" and Gond rajas (chiefs). Succession was by adoption. Its foundation is traced to a religious celibate, who came from the Punjab towards the end of the 18th century. From the founder it passed through a succession of chosen disciples until 1879, when the British government recognized the ruler as an hereditary chief and afterwards conferred upon his son the title of Raja Bahadur. Founded in 1865. Rulers were...
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Rajnandgaon District
Rajnandgaon District is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh in India. The administrative headquarters the district is Rajnandgaon town.
The district was carved out from the erstwhile Durg district on 26 January 1973. Later, Kabirdham district was carved out from this district on 1 July 1998.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The district covers an area of 8222 km2.
The district is bounded by Kabirdham district in the north, Durg district in the east, Bastar district in the south, Gadchiroli and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra state and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh state in the west.
According to the 2011 census Rajnandgaon district has a population of 1,537,520, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 325th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 191 inhabitants per square kilometre (490 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.82 %. Rajnandgaon has a sex ratio of 1017 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.97 %.
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Rajnandgaon district
Rajnandgaon District is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh in India. The administrative headquarters the district is Rajnandgaon town.
The district was carved out from the erstwhile Durg district on 26 January 1973. Later, Kabirdham district was carved out from this district on 1 July 1998.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
The district covers an area of 8222 km2.
The district is bounded by Kabirdham district in the north, Durg district in the east, Bastar district in the south, Gadchiroli and Bhandara districts of Maharashtra state and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh state in the west.
According to the 2011 census Rajnandgaon district has a population of 1,537,520, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 325th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 191 inhabitants per square kilometre (490 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.82 %. Rajnandgaon has a sex ratio of 1017 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.97 %.
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Rajya Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.616667°N 77.20833°E / 28.616667; 77.20833
The Rajya Sabha (Hindi: राज्य सभा) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Rajya means state and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are chosen by the President of India for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Terms of office are six years, with one third of the members retiring every two years.
The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, is not subject to dissolution. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held.
However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, it would normally hold the greater power in such joint sessions. Only three joint sessions have been held; the last one was for the passage of the anti-terror law POTA in 2002.
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Sabari River
Sabari River (Telugu: శబరి నది) is one of the main tributaries of Godavari. It flows through Chhattisgarh and crosses the border to Andhra Pradesh to merge with River Godavari.
Coordinates: 17°34′N 81°15′E / 17.567°N 81.25°E / 17.567; 81.25
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Sambalpur district
Sambalpur District is a district in the western part of state of Orissa, India. The historic city of Sambalpur is the district headquarters.
The district is located in the Mahanadi River basin. It has a total area of 6,702 square kilometers, of which almost 60% of the district is covered in dense forest. The district is bounded by Deogarh District to the east, Bargarh and Jharsuguda districts to the west, Sundergarh District to the north, and Subarnapur and Angul districts in the south.
Sambalpur city is the connecting city between Chhattisgarh and Orissa. Whereas it used to be known for its importance as a diamond trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the Sambalpuri Saree. It's a good place from which to explore the surrounding forests and spot, some of the rare species still roaming the area in one of the wild life sanctuaries, such as the well-known Badrama sanctuary. Sambalpur is also famous for Sambalpuri song and Sambalpuri dance.
Sambalpur is mentioned in the book of Ptolemy (2nd century) as Sambalaka on the river Manada (the Mahanadi River). This gateway to the exotic charms of the western region of Orissa was the cradle of an ancient civilization and is an important landmark in India's cultural history.
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Satpura Range
The Satpura Range is a range of hills in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat state near the Arabian Sea coast, running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the east till Chhattisgarh. The range parallels the Vindhya Range to the north, and these two east-west ranges divide Indian Subcontinent into the Indo-Gangetic plain of northern India and the Deccan Plateau of the south. The Narmada River originates from north-eastern end of Satpura & runs in the depression between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, draining the northern slope of the Satpura range, running west towards the Arabian Sea. The Tapti River originates from eastern-central part of Satpura, crosses the range in the center & further runs at the southern slopes of Satpura towards west meeting the Arabian Sea at Surat, draining central & the southern slopes of the Satpura Range. The Godavari River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau, which lies south of the range, and the Mahanadi River drains the easternmost portion of the range. The Godavari and Mahanadi rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal. At its eastern end, the Satpura range meets the hills of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Sileru River
Sileru River is a tributary of Sabari River. It originates in Andhra Pradesh, flows through Chhattisgarh before merging with Sabari. Sabari river crosses the border to Andhra Pradesh to merge with Godavari river. The river is 100 km long.
Coordinates: 17°47′N 81°24′E / 17.783°N 81.4°E / 17.783; 81.4
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Sondur River
Sondur River is a tributary of Mahanadi and located in Chattisgarh, India. Sondur dam is built across this river near Gram Machka in Dhamtari district. The river flows through Sitandi sanctuary before merging with Mahanadi.
Coordinates: 20°40′N 82°01′E / 20.667°N 82.017°E / 20.667; 82.017
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Sukma
Sukma is the newly formed, southern most district in Chhattisgarh [South Bastar Region], India.
It is located at 18°24′0″N 81°40′0″E / 18.4°N 81.666667°E / 18.4; 81.666667 at an elevation of 197 m above MSL.
Sukma is connected to Jagdalpur by National Highway 221. The District borders with Orissa (Malkangiri district)and Andhra pradesh(Khammam district).
Though a backward area,it has proved its excellence through its education and literacy rates. This is one of the most forested districts in the entire country (almost 4000 plus sq.km).
Sukma is also renowned for its fresh water prawns (Jhinga) plenty of which are found in the Sabri river, and also for its minor forest produce like Tendupatta, Chironji, Imli, Mahua, Harra, and Gums.
On August 15, 2011, Chief Minister Raman Singh announced that 9 new districts would be created by 2012 and one among them is Sukma.
Sukma, a nature's abode with vivid green forests was inaugurated by Hon. Shri. Dr. Raman Singh, Chief Minister, Chhattisgarh on 16 January 2012.
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Surajpur
Surajpur is a city and a Nagar Palika Nigam in Surajpur district of Chhattisgarh state in central India. It is the Administrative Head Quarter of the Surajpur District, located 256 km North from the state headquarter Raipur. National Highway 43 has its route through Surajpur. Surajpur was declared District on 15 August 2011 buy the State Chief Minister Dr. Raman Singh along with Six other new district. Surajpur is Known for its Market (Economical and Quality product)and other major Tourist places of Chhattisgarh with Tamor Pingla Wild Life Sanctuary.
Surajpur is located at 23°13′N 82°51′E / 23.22°N 82.85°E / 23.22; 82.85. It has an average elevation of 528 metres (1,732 ft).
As of 2001[update] India census, Surajpur District had a population of 6,60,280. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Surajpur has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 90%, and female literacy is 88%. In Surajpur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Surguja District
Surguja District (सरगुजा) is a district in the northern part of the state of Chattisgarh in India. The district headquarter is Ambikapur.
The district borders on the states of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, and overlaps the southeastern part of the Vindhyachal-Baghelkhand region of peninsular India.
According to legend, Lord Rama had visited Surguja during his 14 years of exile in to the forests. There are many places in connection to epic of Ramayana, which are named after Lord Rama, Laxmana and Goddess Sita such as Ramgarh, Sita-Bhengra and Laxmangarh.
Prior to the arrival of the Mauryas, the area was ruled by the Nandas. In the third century BC the region was divided into tiny kingdoms. Later, a Rajput king belonging to the Rakshal clan, attacked from what is now Jharkhand, and took control of the area. In 1820, Amar Singh was crowned as Maharaja. During the British period, Surguja was a princely state.
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
It lies between 23°37'25" to 24°6'17" north latitude and 81°34'40" to 84°4'40" east longitude. 244.62 kilometres (152.00 mi) long east to west and 67.37 kilometres (41.86 mi) broad north to south, this land has as area of about 16,359 square kilometres (6,316 sq mi).
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Surguja district
Surguja District (सरगुजा) is a district in the northern part of the state of Chattisgarh in India. The district headquarter is Ambikapur.
The district borders on the states of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand, and overlaps the southeastern part of the Vindhyachal-Baghelkhand region of peninsular India.
According to legend, Lord Rama had visited Surguja during his 14 years of exile in to the forests. There are many places in connection to epic of Ramayana, which are named after Lord Rama, Laxmana and Goddess Sita such as Ramgarh, Sita-Bhengra and Laxmangarh.
Prior to the arrival of the Mauryas, the area was ruled by the Nandas. In the third century BC the region was divided into tiny kingdoms. Later, a Rajput king belonging to the Rakshal clan, attacked from what is now Jharkhand, and took control of the area. In 1820, Amar Singh was crowned as Maharaja. During the British period, Surguja was a princely state.
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
It lies between 23°37'25" to 24°6'17" north latitude and 81°34'40" to 84°4'40" east longitude. 244.62 kilometres (152.00 mi) long east to west and 67.37 kilometres (41.86 mi) broad north to south, this land has as area of about 16,359 square kilometres (6,316 sq mi).
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Tandula river
The Tandula River runs through the Durg District of the state of Chhattisgarh in India, allowing villages in the district to use its water for irrigation. It flows to the Tandula Dam near Balod, which supplies water for the local Bhilai Steel Plant.
Coordinates: 21°06′N 81°14′E / 21.1°N 81.233°E / 21.1; 81.233
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Tropic of Cancer
Coordinates: 23°26′16″N 0°0′0″W / 23.43778°N 0°E / 23.43778; 0 (Prime Meridian)
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern tropic, is the circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most northerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead at its zenith. This event occurs once per year, at the time of the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major degree measures or major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth, besides the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these circles of latitude (other than the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.
The imaginary line is called the Tropic of Cancer because when the Sun reaches the zenith at this latitude, it is entering the tropical sign of Cancer (summer solstice). When it was named, the Sun was also in the direction of the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab). However, this is no longer true due to the precession of the equinoxes. According to International Astronomical Union boundaries, the Sun now is in Taurus at the June solstice. According to sidereal astrology, which divides the zodiac into 12 equal parts, the Sun is in Gemini at that time. However, according to tropical astrology, which divides the ecliptic in twelve 30º sectors, starting with the vernal equinox, the Sun is always entering Cancer at this time, as the Earth's axial tilt is most inclined towards the Sun. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek τροπή (tropi), meaning turn, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Binayak Sen
Binayak Sen (Bengali: বিনায়ক সেন) is an Indian pediatrician, public health specialist and activist. He is the national Vice-President of the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL).
He has been accused of sedition by the Chhattisgarh Government. He was granted bail on 15 April 2011 by the Supreme Court of India which said no evidence of sedition had been produced against the accused by the Chhattisgarh Government. The final verdict is still pending and the case, including charges of sedition,will be carried forward in the High Court of Chhattisgarh.
Binayak Sen originally started working as a pediatrician extending health care to poor people in the rural-tribal areas of the Chhattisgarh state, doubling up as a human rights activist. While Sen has worked with the state government on health sector reform he has also strongly criticized the government on human rights violations during the anti-Naxalite operations, while advocating non-violent political engagement. In May 2007, he was detained for allegedly supporting the outlawed Naxalites, thereby violating the provisions of the Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act 2005 (CSPSA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967. The evidence presented against him included his meetings with the jailed Naxalite leader Narayan Sanyal and certain documents allegedly supporting his links with the Naxalites. Sen first applied for bail before the Raipur Sessions Court and then the Chhattisgarh High Court in July 2007, soon after his arrest, but was granted bail by the Supreme Court of India only on 25 May 2009.
wn.com/Binayak_Sen -
Gondi people
The Gondi (Gōndi) or Gond people are people in central India, spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra (Vidarbha), Chhattisgarh, northern Andhra Pradesh, and Western Orissa. With over four million people, they are the largest tribe in Central India.
Gond or Rajgond are same tribes. The term Raj Gond ,was widly used in 1940's but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gond Rajas.
The Gondi language is related to Telugu and other Dravidian languages. About half of Gonds speak Gondi languages, while the rest speak Indo-Aryan languages including Hindi.
For many years during the British colonial period of India the Gonds were considered to have performed human sacrifices, although this notion was later discredited.
wn.com/Gondi_people -
Habib Tanvir
Habib Tanvir (1 September 1923 – 8 June 2009) was one of the most popular Indian Urdu, Hindi playwrights, a theatre director, poet and actor. He is the writer of plays such as, Agra Bazar (1954) and Charandas Chor (1975). A pioneer in Urdu, Hindi theatre, he is most known for his work with Chhattisgarhi tribals, at the Naya Theatre, a theatre company he founded in 1959 in Bhopal, and went on to include indigenous performance forms such as nacha, to create not only a new theatrical language, but also milestones such as Charandas Chor, Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damad and Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna.
For him true "theatre of the people" existed in the villages, which he strived to bring to the urban "educated", employing both folk performers as actors alongside urban actors. He died on 8 June 2009 at Bhopal after a three week long illness. Upon his death, he was the last of pioneering actor-managers in Indian theatre, which included Sisir Bhaduri, Utpal Dutt and Prithviraj Kapoor, and often he managed plays with mammoth cast, such as Charandas Chor which included an orchestra of 72 people on stage and Agra Bazaar had 52 people.
wn.com/Habib_Tanvir -
Kabir
Kabīr (also Kabīra) (Hindi: कबीर, Punjabi: ਕਬੀਰ, Urdu: کبير) (1440–1518) was a mystic poet and saint of India, whose writings have greatly influenced the Bhakti movement. The name Kabir comes from Arabic al-Kabīr which means 'The Great' - the 37th name of God in Islam.
Apart from having an important influence on Sikhism, Kabir's legacy is today carried forward by the Kabir Panth ("Path of Kabir"), a religious community that recognizes him as its founder and is one of the Sant Mat sects. Its members, known as Kabir panthis, are estimated to be around 9,600,000. They are spread over north and central India, as well as dispersed with the Indian diaspora across the world, up from 843,171 in the 1901 census. His writings include Bijak, Sakhi Granth, Kabir Granthawali and Anurag Sagar.
Not much is known of Kabir's birth parents, but it is known that he was brought up in a family of Muslim weavers. He was found by a Muslim weaver named Niru and his wife, Nima, in Lehartara, situated in Varanasi. They adopted the boy and taught him the weaver's trade.
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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
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Oriya people
The Oriya, known classically by various names (Odia, Odri, Utkaliya, Kalingi, Latin: Uri), are an ethnic group of eastern India and of eastern Indo-Aryan stock. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state of Orissa, with minority populations in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
The vast majority of the Oriyas are Hindus and are known for their history of Sun worship. Orissa is home to some of the oldest Sun temples in India, including Konark. There are small Christian and Muslim minorities.
The term 'Oriya', while sometimes used to refer to any inhabitant of Orissa (that is, an Orissi or Orissan), more precisely refers to the ethnic group which natively speaks the Oriya language. Orissa marks the southeastern frontier of Aryan expansion and is therefore also home to a large tribal population of Dravidian and Munda origin. While many of them have adopted the Oriya language, they maintain a distinct identity and there is no discernible admixture between them and the Oriyas.
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Raman Singh
Raman Singh (born 15 October 1952) is an Indian politician who as of March 2012[update] is the Chief Minister of Chhatisgarh and has been so since 7 December 2003. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Raman Singh was born on 15 October 1952. He comes from a farming family, his father being Vighnaharan Singh Thakur and his mother, Sudha Singh. He is a doctor of Ayurvedic Medicine and is married to Veena Singh.
Singh joined the Bharatiya Jan Sangh as a youth member and progressed to become a councilor.[citation needed]
He was elected to Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1990 and 1998. In 1999 he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Rajnandgaon constituency in Chhattisgarh. In the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government, Singh became the Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry. He was later named as President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the new state of Chhattisgarh, and led the party to a victory in the 2003 state Assembly elections. With the other main contender for the Chief Minister's post, Dilip Singh Judeo, caught in the midst of a scam, the BJP leadership named Raman Singh as Chattisgarh's second Chief Minister, and the first person to be elected to that post.
wn.com/Raman_Singh -
Shekhar Dutt
Shri Shekhar Dutt is the governor of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and his last post as an IAS officer was as Secretary in the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India.
Dutt belongs to the 1969 batch of IAS from Madhya Pradesh cadre. Dutt became a short service commission officer in the Indian Army and was awarded the Sena Medal for gallantry during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He held various posts in the Madhya Pradesh government, including Principal Secretary in the Department of Tribal and Scheduled Caste Welfare and Principal Secretary, Departments of School Education, Sports & Youth Welfare.
Dutt was appointed of Secretary of the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India. As Director General of the Sports Authority of India, Dutt played a role in the hosting of the Afro-Asian Games in Hyderabad, India in November 2003.
He eventually became the Joint Secretary in the Department of Defence Production and later took over as the Defence Secretary of India in 2005. In July 2007, Dutt retired as Defence Secretary and was appointed Deputy National Security Advisor for a two-year term.
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chhattisgarh tourism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:12
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
visit chhattisgarh
http://wn.com/chhattisgarh_tourism
Shri Narendra Modi addressing Chhattisgarh's Rajyotsav
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:29
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Narendra Modi addressing Chhattisgarh's Rajyotsav
http://wn.com/Shri_Narendra_Modi_addressing_Chhattisgarh's_Rajyotsav
Narendra Modi addressing Chhattisgarh's Rajyotsav
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 5803
- author: narendramodi
Chhattisgarh: Shooting at CRPF camp, 4 jawans killed - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Four CRPF jawans were killed and one was injured after their colleague opened fire at them in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada district. The shooting occurred last night at the camp of 111 CRPF Battalion when a jawan Deep Kumar Tiwari opened fire on the jawans who were sleeping, Dantewada SP Narendra Khare told PTI. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Chhattisgarh_Shooting_at_CRPF_camp,_4_jawans_killed_NewsX
Four CRPF jawans were killed and one was injured after their colleague opened fire at them in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada district. The shooting occurred last night at the camp of 111 CRPF Battalion when a jawan Deep Kumar Tiwari opened fire on the jawans who were sleeping, Dantewada SP Narendra Khare told PTI. For more log on to www.newsx.com
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 103
- author: newsxlive
TV9 Breaking: 4 CRPF Jawans Killed by Colleague in Chhattisgarh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
TV9 Breaking: 4 CRPF Jawans Killed by Colleague in Chhattisgarh......., Four Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) jawans were killed and one critically injured by one of their colleagues at Aranpur-based 111th battalion in Dantewada about 450 km south of Raipur. The injured has been rushed to hospital. According to Dantewada superintendent of police Narendra Khare, the incident occurred at 12:10am when the troopers were sleeping inside their barrack. "Constable Deep Kumar Tiwari, who was ailing and not on duty on Monday, opened fire on his colleagues killing four on the spot", Khare told Hindustan Times. The shocking incident of four paramilitary personnel killed in fratricide inside the heavily guarded camp of CRPF has been cited as the first of its kind in the red zone of Bastar. "Tiwari, who is from Uttar Pradesh, has been arrested. Further investigation is on to ascertain the cause", the SP said.
http://wn.com/TV9_Breaking_4_CRPF_Jawans_Killed_by_Colleague_in_Chhattisgarh
TV9 Breaking: 4 CRPF Jawans Killed by Colleague in Chhattisgarh......., Four Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) jawans were killed and one critically injured by one of their colleagues at Aranpur-based 111th battalion in Dantewada about 450 km south of Raipur. The injured has been rushed to hospital. According to Dantewada superintendent of police Narendra Khare, the incident occurred at 12:10am when the troopers were sleeping inside their barrack. "Constable Deep Kumar Tiwari, who was ailing and not on duty on Monday, opened fire on his colleagues killing four on the spot", Khare told Hindustan Times. The shocking incident of four paramilitary personnel killed in fratricide inside the heavily guarded camp of CRPF has been cited as the first of its kind in the red zone of Bastar. "Tiwari, who is from Uttar Pradesh, has been arrested. Further investigation is on to ascertain the cause", the SP said.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 69
- author: tv9kannadanews
CAUGHT ON CAMERA - Chhattisgarh police official admits scripting case against tribals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:59
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Caught on camera - A Chhattisgarh police official admits to staging an arrest and setting up a case against the tribals Soni Sori and Lingaram Kodopi. The story of the Dantewada-based school teacher Soni Sori and her journalist nephew Lingaram Kodopi in many ways encapsulates the complex conflict that continues in Chattisgarh below the news-radar of the national media. The tribals increasingly get caught between the the security forces of the Indian State and the Maoists. Lingaram Kodopi is a young boy from Chattisgarh, who was asked by the police to work as an informer against the the Maoists. On refusing he was locked up in a bathroom in the Dantewada police station for close to 40 days. When Himanshu Kumar filed a habeas corpus petition in the Chattisgarh High Court , Kodopi was released on bail. However, the police continued to harass him till the point when he came to Delhi and studied as a journalist for several months under the patronage of Himanshu Kumar. Then there was a terrible massacre and burning of three villages in Chattisgarh. Lingaram Kodopi who was now trained to be a journalist, went back to Chattisgarh and took footage from these three villages,the first hand account of the villagers and the way the huts were burnt down by the SPOs. The fact that Linga Kodopi has this footage appears o have become a source of worry for the state police. Their harassment of Linga and his aunt Soni Sori, who is a teacher in a government ashram in Chattisgarh, has gone up ...
http://wn.com/CAUGHT_ON_CAMERA_Chhattisgarh_police_official_admits_scripting_case_against_tribals
Caught on camera - A Chhattisgarh police official admits to staging an arrest and setting up a case against the tribals Soni Sori and Lingaram Kodopi. The story of the Dantewada-based school teacher Soni Sori and her journalist nephew Lingaram Kodopi in many ways encapsulates the complex conflict that continues in Chattisgarh below the news-radar of the national media. The tribals increasingly get caught between the the security forces of the Indian State and the Maoists. Lingaram Kodopi is a young boy from Chattisgarh, who was asked by the police to work as an informer against the the Maoists. On refusing he was locked up in a bathroom in the Dantewada police station for close to 40 days. When Himanshu Kumar filed a habeas corpus petition in the Chattisgarh High Court , Kodopi was released on bail. However, the police continued to harass him till the point when he came to Delhi and studied as a journalist for several months under the patronage of Himanshu Kumar. Then there was a terrible massacre and burning of three villages in Chattisgarh. Lingaram Kodopi who was now trained to be a journalist, went back to Chattisgarh and took footage from these three villages,the first hand account of the villagers and the way the huts were burnt down by the SPOs. The fact that Linga Kodopi has this footage appears o have become a source of worry for the state police. Their harassment of Linga and his aunt Soni Sori, who is a teacher in a government ashram in Chattisgarh, has gone up ...
- published: 01 Oct 2011
- views: 6597
- author: tehelkatv
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:32
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Champa Naila Chhattisgarh India Latest Nov 2012. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India.
http://wn.com/Hasya_Kavi_Sammelan_Organized_by_Shri_Shri_Rajaram_Sewa_Samiti_Naila_Janjgir_Chhattisgarh_India
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Champa Naila Chhattisgarh India Latest Nov 2012. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India.
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 2195
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Flash Mob - Chhattisgarh Chak de India !!!!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
1st Flash Mob of Chhattisgarh on Chak De...India. 26th January 2012, City36 Mall, Chhattisgarh. By the students & staff of Bhilai School of Engineering, SUN Engineering College & Sun Public School. Enjoy the Moments.....!!!!! ^_^
http://wn.com/Flash_Mob_Chhattisgarh_Chak_de_India_!!!!!!
1st Flash Mob of Chhattisgarh on Chak De...India. 26th January 2012, City36 Mall, Chhattisgarh. By the students & staff of Bhilai School of Engineering, SUN Engineering College & Sun Public School. Enjoy the Moments.....!!!!! ^_^
- published: 16 Feb 2012
- views: 4794
- author: mysticalbllueflame
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:38
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Naila Champa Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India New Latest Nov 2012 Great Poet of India. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
http://wn.com/Hasya_Kavi_Sammelan_Organized_by_Shri_Shri_Rajaram_Sewa_Samiti_Naila_Janjgir_Chhattisgarh_India
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Naila Champa Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India New Latest Nov 2012 Great Poet of India. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 2190
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:08
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Champa Naila Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India Latest New 2012. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
http://wn.com/Hasya_Kavi_Sammelan_Organized_by_Shri_Shri_Rajaram_Sewa_Samiti_Naila_Janjgir_Chhattisgarh_India
Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Champa Naila Bilaspur Chhattisgarh India Latest New 2012. Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 1381
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh Part-3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:46
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Performance of Dr. Kumar Vishwas.. the person at his best. Dr. Kumar Latest Kavi Sammelan 30 oct 2012 Full Video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video. What a comedy by Dr.Kumar
http://wn.com/Dr_Kumar_Vishwas_Latest_Nov_2012_Hasya_Kavi_Sammelan_Janjgir_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_Part-3
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Performance of Dr. Kumar Vishwas.. the person at his best. Dr. Kumar Latest Kavi Sammelan 30 oct 2012 Full Video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video. What a comedy by Dr.Kumar
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 50738
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh Part-1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:37
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Performance of Dr. Kumar Vishwas.. the person at his best. Dr. Kumar Latest Kavi Sammelan 30 oct 2012 Full Video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan 10 minutes full video. What a comedy by Dr.Kumar Vishwas. Watch and laugh......
http://wn.com/Dr_Kumar_Vishwas_Latest_Nov_2012_Hasya_Kavi_Sammelan_Janjgir_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_Part-1
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Latest Nov 2012 Hasya Kavi Sammelan Janjgir Bilaspur Chhattisgarh. Performance of Dr. Kumar Vishwas.. the person at his best. Dr. Kumar Latest Kavi Sammelan 30 oct 2012 Full Video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan full video,kumar vishwas kavi samellan 10 minutes full video. What a comedy by Dr.Kumar Vishwas. Watch and laugh......
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 34632
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Kumar vishwas latest full chhattisgarh new raipur, a salute to Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and His Work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 125:01
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
kumar vishwas new latest full at chhattisgarh, raipur,2012 2013basuri chali aao,deh ki INDEX:1) Koi Lab Chu gaya Tha tab at : 00:44:30 2)Swayam Se Door ho tum Bhi : 00:56:00 3)Kanha se door radha kaisi hai : 01:13:00 4)urmiya ban gayi bhagwat: at : 1:19:00 5)Hotho me ganag Ho,hatho par tiranga ho at : 01:34:00 6)Mathe ki sindoor rekha at : 01:48:40 7)Mai bhav suchi un bhavo ki at : 01:56:00 sab phaisle hote nahi sikke uchal ke, ye dil ke mamle hai jara dekh bhaal ke, swayan se door ho tum bhi.. koi deewana kehta hai...., mathe ki sindoor rekha..., mai bhav suchi un bhavo ki... veerta kisi Uttar Pradesh ke riksha wale ko utar kar uski peeth par laathi barsane se nahi hoti.. dec 2012 patriotic us sadan ki ijjat karte jisme "Pura duniya so rahi hai bharat jab raha hai: Pandit nehru kadawar admi jisne ek rail durghatna me istifa de diya tha: lal bahadur shastri" Neta: ye bandar ki photo kitne ka hai? dukandar: Sir ye mirror hai Kuch log: "majbori vyatha kavitai likha gai, pidhi ka dard gazal ka misra bana gayi, chinta toh mujhe bhi thi mulk ke liye, do peg lag gaye toh mujhe nind aa gayi." Koi deewana kehta hain koi pagal samjhta hain magar dharti ki bechani ko bas badal samjhta hain Main tujhse dur kaisa hu,tu mujhse dur kaisi hain Yeh tera dil samjhta hain ya mera dil samjhta hain Ke mohobbat ek ehsaason ki paawan si kahaani hain kabhi kabira deewana tha kabhi meera diwaani hain Yahaan sab log kehte hain meri aakho mein aasu hain Jo tu samjhe toh moti hain jo na samjhe toh ...
http://wn.com/Kumar_vishwas_latest_full_chhattisgarh_new_raipur,_a_salute_to_Aam_Aadmi_Party_AAP_and_His_Work
kumar vishwas new latest full at chhattisgarh, raipur,2012 2013basuri chali aao,deh ki INDEX:1) Koi Lab Chu gaya Tha tab at : 00:44:30 2)Swayam Se Door ho tum Bhi : 00:56:00 3)Kanha se door radha kaisi hai : 01:13:00 4)urmiya ban gayi bhagwat: at : 1:19:00 5)Hotho me ganag Ho,hatho par tiranga ho at : 01:34:00 6)Mathe ki sindoor rekha at : 01:48:40 7)Mai bhav suchi un bhavo ki at : 01:56:00 sab phaisle hote nahi sikke uchal ke, ye dil ke mamle hai jara dekh bhaal ke, swayan se door ho tum bhi.. koi deewana kehta hai...., mathe ki sindoor rekha..., mai bhav suchi un bhavo ki... veerta kisi Uttar Pradesh ke riksha wale ko utar kar uski peeth par laathi barsane se nahi hoti.. dec 2012 patriotic us sadan ki ijjat karte jisme "Pura duniya so rahi hai bharat jab raha hai: Pandit nehru kadawar admi jisne ek rail durghatna me istifa de diya tha: lal bahadur shastri" Neta: ye bandar ki photo kitne ka hai? dukandar: Sir ye mirror hai Kuch log: "majbori vyatha kavitai likha gai, pidhi ka dard gazal ka misra bana gayi, chinta toh mujhe bhi thi mulk ke liye, do peg lag gaye toh mujhe nind aa gayi." Koi deewana kehta hain koi pagal samjhta hain magar dharti ki bechani ko bas badal samjhta hain Main tujhse dur kaisa hu,tu mujhse dur kaisi hain Yeh tera dil samjhta hain ya mera dil samjhta hain Ke mohobbat ek ehsaason ki paawan si kahaani hain kabhi kabira deewana tha kabhi meera diwaani hain Yahaan sab log kehte hain meri aakho mein aasu hain Jo tu samjhe toh moti hain jo na samjhe toh ...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 14252
- author: CoolRadioMirchi
Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Dr. Raman Singh visited Pujya Asharam Ji Bapu (Guru Purnima Raipur 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:20
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
Sant Shri Asharamji Bapu GuruPoonam satsang Raipur 23rd June 2012 Part 5 Pujya Asharam JI Bapu and Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh Dr. Raman Singh
http://wn.com/Chhattisgarh_Chief_Minister_Dr_Raman_Singh_visited_Pujya_Asharam_Ji_Bapu_Guru_Purnima_Raipur_2012
Sant Shri Asharamji Bapu GuruPoonam satsang Raipur 23rd June 2012 Part 5 Pujya Asharam JI Bapu and Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh Dr. Raman Singh
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 2602
- author: Sant Amritvani
Boxing Championship Inauguration in Bilaspur Chhattisgarh!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Kathak and Chhattisgarhi Folk Dancing Programm counducted in the Boxing Championship Inauguration in Bilaspur Chhattisgarh!
http://wn.com/Boxing_Championship_Inauguration_in_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh!
Kathak and Chhattisgarhi Folk Dancing Programm counducted in the Boxing Championship Inauguration in Bilaspur Chhattisgarh!
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- views: 2
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Riya sen,Aseem Merchant,Amruta patki in Bilaspur Chhattisgarh!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Riya Sen,nisha bedi,priyanka shah,amruta patki,riya sen,riya sen,Aseem Merchant,asim merchant,ria sen,amrita patki
http://wn.com/Riya_sen,Aseem_Merchant,Amruta_patki_in_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh!
Riya Sen,nisha bedi,priyanka shah,amruta patki,riya sen,riya sen,Aseem Merchant,asim merchant,ria sen,amrita patki
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- views: 5
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Dokra Art from Chhattisgarh, India - "Lost Wax Casting"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Original video was created by Sushil Shakuja. Video translated to english by 36garhiart.com Team Thumps up if you like the traditional method followed by tribals to cast beautiful art items *** To know more about us visit 36garhiart.blogspot.in Visit our website : 36garhiart.com Visit our e-bay store : myworld.ebay.in ***
http://wn.com/Dokra_Art_from_Chhattisgarh,_India_Lost_Wax_Casting
Original video was created by Sushil Shakuja. Video translated to english by 36garhiart.com Team Thumps up if you like the traditional method followed by tribals to cast beautiful art items *** To know more about us visit 36garhiart.blogspot.in Visit our website : 36garhiart.com Visit our e-bay store : myworld.ebay.in ***
- published: 04 Apr 2012
- views: 332
- author: 36garhiart
Dr. Kumar Vishwas in Raipur chhattisgarh ( khilesh )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Date: 24.12.2011. Chhattisgarh Chember og Commerce Raipur Orgnised National Trad And Decor Fair at Scince College Ground Raipur Chhattisgarh Team Anna Member Dr. Kumar Vishwas ....... Majboor Ho Tum Bhi ... Majboor Hain Hum Bhi.... Koi Deewana kehta Hai Koi Pagal Samajhta Hai .... Main Apni Maa Ka Beta Hoon, Ghar Moushi Ke Aaya Hoon... and Many More Full Entertainment Every People Public at Stand By There..Where.......
http://wn.com/Dr_Kumar_Vishwas_in_Raipur_chhattisgarh_khilesh_
Date: 24.12.2011. Chhattisgarh Chember og Commerce Raipur Orgnised National Trad And Decor Fair at Scince College Ground Raipur Chhattisgarh Team Anna Member Dr. Kumar Vishwas ....... Majboor Ho Tum Bhi ... Majboor Hain Hum Bhi.... Koi Deewana kehta Hai Koi Pagal Samajhta Hai .... Main Apni Maa Ka Beta Hoon, Ghar Moushi Ke Aaya Hoon... and Many More Full Entertainment Every People Public at Stand By There..Where.......
- published: 30 Dec 2011
- views: 18899
- author: skhilesh
XFR Bicycle Stunts Bhilai Chhattisgarh INDIA Vol. 2 Unleashed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
XTREME FREESTYLE RIDERz Freestyle Stunters Of Bhilai, Chhattisgarh Video Editing By SAHIL Join us on Facebbok - www.facebook.com Watch Out Our Website - thexfrz.webs.com *Youtube Read This Note I Do not Own The Music All Copyright Claims are Owned By - "Position Music-Mystique", sound recording administered by: GoDigital for a third party "David Guetta - Akon-Crank It Up", sound recording administered by: EMI "The Wanted-Glad You Came", sound recording administered by: UMG
http://wn.com/XFR_Bicycle_Stunts_Bhilai_Chhattisgarh_INDIA_Vol_2_Unleashed
XTREME FREESTYLE RIDERz Freestyle Stunters Of Bhilai, Chhattisgarh Video Editing By SAHIL Join us on Facebbok - www.facebook.com Watch Out Our Website - thexfrz.webs.com *Youtube Read This Note I Do not Own The Music All Copyright Claims are Owned By - "Position Music-Mystique", sound recording administered by: GoDigital for a third party "David Guetta - Akon-Crank It Up", sound recording administered by: EMI "The Wanted-Glad You Came", sound recording administered by: UMG
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 10821
- author: XFRclub
throwball chhattisgarh vs karnataka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:25
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/throwball_chhattisgarh_vs_karnataka
Dr. Kumar Vishwas Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Hasya Latest 2012 part-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:02
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Kavi Sammelan Hasya Latest Nov 2012 part-2 Janjgir Naila Bilaspur Chhattisgarh.
http://wn.com/Dr_Kumar_Vishwas_Akhil_Bhartiya_Kavi_Sammelan_Hasya_Latest_2012_part-2
Akhil Bhartiya Kavi Sammelan Organized by Shri Shri Rajaram Sewa Samiti Naila Janjgir Chhattisgarh India. Dr. Kumar Vishwas Kavi Sammelan Hasya Latest Nov 2012 part-2 Janjgir Naila Bilaspur Chhattisgarh.
- published: 23 Nov 2012
- views: 7503
- author: Chandrabhushan Chandrakar
Chhattisgarh Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:11
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
Traditional song from Chhattisgarh
http://wn.com/Chhattisgarh_Song
pragati shil chhattisgarh satnami samaj adhayksh raipur city ashwani bablu trivendra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
9303172111 16 December Shoba Yatra Pragatishil Chhattisgarh Satnami Samaj
http://wn.com/pragati_shil_chhattisgarh_satnami_samaj_adhayksh_raipur_city_ashwani_bablu_trivendra
9303172111 16 December Shoba Yatra Pragatishil Chhattisgarh Satnami Samaj
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- author: Ashwani Bablu Trivendra
pragati shil chhattisgarh satnami samaj adhayksh raipur city ashwani bablu trivendra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
16 December Shoba Yatra Pragatishil Chhattisgarh Satnami Samaj 9303172111
http://wn.com/pragati_shil_chhattisgarh_satnami_samaj_adhayksh_raipur_city_ashwani_bablu_trivendra
16 December Shoba Yatra Pragatishil Chhattisgarh Satnami Samaj 9303172111
- published: 28 Dec 2012
- author: Ashwani Bablu Trivendra
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Newstrack India
30 Dec 2012
Author Dilip D'Souza's new book, "The Curious Case of Binayak Sen", examines the questionable life term for sedition awarded to the doctor and human rights activist from Chhattisgarh despite doubts being cast on the evidence against him ... Sen, 62, was arrested in May 14, 2007, in Raipur and sentenced to life imprisonment by a Chhattisgarh court Dec 24, 2010, for allegedly supporting and sympathising with Maoists....(size: 4.7Kb)
Newswing
30 Dec 2012
MP, Parima Nathwani. MP, Parima Nathwani. November 19, 2010 ... The other states, where large number of illiterate persons resides, are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Mrs. D ... Parimal Nathwani ... Chhattisgarh figured the least number of 0.61 crore illiterate persons in the age group of seven years and above; with 0.20 crore male and 0.41 crore female illiterates ... Mr ... Mrs ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Siasat Daily
30 Dec 2012
New Delhi, December 30. ... Other charges against him included allocation of coal blocks to his close associate Ajay Sancheti in Chhattisgarh and grabbing land of farmers in Nagpur for his Purti Sugar and Power Limited ... His present term expires this month ... 2013 would be a crucial year with Assembly elections due in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Delhi, Karnataka, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland ... Recommend Twitter ... CM ....(size: 5.3Kb)
Jakarta Post
30 Dec 2012
An Indian woman who was gang-raped and beaten on a bus in New Delhi died Saturday at a Singapore hospital, after her ordeal galvanized Indians to demand greater protection for women from sexual violence that impacts thousands of them every day ... Authorities in the eastern state of Chhattisgarh also suspended a police officer on accusations he refused to register a rape complaint from a woman who said she had been attacked by a driver....(size: 6.0Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
30 Dec 2012
The inevitable has happened. The gangrape victim, who, in the throes of her painful and prolonged ordeal, became a heroine and a national symbol for Indian womanhood, has died. All the young girls and boys who gathered in Delhi and elsewhere to protest against the attack on her and the lack of safety for women in general, are in mourning ... “Hey, these are tribals getting killed, in godforsaken places like Gadch-iroli and Chhattisgarh....(size: 6.1Kb)
Jakarta Post
30 Dec 2012
Indian police charged six men with murder on Saturday, hours after a woman who was gang-raped and beaten on a bus in New Delhi nearly two weeks ago died in a Singapore hospital ... Kevin Loh, the chief executive of the hospital, said in a statement ... Authorities in the eastern state of Chhattisgarh also suspended a police officer on accusations he refused to register a rape complaint from a woman who said she had been attacked by a driver....(size: 8.7Kb)
Zeenews
30 Dec 2012
New Delhi. 2012 was a rough ride year for the country, which had to negotiate the choppy waters of domestic politics, face a situation of mass exodus from North East and face one of the worst power cut situations in its history ... Jan 1. Kolkata ... At least five passengers are injured when 10 bogies of an express train travelling from Durg in Chhattisgarh to Puri in Orissa derails at Lakhna, 200km from here according to railway officials ... ....(size: 16.6Kb)
The Hindu
29 Dec 2012
... regarding the killing of a teenager during a raid at a Maoist camp in Chhattisgarh ... Chhattisgarh teenager death, The Hindu report, NHRC notice, Chhattisgarh government ....(size: 0.9Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
A 30-year-old Chhattisgarh native, A Jacob, allegedly drowned in the sea at a local beach here on Saturday....(size: 0.6Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
Amid a recent incident of fratricide in Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and suicides by police and other staff posted in Naxalite areas, Chhattisgarh police have set up a team comprising Art of Living expert and psychiatrist to provide counselling service to security forces in the Maoist insurgency-affected Bastar region....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Hindu
29 Dec 2012
We know a name called Manorama from Manipur, others from Kashmir and Chhattisgarh ... We know that a man called Ankit Garg, SP, Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, supervised the humiliation of Soni Sori and was awarded with a police medal for gallantry ... lead to similar punishment, regardless of whether they occur in Delhi, or Kashmir, Manipur and Chhattisgarh....(size: 6.8Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
With country's tallest forward in their team roster, Chhattisgarh made good use Poonam Chaturvedi's 6-foot-9 height to get rid of Karnataka 70-55 ... Chhattisgarh (Poonam Chaturvedi 22, Kavita Kumari 13) bt Karnataka (S Savitha 13, G Reshma11) 70-55 (20-13, 22-16, 12-7, 16-19); Indian Railways (Geethu A Jose 17, Manisha Dange 16) bt Kerala (PS Jeena ......(size: 4.0Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
Policemen themselves will have to stop sexually assaulting women who come to make complaints ... State acknowledges the reality of custodial violence against women in many parts of the country, especially in Jammu and Kashmir, north east and Chhattisgarh ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
 |
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|
| Chhattisgarh छत्तीसगढ़ |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
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| Coordinates (Raipur): 21°16′N 81°36′E / 21.27°N 81.60°E / 21.27; 81.60Coordinates: 21°16′N 81°36′E / 21.27°N 81.60°E / 21.27; 81.60 | |||
| Country |  India |
||
| Established | 01 November 2000 | ||
| Capital | Raipur | ||
| Largest city | Raipur | ||
| Districts | 27 (9 dist. new) | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | Shekhar Dutt | ||
| • Chief Minister | Raman Singh (BJP) | ||
| • Legislature | Unicameral (90 seats) | ||
| • Parliamentary constituency | 11 (year 2010) | ||
| • High Court | Chhattisgarh High Court | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 135,194 km2 (52,199 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 10th | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 25,540,196 | ||
| • Rank | 16th | ||
| • Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | IN-CT | ||
| HDI |  0.516 (medium) |
||
| HDI rank | 23rd (2005) | ||
| Literacy | 64.7% (23rd) | ||
| Official languages | Hindi, Chhattisgarhi | ||
| Website | chhattisgarh.nic.in | ||
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India.[1] Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.[2]
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
Etymology[link]
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.[3]
In a popular and widely believed opinion, Chhattisgarh takes its name from the 36 pillars of Chhatishgarhin Devi temple (chhattis means "36", and garh means "pillar"). The old state had 36 districts, which were: Ratanpur, Vijaypur, Kharound, Maro, Kautgarh, Nawagarh, Sondhi, Aukhar, Padarbhatta, Semriya, Champa, Lafa, Chhuri, Kenda, Matin, Aparora, Pendra, Kurkuti-kandri, Raipur, Patan, Simaga, Singarpur, Lavan, Omera, Durg, Saradha, Sirasa, Menhadi, Khallari, Sirpur, Figeswar, Rajim, Singhangarh, Suvarmar, Tenganagarh, and Akaltara.[4] However, experts do not agree with this explanation, as 36 forts cannot be archaeologically identified in the region.[3]
British chronicler J.B. Beglar provides a different explanation of the origins of the name. According to Beglar, "the real name is 'Chhattisghar' ("chhattis" means "36," and ghar means "houses") and not Chhattisgarh." According to him, there is "a traditional saying that ages ago, about the time of Jarasandha (age of Mahabharata), 36 families of chanmars (leather workers) emigrated southward from Jarasandha's kingdom and established themselves in this region, which after them is called Chhattisgarh."[5]
Another view, more popular with experts and historians, is that Chhattisgarh is the corrupted form of Chedisgarh which means Raj or "Empire of the Chedis" (Kalchuri Dynasty).[3]
According to Dr. Shrikant Khilari, the name Chhattisgarh comes from the time of Guru Ghasidas. Guru Ghasidas, a saint, named Chhasttisgarh and the name was officially applied by the Marathas in 1795.
One more view is that the state acquired the name Chhattisghar because it is home for 36 tribal clans: Chhattis, which is Hindi for "36," and ghar, which is Hindi for "home."
Geography[link]
The northern and southern parts of the state are hilly, while the central part is fertile plain. Deciduous forests of the Eastern Highlands Forests cover roughly 44% of the state.
The state animal is the van bhainsa, or wild water buffalo. The state bird is the pahari myna, or hill myna. The state tree is the Sal, or Sarai.
The north of the state lies on the edge of the great Indo-Gangetic plain. The Rihand River, a tributary of the Ganges, drains this area. The eastern end of the Satpura Range and the western edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau form an east-west belt of hills that divide the Mahanadi River basin from the Indo-Gangetic plain.
The central part of the state lies in the fertile upper basin of the Mahanadi and its tributaries, with extensive rice cultivation. The upper Mahanadi basin is separated from the upper Narmada basin to the west by the Maikal Hills (part of the Satpuras), and from the plains of Orissa to the east by ranges of hills. The southern part of the state lies on the Deccan plateau, in the watershed of the Godavari River, and its tributary the Indravati River.
The Mahanadi is the chief river of the state. The other main rivers are Hasdo (a tributary of Mahanadi), Rihand, Indravati, Jonk, Arpa, and Shivnath. It is situated in the east of Madhya Pradesh.
| State animal | Van Bhainsa (Wild Buffalo) |
| State bird | Pahari Myna (Hill Myna) |
| State tree | Sal or Sarai |
Climate[link]
The climate of Chhattisgarh is mainly tropical. It is hot and humid because of its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and is completely dependent on the monsoons for rains.
Summer in Chhattisgarh is from April to June and temperatures can reach 40°C (100°F). The monsoon season is from late June to October and is a welcome respite from the heat. Chhattisgarh receives an average of 1,292 millimetres (50.9 in) of rain. Winter is from November to January, and is a good time to visit. Winters are pleasant with low temperatures and lesser humidity.[6]
Temperature[link]
The temperature varies between 30 and 47 °C (86 and 117 °F) in summer and between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F) during winter. However, extremes in temperature can be obsevered with scales falling to less than 0°C to 49°C.[citation needed]
Transport[link]
Road, rail and air connectivity from and to Chhattisgarh can be seen from the official website of the Chhattisgarh government.
Roads[link]
Chhattisgarh has an excellent road network. All district headquarters, tehsils and development blocks are connected with good all-weather roads.
Road network in and around Chhattisgarh can be seen from the map of the area.
National highways: The 11 national highways passing through Chhattisgarh together constitute 2,184 km of roads in the state.[7][8]
| National Highways number | Connecting cities | Length in Chhattisgarh (Kms) |
|---|---|---|
| NH 6 | Hajira-Dhule-Nagpur-Raipur-Sambalpur-Baharagora-Calcutta | 314 |
| NH 12A | The highway starting from its junction with NH 26 near Jhansi in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting Pirthipur - Tikamgarh -
Shahgarh - Hirapur - Damoh - Jabalpur - Mandla - Kwardha and terminating at its junction with NH 200 at Shimga in the State of Chhattisgarh |
128 |
| NH 16 | Nizamabad-Mancheral-Jagdalpur | 210 |
| NH 43 | Raipur-Vizianagaram Junction with National Highway No. 5 near
Natavalasa |
316 |
| NH 78 | Katni-Shahdol-Ambikapur-Jashpurnagar-Gumla | 356 |
| NH 111 | Junction with NH-200 near Bilaspur connecting Katghora and
terminating at its junction with NH 78 near Ambikapur |
200 |
| NH 200 | Raipur-Bilaspur-Raigarh-Kanaktora-Jharsuguda-KochindaDeogarh-Talcher-Chandhikhol | 300 |
| NH 202 | Hyderabad-Warangal-Venkatapuram-Bhopalpatnam | 36 |
| NH 216 | Raigarh-Sarangarh-Saraipalli | 80 |
| NH 217 | Raipur-Gopalpur | 70 |
| NH 221 | Junction of NH 9 near Vijaywada connecting Kondapalli Mailavaram-Tiruvuru-Penuballi-Kothagudem - Paloancha -
Bhadrachalam -Nellipaka-Chinturu - Konta and terminating at its junction with NH 16 near Jagadalpur |
174 |
| Total | 2184 |
The state highways and major district roads account for another 8,031 km.
In 2008-09, 2,811 km of roads and 68 bridges were constructed. As of 2008-09, the total road length in the state was 45,988 km.
The National Highway 6 (Mumbai to Kolkata) passes through the state. The state also hosts National Highway 43, which starts from Raipur and goes up to Vishakhapatnam. National Highway 16 from Hyderabad ends at Bhopalpatnam in Dantewada district. National Highway 78 From Katni (MP) ends at Gumla (Jharkhand) pass through Koria, Surajpur, Sarguja, Jashpur District. The state has 11 National Highways (2,225 kilometres).
Rail network[link]
The rail network in Chhattisgarh is centered around Bilaspur, which is zonal headquarters of South East Central Railway of Indian Railways. The other main railway junction is Raipur, followed by Durg Junction, which is also a starting point of many long distance trains. These three junctions are well-connected to the major cities of India.
The details of various trains crossing Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, their frequency and their timings are available at Indian Railways website.
Air[link]
The air infrastructure is minor. The sole commercially operating airport is in Raipur. Of late, Raipur has shown an upsurge in passenger traffic; it has links to top cities of the country, i.e. Delhi (five flights per day), Mumbai (three flights), Kolkata (three), Bhopal (one), and Indore (one). It is also connected to Jaipur, Nagpur, Bhubaneshwar, Ahmedabad, Gwalior, Chandigarh, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
Airports
Other airstrips
- Nandini Airport, Bhilai
- Baikunth Airstrip, Baikunth
- Kondatarai Airstrip, Raigarh
- JSPL’s Airstrip, Raigarh
- Darima Airstrip, Ambikapur
- Korba Airstrip, Korba
- Agdih Airstrip, Jashpur
- Dondi Airstrip, Dondi, Durg
Some new airstrips have been proposed for more connectivity:
- Kanker
- Kabirdham
- Surajpur
- Dantewada
- Bijapur
- Korba
- Balrampur
- Rajnandgaon
- Raigarh
History[link]
Ancient and medieval history[link]
In ancient times, this region was known as Dakshin-Kausal. This also finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries, Sarabhpurias, Panduavanshi, Somvanshi, Kalchuri, and Nagvanshi rulers dominated this region. Kalchuris ruled in Chhattisgarh from 980 to 1741 AD.
Modern history[link]
The area constituting the new state merged into Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 1956, under the States Re-organization Act, and remained a part of that state for exactly 44 years. Prior to its becoming a part of the new state of Madhya Pradesh, the region was part of old Madhya Pradesh State, with its capital at Nagpur. Prior to that, the region was part of the Central Provinces and Berar province (CP and Berar) under the British rule. Some areas constituting the Chhattisgarh state were princely states under the British rule, but later on were merged into Madhya Pradesh.[9]
Chhattisgarh was under Maratha rule (Bhonsales of Nagpur) from 1741 to 1845 AD. It came under British rule from 1845 to 1947. Raipur gained prominence over the of capital Ratanpur with the advent of the British in 1845. In 1905, the Sambalpur district was transferred to Orissa and the estates of Sarguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh.
Separation of Chhattisgarh[link]
The present state of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000.
The demand for a separate state was first raised in the 1920s. Similar demands kept cropping up at regular intervals; however, a well-organized movement was never launched. Several all-party platforms were formed, and they usually resolved around petitions, public meetings, seminars, rallies and bandhs.[10]
A demand for separate Chhattisgarh was raised in 1924 by the Raipur Congress unit, and also discussed in the Annual Session of the Indian Congress at Tripuri. A discussion also took place of forming a Regional Congress organization for Chhattisgarh. When the State Reorganisation Commission was set up in 1954, the demand for a separate Chhattisgarh was put forward, but was not accepted. In 1955, a demand for a separate state was raised in the Nagpur assembly of the then state of Madhya Bharat.[10]
The 1990s saw more activity for a demand for the new state, such as the formation of a state-wide political forum, especially the Chhattisgarh Rajya Nirman Manch. Chandulal Chadrakar led this forum, several successful region-wide Bandhs and rallies were organized under the banner of the forum, all of which were supported by major political parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party.[10]
The new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government sent the redrafted Separate Chhattisgarh Bill for the approval of the Madhya Pradesh Assembly, where it was once again unanimously approved, and then it was tabled in the Lok Sabha. This bill for a separate Chhattisgarh was passed in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, paving the way for the creation of a separate state of Chhattisgarh. The President of India gave his consent to the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000 on August 25, 2000. The Government of India subsequently set November 1, 2000, as the day the state of Madhya Pradesh would be divided into Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.[10]
Government and administration[link]
The State Legislative assembly is composed of 90 Members of the Legislative Assembly. There are 11 members to the Lok Sabha from Chhattisgarh. The Rajya Sabha has five members from the state.
Districts[link]
Main article: Districts of Chhattisgarh
Chattisgarh state consists 27 districts:[11][12][13][14][15]
Bastar Division:
- Bijapur
- Sukma
- Dantewada (Dakshin Bastar)
- Bastar (Jagdalpur)
- Kondagaon
- Narayanpur
- Kanker (Uttar Bastar)
Durg Division:
- Kawardha (Kawardha)
- Rajnandgaon
- Balod
- Durg
- Bemetara
Raipur Division:
Bilaspur Division:
Surguja Division:
Municipal corporations[link]
- Ambikapur
- Bhilai
- Bhatapara
- Bilaspur
- Chirmiri
- Durg
- Jagdalpur
- Janjgir
- Korba
- Raigarh
- Raipur
- Rajnandgaon
[edit] Human Development Indicators (HDIs)[16]
HDI Value
Chhattisgarh with an HDI value of 0.358 has the dubious distinction of being an Indian state with the lowest HDI Value. The national average HDI Value is 0.467 according to 2011 Indian NHDR report.
Standard of living
Chhattisgarh has one of the lowest standard of living in India as per the Income Index (0.127) along side the states like Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. These states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand) have incomes below the national average, with Bihar having the lowest income per capita.
These poorer states, despite low absolute incomes, have witnessed high Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) growth rates (especially Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Uttarakhand which had growth rates above 10 per cent per annum) during the Tenth Five Year Plan period (2002–7).
Education Index
Chhattisgarh has an Education Index of 0.526 according to 2011 NHDR which is higher than that of states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan who are below the 0.5 mark. Though, it is lower than the national average of 0.563.
With respect to literacy, the state fared just below the national average. The recent estimates from Census (2011) also depict a similar picture with the literacy rate of 71 per cent (81.4% Males & 60.5% Females), which is close to the all India literacy rate of 74 per cent.
According to NSS (2007–8), the literacy rate for STs and SCs was better than the corresponding national average, and this is a positive sign.
Among the marginalized groups, STs are at the bottom of the rankings, further emphasizing the lack of social development in the state. Bastar and Dantewada in south Chhattisgarh are the most illiterate districts and the drop out ratio is the highest among all the districts. The reason for this is the extreme poverty in rural areas.
Health Index
Health Index of Chhattisgarh is less than 0.49, one of the lowest in the country. The Health Index is defined in terms of life expectancy at birth since a higher life expectancy at birth reflects better health outcomes for an individual.
Despite different health related schemes and programmes, the health indicators such as percentage of women with BMI<18.5, Under Five Mortality Rate, and underweight children are poor. This may be due to the difficulty in accessing the remote areas in the state. The prevalence of female malnutrition in Chhattisgarh is higher than the national average—half of the ST females are malnourished. The performance of SCs is a little better than the corresponding national and state average. The Under Five Mortality Rate among STs is significantly higher than the national average. The percentage of under-weight children in Chhattisgarh is also higher than the national average, further underlining the appalling health condition of the state’s population.
Net State Domestic Product (NSDP)
Chhattisgarh is one of the emerging states with relatively high growth rates of NSDP (8.2% vs 7.1% All India over 2002-2008) and per capita NSDP(6.2% vs 5.4% All India over 2002-2008). The growth rates of the said parameters are above the national averages, and thus it appears that Chhattisgarh is catching up with other states in this respect. However, Chhattisgarh still has very low levels of per capita income as compared to the other states.
Urbanisation
The demographic profile shows that about 80 per cent of the total population lived in rural areas.
Sex Ratio
The sex ratio in the state is one of the best in India with 991 females per 1,000 males, as is the child sex-ratio with 964 females per 1,000 males (Census 2011).
Fertility Rate
Chhattisgarh has a fairly high fertility rate (3.1) as compared to All India (2.6) and the replacement rate (2.1). Chhattisgarh has rural fertility rate of 3.2 and urban fertility rate of 2.1.
ST Population
With the exception of the hilly states of the north-east, Chhattisgarh has one of highest shares of Scheduled Tribe (ST) population within a state, accounting for about 10 per cent of the STs in India. Scheduled Castes and STs together constitute more than 50 per cent of the state’s population. The tribals of Chhattisgarh are an important part of the population and mainly inhabit the dense forests of Bastar and other districts of south Chhattisgarh.
Poverty
The incidence of poverty in Chhattisgarh is very high but is better than Orissa and Bihar. The estimated poverty ratio in 2004–5 based on uniform reference period consumption was around 50 per cent, which is approximately double the all India level. The incidence of poverty in the rural and urban areas is almost the same.
More than half of the rural STs and urban SCs are poor. In general, the proportion of poor SC and ST households in the state is higher than the state average and their community’s respective national averages (except for rural SC households). Given that more than 50 per cent of the state’s population comprises STs and SCs, the high incidence of income poverty among them is a matter of serious concern in the state.
This indicates that the good economic performance in recent years has not percolated to this socially deprived group, which is reflected in their poor performance in human development indicators.
Access to improved drinking water sources
In terms of access to improved drinking water sources, at the aggregate level, Chhattisgarh fared better than the national average, and the SCs of the state performed better than the corresponding national average. Scheduled Tribes are marginally below the state average, but still better than the STs at the all India level.
The proportion of households with access to improved sources of drinking water in 2008–9 was 91 per cent. This proportion was over 90 per cent even in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. This was largely because these states had over 70 per cent of their households accessing tube wells/ handpumps as sources of drinking water.
Sanitation
Sanitation facilities in the state are abysmally low with only about 27 per cent having toilet facilities, which is far below the all-India average of 44%.[17][18] The STs are the most deprived section in this regard with only 18 per cent of the ST households having toilet facilities, which is lower than the all India average for STs. The SCs also have a lower proportion of households with toilet facilities as compared to the all India average.
States with low sanitation coverage in 2001 that improved coverage by four to 10 percentage points are Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh, Daman and Diu, Haryana, Sikkim, Punjab, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa and Uttarakhand registered increased coverage by more than 20 percentage points.[17]
Tele-density
Across states, it has been found that teledensity was below 10 per cent in 2010 for Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, reflecting a lack of access to telephones in these relatively poorer states. On the other hand, for states like Delhi and Himachal Pradesh and metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai, teledensity was over 100 per cent in 2010 implying that individuals have more than one telephone connection.
Road Density
The road length per 100 square kilometres was less than the national average of 81 kilometres per 100 square kilometres in Chhattisgarh. The rural areas of Chhattisgarh failed to meet their targets of constructing new roads under PMGSY.
Demographics[link]
| Population Growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1951 | 7,457,000 |
|
|
| 1961 | 9,154,000 | 22.8% | |
| 1971 | 11,637,000 | 27.1% | |
| 1981 | 14,010,000 | 20.4% | |
| 1991 | 17,615,000 | 25.7% | |
| 2001 | 20,834,000 | 18.3% | |
| 2011 | 25,540,196 | 22.6% | |
| Source:Census of India[19] | |||
Chhattisgarh is primarily a rural state with only 20% of population residing in urban areas. According to the report from the government of India,[20] at least 34% are Scheduled Tribes, 12% are Scheduled Castes and over 50% belong to official list of Other Backward Castes. Plain area is numerically dominated by castes such as Teli, Satnami and Kurmi; while forest area is mainly occupied by tribes such as Gond, Halba and Kamar/Bujia and Oraon.
Religion[link]
There were 20.8 million people in Chhattisgarh as per the census 2001 of which 94.7% were Hindu, 2% Muslim and 1.9% Christian.[21]
Language[link]
Main article: Chhattisgarhi language
Official language of the state is Hindi and used by non-rural population of the state. Chhattisgarhi, a dialect of Hindi language (or a language in its own right), is spoken and understood by the majority of people in Chhattisgarh. Telugu is also spoken in the state.
Chhattisgarhi was known as "Khaltahi" to surrounding hill-people and as "Laria" to Sambalpuri and Oriya speakers. Kosali and Oriya are also spoken by a lot of people.
Status of women[link]
Chhattisgarh has a high female-male sex ratio (991)[22] ranking at 5th position among other states of India. Although this ratio is small compared to other states, it is unique in India because of the size of Chhattisharh — the 10th largest state in India.
The gender ratio (number females per 1000 males) has been steadily declining over 20th century in Chhattisgarh. But it is conspicuous that Chhattisgarh always had a better female-to-male ratio compared with national average.
| Year | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | 972 | 964 | 955 | 950 | 945 | 946 | 941 | 930 | 934 | 927 | 933 | 940 |
| Chhattisgarh | 1046 | 1039 | 1041 | 1043 | 1032 | 1024 | 1008 | 998 | 998 | 985 | 989 | 991 |
Probably, such social composition also results in some customs and cultural practices that seem unique to Chhattisgarh: The regional variants are common in India's diverse cultural pattern.
Rural women, although poor, are independent, better organized, socially outspoken.[23] According to another local custom, women can choose to terminate a marriage relationship through a custom called chudi pahanana, if she desires. Most of the old temples and shrines here are related to 'women power' (e.g., Shabari, Mahamaya, Danteshwari) and the existence of these temples gives insight into historical and current social fabric of this state. However, a mention of these progressive local customs in no way suggests that the ideology of female subservience does not exist in Chhattisgarh. On the contrary, the male authority and dominance is seen quite clearly in the social and cultural life.
Detailed information on aspects of women's status in Chhattisgarh can be found in 'A situational analysis of women and girls in Chhattisgarh' prepared in 2004 by the National Commission of Women, a statutory body belonging to government of India.
Malus Usuo of Tonhi (witchcraft)[link]
In order to bring about social reforms and with a view to discourage undesirable social practices, Chhattisgarh government has enacted the Chhattisgarh Tonhi atyachar [Niwaran] Act, 2005 against witchery.[24]
Much has be done on the hand of law enforcement and judicial authorities to protect women in this regard, bringing such persecution to an end.[25]
Some sections of tribal populace of Chhattisgarh state believe in witchcraft.[25] Women are believed to have access to supernatural forces and are accused of being witches (tonhi) often to settle personal scores. They are barbarically persecuted, particularly older women, widows, women with deformities or with abnormal facial features.
As of 2010, they are still hounded out of villages on the basis of flimsy accusations by male village sorcerers paid to do so by villagers with personal agendas, such as property and goods acquisition.[25] According to National Geographic Channel’s investigations, those accused are fortunate if they are only verbally bullied and shunned or exiled from their village. Humiliations are commonplace, such as being forced to eat human excreta and, in recent years, 2,500 women accused of witchcraft were murdered by stoning, hanging and beheading by neighbours.
Culture[link]
File:Temple Carvings in Malhar Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 2009.jpg
A carving in the 10th or 11th century Hindu temple of Malhar village. This area, 40 km from Bilaspur, was supposedly a major Buddhist center in ancient times.
The state hosts religious sects including Satnami Panth, Kabirpanth, Ramnami Samaj, and others. Champaran (Chhattisgarh) is a small town with religious significance as the birth place of the Saint Vallabhacharya, increasingly important as a pilgrimage site for the Gujarati community.
The Oriya culture is prominent in the eastern parts of Chhattisgarh bordering Orissa.
Crafts[link]
Chattisgarh is known for "Kosa silk" and "lost wax art". Besides saris and salwar suits, the fabric is used to create lehengas, stoles, shawls and menswear including jackets, shirts, achkans and sherwanis. International sculptor Sushil Sakhuja's Dhokra Nandi is famous and available at government's Shabari handicrafts emporium, Raipur.
Dance[link]
Panthi, Rawat Nacha, Karma, Pandwani and Soowa are indigenous dance styles of Chhattisgarh.
Panthi[link]
Panthi, the folk dance of the Satnami community, has religious overtones. Panthi is performed on Maghi Purnima, the anniversary of the birth of Guru Ghasidas. The dancers dance around a jaitkhamb set up for the occasion, to songs eulogizing their spiritual head. The songs reflect a view of Nirvana, conveying the spirit of their guru's renunciation and the teachings of saint poets like Kabir, Ramdas and Dadu. Dancers with bent torsos and swinging arms dance, carried away by their devotion. As the rhythm quickens, they perform acrobatics and form human pyramids.[26]
Pandwani[link]
Pandavani is a folk ballad form performed predominantly in Chhattisgarh. It depicts the story of the Pandavas, the leading characters in the epic Mahabharata. The artists in the Pandavani narration consist of a lead artist and some supporting singers and musicians. There are two styles of narration in Pandavani, Vedamati and Kapalik. In the Vedamati style the lead artist narrates in a simple manner by sitting on the floor throughout the performance. The Kaplik style is livelier, where the narrator actually enacts the scenes and characters.[27]
Rawat Nacha[link]
Raut Nacha, the folk dance of cowherds, is a traditional dance] of Yaduvanshis (clan of Yadu) as symbol of worship to Krishna at the time of Dev Uthani Ekadashi (day of awakening of the gods after a brief rest) which is the 11th day after Diwali according to the Hindu calendar. The dance closely resembles Krishna's dance with the gopis (milkmaids).[28][29]
Soowa Nacha[link]
Soowa or Suwa tribal dance in Chhattisgarh is also known as Parrot Dance. It is a symbolic form of dancing related to worship. Dancers keep a parrot in a bamboo- pot and form a circle around it. Then performers sing and dance, moving around it with clapping. This is one of the main dance form of tribal women of Chhattisgarh.[30]
In Bilaspur city, the Rawat Nach Mahotsav folk dance festival is organized annually since 1978. Tens of hundreds of Rawat dancers from remote areas participate.[31]
Karma[link]
Tribal groups like Gonds, the Baigas and the Oraons in Chattisgarh have Karma dance as part of their culture. Both men and women arrange themselves in two rows and follow the rhythmic steps, directed by the singer group. The Karma tribal dance marks the end of the rainy season and the advent of spring season.[32][33]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Chhattisgarh
Theatre[link]
Ramgarh is First Open Theatre of the World Situated at Raigarh. Theater is known as Gammat in Chhattisgarh. Pandavani is one of the lyrical forms of this theater. Several acclaimed plays of Habib Tanvir, such as Charandas Chor, are variations of Chhattisgarhi theater. Play Faad do played by Dhriti pati sarkar are also notable and heavily use drama .
Traditional food[link]
The State of Chhattisgarh is known as the rice bowl of Central India and has a rich tradition of food culture.
Most of the traditional and tribe foods are made of rice and rice flour, curd (number of vegetable kadis) and a variety of green leaves like lal bhaji, chech bhaji, kohda, and bohar bhaji. Badi and Bijori are optional food categories; Gulgula, pidiya, dhoodh fara, balooshahi, khurmi fall in sweet categories.
The tribal and village population enjoys delicacy brew made of small, creamy white fruit of a local tree called Mahuwa.
Economy[link]
Chhattisgarh's gross state domestic product for 2010 is estimated at Rs 60,079 Crore in current prices. The economy of Chhattisgarh has grown rapidly in recent years with a growth rate of 11.49 per cent in GDP for 2009–2010.[34] Chhattisgarh’s success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production.
Agriculture[link]
Agriculture is counted as the chief economic occupation of the state. According to a government estimate, net sown area of the state is 4.828 million hectares, and the gross sown area is 5.788 million hectares.[35] Horticulture and animal husbandry also engage a major share of the total population of the state.[36] About 80% of the population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture-based small industry.
The majority of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation, resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware for adoption of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to improve the productivity.[37]
Considering this and a very limited irrigated area, the productivity of not only rice but also other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now.
Agricultural products[link]
The main crops are rice, maize, kodo-kutki and other small millets, and pulses (tuar and kulthi); oilseeds, such as groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans and sunflowers, are also grown. In the mid-1990s, most of Chhattisgarh was still a monocrop belt. Only one-fourth to one-fifth of the sown area was double-cropped. When a very substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a state's area is covered only by one crop, immediate attention to turn them into double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are grown in Chhattisgarh, so there is a need to diversify the agriculture produce towards oilseeds and other cash crops. Chhattisgarh is also called the "rice bowl of central India".[35] vc
Irrigation[link]
In Chhattisgarh, rice, the main crop, is grown on about 77% of the net sown area. Only about 20% of the area is under irrigation; the rest depends on rain. Of the three agroclimatic zones, about 73% of the Chhattisgarh plains, 97% of the Bastar plateau and 95%of the northern hills are rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is only 87,000 ha in Chhattisgarh plains and 2300 ha in Bastar plateau and northern hills. Due to this, the productivity of rice and other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now, though agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80% of the population.[37]
In Chhattisgarh region about 22% of net cropped area was under irrigation as compared to 36.5% in Madhya Pradesh in 1998-99, where as the average national irrigation was about 40%. The irrigation is characterized by a high order of variability ranging from 1.6% in Bastar to 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on an average growth trend in irrigated area, about 0.43% additional area is brought under irrigation every year as compared to 1.89% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.0% in the country as a whole. Thus, irrigation has been growing at a very low rate in Chhattisgarh and the pace of irrigation is so slow, it would take about 122 years to reach the 75% level of net irrigated area in Chhattisgarh at the present rate of growth.[37]
Chhattisgarh has a limited irrigation system, with dams and canals on some rivers. Average rainfall in the state is around 1400 mm and the entire state falls under the rice agroclimatic zone. Large variation in the yearly rainfall directly affects the main crop, rice. Irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the state government has given top priority to development of irrigation potential.[35]
A total of fur major, 33 medium and 2199 minor irrigation projects have been completed, and five major, 9 medium and 312 minor projects are under construction, as of 31 March 2006.
Industrial sector[link]
Power sector[link]
Chhattisgarh is one of the few states of India where the power sector is effectively developed. Based on the current production of surplus electric power, the position of the State is comfortable and profitable. The Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) is in a strong position to meet the electricity requirement of the new state and is in good financial health. Chhattisgarh provides electricity to several other states because of surplus production, and its power hubs are Korba and Bilaspur.
In Chhattisgarh, NTPC has an installed thermal capacity of 2100 MW at Sipat, Bilaspur, while CSEB's units have a thermal capacity of 1240 MW and hydel capacity of 130 MW. Apart from NTPC and CSEB, there are a number of private generation units of large and small capacity. The state government has pursued a liberal policy with regard to captive generation which has resulted in a number of private players coming up.[38]
As per a study made by the Power Finance Corporation Ltd. New Delhi, the state has potential of 61000 MW of additional thermal power in terms of availability of coal for more than 100 years and more than 2500 MW hydral capacity. To tap this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are already under way.[38]
Steel sector[link]
The steel industry is one of the biggest heavy industries of Chhattisgarh. Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai operated by SAIL, with a capacity of 5.4 million tonnes per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the state. More than 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants and ferro-alloy units are in Chhattisgarh. Along with Bhilai, today Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have become the steel hub of Chhattisgarh. Today, Raipur has become the center of the steel sector, the biggest market for steel in India.[39]
Aluminium sector[link]
The aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh consists of Bharat Aluminum Company Limited, which has a capacity of around one million tonnes each year.[39]
Natural resources[link]
Forest[link]
Forests occupy 41.33% of the area (as per the latest report by the Indian Forest Service), and the rich forest resources include wood, tendu leaves, honey and lac.
Mineral deposits[link]
Chhattisgarh is also rich in minerals. It produces 20% of the country's cement. It ranks first in coal production and 2nd in reserves, third in iron ore production, and first in tin production. Limestone, dolomite, and bauxite are abundant. It is the only tin-ore producing state in the country. Other minerals include Corandum, garnet, quartz, marble, alexandrite and diamonds.
Information and technologies[link]
In recent years, Chhattisgarh is also getting exposure in information technologty (IT) projects and consultancy. Its government is also promoting IT, and has set up a body to take care of the IT solutions. The body, known as CHIPS, is providing large IT projects, such as Choice, Swan, etc.
Major companies[link]
Major companies with a presence in the state include:
- Metal: Bhilai Steel Plant, Jindal Steel and Power, BALCO
- Oil: Indian Oil
- Engineering: Simplex Casting Ltd
- Real estate: Chouhan Housing Pvt Ltd
- Mining: NMDC, SECL
- Power : NTPC
[edit] Exports[40]
Chhattisgarh’s total exports were US$ 353.3 million in 2009-10. Nearly 75 per cent of exports comes from Bhilai and the remaining from Urla, Bhanpuri and Sirgitti. The major exports products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminium, cement, minerals and engineering products. CSIDC (Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited) is the nodal agency of the Government of Chhattisgarh for export promotion in the state.
Issues with development and insurgency[link]
It is one of the Red Corridor states.
Chhattisgarh state is rich in unused timber and mineral resources. There are disagreements between indigenous peoples and the national government over the use of these resources.
Also, an ongoing insurgency between Maoists and the central Government of India has produced much bloodshed. The controversy surrounding the arrest of Dr Binayak Sen is related to the insurgency. Maoist insurgency has been main source of instability.
Maoist rebels set conditions to free official April 2012
The rebels abducted Alex Paul Menon after killing his two guards in Sukma district on Saturday afternoon. 21st April 2012
Mr Menon was holding a meeting with local tribal people when the incident happened. Maoist rebels have a strong presence in Chhattisgarh and neighbouring Orissa. The rebels have said their demands of releasing some of the their top cadres from prison and withdrawing security forces from the restive Bastar region of Chhattisgarh will have to be met by Wednesday in exchange for Mr Menon.
In a pre-recorded statement issued to the BBC, Vijay, identified as secretary of the South Bastar divisional committee of the CPI (Maoist), alleged that excesses were being committed against tribal people by security forces in the name of counter insurgency operations.
Mr Menon, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, is the senior-most official - district magistrate - of Sukma district, which is located in the Bastar region.
Appeal Authorities said Mr Menon had gone to Manjhipara village to attend a meeting of local tribal villagers when Maoist insurgents surrounded the area and opened fire.
District official, SP Vaidya, who was present at the spot, told the BBC by telephone that even as Mr Menon was interacting with the villagers, the insurgents first targeted his bodyguard.
"Then they asked who the district magistrate was. Mr Menon came forward and told them that he was the person they were looking for. Later, they forced him to accompany them into the deep woods," Mr Vaidya said.
Mr Menon's wife Asha Menon has appealed to the rebels to release her husband on "humanitarian grounds".
She told the BBC that Mr Menon was suffering from asthma and needed medical care.
Saturday's incident came barely 24 hours after another district magistrate and a local legislator came under attack by rebels who triggered off a powerful landmine blast in nearby Bijapur.
While district magistrate Rajat Kumar and politician Mahesh Ghaghra escaped unhurt, a vehicle behind them was ripped apart by the blast.
Two leaders of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the state were killed in the incident.
In neighbouring Orissa state, legislator Jhina Hikaka, who was seized on 23 March by another group of Maoists, remains in custody.
Earlier this month Italian hostage Paolo Bosusco was freed by rebels in Orissa after nearly a month in captivity.
Mr Bosusco, 54, was abducted on 14 March, along with fellow Italian Claudio Colangelo, 61, while trekking in a tribal area of Orissa state. Mr Colangelo was released on 25 March.
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh, situated in the heart of India, is endowed with a rich cultural heritage and attractive natural diversity. The state is full of ancient monuments, rare wildlife, exquisitely carved temples, Buddhist sites, palaces, water falls, caves, rock paintings and hill plateaus. Most of these sites are untouched and unexplored, and offer a unique and alternate experience to tourists, compared to traditional destinations which have become overcrowded. For tourists who are tired of the crowds at major destinations will like the Bastar district, with its unique cultural and ecological identity. The green state of Chhattisgarh has 41.33% of its area under forests, and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country.
Waterfalls[link]
Beautiful waterfalls in Chhattisgarh are Akuri Nala, Amrit Dhara waterfall, Gavar Ghat waterfall, Ramdaha waterfall in Koriya district, Tiger point waterfall at Mainpat in Sarguja district and Chitrakot waterfall, Tirathgarh waterfall in Bastar district.
Hot spring[link]
Known as Taat Pani(taat=तात=hot, pani= पानी=water) The Taat Pani hot spring (taat=तात=hot, pani=पानी=water) flows in Sarguja district. This hot spring flows continuously through the year. It is reputed to have medicinal properties.
Caves[link]
Gadiya mountain in Kanker district, Kutumsar cave and Kailash Gufa in Bastar district, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra in Sarguja district and Singhanpur cave in Raigarh district with pre-historic paintings are very famous. 6546+
National parks and wildlife sanctuary[link]
Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary in Bilaspur district, Gamarda Reserve forest at Sarangarh in Raigarh district, Indravati National Park and Kanger valley national park in Bastar district and Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary in Mahasamund district are good places for eco-tourism.
Archaeological sites[link]
Archaeological sites worth seeing are Barsoor in Dantewada district, Malhar and Ratanpur in Bilaspur district, Sirpur in Mahasamund district and Surguja in Surguja district. A small picnic spot with waterfall on the extremity of Satpura ranga along with a stone inscription of circa 1st century CE is found at Damau dhara in Janjgir-Champa district.
Temples[link]
Famous and ancient temples in Chhattisgarh are Bhoramdeo temple near Kawardha in Kabirdham district, Rajivlochan temple at Rajim and Champaran in Raipur district, Chandrahasini Devi temple at Chandrapur, Vishnu temple at Janjgir, Damudhara (Rishab Tirth) and Sivarinarayana Laxminarayana temple in Janjgir-Champa district, Bambleshwari Temple at Dongrigarh in Rajnandgaon district, Danteshwari Temple in Dantewada district, Deorani-Jethani temple at Tala gram and Mahamaya temple at Ratanpur in Bilaspur district, Laxman temple at Sirpur in Mahasamund district, Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura in Durg district, Pali with Lord Shiva temple and Kharod with Lakshmaneswar temple.
Giraudhpuri is a religious place for the Satnamis. They are the follower of Satnam Panth.
Sirpur is proposed world heritage site and Malhar are of historical significance, as they were visited by Xuanzang, the Chinese historian.
Dams[link]
Hasdev Bango Dam ( 105 KM from Bilaspur), Khudiya dam, Lormi and Khutaghat dam, Ratanpur. Gangrel Dam Dhamtari
Education[link]
According to the census of 2011, Chhattisgarh's literacy, the most basic indicator of education was at 71.04 percent. Female literacy is at 60.59 percent.
Absolute literates and literacy rate[link]
Data from Census of India,2011.[41]
| Description | 2001 Census | 2011 Census |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,11,73,149 | 1,55,98,314 |
| Male | 67,11,395 | 89,62,121 |
| Female | 44,61,754 | 66,36,193 |
| % Total | 64.66 | 71.04 |
| % Male | 77.38 | 81.45 |
| % Female | 55.85 | 60.59 |
% Chatinaya || 0.85 || 99.59
Universities[link]
Main article: List of educational institutions in Chhattisgarh
Bastar Vishwavidyalaya, is one of the new Univerities erected at the same time as Sarguja university. Bastar university is bifurcated from Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. Kindly add the details in your reference.
Premier institutes in Chattisgarh[link]
There are four premier Professional Institutes in the state of Chattisgarh
Indian Institute of Management Raipur (IIM RP)[link]
Main article: Indian Institute of Management Raipur
The Indian Institute of Management Raipur,(Hindi: भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान, रायपुर ) is a Premium Business School in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is the tenth Indian Institute of Management in the country.[42] The first batch of Post Graduate Programme of the institute was inaugurated by Dr Raman Singh, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh on October 11, 2010.
National Institute of Technology[link]
Main article: National Institute of Technology Raipur
National Institute of Technology, Raipur is an important technical university located in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Originally founded in 1956 as Govt. College of Mining & Metallurgy, institute is one of the oldest of its kind in India. Currently it is one of the 20 National Institutes of Technology, which have been accorded Institute of National Importance status by the NIT Act of the Indian Government.
The institute offers 2 undergraduate (B.Tech. and B.Arch.) and 2 post graduate programmes M.Tech. and M.C.A. in 11 engineering disciplines and architecture.
All India Institute of Medical Science[link]
Capital Raipur is all set to get a new All India Institute of Medical Sciences in next two years. It will be a huge leap in availability of top notch Medical education and remarkable milestone in the availability of health services in Chhattisgarh.[43]
Hidayatullah National Law University[link]
Main article: Hidayatullah National Law University
It is one of the esteemed national law schools established in India. [1] It was established as a centre for legal excellence by the Government of Chhattisgarh under the Hidayatullah National University of Law, Chattisgarh, Act (Act No.10 of 2003. HNLU being one of the most prestigious centres for legal education in India offers innumerable opportunities for the students to interact with academicians, lawyers, Judges, firms, banking and other related institutions. The University offers B.A. L.L.B. (Hons.). L.L.M., and Ph. D. degrees. It is a residential University and is sixth in the series of National Law Schools in India.
Other universities[link]
Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University[link]
Main article: Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University
Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University(RSU) is Chhattisgarh's largest and one of the oldest institution of higher education, founded in 1964. There are 5000 students enrolled for variety of courses offered by the departments who are steered under the guidance of more than 100 faculty members. Jurisdiction of RSU covers entire central and southern part of Chhattisgarh. There are 180 educational institutions affiliated to the University. The University plays a major role in the educational, cultural and economic life of the region.[44]
Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur[link]
Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University (PSSOU) Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur, was established by the Chhattisgarh legislature, and was granted the assent of the state's governor on 20 January 2005. Dr. T.D. Sharma joined this university as the first Vice-Chancellor on 2 March 2005, while Dr. Sharad Kumar Vajpai took office as Registrar on 15 March 2005.[45]
Sarguja University[link]
Sarguja Vishwavidyalaya is established by and incorporated by Chhattisgarh Vishwavidyalaya Adhiniyam No. 18 of 2008. The territorial jurisdiction of the University is the entire Sarguja division comprising revenue districts of Korea, Sarguja and Jaspur. It started functioning from September 2, 2008. Formerly a university campus was started with the permission of State Higher Education Department by the Guru Ghasidas University Bilaspur with 02 diploma courses i.e. Diploma in Pharmacy (30 Students) and Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application (30 Students) in the year 2005 with a hope that it may be upgraded as university by the Government as soon as necessary infrastructures are developed, this resulted true in 2008 the state government allotted 220 acres of land nearby Ambikapur Ramanujganj Road just 10 kilometers away from Ambikapur town. Sarguja is a fast growing industrial area already having a large number of small industrial units coming up in the region. The jurisdiction is the nerve centre of the Trade specially in coal mines sector forestry, natural recourse including medicinal trees and so on. The region in its vicinity has a very rich historical and cultural heritage. The first effort of Open Theatre was made in near-by place i.e. Ramgarh. Relics and old temples with statues and building built-up by various dynasties are found in surrounding areas. The whole division is full of natural beauty, flora and fauna, tribal and folk culture. Situated in tribally enriched, socially, economically challenged area of Chhattisgarh State. At present the university is partially residential and fully one, having its jurisdiction spread over within Sarguja revenue division. At present the university is having 42 affiliated colleges offering various courses in the areas of arts, science, commerce, education, law, management, social life science and so on. Ambikapur town is a Municipal Corporation and is well connected with all parts of the country by road and rail also. Recently town is connected with Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur and Anuppur of SECR. /Rly Station is 4 kilometers away from town. Frequent local transport is available for reaching the university. The nearest railway zone and main railway is Bilaspur in SECR. 235 kilometers away. Raipur the capital city of Chhattishgarh 350 kilometers away is the nearest Airport well connected with Delhi, Nagpur, Kolkata etc.[46]
Guru Ghasidas Central University[link]
Formally known as Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, is a Central University located in Bilaspur, established under Central Universities Act 2009, No. 25 of 2009. Formerly called Guru Ghasidas University(GGU), established by an Act of the State Legislative Assembly, was formally inaugurated on June 16, 1983. It covers almost the entire spectrum of the higher education requirements of the local people. It has several University Teaching Department (UTDs) on its campuses and about 125 colleges affiliated to it.[47]
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University[link]
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University (CSVTU) is a public university located in the city of Bhilai, the STEEL CITY. The university was established on 21 January 2005. The University incorporates the purpose of ensuring systematic, efficient and qualitative education in engineering and technological subjects including Architecture and Pharmacy at Research, Postgraduate, Degree and Diploma level.
Dr. C .V. Raman University[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Chhatisgarh State – Power Hub". http://cg.gov.in/power/power1.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Chhattisgarh -Steel". http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_chhattisgarh.php. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "Origin of Name of Chhattisgarh". http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Dr. Bhagvan Singh Verma, Chhattisgarh ka Itihas (A History of Chattisgarh – in Hindi), Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy, Bhopal (M.P.), 4th edition (2003), p.7
- ^ "J.B.Beglar's Views". http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/3642/2/MUM-1982-048-1.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Pragati Infosoft Pvt. Ltd.. "Chhattisgarh Climate, Climate of Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarh Temperature, Temperature of Chhattisgarh". Chhattisgarhonline.in. http://chhattisgarhonline.in/Profile/Geography/Climate.asp. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ http://www.nhai.org/statewise1.asp
- ^ http://www.nhai.org/Doc/16feb12/NH_Statewise.pdf
- ^ http://cgfinance.nic.in/FSFC/State%20Finance%20Report/English/Chap-4.pdf
- ^ a b c d "Prithak Chhattisgarh". http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm#prathak. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-01/india/30578413_1_new-districts-bastar-chhattisgarh
- ^ "Electoral rolls". Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Chhatisgarh. http://cg.nic.in/voterlist/index.htm.
- ^ http://www.chhattisgarh.nic.in/statistics/details.pdf
- ^ List of Chhattisgarh District Centres at NIC, Chhatisgarh official Portal
- ^ Mathew, K.M. (ed.). Manorama Yearbook 2008, Kottayam: Malayala Manorama, ISSN 0542-5778, p.518
- ^ India Human Development Report, 2011 (Oxford)
- ^ a b http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/indicus-analytics-the-real-dirty-picture/470942/
- ^ http://www.business-standard.com/content/general_pdf/041212_01.pdf
- ^ "Census Population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "NCW Report, page 4". National Commission of Women, Government of India. http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile-Chhattisgarh.pdf. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Religious landscape of Chhattisgarh
- ^ "Chhattisgarh, At a glance". Census 2011, Ministry of Home Affair, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Chhattishgarh/2.%20Chhattishgarh%20Figures%20at%20a%20glance.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Social Structure in Chhattisgarh". http://www.korbacity.com/index.php/know-more-about-chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-social-structure.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Dark Spell". http://newsblaze.com/story/20091108150914shan.nb/topstory.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "India: Protective Laws Fall Short for Women Charged with Witchcraft". http://womennewsnetwork.net/2010/03/21/witchcraft-india-89/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Panthi Dance". http://www.sangeetnatak.org/deshparva/desaj/panthi.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Pandawani". http://durg.gov.in/DistrictProfile_ArtsAndCulture.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Rawat Nacha Traditions". http://news.oneindia.in/2008/11/09/chhattisgarh-reverberates-with-rawat-nach-1226225007.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Raut nacha". http://durg.gov.in/DistrictProfile_ArtsAndCulture.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Suwa Dance". http://www.cgculture.in/CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Rawat nacha mahotsva". http://news.oneindia.in/2008/11/09/chhattisgarh-reverberates-with-rawat-nach-1226225007.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Arts and Culture of Chhatisgarh". http://www.cgculture.in/CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Karma Tribal Dance in India". http://tribes-of-india.blogspot.com/2009/04/karma-tribal-dance-in-india.html. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Chhattisgarh's GDP growth highest in 2009–10". http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/chhattisgarh%5Cs-gdp-growth-highest-in-2009-10/406295/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "Agriculture in Chhattisgarh". http://cg.gov.in/development/cdevelopment.htm#irrigation. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Economy of Chhatisgarh". http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c http://nhm.nic.in/ActionPlan/ActionPlan_Chhatisgarh.pdf
- ^ a b "Power Sector in Chhatisgarh". http://cserc.nic.in/power_sector.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b "Industries in Chhattisgarh". http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/economy/chhattisgarh-industries.html. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ http://www.ibef.org/download/Chhattisgarh_271211.pdf
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Chhattishgarh/2.%20Chhattishgarh%20Figures%20at%20a%20glance.pdf
- ^ "10th IIM Inaugurated". http://www.hindustantimes.com/10th-IIM-inaugurated/Article1-611581.aspx/.
- ^ "Raipur to get its own AIIMS in two years". www.daily.bhaskar.com. http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-RAI-raipur-to-get-its-own-aiims-in-two-years-2012412.html. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "About The University – Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur". Prsu.ac.in. http://www.prsu.ac.in/about.htm. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ http://www.pssou.ac.in
- ^ "Welcome to Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University". Prsu.ac.in. http://www.prsu.ac.in. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Guru Ghasidash Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur (Cg)". Ggu.ac.in. 16 June 1983. http://www.ggu.ac.in/. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
References[link]
- Books on Chhattisgarh
- ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की जनजातियाँ Tribes और जातियाँ Castes (मानसी पब्लीकेशन,दिल्ली 6, ISBN 978-81-89559-32-8)
- ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की पूर्व रियासतें और जमीन्दारियाँ (वैभव प्रकाशन,रायपुर 1, ISBN 81-89244-96-5) http://www.scribd.com/doc/72030961/Dr-Sanjay-Alung-CG-Ki-Riyaste-Jamindariya-Hindi
- Deshbandhu Publication Division, "सन्दर्भ छत्तीसगढ़"
- Deshbandhu Publication Division, "छत्तीसगढ़ के तीर्थ और पर्यटन स्थल"
- Deshbandhu Publication Division, "Chhattisgarh: Beautiful & Bountiful (Study in Biodiversity of Chhattisgarh)"
- Ramesh Dewangan & Sunil Tuteja, "Chhattisgarh Samagra"
- C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh" ....
- C.K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
- C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
- Lawrence Babb, "The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India"
- Saurabh Dube, "Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity and Power among a Central Indian Community, 1780–1950" (on the Satnamis)
- Ramdas Lamb, "Rapt in the Name: Ramnamis, Ramnam and Untouchable Religion in Central India"
- Chad Bauman, "Identifying the Satnam: Hindu Satnamis, Indian Christians, and Dalit Religion in Colonial Chhattisgarh, India (1868–1947) (Ph. D. dissertation, Princeton Theological Seminary, 2005)
- Books by Indologist Prof H. L. Shukla:
- Folktales of Chhattisgarh
- "Tribal History of Central India" by R.K. Sharma and S.K. Tiwari, Other link
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh
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| Narendra Modi નરેન્દ્ર મોદી |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chief Minister of Gujarat | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 7 October 2001 |
|
| Governor | Dr. Kamla Beniwal |
| Preceded by | Keshubhai Patel |
| Constituency | Maninagar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1950-09-17) 17 September 1950 (age 61) Vadnagar, Gujarat, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Residence | Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India |
| Alma mater | Gujarat University[1] |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Website | Narendra Modi |
| As of 9 March, 2009 Source: Government of Gujarat |
|
Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: નરેન્દ્ર મોદી; born 17 September 1950[1]) is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of Gujarat. Born in a middle class family in Vadnagar, he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and his wife Heeraben.[2] He has been a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since childhood also having interest in politics since adolescence. He holds a master's degree in political science. In 1998, he was chosen by L. K. Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), to direct the election campaign in Gujarat as well as Himachal Pradesh.
He became Chief Minister of Gujarat in October 2001, promoted to the office at a time when his predecessor Keshubhai Patel had resigned, following the defeat of BJP in the by-elections. His tenure as chief minister of Gujarat began on 7 October 2001, and he is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat.[3] In July 2007 he became the longest serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's history when he had been in power for 2063 days continuously.[4] He was elected again for a third term[5] on 23 December 2007 in the state elections, which he had cast as a "referendum on his rule".[6][7]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Modi was born in a middle class family in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of what was then Bombay State, India.[8] During the Indo-Pak war in the mid sixties, even as a young boy, he volunteered to serve the soldiers in transit at railway stations.[9] As a young man, he joined the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student organisation and was involved in the anti-corruption Nav Nirmāṇ ("Reconstruction") Movement. After working as a full time organiser for the organisation, he was later nominated as its representative in the Bharatiya Janata Party.[10] As a teenager Modi used to run a tea stall with his brother.[11] Modi completed his schooling in Vadnagar. He earned a masters degree in political science from Gujarat University.[12]
Early activism and politics[link]
Modi was a pracharak (campaigner) in the RSS during his university years.[12][13] He took up the challenging task of energising the party cadres in right earnest. In partnership with Shankersinh Vaghela, Modi set about creating a strong cadre base in Gujarat. In the initial period, Vaghela was seen as a mass leader, while Modi was recognised as a master strategist.
The party started gaining political mileage and formed a coalition government at the centre in April 1990. This partnership fell apart within a few months, but the BJP came to power with a two-thirds majority on its own in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was entrusted with the responsibility of organising two crucial national events, the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra (a political rally through India on a converted Toyota van) of L.K. Advani and a similar march from Kanyakumari (the southernmost part of India) to Kashmir in the North. After the exit of Shankarsingh Vaghela from the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister while Narendra Modi was sent to New Delhi as a General Secretary of the Party.
In 1995, Modi was appointed the National Secretary of the party and given the charge of five major states in India. In 1998, he was promoted as the General Secretary (Organization), a post he held until October 2001. In 2001, Narendra Modi was chosen by the party to be the Chief Minister of Gujarat after the removal of chief minister Keshubhai Patel.
Tenure as Chief Minister of Gujarat[link]
Personality[link]
Modi is known for leading a frugal lifestyle. He has a personal staff of just three. He is known to be a workaholic Chief Minister and an introvert.[14] He ordered the demolition of many Hindu temples that were built without proper government sanction which earned him the ire of VHP[11] He is a crowd puller as a speaker. Modi has also tried to turn his image from an Hindu Nationalist politician to an image of able administrator. He wears business suits and is improving his command over the English language.[15]
Awards and recognitions[link]
Modi was awarded Gujarat Ratna by Shri Poona Gujarati Bandhu Samaj at Ganesh Kala Krida Manch on celebration of centenary year.[16]
Development of Gujarat[link]
As a Chief Minister, Modi started various 'yojanas' or plans. This includes:
- Panchamrut Yojana,[17][18][19] a five-pronged strategy for an integrated development of the state,
- Sujalam Sufalam, a scheme to create a grid of water resources in Gujarat in an innovative step towards water conservation and its appropriate utilisation.
- Krishi Mahotsav – agricultural research labs for the land
- Chiranjeevi Yojana – To reduce infant mortality rate
- Matru Vandana – Providing preventive and curative services under the Reproductive and Child Health Programme
- Beti Bachao – Campaign against female infanticide to improve sex ratio
- Jyotigram Yojana – Provide electricity to every village
- Karmayogi Abhiyan – To educate and train government employees
- Kanya Kelavani Yojana – To encourage female literacy and education
- Balbhog Yojana – Midday meal scheme for students to encourage school attendance from poor backgrounds.[20]
Vibrant Gujarat[link]
Main article: Vibrant Gujarat
Vibrant Gujarat is a biennial Global Investors' Summit held by the Government of Gujarat in Gujarat, India. The event is aimed at bringing together business leaders, investors, corporations, thought leaders, policy and opinion makers; the summit is advertised as a platform to understand and explore business opportunities in the State of Gujarat. the event has been held continuously since 2003.
Gujarat earthquake[link]
Main article: 2001 Gujarat Earthquake
The biggest challenge which he had to face when he took over as the Chief Minister, was the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the areas affected by the massive Gujarat Earthquake of January 2001.
Gujarat violence[link]
Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence
On 27 February 2002, a train was burned by a Muslim mob in the town of Godhra leading to 59 deaths, most of them Hindu pilgrims and activists returning from the holy city of Ayodhya.[21] Riots broke out in the state after it was suspected to be caused by Muslims, leading to 1180 deaths, many of them Muslims. Modi administration was accused of inaction over the riots and for encouraging them.[15] As an aftermath of the riots, there were calls for Modi to resign from his position as chief minister of Gujarat. The opposition parties stalled the national parliament over the issue. Even Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Telugu Desam Party (TDP), allies of the BJP, asked for Modi's resignation.[22][23] Modi submitted his resignation to the Governor and recommended the dissolution of the 10th Gujarat Legislative Assembly.[24][25] In the following state re-elections the BJP, led by Modi, won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.
In April 2009, the Supreme Court of India appointed a special team of investigators to look into the role Modi had played in the alleged anti-Muslim conspiracy.[15] The team was appointed in response to the complaint of zakia Jafri, the widow of ex-Congress MP Ehsan Jafri, who was murdered in the riots.[26] In December 2010, a Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team (SIT) in its report to the Supreme Court seeking answers pertaining to the Ehsan Jafri case, submitted that they had found no evidence against Narendra Modi.[27]
However in February 2011, the Times of India reported that a confidential report from the SIT indicted Modi on several counts of alleged complicity in the Gujarat riots of 2002.[28] Most other sources have noted that the SIT report does not indict Modi for the riots due to lack of evidence.[29][30] The Indian Express too said the report did not find any Modi involvement in the violence, though it did accuse him of watering down the seriousness of the situation.[31] According to the Hindu, the report not only found that Modi tried to water down the seriousness of the situation, but Modi also implicitly justified the killings of Muslims, and failed to condemn the attacks on them.[32] The Bharatiya Janata Party demanded an investigation into the publication of the report, claiming the leak was politically motivated.[33]
The apex court refused to pass any order on the case and referred it to the Ahmedabad magistrate for a decision.[34] In April 2012, a Special Investigation Team found absolved Modi of any involvement in the Gulberg massacre, arguably the worst episode of the riots.[35]. On 7 May 2012, a Supreme Court-appointed amicus curiae, Raju Ramachandran observed that Modi can be prosecuted under sections 153 A (1) (a) & (b), 153 B (1), 166 and 505 (2) of the Indian Penal Code for promoting enmity among different groups during the 2002 Gujarat riots.[36]. However the amicus report has been criticised by the Special Investigation Team for relying heavily on the testimony of a perjurer[37].
2007 elections[link]
Modi made a speech at Mangrol in which he justified the alleged fake encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh, During the election campaign In response to Sonia Gandhi's speech calling him a "merchant of death",[38] and referred to Sohrabuddin's killing. For this speech the Election Commission of India, a constitutional body governing election proceedings in India, cautioned Modi as it considered it as indulging in an activity which may aggravate existing differences between different communities.[39] Modi won the election and continued his post as the Chief Minister Of Gujarat, he won with majority of votes of 122 seats out of 182 total assembly seats.[40]
Conflicts with Governor Kamla Beniwal[link]
On 25 August 2011 Gujarat Governor Kamla Beniwal appointed Justice R A Mehta to the post of Lokyukta of Gujarat, a critical anti-corruption post that had been lying vacant since 2003. Justice R A Mehta was recommended for the post by the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court in June. Since Governor Beniwal had made this decision without consulting and getting the approval of the chief minister and his council of ministers, the action angered Narendra Modi and his BJP party.[41]
This marked the beginning of a strained relationship between Modi and the Governor. On 25 September 2011, Narendra Modi accused the Governor of running a parallel government in the state supported by the Congress. He demanded that she be recalled back.[42] He also later accused her of delaying the progress of bills by not passing them.
The decision of the governor in the appointment of R A Mehta was challenged in the high court by the Modi government. The two member high court bench gave a split verdict on 10 October 2011. Later, a third member upheld the governor's decision in January 2012.[43]
Foreign visits[link]
As the Chief Minister of the Gujarat State, to attract foreign investment in the state, Narendra Modi has made visits to foreign countries, including China and Singapore.
Narendra Modi made his first China visit in 2007 to invite investors Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit,[44] and second visit in November 2011. One month after the second visit to China, the Chinese Government released 13 Diamond traders from India jailed by the Shenzhen Customs, which the Chief Minister described as the consequece of his diplomatic efforts and statesmanship.[45]
In 2005 Narendra Modi was denied of diplomatic visa to the United States, in addition to this visa denial, he was also revoked from his already granted B-1/B-2 visa.[46]
Sadbhavna Mission[link]
In the late 2011-early 2012 Narandra Modi practised a series of fasts in the name of Sadbhavna Mission. The mission started on 17 September 2011 in Ahmedabad with 3 day fast with a view to strengthen the atmosphere of peace, unity and harmony in the state. He observed total 36 fasts in 26 districts, 8 cities including Ahmedabad.[47]
Views and opinions[link]
Modi's position on terrorism[link]
On 18 July 2006 Modi delivered a speech criticising Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislations" like the Prevention of Terrorism Act. He asked the Centre to empower states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the blasts in Mumbai.[48] Quoting Modi:
| “ | Terrorism is worse than a war. A terrorist has no rules. A terrorist decides when, how, where and whom to kill. India has lost more people in terror attacks than in its wars.[48] | ” |
Narendra Modi has frequently commented that if the BJP came to power at the Centre, they will honour the 2004 Supreme Court judgement to hang Afzal Guru.[49] Afzal was convicted of terrorism in the 2001 Indian Parliament attack in 2004 by the Supreme Court of India and is in Tihar Jail.[50]
On account of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, on Thursday 27 November, Narendra Modi held a meeting to discuss waterfront security along the coastline.[51] The meeting decided to ask the Central government to urgently sanction the following:
- Increase the number of police stations along the coast to 50 (from 10)
- Increase the number of police to 1500 from 250
- 30 modern high-speed surveillance boats.
The 30 coastal boats, under construction at Goa's shipbuilding yard, will have the capacity to run at the speed of 25 nautical miles per hour. These are being manufactured under the Centre's Rs 58-crore grant for coastal security.[51]
Views on criticism of Modi's governance[link]
In 2003, when Narendra Modi was asked about the conflict of his dreams for Gujarat's future with international criticism of his past activities, Modi said,[52]
| “ | Yet, no one has asked this question to the USA after 9/11. Delhi is developing fast – no one has asked this question to Delhi after 1984. If it does not matter to Delhi and USA, why should it matter to Gujarat? | ” |
Modi's decision to link Gujarat's violence with the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the US drew criticism from some observers, who contrasted it with the then Deputy Prime Minister L K Advani's unpleasant apology for Gujarat in London a year ago.[52] Modi responded to this criticism by The Guardian,[52]
| “ | I have not read and I would not like to read. But thank you for people spending time on me | ” |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Narendra Modi – Biography". Moneycontrol. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090427085814/http://www.moneycontrol.com/biography/Narendra_Modi/550. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ Jose, Vinod. "The Emperor Uncrowned". Delhi Press. http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=1315&StoryStyle=FullStory. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ "Narendra Modi". http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Gujarat/loh.htm. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Agencies. "Modi becomes longest serving CM of Gujarat". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=87512. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Modi begins new term in Gujarat". London: BBC News. 25 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7159756.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ "Hindu Leader Begins 3rd Term in Gujarat". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4049443. Retrieved 7 May 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Narendra Modi begins third innings as Gujarat CM". The Times of India. 25 December 2007. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Modi_begins_third_innings_as_Gujarat_CM/articleshow/2650589.cms. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ Why fasting is no big deal for Narendra Modi, Rediff, 16 September 2011, accessed on 4 February 2012
- ^ Life and Career: An Overview Official Website
- ^ "Biography – Narendra Modi". http://www.narendramodi.org/bio.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ a b On Race Course road? Times of India, 18 Sep 2011, 05.46 am IST
- ^ a b "Modi proves to be an astute strategist". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 23 December 2007. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712231550.htm.
- ^ "Profile: Narendra Modi". BBC News. 23 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1958555.stm. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ The Hawk In Flight, Outlook India, 24 Dec 2007, http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236315
- ^ a b c Sengupta, Somini (28 April 2009). "Shadows of Violence Cling to Indian Politician". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/world/asia/29india.html. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ "Narendra Modi to be presented 'Gujarat Ratna' today". The Times of India. 18 March 2012. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-18/pune/31207124_1_gujarati-community-centenary-year-kondhwa. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ^ "Modi invites investment in Gujarat". Press Trust of India. Expressindia. 11 January 2003. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=18327. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "Modi Steals The Show At Pravasi Divas". The Financial Express. 12 January 2003. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/modi-steals-the-show-at-pravasi-divas/67951/0. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "With Panchamrut, Modi targets 10.2% Growth". The Financial Express. 9 June 2003. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/with-panchamrut-modi-targets-10.2-growth/81673/. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ Patel, Parbat. "Message By Hon. State Minister of Health and Family Welfare". http://www.gujhealth.gov.in/minister-parbatbhai-patel.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Godhra train fire accidental: Report". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/17godhra.htm. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Gujarat Cabinet puts off decision on elections". The Tribune (India). 2002. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020418/main1.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ "Congress demands Modi's resignation over Bannerjee report". United News of India. http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/03godhra.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ "Modi resigns; seeks Assembly dissolution". The Hindu. 2002. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/07/20/stories/2002072002640100.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
- ^ "Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi resigns; assembly dissolved". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/19guj.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (31 July 2009). "SC rejects Modi govt's plea to stall SIT probes". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/SC-not-to-stall-probe-on-02-riots/articleshow/4839947.cms. Retrieved 25 August 2009.
- ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (3 December 2010). "SIT clears Narendra Modi of wilfully allowing post-Godhra riots". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-clears-Narendra-Modi-of-wilfully-allowing-post-Godhra-riots/articleshow/7031569.cms#ixzz1721JAJuI.
- ^ "SIT findings ensure Narendra Modi can't shake off riot taint". The Times Of India. 4 February 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SIT-findings-ensure-Narendra-Modi-cant-shake-off-riot-taint/articleshow/7421365.cms.
- ^ "BJP demands probe into SIT report leak | Ahmedabad, World Snap News". News.worldsnap.com. http://news.worldsnap.com/india/bjp-demands-probe-into-sit-report-leak-100008.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ The rise and rise of tomorrow’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi Sunday Guardian – 7 November 2011
- ^ Narendra Modi not involved in Gujarat riots: SIT report Indian Express – 4 February 2011
- ^ Subrahmaniam, Vidya (4 February 2011). "SIT: Modi tried to dilute seriousness of riots situation". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1154007.ece.
- ^ BJP wants leak of SIT report investigated The Hindu – 5 February 2011
- ^ 'God is Great!' Tweets a Relieved Modi Outlook – 12 September 2011
- ^ It's official: Modi gets clean chit in Gulberg massacre Daily Pioneer – 10 April 2012
- ^ Proceed against Modi for Gujarat riots: amicus The Hindu - 7 May 2012
- ^ SIT rejects amicus curiae's observations against Modi Hindu -10 May 2012
- ^ Agencies (8 December 2007). "Sonia's 'merchants of death' was aimed at Modi: Cong". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Sonias-merchants-of-death-was-aimed-at-Modi-Cong/248175/. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "Election Commission Official Notice to Mr.Narendra Modi" (PDF). http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/press/current/NOTICETO%20CM%20GUJARAT.pdf. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ "BJP adds 5 seats in Gujarat Assembly by-polls". Deccan Herald. 14 September 2009. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/25090/banner-300x250.swf. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Delhi, New (2 September 2011). "Gujarat Lokayukta controversy hots up". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2418006.ece. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Dasgupta, Manas (25 September 2011). "Beniwal helping Congress run parallel government in Gujarat, says Modi". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2484805.ece. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ "Lokayukta: Modi in apex court after HC upholds Guv decision". The Indian Express. 18 January 2012. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lokayukta-modi-in-apex-court-after-hc-upholds-guv-decision/901067. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ Modi, Narendra. "Foreign Visits". narendramodi.in. http://www.narendramodi.in/pages/foreign-visits. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "China frees 13 diamond traders, Narendra Modi pats his own back". Mumbai Mirror. http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article§id=3&contentid=201112082011120802471534470e816ce. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Indiatimes, News Network (18 March 2005). "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-18/india/27866126_1_business-visa-gujarat-riots-immigration-and-nationality-act. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "CM thanks people of Gujarat for giving huge support to Sadbhavna Mission". deshgujarat.com. http://www.narendramodi.in/news/news_detail/1970. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Mahatma on lips, Modi fights Centre". The Telegraph (Kolkota, India). 19 July 2006. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060719/asp/nation/story_6496620.asp. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ^ "Now, Amar Singh says Afzal Guru must be hanged". The Indian Express. 4 November 2008. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Now--Amar-Singh-says-Afzal-Guru-must-be-hanged/380948. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Indo-Asian News Service – Afzal Guru's guilty verdict[dead link]
- ^ a b "Modi wants 3-layer ring to secure coast". The Times of India. 28 November 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Modi_wants_3-layer_ring_to_secure_coast/articleshow/3766781.cms. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c "Modi views on 9/11". The Times Of India. 19 August 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/Violence-wont-matter-to-Gujarat-Modi/articleshow/137933.cms. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Narendra Modi |
- Official
- @narendramodi Official & verified Twitter Account
- Narendra Modi Official website
- Narendra Modi Personal blog
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| Preceded by Keshubhai S. Patel |
Chief Minister of Gujarat 6 October 2001 – present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Modi, Narendra |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 1950-09-17 |
| Place of birth | Vadnagar, Gujarat, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Narendra_Modi
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Narendra Modi
http://hi.wn.com/नरेन्द्र मोदी
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Kumar Vishwas | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Occupation | Professor, Poet, Associate Professor |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Education | M.A., PhD., DLit |
| Genres | Romantic Poetry |
| Notable award(s) | Hindi-Punjabi Award Committee, Uttar Pradesh “Sahitya Shree-2006” Geet Shree 2010 |
|
www.kumarvishwas.com |
|
Kumar Vishwas' (डॉ. कुमार विश्वास ) (also spelt as Vishvas or Vishwas) (born 10 February 1970) is a renowned Hindi Poet and a professor of Hindi Literature from Pilkhuwa[1], Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Kumar Vishwas was born on 10 February 1970, in Pilkhuwa, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh in a Gaur Brahmin family. He is the youngest among four brothers and a sister. He started his schooling from Lala Ganga Sahay School, Pilkhuwa where he spent a part of his childhood. His father Dr. Chandra Pal Sharma was Lecturer in R.S.S. Degree College, Pilkhuwa affiliated to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut and his mother Smt. Rama Sharma is a home maker. After completing his intermediate from Rajputana Regiment Inter College, Pilkhuwa, his father wanted him to be an Engineer, but he had a passion for Poetry right from the childhood. He took no interest in engineering and decided to make career in the field of Poetry. He did Post Graduation in Hindi Literature.
Career[link]
Vishvas started his career as a professor in the year 1994 from Rajasthan. He has been teaching Hindi Literature to higher class students of Lala Lajpat Rai College for the last sixteen years.[1]
Works and achievements[link]
Vishvas is a Poet of Hindi language. He is a poet of Shringara-Ras (Romantic Genre).[2] He has participated in several Kavi sammelan and is a very renowned poet.
His fan communities on social networking websites like Orkut,[3] and Facebook[4] have largest number of fans as compared to other Hindi poets.[citation needed] Also, his videos on YouTube have in excess of 40 million views.[5] His website[6] is a frequently visited website among youths.[citation needed]
Dr Kumar Vishvas has written the 'Kul-Geet' or the University Anthem of Chaudhary Charan Singh University.[7]
Besides being a known face among Hindi-knowing people across the world as a Poet, Dr Kumar Vishvas has been involving himself in several Social works. He is an active and renowned member of the Civil Society. He has been an integral part of Veteran Social Leader Anna Hazare's 'India against corruption' mission along with Mr Arvind Kejriwal and Mr Manish Sisodia for which he was arrested on 16 August 2011.[8]
Performances[link]
Vishvas has been performing regularly in Kavi sammelan all over India and abroad. The list includes Thapar University, BIT SINDRI, Sindri , INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, Dhanbad, Jamia Hamdard University, IIIT Hyderabad, RKGIT Ghaziabad, NIFT Gandhinagar, IIT Guwahati, NIT ROURKELA, IIT Kanpur, IIT Roorkee,[9] IIT Kharagpur,[10] IIT Bubaneshwar,[11] Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi,[12] DA-IICT Gandhinagar, B.J. Medical College Ahmadabad , Sri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology Bareilly, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College Moradabad, MNIT Jaipur, Management Development Institute Gurgaon, Fore School of Management New Delhi, NIT Surat, B.S.Anangpuria Institute of Technology and Management Faridabad,[13] KIIT University Bhubaneswar,[14] NSIT Delhi, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra IIITM Gwalior, CDGI INDORE,[15] Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi,[16] MNNIT Allahabad,[17] NIT Patna,[18][19] IIM Lucknow,[20] NIT Jalandhar,[21] NIT Trichy,[22] NIT Durgapur, BITS, Pilani,[23] LNCT Bhopal,[24] MERI Kolkata, [(Maharaja Sayaji Rao University ,Baroda|http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/)] B.I.T. Sindri,[25] IET Lucknow, SSGPURC hoshiarpur, JIIT, Noida[26], KNIT Sultanpur and MITS, Gwalior[27], Institute of Technology- BHU and Babasaheb Naik College Of Engineering Pusad.(Maharashtra)and several other institutions across India.
He has also been a part of corporate celebration across India.[citation needed]
Besides performing in almost all parts of India, Dr Kumar Vishvas has also performed in countries like USA,[28] Dubai,[29] Singapore[30], Japan [31] Muscat, Abu Dhabi, Nepal etc.
Awards[link]
- Kavya – Kumar in 1994 by Dr. Kunwar Baichain Kavya samman avam puruskaar samiti[32]
- Dr. Suman Alankarna in 2004 by Sahitya Bharti, Unnao.[32]
- Sahitya Shree - 2006 by Hindi-Punjabi Award Academy.[33]
- Dr Urmilesh "Geet Shree" Samman, 2010 by Dr Urmilesh Jan Chetna Samiti, Badaun.[34]
References[link]
- ^ 086 L R COLLEGE, SAHIBABAD mark Sheet of ccs university, meerut PDF Download
- ^ कुमार विश्वास - Kavita Kosh
- ^ orkut
- ^ Niet compatibele browser | Facebook
- ^ YouTube - kavita really nice... Dr. Kumar vishwas
- ^ Dr Kumar Vishvas
- ^ http://ccsuniversity.ac.in/new/Kulgeet.htm
- ^ http://mediamusic.bhadas4media.com/home/viewvideo/318/--society-concern/kumar-vishwas-appeals-to-join-anna-hazare-hunger-strike-for-lokpal-bill.html
- ^ Uttarakhand Traffic: Dr Kumar Vishwas at IIT roorkee in Kavi Samelan
- ^ Kumar Vishwas at Hasya Kavi Sammelan, Springfest 2009, IIT Kharagpur video izle
- ^ Orissa HRD
- ^ Algorhythm 2011
- ^ http://wwwB.S..thehindubusinessline.com/2010/11/12/stories/2010111252762300.htm
- ^ Player | TipTik.in
- ^ Koi Deewana Kehta - by Dr. Kumar Vishvas - Video
- ^ http://soties.blogspot.com/2010/01/kumar-vishwas-in-jnu.html
- ^ Kumar Vishwas New Kavita March (2010) MNNIT Part 8
- ^ Dr. Kumar Vishwas @ NIT PATNA Videos, Watch Free Dr. Kumar Vishwas @ NIT PATNA Videos Online : IN.com
- ^ Mahakal Institute of Technology, Ujjain
- ^ The Official Blog of IIM Lucknow
- ^ CEREBRUM AT ANAND ENGG. COLLEGE,AGRA Utkansh'10, NIT- Jalandhar presents Utkansh 2010,Annual Cultural Festival | Events Home
- ^ Nit Trichy Timeline
- ^ BITS Pilani Oasis Festival – BITS Pilani to host 40th Oasis Festival on 22-26 October 2010 | Press Release
- ^ KUMAR VISHWAS AT LNCT BHOPAL YUVA UTSAV - Filestube Video Search
- ^ Niet compatibele browser | Facebook
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Institute_of_Information_Technology
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science
- ^ India Abroad - June 4, 2010
- ^ Indian Mushaira in DSF | Dubai Travel News
- ^ Hindi poet on a peace mission - International News – News – MSN India
- ^ http://iskconjapan.com/diwali2011.html
- ^ a b kavi sammelan,hasya kavi sammelan,hindi kavi sammelan,kavi sammelan video,hindi poems
- ^ http://international.zeenews.com/inner1.asp?aid=197170&ssid=8&sid=ART
- ^ हिन्दी मीडिया । मीडिया चैनल । खबरें
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Viswas, Kumar |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian poet |
| Date of birth | 10 Februarj |
| Place of birth | Pilkhuwa, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishwas
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/कुमार विश्वास
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Vishwas
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Dr. Raman Singh | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 7 December 2003 |
|
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Preceded by | Ajit Jogi |
| Constituency | Rajnandgaon |
| Union Minister of State Commerce and Industry | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 13 December 1999 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-10-15) 15 October 1952 (age 59) Kawardha, Chhattisgarh |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse(s) | Veena Singh |
| Children | Abhishek Singh, Asmita Singh |
| Residence | Civil Lines, Raipur [Cg.] 492001 |
| As of January 2, 2011 Source: Government of Chhatisgarh |
|
Raman Singh (born 15 October 1952) is an Indian politician who as of March 2012[update] is the Chief Minister of Chhatisgarh and has been so since 7 December 2003. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Contents |
Background[link]
Raman Singh was born on 15 October 1952. He comes from a farming family, his father being Vighnaharan Singh Thakur and his mother, Sudha Singh. He is a doctor of Ayurvedic Medicine and is married to Veena Singh.[1]
Political career[link]
Singh joined the Bharatiya Jan Sangh as a youth member and progressed to become a councilor.[citation needed]
He was elected to Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1990 and 1998. In 1999 he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Rajnandgaon constituency in Chhattisgarh. In the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee government, Singh became the Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry. He was later named as President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the new state of Chhattisgarh, and led the party to a victory in the 2003 state Assembly elections. With the other main contender for the Chief Minister's post, Dilip Singh Judeo, caught in the midst of a scam, the BJP leadership named Raman Singh as Chattisgarh's second Chief Minister, and the first person to be elected to that post.[1]
He has received praised for his organisational abilities, as reflected in his state's position with regard to implementation of a programme to improve the conditions of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. The United Nations has also recognised the work done in Chhattisgarh under his leadership and the fiscal management of the state is another aspect for which he is known.[1]
He banned naxalite organisations in Chattisgarh in 2005 under the "Salwa Judum" initiative, a move supported by the opposition party as well, led by Mahendra Karma. In the state of Chhatisgarh, he is known as 'Mr Clean', for the monumental reduction in corruption while implementing government scheme and plans during his tenure. This image helped him to regain the power in the state in the Assembly elections held in December 2008. Singh was sworn in for his second term on December 12, 2008.[2]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Chhibber, Devika. "Chhattisgarh: CMs in the wings". Zee News. http://www.zeenews.com/Elections08/chattisgarhstory.aspx?aid=482905. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ CHHATTISGARH: Raman's clean image helped BJP
External links[link]
- The Hindu - Governor invites Raman Singh
- Dr Raman Singh official website
- Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Profile
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Singh, Raman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | 15 October 1952 |
| Place of birth | Kabirdham, Chhatisgarh |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Raman_Singh
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/रमन सिंह
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Singh
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Riya Sen | |
|---|---|
 Riya Sen at a fashion show |
|
| Born | Riya Dev Varma (1981-01-24) 24 January 1981 (age 31) Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Occupation | Actor, model |
| Parents | Bharat Dev Varma Moon Moon Sen |
| Relatives | Raima Sen (sister) Suchitra Sen (grand mother) |
Riya Sen (Bengali: রিয়া সেন [ˈrija ˈʃen]; born Riya Dev Varma on 24 January 1981) is an Indian film actress and model. Riya, who comes from a family of actors including her grandmother Suchitra Sen, mother Moon Moon Sen and sister Raima Sen, began her acting career in 1991 as a child actress in the film Vishkanya. Her first commercial success in her film career was with Style, a 2001 Hindi low-budget sex comedy directed by N. Chandra. Some of her other films include producer Pritish Nandy's musical film, Jhankaar Beats (2003) in Hinglish, Shaadi No. 1 (2005) Malayalam horror film Ananthabhadram (2005).
Riya was first recognised as a model when she performed in Falguni Pathak's music video Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi at the age of sixteen. Since then, she has appeared in music videos, television commercials, fashion shows, and on magazine covers. She has been a heartthrob sensation throughout India. Riya has worked as an activist and appeared in an AIDS awareness music video with the aim of dispelling popular myths about the disease. She also helped raise funds for pediatric eye-care. Riya has faced controversies such as a MMS clip with actor Ashmit Patel, her semi-nude photograph on photographer Dabboo Ratnani's annual calendar and her on-screen kisses in a conservative Indian film industry.
Contents |
Acting career[link]
Riya first appeared as a child artist in the film Vishkanya in 1991, where she played the role of the young Pooja Bedi. At the age of 18, she did National Film Awards winning director Bharathiraja's Tamil film, Taj Mahal (2000), which did not achieve commercial success.[1] She was scheduled to make her Bollywood film debut in Love You Hamesha, opposite actor Akshaye Khanna; however, the film was stalled, and she finally made her debut in N. Chandra's Style in 2001.[2] This low-budget sex comedy[3][4] was the first commercial success in over a decade for the director.[5] A launch pad for Riya, cast in the female lead along with fellow-newcomers, Sharman Joshi, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal, the film pioneered a trend of commercial success for small budget films in India.[6][7] Riya and the second female lead of the film were replaced by aspirant actresses Sunali Joshi and Jaya Seal in Xc'.[8][9]
Her next success was Jhankaar Beats, a comedy revolving around the music of legendary composer R D Burman, which saw her playing a small and glamorous role[10] alongside Shayan Munshi, Juhi Chawla, Rahul Bose, Rinke Khanna and Sanjay Suri. Produced by Pritish Nandy, publishing director of The Times of India,[11] the film was made on a budget of Rs. 25 million (US$525,000),[11] marking the sixth in a row of small to medium budget films made by Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC).[12] Despite being part of a wave of offbeat films that mostly failed to make an impact at the box office,[13][14] it drew public attention upon its release, which led to a commercial success among a restricted audience targeted by a selective release in twenty cities.[12][15] It was one of the first films made in Hinglish, a mixture of Hindi and English.[16][17] In 2005, she starred in Shaadi No. 1, which had no female lead.[18] This comedy, based on the theme of modern marriage, was directed by David Dhawan, a renowned film director from this genre.[19][20]
Although films like Style and Jhankar Beats succeeded commercially, most of her later films have generated less revenue.[21][22] A number of them remained unfinished. While many of her appearances have been item numbers and cameos,[23][24][25] few of her leading roles have been in low-budget films.[26] Though she had small roles in Dil Vil Pyar Vyar (2002), Qayamat (2003) and Plan (2004), attention was drawn to her item numbers in all three, especially the one in Qayamat that featured her in a bubble-bath.[21][27][28] Besides this, she performed another item number in James (2005) on director-producer Ram Gopal Varma's behest, who has a history of casting aspirant actress-models like Sameera Reddy, Isha Koppikar and Koena Mitra in similar roles.[29] Furthermore, she took part in a dance number for Sajid Khan's Heyy Babyy (2007) that featured several mainstream Bollywood actresses.[30]
Non-Hindi films[link]
File:Ananthabhadram Riya.jpg
With its commercial[31][32] and critical[33][34] success Ananthabhadram was a high watermark in Riya's career
Riya has, in addition to Bollywood films, appeared in Bengali, Tamil,Telugu, Malayalam and English films. Her film career began in the earnest with Tamil films such as Bharathi Raja's Taj Mahal, co-starring Manjoj Bharatiraja in the male lead, and Manoj Bhatnaghar's Good Luck, opposite Prasanth. Both of the films failed commercially, and she had a brief reappearance in Tamil cinema only to perform in a dance number for N. Maharajan's Arasatchi.[35][dead link]
Her first English language movie was It Was Raining That Night, a remake of the Bengali film Hei Brishtir Raat, scripted by Sudeshna Roy and directed by Mahesh Manjrekar. In the film, she collaborated with mother Moon Moon Sen.[36] Riya was slated to appear in Anjan Dutta's Bengali-English bilingual film The Bong Connection with her sister, but she was eventually dropped from the project and replaced by Peeya Rai Chaudhary.[37] The two sisters were later cast together in director Ajai Sinha's The Bachelor, a Bengali film that, as of 2008, is yet to be finished.[38]
Her most successful non-Hindi film has been director Santhosh Sivan's Ananthabhadram (2005). The first Malayalam venture for both Riya and Sivan,[39][40] was both a critical and commercial success. It won five Kerala State Film Awards[33] and surfaced as one of the biggest Malayalam successes that year.[31][32] She played the role of Bhama in the film, a village girl who is lured by Digambaran, the evil magician portrayed by Manoj K. Jayan. In a song-and-dance sequence showing Digambaran turning Bhama into a medium for demonic rituals, the choreographer Aparna Sindoor made abundant use Kathakali movements.[41] The use of Kathakali has been a high point in the resurgence of the classical dance form in other major Indian films as well,[42] including Shaji Karun's Vanaprastham (1999) and Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair (2005).[43][44] She made her Telugu Debut with Nenu Meeku Telusa...?, in which she was paired opposite Manoj Manchu.
Modeling career[link]
File:Riya Calendar.jpg
In the page of Dabboo Ratnani's calendar's 2004 edition.
Riya became a popular model when she appeared in numerous music videos for songs by popular singers, including Falguni Pathak's Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi (alternative title: Chudi Jo Khankayi), Asha Bhosle's Jhumka Gira Re, Jagjit Singh and Bhosle's Jab Samne Tum and Kahin Kahin Se, Lata Mangeshkar, Bhonsle and Singh's Dil Kahin Hosh Kahin, Sonu Nigam's Jeena Hai Tere Liye and Shaan's Sutta Maro. She shot for her first music video, Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi, at the age of sixteen.[45][46] This led to her being identified primarily as a performer for music videos early in her career,[47] an image she aimed to shed in 2005.[48] Riya has appeared on several magazine covers, including Femina, Elaan,[49] Man's World,[50] Gladrags, Savvy and Indian versions of Elle, Maxim and Cosmopolitan,[51] as well as on the ramp of major fashion shows like Lakmé Fashion Week (2005–07) and Wills Fashion Week (2006–2007). She participated in fashion shows along with her elder sister, Raima Sen.[52] Besides modeling, Riya has ventured into the advertisement world as well. A high point of her modeling career came in 2006, when she became the soft drink, Limca's brand ambassador, replacing Deepika Padukone.[53][54] Her other notable assignments include Colgate, Dabur Vatika, Reliance Industries, Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate, and Nirma.
In 2004, she was featured partially nude in leading Indian photographer Dabboo Ratnani's annual calendar, which is a major happening in the Indian glamor industry.[55][56] According to Daboo, "Her mother saw it much later, after the calendar released. She thought it was too sexy, and Riya shouldn't have done it. But the response to the photograph was superb. Riya was so thrilled that for her next ad campaign, she asked me to light her up like I did in this."[57] A career highlight for the model,[58] it led to a three year contract with Ratnani to feature her on his annual calendar.[59] She is the only female face to be featured on the calendar in five consecutive years (2003–07).[60][61]
Personal life and family[link]
Born on 24 January 1981 in Kolkata, West Bengal, Riya is the daughter of Moon Moon Sen, a former actress,[21][62] and granddaughter of Suchitra Sen, a legend in Bengali cinema.[63] Before leaving for Mumbai, she lived in Kolkata with her parents and sister Raima Sen, also an actress. Her father Bharat Dev Varma is a member of the royal family of Tripura.[64] Her paternal grandmother, Ila Devi, was the princess of Cooch Behar, whose younger sister Gayatri Devi was the Maharani of Jaipur.[64] Her paternal great-grandmother Indira was the only daughter of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda.[65][66] Riya's maternal great-grandfather Adinath Sen was a prominent Kolkata businessman, whose father Dinanath Sen - a relative of former Union Law Minister Ashoke Kumar Sen- was the Diwan or a Minister of the Maharaja of Tripura.[67] The sisters are credited on-screen under their mother's maiden name, although their official papers carry the surname Dev Varma.[68]
Riya completed her schooling at Loreto House and Rani Birla Girls' College, both in Kolkata.[64] Thereafter, she studied at the National Institute of Fashion Technology,[69] and she took up jewellery-designing as a hobby.[70] She designs most of the clothes that she wears in films and commercials.[71] Riya is trained in Kathak and is still pursuing it under Vijayshree Chaudhury.[72] She is taking kickboxing lessons and has completed Level I of the 5 levels in belly dancing.[10][73] Riya entered the film industry through small-time modeling assignments, commuting between Mumbai and Kolkata and traveling by public transport during her early career.[21][74][75] After breaking into the film industry, she shifted from her mother's house in Ballygunge Circular Road in south Kolkata to Mumbai.[76] There she moved into the family house in Juhu, where she stays with her sister.[75][77] During her stay in Mumbai, the media romantically linked her to model and actor John Abraham.[78] In the Bollywood press, she was, in 2008, speculatively linked to the novelist Salman Rushdie, although both stated that they were simply good friends.[79]
Riya has suffered a number of untimely incidents. During the filming of Shaadi No. 1 in France, she was knocked unconscious after being accidentally run over by a stuntman's motorbike, but she was not seriously injured.[80] Shortly before the release of Silsiilay, in which she starred opposite her boyfriend Ashmit Patel, a 90-second video clip was circulated through Multimedia Messaging Services and the internet, showing the pair in compromising situations.[52][81] This was one of a number of controversies that erupted when celebrities were caught in similar situations using cameraphones.[82][83] Following this incident, the couple split up,[84][85] although Riya denied that she was the girl in the MMS clip.[83] One commentator claimed that the footage was an orchestrated publicity stunt.[86] In 2007, she underwent a brief detoxification session in Bangkok for addiction to chocolate.[87]
Public persona[link]
Riya's on-screen performances have established her as a sex symbol and youth icon in India.[10][88][89] Since entering the film industry, she has gained attention for wearing a bikini in Shaadi No. 1[90][91] and sharing on-screen kisses with co-stars Ashmit Patel in Silsiilay and Sharman Joshi in Style, respectively. Such performances garnered attention because of the relatively conservative outlook of Indian cinema and her own statements about such practises.[24][92][93] Before becoming a film identity, she had a reputation for partying, which started at the age of fifteen.[94][95] Riya's public persona is compared to her mother Moon Moon, who was seen as a sex symbol of her time,[52][96] while her sister Raima is mostly compared their grandmother Suchitra.[62][97]
Although her film career has yet to achieve large-scale success, Riya has generated considerable media attention. She was ranked ninth on Femina 50 Most Beautiful Women, published in the magazine's September 2007 issue. She was a jury member for the 2008 Final of the Mr. India contest.[98] Along with Bollywood actors such as Waheeda Rehman, Shilpa Shetty, Dia Mirza, Raveena Tandon, Jackie Shroff, Naseeruddin Shah, Tabu and Lara Dutta, Riya appeared in Haath Se Haath Mila, an HIV/AIDS awareness music video.[89][99] She made charity appearances at McDonald's India to raise money for paediatric eye-care during World Children's Week (14–20 November) in 2003.[100]
Filmography[link]
See also[link]
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References[link]
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- ^ "Now, some hot stuff from Riya Sen". Apun Ke Choice. 4 October 2005. http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20051004-2.html. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ "How Riya Sen was convinced to wear a bikini". Apun Ke Choice. 9 November 2005. http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20051109-1.html. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ Nandgaonkar, Satish; Swagata Sen (19 December 2004). "Much ado about kissing". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041219/asp/look/story_4132447.asp. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ "'Men are born hunters'". HTTabloid. 12 June 2006. http://www.hindustandainik.in/news/7242_1718762,00180022.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ "Style". Radio Sargam. http://www.radiosargam.com/movies/filmpreviews/s/style.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ "Sen philosophy". Times of India. 12 October 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/229397.cms. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ Dhingra, Deepali (5 June 2007). "Discover Moon Moon Sen's world". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bombay_Times/Discover_Moon_Moon_Sens_world/articleshow/2175357.cms. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ Raima Sen won't mind shedding clothes, Hindustan Times, 15 October 2007
- ^ Kkomal Seth, Gautam Seth (11 February 2008). "Mr. India World 2008 Finale". SmashHits News. SmashHits. http://www.smashits.com/events/3030/1/Mr-India-World-2008-Finale.html. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ Kumar, Anuj (7 July 2006). "Simply incredible". Chennai, India: The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701340400.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
- ^ Bhatia, Ravi (3 November 2003). "Effective interventions needed to check neonatal deaths". Tribune India. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031123/ncr3.htm. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Riya Sen |
- Riya Sen at the Internet Movie Database
- Interview with Riya Sen in The Telegraph
- Riya and Raima compared in The Telegraph
- Riya Sen on her mother in Hindustan Times
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sen, Riya |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1981-01-24 |
| Place of birth | Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
