Lumad

A woman in traditional Manobo dress
Total population
Unknown
Regions with significant populations
Philippines: Caraga, Davao, Northern Mindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN, Zamboanga Peninsula
Languages
Several indigenous languages of Mindanao, Chabacano (in Zamboanga Region), Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Filipino language, English
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant) and Animist
Related ethnic groups
Bajau, Moro, Visayan, other Filipino peoples, other Austronesian peoples

The Lumad is a group of indigenous people of the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (literally "indigenous peoples"), the autonym officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanaw Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog, Kidapawan, Cotabato, Philippines. It is the self-ascription and collective identity of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao.

History[link]

The name Lumad grew out of the political awakening among various tribes during the martial law regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations which formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao’s main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes, or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had had the express goal in the past.

Representative from fifteen tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the Three major groups of the T'boli, the Teduray and the Subanen. The choice of a Cebuano word was a bit ironic but they deemed it to be most appropriate considering that the various Lumad tribes do not have any other common language except Cebuano. This is the first time that these tribes have agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of the Moros and different from the migrant majority and their descendants.

People[link]

There are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic groups namely, Atta, Bagobo, Banwaon, B’laan, Bukidnon, Dibabawon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manguwangan, Manobo, Mansaka, Subanon, Tagakaolo, Tasaday, Tboli, Teduray, and Ubo.

According to the Lumad Development Center Inc., there are about eighteen Lumad groups in 19 provinces across the country. They comprise 12 to 13 million or 18% of the Philippine population and can be divided into 110 ethno-linguistic groups. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas.^[1]

Katawhang Lumad are the un-Islamized and un-Christianized Austronesian peoples of Mindanao, namely Erumanen ne Menuvu`, Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo,Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Teduray, Lambangian, Subanen, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan, T'boli, Mamanuwa, Talaandig, Tagabawa, and Ubu`, Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. There are about twenty general hilltribes of Mindanao, all of which are Austronesian.

The term Lumad excludes the Butuanons and Surigaonons--even the said two ethnic groups are native to Mindanao and the word tells it so—because those two are Visayans and Lumad are not ethnically related to them, which creates a contradiction because the word lumad literally means "native" in Visayan.

B'laan[link]

The B'laan is an indigenous group that is concentrated in Davao del Sur and South Cotabato. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos.^[2]

Bukidnon[link]

The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the Bukidnon plateau of Mindanao. Bukidnon means 'that of the mountains' (i.e. 'people of the mountains'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands. The name Bukidnon is itself used to describe the entire province in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case).^[3]

The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from both sexes. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions^[4] which are celebrated annually in Malaybalay City's Kaamulan Festival, along with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, the Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and the Tigwahanon).^[5]

Kaulo[link]

Kaulo (also spelled Kaolo or Kaulu) or Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in Mindanao. Their traditional territories is in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao del Sur, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Kaulo means 'People of the Mountain Tops', from the words Ka- (people) and Ulo (top or head). The Kaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the gulf of Davao and south of Mt. Apo.^[6] a long time ago.

Manobo[link]

Manobo is the hispanized spelling of Manuvu (since there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic ‹b› and ‹v› in Castilian Spanish, the /v/ sound was lost when translated to Spanish). Its etymology is unclear but in its current form it means 'person' or 'people'.

The Manobo are an Australasian, indigenous agriculturalist population who neighbor the Mamanwa group in Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur (Garvan, 1931). They live in barangays like the Mamanwa, however population size is dramatically larger in the Manobo settlements (personal observation) in comparison to those of the Mamanwa. The two groups interact frequently although the amount of interaction varies between settlements,and intermarriage is common between them (Reid, 2009).

The Manobo are probably the most numerous of the ethnic groups of the Philippines in terms of the relationships and names of the various groups that belong to this family of languages. Mention has been made of the numerous subgroups that comprise the Manobo group. The total national population including the subgroups is 749,042 (NM 1994); occupying core areas from Sarangani island into the Mindanao mainland in the provinces of Agusan del Sur, Davao provinces, Bukidnon, and North and South Cotabato. The groups occupy such a wide area of distribution that localized groups have assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping such as the Bagobo or the Higaonon, and the Atta. Depending on specific linguistic points of view, the membership of a dialect with a supergroup shifts.^[7]

Subanon[link]

Brass and copper jewel case from the Manobo tribes of Bukidnon, Philippines.

The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula.The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters.History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number, the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.

The name Subanon means 'People of the riverside', coming from the root word Subâ ('creek' or 'river')^[8]

Higaonon[link]

The Higaonon is located on the provinces of Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Rogongon, Iligan City, and Lanao del Norte. Their name means "people of the wilderness". Most Higaonons still have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is the most important economic activity.

Mamanwa[link]

The Mamanwa is a Negrito tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from Leyte, Agusan del Norte, and Surigao provinces in Mindanao. Primarily in Kitcharao and Santiago, Agusan del Norte,^[9] though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are genetically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland living Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones.

These peoples are traditionally hunter-gatherers ^[10] and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from tropical rainforest. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito" phenotype, characterized by dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature ^[11][12]. The origins of this phenotype (found in the Agta, Ati, and Aeta tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia ^[13].

Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are located close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods ^[14]. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies in each Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and utilize such as cell phones, televisions, radio, processed foods, etc. ^[15].

The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and are expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a Tambayon, usually takes over the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies^[16]. They believe in a collection of spirits, which are governed by the supreme deity Magbabaya. Although, it appears that their contact with monotheist communities/populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. They are often taught (by Christian and Catholic rural Pilipinos) that their animistic beliefs are savage. The tribe produce excellent winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers.

Mamanwa (also spelled Mamanoa) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words man (first) and banwa (forest).^[17] They speak the Mamanwa language (or Minamanwa).^[18]

A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors in full war regalia

Mandaya[link]

"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first," and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river," and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in Compostela (formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province).

Mansaka[link]

The term "Mansaka" derives from "mang" with literal meaning "to" and "saka" meaning "climb," and means "to climb or to ascend mountains/upstream." The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur. Specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan, Maragusan, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.^[19]

Sangil[link]

The Sangir or Sangil is located in the islands of Balut, Sarangani, and the coastal areas of South Cotabato and Davao del Sur. Their name comes from Sangihe, an archipelago located between Sulawesi and Mindanao. This was their original home but they migrated northwards.

Tagabawa[link]

Tagabawa is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are the indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of Mt. Apo.^[20]

Tasaday[link]

The Tasadays are a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, they attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western Scientists who thought reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate hoax, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of to which degree the Tasaday evidence published in the seventies reflect reality is still being discussed.^[21][22]

T'boli[link]

The Tbolis are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao they are variously known as Toboli, T'boli, Tböli, Tiboli, Tibole, Tagabili, Tagabeli, and Tagabulu. They term themselves Tboli or T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity is to some extend confused in the literature; some publications present the Toboli and the Tagabili as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The Tbolis, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Alah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim and Kiamba. In former times, the Tbolis also inhabited the upper Alah Valley floor.

Musical heritage[link]

Manobo dancing as a celebration for their harvest and to thank their god "Mababaylan"

Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of Agung ensembles – ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.^[23]

Social issues[link]

Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumads controlled an area which now covers 17 of Mindanao’s 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Heavy migration to Mindanao of Visayans, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programmes, turned the Lumads into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%.

Lumads have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that ‘a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of unoccupied land within the communal territory.’ Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land and the mineral resources below the land.

Unlike the Moros, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in armed struggle against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests. However, the Moro armed groups and the Communist-led New People’s Army (NPA) have recruited Lumads to their ranks, and the armed forces have also recruited them into paramilitary organisations to fight the Moros or the NPA.

For the Lumad, securing their rights to ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros’ quest for self-determination. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a T'boli leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the MNLF, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice … we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands."^[24]

See also[link]

• Ethnic groups in the Philippines
• Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
• Negrito
• Manobo languages
• Filipino people
• Moro people

References[link]

External links[link]

• Portraits of Lumad People
• Preserving Culture: the Tboli of Mindanao
• The indigenous people of Mindanao
• The indigenous people of Central and Eastern Mindanao

v t e Lumad peoples Kamayo Manobo Samal T'boli B'laan Tasaday

v t e Indigenous peoples of the Philippines Aeta Ati Bajau Igorot Lumad Mangyan Palawan tribes Suludnon National Commission on Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines

Joey Ayala (born José Iñigo Homer Lacambra Ayala on June 1, 1956 in Bukidnon, Philippines) is a contemporary pop music artist in the Philippines. He is well known for his style of music that combines the sounds of Filipino ethnic instruments with modern pop music. His professional music career started when he released an album recorded in a makeshift-studio in 1982. To date, he has released six albums.

Some of the Filipino ethnic instruments Ayala is known to use include the two-stringed Hegalong of the T'Boli people of Mindanao and the 8-piece gong set, Kulintang melodical gong-rack of the predominantly Muslim peoples of the southern part of the country. He also uses modern instruments in his music, such as the electric guitar, bass guitar, and drums.

He is one of a few Filipino contemporary songwriters who insists on putting his creative energies at the service of cultural/social development, so much so that he has ventured directly into non-formal education - the running of workshops demonstrating the use of arts as a language for education.

The name of his band "Bagong Lumad" literally means "New Native" - a name and philosophy that has been carried over into Bagong Lumad Artists Foundation, Inc. (www.blafi.org), now a UNDP Responsible Party working on SiningBayan (Social Artistry) capacity-building projects with the Civil Service Commission, the Department of Education, and other GOs and NGOs in the Philippines.

Ayala also serves as the (2008–10) Chairman of the National Committee on Music under the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (www.ncca.gov.ph).

Award and Honors Received[link]

• Fr. Neri Satur Award for Environmental Heroism, For promoting environmental awareness and arts education from ancestral roots to new artistic routes of musical expression advocating for the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources, National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), 2009

• Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. Award for Social Artistry, Federation of Catholic Schools’ Alumni/ae Associations (FeCaSAA)in partnership with the Good Citizenship Movement [GCM], 2007

• Musical Intelligence Award, Multiple Intelligence International School, 2007

• Datu Bago Award from The City of Davao (“for being an outstanding composer-performer-bandleader-lyricist, arranger, writer who has defined the ethnic character of Mindanao music that he renders magnificently well using his voice and indigenous instruments resulting in the consciousness of the Filipino soul of intimations of its moral values and environmental responsibilities.”) Awarded March 14, 2000, 63rd Araw ng Dabaw, Marco Polo Hotel.

• Special MAGIS Award for Outstanding Alumni, Ateneo de Manila High School (, “For creating music that delineates the unique Filipino soul, for defining the ethnic character of Philippine music through the use of native instruments, especially in harmony with foreign instruments like drums and acoustic guitar, and for awakening in the Filipino an awareness of its own heritage as a people . . .”), 1996

• Gawad ng Pagkilala - Komisyon sa Wikang Pilipino. Recognition from the National Commission for the Filipino Language (Dahil sa paglikha ng mga awiting mayaman sa pagpapahalagang moral sa wikang Filipino at paglalapat ng musika sa pamamagitan ng katutubong mga instrumento.... nakatutulong sa pagpapayabong at pagpapaunlad ng wika at kalinangang Pilipino. [For writing songs laden with moral values in Pilipino, for musical arrangements using indigenous instruments . . . for helping enrich and develop Pilipino culture.]), 1993

• Outstanding Alumnus in the field of the Performing Arts, Ateneo de Davao University Alumni Association, 1993

• Nomination: Ten Outstanding Young Persons of the World, Award for Cultural Achievement, Junior Jaycees Chamber International, 1993

• The Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) Award, The Philippine Jaycees, (“for humanitarian efforts directed towards the two objectives of art - as relevant socially-oriented medium and as aesthetic principle”), 1989

Albums[link]

• Panganay ng Umaga (Firstborn of the Morning)
• Magkabilaan (Dichotomies)
• Mga Awit ng Tanod-lupa (Songs of the Earth-Guardian)
• Lumad sa Síyudad (Native in the City)
• Lupa't Langit (Earth and Heaven)
• 16lovesongs
• Awit ng Magdaragat (Song of the Seafarer)
• Organik
• Basta May Saging (As Long as Theres Bananas!)
• JoeyAyala: RAW
• Encantada (Music from a Ballet Philippines dance-drama, 1992.)

External links[link]

• Official Website