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- 5th Cavalry Regiment
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Argentan
Coordinates: 48°44′43″N 0°01′09″W / 48.7453°N 0.0192°W / 48.7453; -0.0192
Argentan is a commune, and the seat of two cantons and of an arrondissement in the Orne department in north-western France.
Argentan is located 180 km (110 mi) NE of Rennes, 131 km (81 mi) ENE of the Mont Saint-Michel, 188 km (117 mi) SE of Cherbourg, 58 km (36 mi) SSE of Caen, 133 km (83 mi) SW of Rouen and 100 km (62 mi) N of Le Mans.
Argentan is situated near the Orne River. Although the region was heavily populated during the Gallo Roman period the town is not mentioned until 1025-1026. The toponyme comes from the Gaulois words, argentos (silver) and magos (market). The town grew in importance during the Middle Ages.
Following the Viking invasion on the coast of northern France, the north-western part of Neustria became Normandy (literally: Northman country). The Viking chief, Rollo, left the town to one of his lieutenants. Throughout the Middle Ages, Argentan was either a rich place or totally burnt. English forces occupied the city several times. The Plantagenet had considered this town as one of the most important of Normandy.
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Avranches
Coordinates: 48°41′06″N 1°21′20″W / 48.685°N 1.3556°W / 48.685; -1.3556
Avranches is a commune in the Manche department in the Basse-Normandie region in north-western France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. The inhabitants are called Avranchinais.
By the end of the Roman period, the settlement of Ingena, capital of the Abrincatui tribe, had taken the name of the tribe itself. This was the origin of the name Avranches. In 511 the town became the seat of a bishopric (suppressed in 1790).
In 933 Avranches and its territory, the Avranchin, were ceded to the Normans.
In 1172 (September 27–28) a council was held at Avranches apropos of the troubles caused in the English Church by the murder of the Anglo-Norman saint Thomas Becket. Henry II, King of England, after due penance done in Avranches on 21 May 1172, was absolved from the censures incurred by the assassination of the holy prelate, and reached the Compromise of Avranches with the Church, swearing fidelity to Pope Alexander III in the person of the papal legate.
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Battle of Dunkirk
The Battle of Dunkirk was a battle in the Second World War between the Allies and Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk was the defence and evacuation of British and allied forces in Europe from 26 May to 4 June 1940.
After the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded and subdued the Netherlands and advanced westward through Belgium. In response, the Supreme Allied Commander—French General Maurice Gamelin—initiated "Plan D" which relied heavily on the Maginot Line fortifications. Gamelin committed the forces under his command, three mechanised armies, the French First and Seventh and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to the River Dyle. On 14 May, German Army Group A burst through the Ardennes and advanced rapidly to the west toward Sedan, then turned northward to the English Channel, in what Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein called the "Sickle Cut" (known as "Plan Yellow" or the Manstein Plan), effectively flanking the Allied forces.
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Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg (local
i/ˈɡɛtɨsbɜrɡ/, with an /s/ sound), was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War, it is often described as the war's turning point.Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.
After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North—the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or even Philadelphia. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade.
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Battle of Opequon
The Battle of Opequon, more commonly known as the Third Battle of Winchester, was fought in Winchester, Virginia, on September 19, 1864, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War.
As Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early raided the B&O Railroad at Martinsburg, Union Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan advanced toward Winchester along the Berryville Pike with the VI Corps and XIX Corps, crossing Opequon Creek. The Union advance was delayed long enough for Early to concentrate his forces to meet the main assault, which continued for several hours. Casualties were very heavy. The Confederate line was gradually driven back toward the town. Mid-afternoon, the VIII Corps and the cavalry turned the Confederate left flank. Early ordered a general retreat. Because of its size, intensity, serious casualties among the general officers on both sides, and its result, many historians consider this the most important conflict of the Shenandoah Valley.
Sheridan was given command of the Army of the Shenandoah and sent to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with Early's Confederate threat. For much of the early fall of 1864, Sheridan and Early had cautiously engaged in minor skirmishes while each side tested the other's strength. Early mistook this limited action to mean that Sheridan was afraid to fight and he left his army spread out from Martinsburg to Winchester. Sheridan learned of Early's dispersed forces and immediately struck out after Winchester, the location of two previous major engagements during the war, both Confederate victories.
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Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] (
listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Bletchley Park
Coordinates: 51°59′47″N 0°44′34″W / 51.99651°N 0.74276°W / 51.99651; -0.74276
Bletchley Park is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, England, which currently houses the National Codes Centre and the National Museum of Computing. During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines. It also housed Station X, a secret radio intercept station. Although interception was soon moved to a location with better reception, the name persisted for the Bletchley Park wartime activities.
The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park, codenamed Ultra, provided crucial assistance to the Allied war effort. Sir Harry Hinsley, a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War, said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years and that the outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Czech: Čechy;German:
Böhmen (help·info); Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in historical contexts, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km² and today is home to approximately 6 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered by Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, the historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše (Giant Mountains), the highest within the Sudeten mountain range.
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.
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Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was the popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932 to demand immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Its organizers called it the Bonus Expeditionary Force to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Force, while the media called it the Bonus March. It was led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant.
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each service certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment plus compound interest. The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates.
Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time, visited their camp to back the effort and encourage them. On July 28, U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property. Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two veterans were wounded and later died. Veterans were also shot dead at other locations during the demonstration. President Herbert Hoover then ordered the army to clear the veterans' campsite. Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded the infantry and cavalry supported by six tanks. The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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Calais
Calais (/ˈkæleɪ/ CAL-ay, traditionally /ˈkælɨs/; French pronunciation: [ka'lɛ]; Dutch: Kales) is a town and major ferry port in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the metropolitan area at the 1999 census was 125,584. Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 mi) wide here, and is the closest French town to England. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994 the Channel Tunnel has linked to nearby Coquelles from Folkestone by rail.
Due to its position, Calais since the Middle Ages has been a major port and a very important centre for transport and trading with England. It was annexed by Edward III of England in 1347 and grew into a thriving centre for wool production and Calais was a territorial possession of England until its capture by France in 1558. The town came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" owing to its great importance as the gateway for the tin, lead, lace and wool trades (or "staples"). In 1805 it was a staging area for Napoleon's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom. The town was virtually razed to the ground during World War II, when in May 1940, it was a strategic bombing target of the invading German forces who took the town during the Siege of Calais. During World War II, the Germans built massive bunkers along the coast in preparation for launching missiles on England.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Cambrai
Coordinates: 50°10′36″N 3°14′08″E / 50.1767°N 3.2356°E / 50.1767; 3.2356
Cambrai ([kɑ̃bʁɛ]; Dutch: Kamerijk; German: Kamerich; old spelling Cambray) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France on the Escaut river. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.
Cambrai is the seat of an archdiocese whose jurisdiction was immense during the Middle Ages. The territory of the Bishopric of Cambrai, roughly coinciding with the shire of Brabant, included the central part of the Low Countries. The bishopric had some limited secular power.
Cambrai was the Duke of Wellington's headquarters, for the British Army of Occupation, from 1815 to 1818.
The Battle of Cambrai (20 November 1917 – 3 December 1917), a campaign of World War I took place there. It was noted for the first successful use of tanks. A second Battle of Cambrai took place between 8 October 1918 – 10 October 1918 as part of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Little is known with certainty of the beginnings of Cambrai. Camaracum or Camaraco, as it was known to the Romans, is mentioned for the first time on the Peutinger table in the middle of the 4th century. It was a town of the Nervii, whose "capital" was at Bagacum, present-day Bavay.
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Casablanca
Casablanca (Arabic: الدار البيضاء ad-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ, original name in Berber: ⴰⵏⴼⴰ Anfa) is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Grand Casablanca region.
Casablanca is Morocco's largest city as well as its chief port. It is also the biggest city in the Maghreb. The 2004 census recorded a population of 2,949,805 in the prefecture of Casablanca and 3,631,061 in the region of Grand Casablanca. Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, while the political capital city of Morocco is Rabat.
Casablanca hosts headquarters and main industrial facilities for the leading Moroccan and international companies based in Morocco. Industrial statistics show Casablanca retains its historical position as the main industrial zone of the country. The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world, and the largest port of North Africa. It is also the primary naval base for the Royal Moroccan Navy.
The Latinized name of the city is a Spanish word combination meaning "White House" (blanca "white", casa "house"). It is thought that the Spaniards adopted the name from Portuguese Casa Branca. The city is now nicknamed Casa by many locals.
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Châteaubriant
Coordinates: 47°43′04″N 1°22′30″W / 47.7178°N 1.375°W / 47.7178; -1.375
Châteaubriant (Breton: Kastell-Briant) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department and the Pays de la Loire region in western France. It is part of the historic duchy of Brittany and the country of Mée.
The inhabitants of Châteaubriant are called Castelbriantais and Castelbriantaises.
Châteaubriant lies 49 km (30 mi) north of Ancenis, 68 km (42 mi) south of Rennes, 69 km (43 mi) north of Nantes, and 85 km (53 mi) west of Angers.
The neighboring communes are Rougé, Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Louisfert, Erbray, and Soudan.
The river Chère flows westward through the commune and crosses the town.
Châteaubriant's history began in the 11th century when Brient (an envoy of the Count of Rennes) constructed a castle on a motte bordering the Chère and Rollard rivers. He later founded the Priory Saint-Sauveur-de-Béré. The fortress was a part of eastern Brittany's defensive line, known as the Marches of Brittany, along with the other fortified townships of Vitré and Fougères (both in Ille-et-Vilaine) and Ancenis and Clisson (both in Loire Atlantique), which formed the first line of defense against the French Kingdom. Later in the 12th century a town developed around the western flank of the castle and was called Châteaubriant. As the castle was in a very strategic location, the town was subjected to numerous battles and invasions during the Middle Ages. One of the largest sieges is surely the one commissioned by Louis IX in 1235. Insecurity led the lords to raise ramparts and strengthen the fortifications around the town, which encircled it from the thirteenth century to the 15th century.
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Colonia Dublán
Colonia Dublán began as a Mormon colony, located in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. It is now a part of Nuevo Casas Grandes. It is one of the few surviving Mormon colonies in Mexico (the other being Colonia Juárez).
In 1888, George M. Brown of Provo, Utah made a deal with German-Mexican Lewis Huller for 73,000 acres (300 km2) of land north of what was then the Casas Grandes River. The colony, which was originally called Colonia Huller, was first settled by George Lake, a Mormon colonist, with many others following in the spring of 1889. However, due to a problem with the deal between Brown and Huller, titles to the land could not be given to them. Instead, the colonists were forced to rent from locals or make their own individual purchases. When it was founded, the nearest train station to the colony was Gallego, 110 miles (180 km) away. Since a large percentage of goods consumed by the colony had to be imported from the United States, prices were high. In 1897, a railroad was built from Ciudad Juárez to a point twelve miles (19 km) outside of Dublán. The railroad proved extremely valuable for the colony, as goods could be cheaply imported and exported.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945, the state did not de facto exist because of its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945, the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Form of state:
Neighbours:
Topography:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of northern reaches of Carpathian Mountains and Danube River basin lands.
Climate:
The weather was predominantly continental, but varied from the moderate temperature of Western Europe in the west, to more severe weather of Eastern Europe and the western Soviet Union in the east.
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Diekirch
Diekirch (Luxembourgish: Dikrech; from Diet-Kirch, i.e. "people's church") is a commune with city status in north-eastern Luxembourg, capital city of the canton Diekirch and the district of Diekirch. The city is situated on the banks of the Sauer river.
As of 2001[update], the town of Diekirch, which lies in the south of the commune, has a population of 6,068.
Diekirch was the first city in Luxembourg to have a pedestrian zone, in 1977.
There is a brewery with the same name. There are 3 secondary schools in Diekirch: Lycée classique de Diekirch, Lycée technique hotelier Alexis Heck and Nordstadlycée.
The town is home to the National Museum of Military History, reflecting Diekirch's pivotal role in the Battle of the Bulge, a major battle of World War II. It was here that the river Sauer was crossed on the night of January 18, 1945, by the US 5th Infantry division.
The town is the site of one of the six regional headquarters of the Grand Ducal Police.
The town has an annual cross country running competition — the Eurocross — which is an IAAF permit meeting and attracts world-class runners, with Gabriela Szabo and Irina Mikitenko among its past winners.
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Dýšina
Dýšina is a village and municipality (obec) in Plzeň-City District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic.
The municipality covers an area of 10.37 square kilometres (4.00 sq mi), and has a population of 1,577 (as at 3 July 2006).
Dýšina lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Plzeň and 75 km (47 mi) south-west of Prague.
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Echternach
Echternach (Luxembourgish: Iechternach) is a commune with city status in the canton of Echternach, which is part of the district of Grevenmacher, in eastern Luxembourg. Echternach lies near the border with Germany, and is the oldest town (current population 4,610) in Luxembourg.
It grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in 698 by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians. As bishop, he was the Echternach monastery's abbot until his death in 739. It is in his honour that the dancing procession takes place annually on Whit Tuesday.
The river Sauer that flows past the town now forms the border between Luxembourg and Germany; in the later Roman Empire and under the Merovingians by contrast, the Sauer did not form a border or march in this area. The Roman villa at Echternach (traces of which were rediscovered in 1975) was reputed to be the largest North of the Alps. It was later part of the Electorate of Trier (present-day Germany) and was presented to Willibrord by Irmina (Irmine), daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks. Other parts of the Merovingians' Roman inheritance were presented to the Abbey by king of the Franks Pepin the Short.
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Ettelbruck
Ettelbruck (Luxembourgish: Ettelbréck, German: Ettelbrück) is a commune with city status in central Luxembourg, with a population of approximately 7,500. As of 2005, the town of Ettelbruck itself, which lies in the east of the commune, has a population of 6,191. The town of Warken and Grentzingen are also within the commune. Until 1850, both Erpeldange Schieren were part of the Ettelbruck commune as well, but both towns were detached from Ettelbruck by law on 1 July 1850.
Ettelbruck is one of the 12 communes of the canton of Diekirch, which is part of the district of Diekirch. Governmentally, the Ettelbruck communal council (French: Conseil communal de Ettelbruck) serves as the commune's local council. The council consists of thirteen members, elected every six years.
Ettelbruck's name dates back to the invasion of the Low Countries by Attila the Hun in 451 AD. Attila and his army built a bridge (a"Bruck") and crossed the Alzette river near Schieren. The local language variant of Attila's name was "Ettel" so the bridge became known as the location of Attila's bridge, or "Ettelbruck."
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Fort Benning
Fort Benning is a United States Army post based in located in Columbus, Georgia in Muscogee County. The post boundaries extend into Chattahoochee counties in Georgia and Russell County, Alabama. It is part of the Columbus, Georgia, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Fort Benning is a self-sustaining military community, which supports more than 120,000 active-duty military, family members, reserve component soldiers, retirees, and civilian employees on a daily basis. It is a power projection platform, and possesses the capability to deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway. Fort Benning is the home of the United States Army Armor School, United States Army Infantry School, the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment, 3rd Brigade - 3rd Infantry Division, and many other additional tenant units.
Since 1918, Fort Benning, Ga, has served as the Home of the Infantry. Since 1940, Fort Knox, KY., has served as the Home of the Armor. The Maneuver Center of Excellence transformation began as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission's decision to consolidate a number of schools and installations to create "centers of excellence." Included in this transformation was the move of the Armor School to Fort Benning.
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Fort Bliss
Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas. With an area of about 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2), it is the Army's second-largest installation, behind the adjacent White Sands Missile Range. It is FORSCOM's (United States Army Forces Command) largest installation, and has the Army's largest Maneuver Area (992,000 acres) behind the National Training Center. Part of the post in El Paso County, Texas, is a census-designated place (CDP); it had a population of 8,591 at the 2010 census. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract (1,500 sq mi, 3,900 km2) of virtually unrestricted airspace in the Continental United States. The airspace is used for missile and artillery training and testing .
Fort Bliss is home to the 1st Armored Division, which returned to US soil in 2011, after 40 years in Germany. The division is supported by the 15th Sustainment Brigade. The installation is also home to the 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command, along with its subordinate 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade.
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Fort Knox
Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The 109,054-acre (44,133 ha) base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin, and Meade counties. It currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command, United States Army Cadet Command and the United States Army Accessions Command. It was the home, for nearly seventy years (1940-2010), of the U.S. Army Armor Center, the U.S. Army Armor School (now at Fort Benning), and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the US Army's Cavalry and Armored forces, and of General George S. Patton's career, can be found at the General George Patton Museum on the grounds of Fort Knox. Parts of the base in Hardin and Meade Counties form a census-designated place (CDP), which had a population of 12,377 at the 2000 census.
The United States Department of the Treasury has maintained the Bullion Depository on the post since 1937.
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Fort Myer
Fort Myer is a U.S. Army post adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. It is a small post by U.S. Army standards, and has no ranges or field training areas. Fort Myer is home to the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment, the oldest infantry regiment in the United States Army.
As a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) initiative to create more efficiency of efforts, the Army’s Fort Myer and the Marines’ Henderson Hall became the first Joint Base in the Department of Defense. Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall (JBMHH) and consists of military installations at Fort Myer, Virginia, Crystal City, The Pentagon, Fort McNair, the District of Columbia, and Henderson Hall – Headquarters Marine Corps, Virginia. These installations and departments serve over 150,000 active duty, DoD civilian, and retired military personnel in the region.
Fort Myer traces its origin to the American Civil War. It was originally established as Fort Whipple, after Brevet Major General Amiel Weeks Whipple who died during the American Civil War in May 1863. Whipple Field was named in his honor. On Feb. 4, 1881, the post was renamed for Brigadier General Albert J. Myer, who established the Signal School of Instruction for Army and Navy Officers there in 1869. Since then it has been a Signal Corps post, a showcase for US Army's cavalry and since the 1940s, home to the US Army's elite ceremonial units - The US Army Band ("Pershing's Own") and the US Army's 3d Infantry Regiment ("The Old Guard").
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Invasion of Normandy
The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II. It was the largest amphibious operation ever to take place.
Allied land forces that saw combat in Normandy on 6 June came from Canada, the Free French Forces, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In the weeks following the invasion, Polish forces also participated, as well as contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, and the Netherlands. Most of the above countries also provided air and naval support, as did the Royal Australian Air Force, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the Royal Norwegian Navy.
The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks and naval bombardments. In the early morning, amphibious landings on five beaches codenamed Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword began and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The "D-Day" forces deployed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being Portsmouth.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Langres
Coordinates: 47°51′48″N 5°20′02″E / 47.8633°N 5.3339°E / 47.8633; 5.3339
Langres is a commune in north-eastern France. It is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne département in the Champagne-Ardenne region.
As the capital of the Romanized Gallic tribe the Lingones, it was called Andematunnum, then Lingones, and now Langres.
The town is built on a limestone promontory of the same name. This stronghold was originally occupied by the Gauls, and, at a later date the Romans fortified the town belonging to the Celtic tribe the Lingones; Andemantunum the strategic cross-roads of twelve Roman roads.[citation needed] The 1st century Triumphal Gate and the many artefacts exhibited in the museums are witnesses to the Gallo-Roman town.
After the period of invasions, the town prospered in the Middle Ages due, in part, to the growing political influence of its bishops. The diocese covered Champagne, the Duchy of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, and the bishops gained the right to coin money in the 9th century and to name the military governor of the city in 927. The Bishop of Langres was a duke and peer of France. The troubled 14th and 15th centuries were reason enough for the town to strengthen its fortifications, which still give the old part of the city its fortified character, and Langres entered a period of royal tutelage. The Renaissance, which returned prosperity to the town, saw the construction of numerous fine civil, religious and military buildings that still stand today. In the 19th century, a "Vauban" citadel was added.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (
i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Luxembourg City
The city of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg, German: Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg, French: Ville de Luxembourg, German: Stadt Luxemburg), is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
Luxembourg City lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels, 372 km (231 mi) from Paris, 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne, and 65 km (40 mi) from Metz in northeast France.
As of 2011, the commune of Luxembourg City had a population of 94,034, which was almost three times the population of the country's second most populous commune. The city's metropolitan population, including that of surrounding communes of Hesperange, Sandweiler, Strassen, and Walferdange, is 103,973.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Messina
Messina (Italian pronunciation: [mesˈsiːna] ( listen), Sicilian: Missina; Latin: Messana) is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, Italy and the capital of the province of Messina. It has a population of about 250,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the province. It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina, just opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland.
The main economical resources of the city are: the port (commercial and military), provided with several shipyards; agriculture (including wine production and the cultivation of lemons, oranges, mandarin oranges and olives); tourism.
The city has been a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair.
Founded by Greek colonists in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called Zancle, from the Greek: ζάγκλον meaning "scythe" because of the shape of its natural harbour (though a legend attributes the name to King Zanclus). A comune of its province, located at the southern entrance of the Strait of Messina, is to this day called 'Scaletta Zanclea'. In the early 5th century BC, Anaxilas of Rhegium renamed it Messene in honour of the Greek city Messene (Greek: Μεσσήνη). (See also List of traditional Greek place names.) The city was sacked in 397 BC by the Carthaginians and then reconquered by Dionysius I of Syracuse.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Normandy Landings
The Normandy landings, codenamed Operation Neptune, were the landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World War II. The landings commenced on Tuesday, June 6, 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 AM British Double Summer Time (GMT+2). In planning, D-Day was the term used for the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval.
The landings were conducted in two phases: an airborne assault landing of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France starting at 6:30 AM. There were also decoy operations under the codenames Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the German forces from the real landing areas.
Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces was General Dwight Eisenhower while overall command of ground forces (21st Army Group) was given to General Bernard Montgomery. The operation, planned by a team under Lieutenant-General Frederick Morgan, was the largest amphibious invasion in world history and was executed by land, sea, and air elements under direct British command with over 160,000 troops landing on June 6, 1944. 195,700 Allied naval and merchant navy personnel in over 5,000 ships were involved. The invasion required the transport of soldiers and material from the United Kingdom by troop-laden aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the English Channel and naval fire-support. The landings took place along a 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword.
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Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy Campaign of World War II. American Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, and immediately punch through the German defenses that were penning in his troops while the Germans were distracted and unbalanced. Once a corridor had been created, the First Army would then be able to advance into Brittany, rolling up the German flanks and freeing itself of the constraints imposed by operating in the Norman bocage countryside. After a slow start the offensive gathered momentum, and German resistance collapsed as scattered remnants of broken units fought to escape to the Seine. Lacking the resources to cope with the situation, the German response was ineffectual, and the entire Normandy front soon collapsed. Operation Cobra, together with concurrent offensives by the Second British and First Canadian Armies, was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign.
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Operation Torch
Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.
The Soviet Union had pressed the U.S. and Britain to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. While the American commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, the British commanders believed that such a course would end in disaster. An attack on French North Africa was proposed instead, which would clear the Axis Powers from North Africa, improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea and prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspected the African operation would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
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Operation Varsity
Operation Varsity (24 March 1945) was a successful joint American–British airborne operation that took place toward the end of World War II. Involving more than 16,000 paratroopers and several thousand aircraft, it was the largest single airborne operation in history to be conducted on a single day and in one location.
Part of Operation Plunder, the effort by the British 21st Army Group under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery to cross the Rhine River and from there enter Northern Germany, Varsity was meant to help the 21st Army Group to secure a foothold across the Rhine River in western Germany by landing two airborne divisions on the eastern bank of the Rhine near the village of Hamminkeln and the town of Wesel.
The plans called for dropping two airborne divisions by parachute and glider behind German lines near Wesel. Drawn from US XVIII Airborne Corps, they were instructed to capture key territory and to generally disrupt German defenses to aid the advance of Allied ground forces.
The British 6th Airborne Division was ordered to capture the villages of Schnappenberg and Hamminkeln, clear part of the Diersfordter Wald (Diersfordt Forest) of German forces, and secure three bridges over the River Issel. The U.S. 17th Airborne Division was to capture the village of Diersfordt and clear the rest of the Diersfordter Wald of any remaining German forces. The two divisions would then hold the territory they had captured until relieved by advancing units of 21st Army Group, and then join in the general advance into northern Germany.
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Palermo
Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The city was founded by the Phoenicians, but named by the Ancient Greeks as Panormus meaning 'always fit for landing in.' Palermo became part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. From 827 to 1071 it was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when it first became a capital. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily. Eventually it would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.
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Prague
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
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Rancho Jurupa
Rancho Jurupa was a 40,569-acre (164.18 km2) Mexican land grant in California, United States, that is divided by the present-day counties of Riverside and San Bernardino. The land was granted to Juan Bandini by Governor Juan B. Alvarado in 1838. Located along both banks of the Santa Ana River in southern California, the rancho included much of the land in the present day city of Jurupa Valley, as well as the downtown area in the city of Riverside.
The seven square league grant was made by Governor Alvarado to Juan Bandini (1800–1859) in 1838.
Riverside historians, have proposed that the original seven square league (approximately 31,000 acres (125 km2)) Rancho Jurupa land grant was significantly smaller than the area eventually recognized by the United States. They argue that Pachappa hill, the southeast marker of the Rancho Jurupa, was originally the name of another hill, today known as Mount Rubidoux, and that one of the early owners of Rancho Jurupa reassigned the name Pachappa to the current day Pachappa hill in order to expand the property of the Rancho.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Rheinwiesenlager
The Rheinwiesenlager (Rhine meadow camps), official name Prisoner of War Temporary Enclosures (PWTE), were a group of about 19 transit camps for holding about one million German POWs after World War II from spring until late summer 1945. Credible sources for German POW deaths in these camps range from about 3,000 to 10,000, in most part occurring from starvation, dehydration and exposure to the weather elements. Most of these deaths were attributed to an unexpectedly large number of POWs which accumulated during the end of WWII, and the subsequent inability to provide adequate necessities for them[citation needed].
listing from north to south with official number
Most of the camps were established on the western side of the Rhine to prevent the imprisoned soldiers from returning to the German armies on the right side of the river[citation needed].
By March 1943, the general staff of the commander in chief Dwight D. Eisenhower realized that after the victory over Germany, they would not to be able to feed the German military prisoners. Rather than adhere to the Geneva Convention of 1929, it was decided to treat the prisoners as "Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEF)". As captured former soldiers of a state that no longer existed, they could be denied the rights of prisoners of war guaranteed by the Geneva Convention. The German Wehrmacht employed a similar strategy in referring to imprisoned Italian soldiers as "Militärinternierter" in order to justify their use as forced labour[citation needed].
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Saarland
Saarland (German pronunciation: [ˈzaːɐlant]; French: Sarre, IPA: [saʁ]) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. The capital is Saarbrücken. It has an area of 2570 km² and 1,045,000 inhabitants. In both area and population, it is the smallest state in Germany other than the city-states (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg). Its location on the border between France and Germany has given Saarland a unique history.
The Saar did not exist as a unified entity until its creation as the Territory of the Saar Basin by the League of Nations after World War I. Prior to this, some parts of the current entity were Prussian and other parts Bavarian. The inhabitants voted to rejoin Germany in a plebiscite in 1935.
From 1947 to 1956 the Saar was a French-occupied territory (the "Saar Protectorate") separate from the rest of Germany. In 1955 the inhabitants were offered independence in a plebiscite, but instead voted to become a state of West Germany. From 1920 to 1935, and then from 1947 to 1959, the inhabitants used postage stamps issued specially for the territory; see postage stamps and postal history of the Saar for details. Between 1950 and 1956, Saarland was a member of the Council of Europe.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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Saumur
Coordinates: 47°15′36″N 0°04′37″W / 47.260000°N 0.0769°W / 47.260000; -0.0769
Saumur (French pronunciation: [so.myʁ]) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.
The historic town is located between the Loire and Thouet rivers, and is surrounded by the vineyards of Saumur itself, Chinon, Bourgueil, Coteaux du Layon, etc. which produce some of France's finest wines.
Prior to the French Revolution Saumur was the capital of the Sénéchaussée de Saumur, a bailiwick, that existed until 1793. Saumur was then the location of the Battle of Saumur during the Revolt in the Vendée.
During the Battle of France, in World War II, Saumur was the site of the Battle of Saumur (1940) where the town and south bank of the Loire was defended with great honour by the teenage cadets of the cavalry school.
In 1944 it was the target of several Tallboy and Azon bombing targets from Allied planes. The first raid, on 8/9 June 1944, was against a railway tunnel near Saumur, seeing the first use of Tallboy bombs. The hasty night raid was to stop a planned German Panzer Division, travelling to engage the newly landed allied forces in Normandy. The panzers were expected to use the tunnel. No. 83 Squadron RAF illuminated the area with flares by four Avro Lancasters and marked the target at low level by three de Havilland Mosquitos. 25 Lancasters of No. 617 Squadron RAF then dropped their Tallboys with great accuracy; one pierced the roof of the tunnel, brought down a huge quantity of rock and soil, and blocked the tunnel for a considerable period, badly delaying the Panzer IVs.
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Sicily
Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia, [siˈtʃiːlja]; [sɪˈɕilja]) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana (Sicilian Autonomous Region).
Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean. It extends from the tip of the Apennine peninsula from which it is separated only by the narrow Strait of Messina, towards the North African coast. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, which is at 3,320 m (10,890 ft) the tallest active volcano in Europe and one of the most active in the world. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate.
The earliest archeological evidence of human dwelling on the island dates from 8000 BC. At around 750 BC, Sicily became a Greek colony and for the next 600 years it was the site of the Greek-Punic and Roman-Punic wars, which ended with the Roman destruction of Carthage. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Sicily often changed hands, and during the early Middle Ages it was ruled in turn by the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Arabs and Normans. Later on, the Kingdom of Sicily lasted between 1130 and 1816, subordinated to the crowns of Aragon, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and finally the Bourbons, as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was united with the rest of Italy in 1860, but a subsequent economic collapse led to a wave of emigration, separatism, and the emergence of the Mafia, whose criminal activities pose problems to this day. After the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946, Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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Southern California
Southern California (SoCal) is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The United States - Mexico border makes up the southern border. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the nation.
Southern California's population encompasses five metropolitan, or MSA, areas: Los Angeles County and Orange County together make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; the Inland Empire consists of such cities as Riverside, Ontario, and San Bernardino; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metro area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas; the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 4 million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with San Diego as Southern California's other CSA metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Strait of Messina
The Strait of Messina (Stretto di Messina in Italian, Strittu di Missina in Sicilian) is the narrow passage between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern tip of Calabria in the south of Italy. It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea with the Ionian Sea, within the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, it measures 3.1 km (1.9 mi) in width, though near the town of Messina the width is some 5.1 km (3.2 mi) and maximum depth is 250 m (830 ft).
A ferry service connects Messina on Sicily with the mainland at Villa San Giovanni, which lies several kilometers north of the large city of Reggio Calabria; the ferries hold the cars (carriages) of the mainline train service between Palermo and Naples. There is also a hydrofoil service between Messina and Reggio Calabria.
The strait is characterized by strong tidal currents, that established a unique marine ecosystem. A natural whirlpool in the Northern portion of the strait has been linked to the Greek legend of Scylla and Charybdis. In some circumstances, the mirage of Fata Morgana can be observed when looking at Sicily from Calabria.
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Thionville
Coordinates: 49°21′32″N 6°10′09″E / 49.3589°N 6.1692°E / 49.3589; 6.1692
Thionville (German: Diedenhofen, Luxembourgish: Diddenuewen), is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz.
The population of Thionville boomed in the Industrial Revolution, but the economic slowdown of the 1970s affected the town and the surrounding area, causing a population decrease. The population rose again in the 1990s and in suburban Hettange-Grande in the east, although the population of the western part of the new agglomeration is decreasing around Hayange. The agglomeration is still losing population but the decrease has been slowed down. Due to Thionville's proximity to Luxembourg (15 kilometres from the border), the town's population and quality of life have both increased since the end of the 1990s.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was inhabited by the Germanic Alamanni and became part of the medieval Holy Roman Empire, known as Diedenhofen in German.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Verdun
Verdun (French pronunciation: [vɛʁ.dœ̃]; medieval German: Wirten, official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city in the Meuse department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.
Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital of the department is the slightly smaller city of Bar-le-Duc.
Verdun (Latin: Verodunum, meaning "strong fort") was founded by the Gauls (as its Celtic name shows; "Dunum" is the Latinized version of a Celtic word meaning oppidum). It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdun since the 4th century AD, with interruptions. In the Treaty of Verdun in AD 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided into three parts.
At around this time Verdun was the centre of a Europe-wide thriving trade selling young boys to be enslaved eunuchs to the Islamic emirates of Iberia. Less controversially, the city has been famous for Dragées or sugared almonds from 1200 onwards; they were distributed at the baptism of French princes.
Verdun was part of the middle kingdom of Lotharingia, and in 1374 it became an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Verdun formed together with Tull (Toul) and Metz the Three Bishoprics, which were annexed by France in 1552 (recognized in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia).
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
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Albert Kesselring
Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 – 16 July 1960) was a German Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. In a military career that spanned both World Wars, Kesselring became one of Nazi Germany's most skilful commanders, being one of 27 soldiers awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Nicknamed "Smiling Albert" by the Allies and "Uncle Albert" by his troops, he was one of the most popular generals of World War II with the rank and file.
Kesselring joined the Bavarian Army as an officer cadet in 1904, and served in the artillery branch. He completed training as a balloon observer in 1912. During World War I, he served on both the Western and Eastern fronts and was posted to the General Staff, despite not having attended the War Academy. Kesselring remained in the Army after the war but was discharged in 1933 to become head of the Department of Administration at the Reich Commissariat for Aviation, where he was involved in the re-establishment of the aviation industry and the laying of the foundations for the Luftwaffe, serving as its Chief of Staff from 1936 to 1938.
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Alfred Jodl
Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (help·info) (10 May 1890 – 16 October 1946) was a German military commander, attaining the position of Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II, acting as deputy to Wilhelm Keitel. At Nuremberg he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.
Alfred Jodl was born out of wedlock as Alfred Josef Ferdinand Baumgärtler in Würzburg, Germany, the son of Officer Alfred Jodl and Therese Baumgärtler, assuming the surname Jodl upon his parents' marriage in 1899. He was educated at Cadet School in Munich, from which he graduated in 1910. General Ferdinand Jodl was his younger brother. The philosopher and psychologist Friedrich Jodl at the University of Vienna was his uncle.
After schooling, Jodl joined the army as an artillery officer. During World War I he served as a battery officer on the Western Front from 1914–1916, twice being wounded. In 1917 Jodl served briefly on the Eastern Front before returning to the west as a staff officer. After the war Jodl remained in the armed forces and joined the Versailles-limited Reichswehr.
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Andrew Glassell
Andrew Glassell (September 30, 1827 – January 28, 1901) was a Los Angeles real estate attorney and investor. He may be best known as one of the founders of the city of Orange, California.
Andrew Glassell was born in Orange County, Virginia, the son of Andrew Glassell (1793–1873) and Susanna Thorton (1804–1836). In 1834 his family moved to Greensboro, Alabama, where his father engaged in cotton planting. Andrew was educated in the University of Alabama, from which he graduated in 1848. After graduating he studied law. He came to San Francisco in 1853 and established a law practice. His appointment as the United States attorney at Sacramento, California soon followed. During the Civil War his sympathies were with the South, and he refused to take the loyalty oath to the United States required of lawyers. He left his public office and quit the practice of law and operated a lumber mill near Santa Cruz.
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Bernardo Yorba
Bernardo Yorba (August 20, 1800 – November 28, 1858), was a native of Nueva California and the son of Spanish soldier, José Antonio Yorba. Bernardo became one of the most successful ranchers in Alta California with thousands of cattle and horses grazing on land grants totaling more than 35,000 acres (8 square Spanish leagues). Bernado Yorba built a large adobe hacienda, Hacienda de San Antonio near the present day city of Yorba Linda which is named in honor of Bernardo.
Bernardo Yorba was born on August 20, 1800 in San Diego. Other sources list his birth on August 4, 1801. Bernardo was the son of José Antonio Yorba, one of the early settlers of Spanish California, and Maria Josefa Grijalva. Bernardo's childhood was spent in San Diego. Here he was sent to a school kept by Franciscan Fathers. Jose Antonio Yorba had moved to the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, granted to him and his nephew Pablo Peralta, by Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga on behalf of the Spanish Government in 1810. It was around this time that the family moved to the rancho near present day Olive, California in Orange County.
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Bill Mauldin
William Henry "Bill" Mauldin (October 29, 1921 – January 22, 2003) was a two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist from the United States. He was most famous for his World War II cartoons depicting American soldiers, as represented by the archetypal characters "Willie and Joe", two weary and bedraggled infantry troopers who stoically endure the difficulties and dangers of duty in the field. These cartoons were broadly published and distributed in the American army abroad and in the United States.
Mauldin was born in Mountain Park, New Mexico. His grandfather had been a civilian cavalry scout in the Apache Wars and his father was an artilleryman in World War I. After growing up there and in Phoenix, Arizona, Mauldin took courses at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts under the tutoring of Ruth VanSickle Ford. While in Chicago, Mauldin met Will Lang Jr. and became fast friends with him. Mauldin entered the US Army via the Arizona National Guard in 1940.
While in the 45th Infantry Division, Mauldin volunteered to work for the unit's newspaper, drawing cartoons about regular soldiers or "dogfaces". Eventually he created two cartoon infantrymen, Willie (who was modeled after his comrade and friend Irving Richtel) and Joe, who became synonymous with the average American GI.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
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Charles Kuhl
Charles Herman Kuhl (6 November 1915 – 31 January 1971) was a American soldier who became the target of General George S. Patton's ire in a 1943 incident which made nationwide headlines in the United States during World War II.
Kuhl was born the son of a Mishawaka, Indiana casketmaker, Herman F. Kuhl. Charles Kuhl worked as a carpet layer in South Bend prior to World War II. During the war, Kuhl had served as a private for 8 months in Company L, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, when he was admitted to the 3rd Battalion, 26th Infantry aid station for reported combat exhaustion.
At the aid station, Kuhl was initially diagnosed with "exhaustion," and his medical chart said "psychoneurosis anxiety state, moderately severe (soldier has been twice before in hospital within ten days. He can't take it at the front, evidently. He is repeatedly returned.)" Kuhl was transferred from the aid station to the Army's 15th Evacuation Hospital near Nicosia for further evaluation.
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Courtney Hodges
General Courtney Hicks Hodges (January 5, 1887 – January 16, 1966) was an American military officer, most prominent for his role in World War II, in which he commanded the First United States Army in Northwest Europe. In his career Hodges was a notable "mustang" officer, rising from private to general.
Hodges was born in Perry, Georgia where his father published a small-town newspaper. He attended West Point but dropped out after a year because of poor test scores ("found deficient" in mathematics). He would have graduated with the Class of 1909. In 1906 Hodges enlisted in the United States Army as a private, and became a commissioned officer three years later. He served with George Marshall in the Philippines and Patton in Mexico.
He earned the Distinguished Service Cross (second only in precedence to the Medal of Honor), during the closing days of World War I while leading an attack across the Marne River. After the war he was sufficiently well thought of that he became an instructor at West Point, even though he had not graduated from that institution.
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Douglas MacArthur
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
Douglas MacArthur was raised in a military family in the American Old West. He attended the West Texas Military Academy, where he was valedictorian, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he was First Captain and graduated top of the class of 1903. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz, he conducted a reconnaissance mission, for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor. In 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I, he rose to the rank of brigadier general, was again nominated for a Medal of Honor, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times.
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Ernest Cuneo
Ernest L. Cuneo (1905 - 1988) was a lawyer, newspaperman, author, and intelligence liaison. He was also a professional football player in the National Football League.
Cuneo was also a star athlete in high school and later played football at Columbia and Penn State University. Afterwards, he played two seasons in the NFL for the Orange Tornadoes and the Brooklyn Dodgers.
Cuneo's first newspaper experience was as editor of the school newspaper at East Rutherford High School. During his college vacations, Cuneo worked for the New York Daily News. He later served as president of the North American Newspaper Alliance and was later editor-at-large of the Saturday Evening Post. For a number of years he wrote a syndicated column, "Take It or Leave It," which appeared three times a week. The success of the column led to an offer to take over the "National Whirligig," the original "news behind the news" column which appeared five days a week. Cuneo also wrote several books. His writings also appeared in several articles posted by the Professional Football Researchers Association. These writing reflected on Cuneo's own experiences in the NFL, as well as his friendship with Pro Football Hall of Famer, Benny Friedman.
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Erwin Rommel
Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), popularly known as the Desert Fox (Wüstenfuchs, listen (help·info)), was a German Field Marshal of World War II. He won the respect of both his own troops and the enemies he fought.
He was a highly decorated officer in World War I, and was awarded the Pour le Mérite for his exploits on the Italian front. In World War II, he further distinguished himself as the commander of the 7th Panzer Division during the 1940 invasion of France. However, it was his leadership of German and Italian forces in the North African campaign that established the legend of the Desert Fox. He is considered to have been one of the most skilled commanders of desert warfare in the conflict.[page needed] He later commanded the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion in Normandy.
As one of the few generals who consistently fought the Western Allies (he was never assigned to the Eastern Front), Rommel is regarded as having been a humane and professional officer. His Afrikakorps was never accused of war crimes. Soldiers captured during his Africa campaign were reported to have been treated humanely. Furthermore, he ignored orders to kill captured commandos, Jewish soldiers and civilians in all theaters of his command.
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Francis Ford Coppola
Francis Ford Coppola ( /ˈkoʊpələ/ KOH-pə-lə; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. He is widely acclaimed as one of Hollywood's most innovative and influential film directors. He epitomized the group of filmmakers known as the New Hollywood, that includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas who emerged in the early 1970s with unconventional ideas that challenged contemporary film-making.
He co-wrote the script for Patton (1970), which won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay). His directorial fame escalated with the release of The Godfather (1972), a film which revolutionized movie-making in the gangster genre, earning praise from critics and public alike. It won three Academy Awards, including his second, for Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay), and was instrumental in cementing his position as a prominent American film director.
Coppola followed it with a critically successful sequel, The Godfather Part II (1974), which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The film was highly praised and won him three Academy Awards—for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director and Best Picture. The Conversation, which Coppola directed, produced and wrote, was released that same year, winning the Palme d'Or at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. He next directed Apocalypse Now (1979); notorious for its overlong and strenuous production, but critically acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War, winning the Palme d'Or at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. To this day, Coppola is one of only seven filmmakers to win two Palme d'Or awards, and is the only filmmaker to win both in the same decade.
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Frederick Ayer
Frederick Ayer (born December 8, 1822, Ledyard, Connecticut; died March 14, 1918, Thomasville, Georgia) was an American businessman and the younger brother of patent medicine tycoon Dr. James Cook Ayer. He graduated from The Hill School. In addition to his involvement in the patent medicine business, he is better known for his work in the textile industry. After buying the Tremont and Suffolk mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, he bought up many textile operations in nearby Lawrence, combining them in 1899 into the American Woolen Company, of which he was the first president. He was involved in other businesses of the time as well, such as being the co-founder of the Arctic Coal Company . He died on March 14, 1918, in Thomasville, Georgia, and is interred at Lowell Cemetery.
His home in Lowell is now a Catholic school, The Franco American School and the Frederick Ayer Mansion on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston, Massachusetts, is a National Historic Landmark.
Ayer's first wife was Cornelia Wheaton (1835–1878), daughter of Charles Augustus Wheaton and Ellen Birdseye. They married on December 15, 1858 and Cornelia's mother died the following day. The couple had four children: Ellen Wheaton Ayer (1859–1951), James Cook Ayer (1862–1939), Charles Fanning Ayer (1865–1956) and Louise Raynor Ayer (1876–1878).
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Fritz Bayerlein
Fritz Bayerlein (14 January 1899 – 30 January 1970) was a German panzer general during the Second World War. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Fritz Bayerlein was born in Würzburg, Franconia, Germany. During World War I, Bayerlein was drafted into the 9th Bavarian Infantry in 1917 and fought on the Western front. He was wounded and received the Iron Cross when he was in the 4th infantry regiment. After the war Bayerlein was briefly a member of a volunteer battalion but was transferred to Regiment 45 in May 1919. He went through officer training in 1921 and was one of the officers who remained in the diminished Reichswehr. He had reached the rank of major.
At the beginning of World War II, Bayerlein served in the Invasion of Poland as the First General Staff Officer of General Heinz Guderian. He continued in this position during the invasion of France. Guderian's troops crossed the Meuse River near Sedan on May 14 and advanced until General Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist ordered Guderian to halt and not attack the British fleeing from Dunkirk.
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George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
George Catlett Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall, Sr. and Laura Emily (Bradford) Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.
Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines. He served as an infantry platoon leader and company commander in the Phillipines during the Phillipine-American War and several other guerilla uprisings. He was schooled and trained in modern warfare. His pre-war service included a tour at Fort Leavenworth, KS from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
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George Patton IV
George Smith Patton, IV (December 24, 1923 – June 27, 2004) was a Major General in the United States Army and the son of World War II General George Patton.
A 1946 graduate of West Point Patton was initially trained as an infantry officer. His first assignment was to Regensburg, West Germany where he participated in the 1948 Berlin Airlift. The troops under his command were used to load supplies onto Air Force transport aircraft bound for Berlin. In 1952, a year after he returned from Germany, he married Joanne Holbrook.
Patton served in Korea starting in February 1953, commanding "A" Company of the 140th Tank Battalion, 40th Infantry Division. Patton received his first Silver Star and the Purple Heart in Korea.
Returning to the United States in 1954, Patton, now a captain, was initially assigned to West Point but was quickly picked up as part of an exchange program and was sent to teach at the United States Naval Academy.
Patton served a total of three tours of duty in Vietnam, the first from April 1962 to April 1963 at Military Assistance Command, Vietnam-Special Operations, during which he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He then took command of the 2nd Medium Tank Battalion, 81st Armored Regiment of the 1st Armored Division at Ft. Hood Texas, before his second tour in 1967, this one lasting only three months. During Patton's final and most intense tour, lasting from January 1968 to January 1969, he was awarded two Distinguished Service Crosses for his actions on the battlefield. During this final tour, he was initially assigned as Chief of Operations and Plans at Headquarters, United States Army Vietnam. However, after his promotion to colonel in April 1968, he was given command of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. During his three tours in Vietnam, Patton, who frequently used helicopters as a mobile command post, was shot down no less than three times[citation needed] and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
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Gerd von Rundstedt
Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) of the German Army during World War II. He held some of the highest field commands in all phases of the war.
Born into an aristocratic Prussian family, he entered the Reichswehr and rose steadily through the ranks in World War I. In the inter-war years, he continued his career, but ultimately retired. Nevertheless. at the beginning of World War II he returned as Commander of the Army Group South in the Poland campaign. He maintained command of large formations during Fall Gelb and was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal on 19 July 1940. In the Russian Campaign, he commanded Army Group South, responsible for the largest encirclement in history, the Battle of Kiev. Due to the failure of Operation Barbarossa, he—like many commanders—was dropped by Adolf Hitler, but was recalled in 1942 as OB West. He retained this command (with several interruptions) until his dismissal by Hitler in March 1945, before he was captured by the Allies.
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Günther Blumentritt
Günther Blumentritt (10 February 1892 – 12 October 1967) was a German officer in World War I, who became a Staff Officer under the Weimar Republic and went on to serve as a general for Nazi Germany during World War II. He served throughout the war, mostly on the Western Front, and mostly as a Staff Officer, though he was eventually given his own Corps and made a General der Infanterie. Blumentritt was instrumental in planning the 1939 German invasion of Poland and the 1940 invasion of France, he participated in Operation Barbarossa, and afterward bore a large part of the responsibility for planning the defense of the Atlantic Wall and Normandy. After the war, Blumentritt gave an affidavit at the Nuremberg Trials, though he never testified in person, and then later helped in the rearmament of Germany during the Cold War and the development of the modern German army.
Born in Munich, Günther Alois Friedrich Blumentritt was the son of Günther Blumentritt (born 23 June 1859), town planner and a Privy Councilor in Munich and Lina Rückart (born 24 March 1868). In 1920, he married Mathilde Schollmeyer, and subsequently had two children with her; they remained married 47 years, until her death in 1967. Blumentritt was described as the opposite in many ways of his long-time commander Gerd von Rundstedt: Bavarian and Catholic, where von Rundstedt was Prussian and Protestant; swarthy and short where von Rundstedt was tall and pale. Blumentritt was affable, friendly, and talkative, capable of great diplomacy, and in military terms, detail oriented—all of which made him an excellent staff officer, as well as a good complement to von Rundstedt.
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Hasso von Manteuffel
Hasso-Eccard Freiherr von Manteuffel (14 January 1897 – 24 September 1978) was a German soldier and (classical) liberal politician of the 20th century.
He served in both world wars, and during World War II was a distinguished general. He was a tank commander noted for his tactical skill and was one of only 27 holders of the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds.
After the war, he was elected to the Bundestag (West German legislature) and was the spokesman for defense of the Liberal Party. A prominent proponent of rearmament, he was responsible for coining the new name for the post-World War II German armed forces, the Bundeswehr.
Von Manteuffel was born in Potsdam to a respected Prussian aristocratic family. In 1908, he became a cadet in a military school.
He joined the Imperial German Army on 22 February 1916 as an officer in a Hussar regiment. His World War I service began in April 1916 with the 5th Squadron of 3rd Hussar Regiment, attached to the 6th Prussian Infantry Division on the Western Front. He was wounded on 12 October fighting in France. After recuperating, he returned to active service in February 1917 and was posted to the Divisional General Staff.
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Heinz Guderian
Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during World War II. He was a pioneer in the development of armored warfare, and was the leading proponent of tanks and mechanization in the Wehrmacht (German Armed Forces). Germany's panzer (armored) forces were raised and organized under his direction as Chief of Mobile Forces. During the war, he was a highly successful commander of panzer forces in several campaigns, became Inspector-General of Armored Troops, rose to the rank of Generaloberst, and was Chief of the General Staff of the Heer in the last year of the war.
Guderian was born in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno, Poland). From 1901 to 1907 Guderian attended various military schools. He entered the Army in 1907 as an ensign-cadet in the (Hanoverian) Jäger Bataillon No. 10, commanded at that point by his father, Friedrich Guderian. After attending the war academy in Metz he was made a Leutnant (full Lieutenant) in 1908. In 1911 Guderian joined the 3rd Telegraphen-Battalion of the Prussian Army Signal Corps. On October 1, 1913, he married Margarete Goerne with whom he had two sons, Heinz Günter (born Aug 2nd 1914 to 2004) and Kurt (born 17 September 1918 to 1984). Both sons became highly decorated Wehrmacht officers during World War II; Heinz Günter became a Panzer general in the Bundeswehr after the war.
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Henri Giraud
Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general who was captured in both World Wars, but escaped both times.
After his second escape in 1942, some of the Vichy ministers tried to send him back to Germany and probable execution. But Eisenhower secretly asked him to take command of French troops in North Africa during Operation Torch and direct them to join the Allies. Only after Darlan's assassination was he able to attain this post, and he took part in the Casablanca Conference with De Gaulle, Churchill and Roosevelt. He decided to take retirement in 1944 after continual disagreements with De Gaulle.
Henri Giraud was born in Paris, of Alsatian descent. He graduated from the Saint-Cyr Military Academy in 1900 and joined the French Army, serving in North Africa until he was transferred back to France in 1914 when World War I broke out, when he commanded Zouave troops. He was captured in the Battle of Guise in August 1914, when he was seriously wounded, but escaped two months later and returned to France via the Netherlands.
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Hugh Mercer
Hugh Mercer (January 17, 1726 – January 12, 1777) was a soldier and physician. He initially served with British forces during the Seven Years War but later became a brigadier general in the Continental Army and a close friend to George Washington. Mercer died as a result of his wounds received at the Battle of Princeton and became a fallen hero and rallying symbol of the American Revolution.
Mercer was born near Rosehearty, at the manse of Pitsligo Kirk, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, to Presbyterian Minister, Reverend William Mercer of Pitsligo Parish Church and Ann Monro. At 15, he attended the University of Aberdeen, Marischal College, studying medicine and graduated a Doctor. He was assistant surgeon in the army of Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745, and was present at the Battle of Culloden when Charles' Army was crushed on April 16, 1746, and any survivors were hunted down and killed. As a fugitive in his own homeland in 1747, Mercer fled Scotland after months in hiding. He bought his way onto a ship and moved to America, settling near what is now Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and practiced medicine for eight years.
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Ingrid Bergman
Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films. She won three Academy Awards, two Emmy Awards, and the Tony Award for Best Actress. She is ranked as the fourth greatest female star of American cinema of all time by the American Film Institute. She is best remembered for her roles as Ilsa Lund in Casablanca (1942), a World War II drama co-starring Humphrey Bogart and as Alicia Huberman in Notorious (1946), an Alfred Hitchcock thriller co-starring Cary Grant.
Before becoming a star in American films, she had already been a leading actress in Swedish films. Her first introduction to American audiences came with her starring role in the English remake of Intermezzo in 1939. In America, she brought to the screen a "Nordic freshness and vitality", along with exceptional beauty and intelligence, and according to the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, she quickly became "the ideal of American womanhood" and one of Hollywood's greatest leading actresses.
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Jimmy Doolittle
General James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle, USAF (December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993) was an American aviation pioneer. Doolittle served as an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. He earned the Medal of Honor for his valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid while a lieutenant colonel.
Doolittle was born in Alameda, California, and spent his youth in Nome, Alaska, where he earned a reputation as a boxer. His parents were Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa (Rose) Cerenah Shephard. By 1910, Jimmy Doolittle was attending school in Los Angeles. When his school attended the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field Doolittle saw his first airplane. He attended Los Angeles City College after graduating from Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles, and later won admission to the University of California, Berkeley where he studied in The School of Mines. He was a member of Theta Kappa Nu fraternity. Doolittle took a leave of absence in October 1917 to enlist in the Signal Corps Reserve as a flying cadet; he ground trained at the University of California School of Military Aeronautics, and flight-trained at Rockwell Field, California. Doolittle received his Reserve Military Aviator rating and was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps on March 11, 1918.
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Joe Angelo
Joe Angelo (1889–1967) of Camden New Jersey was an American veteran of World War I and recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, who was later involved in the Bonus Army movement of the 1930s.
Joe Angelo was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions during a battle in France in 1918 while serving with an American tank unit. During the battle, a young officer, whom Angelo was serving under as an orderly, was seriously wounded by a machine gun in an exposed position. Showing great courage under enemy fire, Angelo brought the officer to safety. He had thus saved the life of the man who would one day become a legend: George S. Patton.
In 1932, while Patton continued his path on his famous military career, Joe Angelo had returned to civilian life. He was unemployed and suffering along with many other veterans from the effects of the Great Depression. As a result, he joined the Bonus Army movement. The Bonus Army was a movement of First World War veterans demanding monetary compensation for their roles in the war. The particular issue was that these veterans had been promised compensation but they were not due to receive it until 1945. Given the realities of the depression, the veterans such as Joe Angelo demanded that they receive the money immediately. The veterans marched on Washington D.C., setting up camps in order to protest against the administration of President Herbert Hoover.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
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Julio Cárdenas
Julio Cárdenas (unknown – May 14, 1916) was a Captain in Pancho Villa's Villista military organization. He was second-in-command to Villa and the head of his personal bodyguard. The Battle of Columbus, New Mexico, in which 18 Americans were killed, sparked the campaign, led by 'Black Jack' Pershing, to eradicate the Villa gang.
One of Pershing's aides-de-camp was Lt. George S. Patton, who had used a foraging expedition (sent to obtain corn for horses) as an excuse to search haciendas of known Villa leaders. Cárdenas and two other men (a private and a captain in the Villa force) where found after a carefully planned search of the San Miguelito Ranchero, after Patton arrived in three cars with ten additional American troopers and two civilian guides. Cárdenas and his two men fled on horseback, were cut off, and then opened fire on the Americans, resulting in a small firefight between the two groups.
In the skirmish, Lt. Patton was popularly said to have personally shot Cárdenas with his six-gun. Patton then put a notch in his gun, and strapped Cárdenas to the hood of his car (along with two other dead villistas). He later took Cárdenas's spurs as a souvenir. These spurs are now in the Museum of WWII, all that remains of Cárdenas' legacy.
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Kenneth Strong
Major General Sir Kenneth William Dobson Strong KBE, CB (9 September 1900 – 11 January 1982) was a British Army officer who served in the Second World War, rising to become Director General of Intelligence. A graduate of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Strong was commissioned into the 1st Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1920. After service as an Intelligence Officer with his battalion in Ireland from 1920 to 1922 during the Irish War of Independence, he volunteered for service as an interpreter and was posted to Germany with the British Army of the Rhine. In 1935 he returned to Germany as a member of the International Force supervising the Saarland plebiscite. Afterwards, he joined the German Intelligence Section at the War Office. In 1937 he became Assistant Military attaché in Berlin.
Strong became Head of the German Section at MI14 in August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. He commanded the 4th/5th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1941, before becoming Brigadier General Staff (BGS) for Intelligence at Home Forces in 1942. In March 1943, Strong was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) at General Dwight Eisenhower's Allied Force Headquarters (AFHQ). He attended the Italian peace negotiations. In May 1944 he joined Eisenhower's Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), and played a leading part in the negotiations for the unconditional surrender of Germany in 1945.
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Ladislas Farago
Ladislas Faragó (1906–1980) was a military historian and journalist who published a number of best-selling books on history and espionage, especially concerning the World War II era.
He was the author of "Patton: Ordeal and Triumph", the acclaimed biography of George Patton that formed the basis for the film "Patton" and wrote "The Broken Seal", one of the books that formed the basis for the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!.
He was born in Csurgó, Hungary in 1906, the son of Artúr and Irma Faragó (née Láng); the family moved to Budapest when he was ten years old. He attended a business-oriented high school, but harbored an interest in journalism and theater, and on graduation became a writer initially for the tabloid Az Ember. He went on to become a war correspondent for a variety of newspapers and his byline appeared in papers from Germany to the UK to the US, including the New York Times. His coverage of the Ethiopian-Italian War was wildly successful around the world and resulted in best-selling books in many languages. His subsequent coverage of Palestine in the 1930s was comparably successful and also led to a book - "Palestine at the Crossroads" - which is mentioned by Anne Frank as the next book she must read, in an entry just before her family was discovered and she was sent to a concentration camp.
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Lloyd Fredendall
Lloyd Fredendall (December 28, 1883 - October 4, 1963) was an American General during World War II. Major General Fredendall is best known for his command of the Central Task Force landings during Operation Torch, and his command of the US II Corps during the early stages of the Tunisia Campaign. In February 1943, while in command of II Corps, his forces were defeated by forces commanded by German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim in the Battle of Kasserine Pass. After this setback, Fredendall was relieved from command of II Corps by Dwight D. Eisenhower and replaced by George Smith Patton, Jr in March 1943. In spite of his relief, Fredendall was promoted to Lieutenant General in June 1943, assumed command of U.S. Second Army and was greeted back home as a hero.
Lloyd Ralston Fredendall was born on December 28, 1883, at Fort Warren near Cheyenne, Wyoming. His father, Ira Livingston Fredendall (December 7, 1846-February 6, 1935) was on active duty in the U.S. Army when Lloyd was born. Ira became sheriff of the town of Laramie before receiving a commission in the Quartermaster Corps during the Spanish-American War. As a result of his father's connections in the service and with local and state politicians, Fredendall secured an appointment from Wyoming Senator Francis E. Warren to enter the class of 1905 at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York. Fredendall's mother Eveline (Evelyn) McKussick (August 19, 1860-October 1930), a domineering woman, accompanied the newly-listed plebe to Highland Falls, New York. Described by a classmate as "a very soldierly little fellow, but extremely goaty in mathematics," Lloyd performed poorly in the latter subject as well as general deportment, and as a result was dismissed from the Academy after just one semester.
wn.com/Lloyd_Fredendall -
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists (a type of microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. The protists act as parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to coma or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. Severe disease is largely caused by P. falciparum while the disease caused by P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae is generally a milder form that is rarely fatal. The zoonotic species P. knowlesi, prevalent in Southeast Asia, causes malaria in macaques but can also cause severe infections in humans. Malaria is prevalent in tropical regions because of the significant amounts of rainfall, consistently high temperatures and high humidity, along with stagnant waters in which mosquito larvae readily mature, provide them with the environment they need for continuous breeding. Disease transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by distribution of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water.
wn.com/Malaria -
Manuel Ávila Camacho
Manuel Ávila Camacho (24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955) served as the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946.
Manuel Ávila was born in Teziutlán, a small town in Puebla, to middle-class parents, Manuel Ávila Castillo and Eufrosina Camacho Bello. He had several siblings, among them a sister María Jovita Ávila Camacho and several brothers. Two of his brothers, Maximino Ávila Camacho and Rafael Ávila Camacho both served as governors of Puebla. Ávila did not receive a university degree, although he studied at the National Preparatory School. He joined the army in 1914 as a Second Lieutenant and reached the status of Colonel by 1920. In the same year, he served as the Chief of Staff of the state of Michoacán under Lázaro Cárdenas and became his close friend. In 1929, he fought under general Cárdenas against the Escobar Rebellion and, that same year, achieved the rank of Brigadier General. He was married to Soledad Orozco García, who was born in Zapopan, Jalisco. Soledad Orozco was one of the Orozcos of the State of Jalisco. She was born in 1904 and died in 1996.
wn.com/Manuel_Ávila_Camacho -
Martin Blumenson
Martin Blumenson (1918–2005) was an American military historian who served as a historical officer with the U.S. Third and Seventh Armies in World War II and later became a prolific author whose works included an authoritative biography of General George S. Patton.
Born in New York City, Blumenson studied at Bucknell University and Harvard University, earning master's degrees from both by 1942. During World War II, he became a U.S. Army officer and served as a historical officer with U.S. forces in northwestern Europe during 1944-45. Postwar, Blumenson remained in France for years, married a French woman and later divided his time between France and the United States.
During the Korean War, Blumenson again served with the U.S. Army and the unit he commanded (3rd Historical Detachment) was attached to the U.S. IX Corps. After the Korean War, he worked in the Office of the Chief of Military History, contributing two works to the official U.S. Army history of World War II, Breakout and Pursuit and Salerno to Cassino. Working for the OCMH until 1967, Blumenson then worked for the Johnson administration as an adviser on civil disorders. Blumenson also taught or lectured at numerous institutions, prominent among which were the U.S. Military and Naval Academies.
wn.com/Martin_Blumenson -
Matthew Ridgway
Matthew Bunker Ridgway (March 3, 1895 – July 26, 1993) was a United States Army General. He held several major commands and was most famous for resurrecting the United Nations (U.N.) war effort during the Korean War. Several historians have credited Ridgway for turning around the war in favor of the UN side. His long and prestigious military career was recognized by the award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom on May 12, 1986 by President Ronald Reagan, who stated that "Heroes come when they're needed; great men step forward when courage seems in short supply."
Matthew Ridgway was born March 3, 1895 in Fort Monroe, Virginia to Colonel Thomas Ridgway, an artillery officer, and Ruth Ridgway. He lived in various military bases all throughout his childhood. He later remarked that his "earliest memories are of guns and Marching men, of rising to the sound of the reveille gun and lying down to sleep at night while the sweet, sad notes of 'Taps' brought the day officially to an end."
He graduated in 1912 from Boston English High School in Boston and applied to West Point because he thought that would please his father (who was a West Point graduate).
wn.com/Matthew_Ridgway -
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
wn.com/Napoleon -
Omar Bradley
Omar Nelson Bradley (February 12, 1893 – April 8, 1981) was a senior U.S. Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II, and a General of the Army in the United States Army. Bradley ultimately had command of all U.S. ground forces in the World War II, from the Normandy landings through the end of the war in Europe, by that time commanding forty-three divisions and 1.3 million men, the largest body of American soldiers ever to serve under a U.S. field commander.
He was the last five-star commissioned officer of the United States (a rank historically held by only five men) and was the first general to be selected Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Bradley, the son of schoolteacher John Smith Bradley (1868-1908) and Mary Elizabeth Hubbard (1875-1931), was born into poverty in rural Randolph County, near Clark, Missouri. He attended country schools where his father taught. When Omar was 13 his father, with whom he credited passing on to him a love of books, baseball and shooting, died. His mother moved to Moberly and remarried. Bradley graduated from Moberly High School in 1910, an outstanding student and captain of both the baseball and football teams.
wn.com/Omar_Bradley -
Orlando Ward
Orlando Ward (November 4, 1891 - February 4, 1972) was a career United States Army Officer. During World War II, as a Major General, he commanded the U.S. 1st Armored Division during Operation Torch (North Africa). He also served as Secretary to Army Chief of Staff George Marshall in the critical years prior to the war and made major contributions to field artillery procedures in the 1930s that, a decade later, made the American field artillery especially effective in World War II.
Orlando Ward graduated from West Point in 1914. His first assignment was as a lieutenant of black cavalry troops (E Troop of the 9th Cavalry Regiment) on border patrol in the wilds of Arizona and New Mexico. He later was part of Pershing's forces chasing Pancho Villa into Mexico. He was awarded the Mexican Service Medal for serving on this campaign.
Recognizing that the horse had a limited future, he became interested in artillery and changed to that branch of the Army. At the Second Battle of the Marne, under conditions that rendered other officers in charge useless, he took charge of the 2nd battalion of the U.S. 10th Field Artillery Regiment and kept the battalion effective until the tide of Germans was turned back. He was later awarded the Silver Star for his actions.
wn.com/Orlando_Ward -
Pancho Villa
José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) – better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or his nickname Pancho Villa – was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals.
As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. Although he was prevented from being accepted into the "panteón" of national heroes until some 20 years after his death, today his memory is honored by Mexicans, U.S. citizens, and many people around the world. In addition, numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico are named in his honor.
Villa and his supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains, and, like the other revolutionary generals, printed fiat money to pay for his cause. Villa's men and supporters became known as Villistas during the revolution from 1910 to roughly 1920.
wn.com/Pancho_Villa -
Rick Atkinson
Rick Atkinson (born 1952, in Munich) is an American journalist and author whose contributions led to four Pulitzer Prizes.
Atkinson was born in Munich. His father was an United States Army officer and he grew up at military posts. He earned his bachelor degree from East Carolina University in 1974 and a master of art degree from the University of Chicago in 1976. His first reporting job was at The Morning Sun in Pittsburg, Kansas He started working at the Kansas City Times in 1977. He won the 1982 Pulitzer Prize for national reporting for articles including a series on the West Point Class of 1966. He also contributed to the Times overall effort which won it another Pulitzer Prize the same year for the coverage of the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse.
In 1983 he worked for The Washington Post where he covered The Pentagon and the 1984 Presidential election and was national editor for two years. He went on book leave in 1988 to finish The Long Gray Line, which he had begun reporting on in Kansas City. He returned to the Post in 1989 and was the paper's lead reporter in the 1991 Gulf War. He went on leave again to finish a book about the war Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War. In 1993 he returned to the Post as its Berlin bureau covering conflicts in Bosnia and Somalia. The Post won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for public service for a series conceived by Atkinson on shootings by the District of Columbia police department.
wn.com/Rick_Atkinson -
Saint George
Saint George (c. 275/281 – 23 April 303) was, according to tradition, a Roman soldier from Syria Palaestina and a soldier in the Guard of Diocletian, who is venerated as a Christian martyr. In hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Catholic (Western and Eastern Rites), Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and the Oriental Orthodox churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. His memorial is celebrated on 23 April, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints.
Many Patronages of Saint George exist around the world, including: Georgia, England, Egypt, Bulgaria, Aragon, Catalonia, Romania, Ethiopia, Greece, India, Iraq, Lithuania, Palestine, Portugal, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia, as well as the cities of Genoa, Amersfoort, Beirut, Botoşani, Drobeta Turnu-Severin, Timişoara, Fakiha, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Kragujevac, Kumanovo, Ljubljana, Pérouges, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Rio de Janeiro, Lod, Lviv, Barcelona, Moscow, Tamworth and the Maltese island of Gozo, as well as of the Scout Movement and a wide range of professions, organizations and disease sufferers.
wn.com/Saint_George -
Terry Brighton
Terry Brighton (born 28 April 1949 in Boston, England) is a British military historian and author.
Terry Brighton studied philosophy at Lancaster University and theology at Birmingham University before being ordained an Anglican priest. His parishes included St Martin’s in Hereford, where he stood in as chaplain to the SAS and first developed an interest in military history. After leaving the church he worked on the curatorial staff of the Queen's Royal Lancers Regimental Museum, for which he remains a consultant.
He is best known for his research on the Charge of the Light Brigade, published in Hell Riders: the Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade. He used survivors’ accounts, many of them never before published, to give the soldiers' viewpoint of this famous cavalry action. He argued that the Charge was not the military disaster it appeared, and controversially claimed that it could be considered “an astounding success”. In October 2004, on the 150th anniversary of the Charge, he broadcast an account of this action from the Crimea to the U.S. live on NPR.
wn.com/Terry_Brighton -
Thomas Beecham
Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 – 8 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras. From the early 20th century until his death, Beecham was a major influence on the musical life of Britain and, according to the BBC, was Britain's first international conductor.
Born to a rich industrial family, Beecham began his career as a conductor in 1899. He used his access to the family fortune to finance opera from the 1910s until the start of the Second World War, staging seasons at Covent Garden, Drury Lane and His Majesty's Theatre with international stars, his own orchestra and a wide repertoire. Among the works he introduced to England were Richard Strauss's Elektra, Salome and Der Rosenkavalier and three operas by Frederick Delius.
Together with his younger colleague Malcolm Sargent, Beecham founded the London Philharmonic, and he conducted its first performance at the Queen's Hall in 1932. In the 1940s, he worked for three years in the United States, where he was music director of the Seattle Symphony and conducted at the Metropolitan Opera. After his return to Britain, he founded the Royal Philharmonic in 1946 and conducted it until his death in 1961.
wn.com/Thomas_Beecham -
Walter Bedell Smith
Walter Bedell "Beetle" Smith (5 October 1895 – 9 August 1961) was a senior United States Army general who served as General Dwight D. Eisenhower's chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters during the Tunisia Campaign and the Allied invasion of Italy. Later he was Eisenhower's chief of staff at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) from 1944 to 1945.
Smith enlisted as a private in the Indiana National Guard in 1911. During World War I he was commissioned as an officer in 1917 and wounded in the Aisne-Marne Offensive in 1918. After the war he was a staff officer and an instructor at the United States Army Infantry School. In 1941 he became Secretary of the General Staff. The next year he became Secretary to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. His duties involved participation in discussions at the highest level, and Smith often briefed President Franklin D. Roosevelt on strategic matters.
Smith became chief of staff to Eisenhower at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) in September 1942. He acquired a reputation as Eisenhower's "hatchet man" for his brusque and demanding manner. However, he was also capable of representing Eisenhower on sensitive missions requiring diplomatic skill. Smith was involved in negotiating the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, which he signed on behalf of Eisenhower. In 1944 he became Chief of Staff of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), again under Eisenhower. He successfully negotiated food aid for the starving Dutch civilian population in the cities in the west of the country, and opened discussions for the peaceful and complete German capitulation in Holland. In May 1945 he met with the representatives of the German High Command to negotiate the surrender of the German Armed Forces.
wn.com/Walter_Bedell_Smith -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
- Naked In Front Of The Computer - Faith no More
- Home Sick Home - Faith no More
- Got That Feeling - Faith no More
(Patton)
My box is full
And my mouth is full
And my life is full
And now my memory's full
In how many ways and words
Can you say nothing
Millions of ways and words
To say nothing
What'd I say? I'm empty.
I bought the thing
I taught the thing
And I fought the thing
They said it's normal
But they're keeping me dumb and hot
You're missing something
Keeping me dumb and hot
You must be missing something
Keeping me dumb and hot
What'd I say? I'm empty.
And I'm sending it back to you
(Patton)
Come home
It's been so long
We're missing you at home
So hang up that phone
Cuz I'm coming back
home
Come home
It's been so long
Can't hide no more
So hang up that phone
Cuz I'm coming back
home
Drive me home
(Patton)
Got that feeling
Luck is just a little of it
Got that feeling
I can't stop winning
A to Z
Look what you're missing, as we speak
Your number's rising, take a peak
There's just enough to go around, get a piece
Your own little piece of hell
Got that feeling
Loving every minute of it
Got that feeling
I can't stop winning
Have a drink
A pot of coffee, cannot think
Too many friends here, just an inch
Between striking out and striking rich, just a risk
One I'll take and take again...
Got that feeling
Gotta bet a little of it
Got that feeling
I can't stop winning..
And start living
You can't borrow tomorrow
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Email this Page
Patton Theatrical Movie Trailer (1970)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
In 1943 North Africa, George Patton assumes command of the American forces. Engaged in battle against Germany's Field Marshal Rommel, Patton drives back "The Desert Fox" by using the German's own tactics. Promoted to Lieutenant General, Patton is sent to Sicily, where he engages in a personal war of egos with British Field Marshal Montgomery. Performing brilliantly in Italy, Patton seriously jeopardizes his future with a single slap. While touring an Army hospital, the General comes across a GI suffering from nervous fatigue. Incensed by what he considers a slacker, Patton smacks the poor soldier and orders him to get well in a hurry. This incident results in his losing his command-and, by extension, missing out on D-Day. In his final campaign, Patton leads the US 3rd Army through Europe. Unabashedly flamboyant, Patton remains a valuable resource, but ultimately proves too much of a "loose cannon" in comparison to the more level-headed tactics of his old friend Omar Bradley.
http://wn.com/Patton_Theatrical_Movie_Trailer_1970
In 1943 North Africa, George Patton assumes command of the American forces. Engaged in battle against Germany's Field Marshal Rommel, Patton drives back "The Desert Fox" by using the German's own tactics. Promoted to Lieutenant General, Patton is sent to Sicily, where he engages in a personal war of egos with British Field Marshal Montgomery. Performing brilliantly in Italy, Patton seriously jeopardizes his future with a single slap. While touring an Army hospital, the General comes across a GI suffering from nervous fatigue. Incensed by what he considers a slacker, Patton smacks the poor soldier and orders him to get well in a hurry. This incident results in his losing his command-and, by extension, missing out on D-Day. In his final campaign, Patton leads the US 3rd Army through Europe. Unabashedly flamboyant, Patton remains a valuable resource, but ultimately proves too much of a "loose cannon" in comparison to the more level-headed tactics of his old friend Omar Bradley.
PATTON (1970) Main Title - Movie Soundtrack By Jerry Goldsmith
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Patton (1970) Movie Soundtrack By Jerry Goldsmith. I really enjoyed making this clip,awesome WAR soundtrack. Patton (1970) Main Title
http://wn.com/PATTON_1970_Main_Title_Movie_Soundtrack_By_Jerry_Goldsmith
Patton (1970) Movie Soundtrack By Jerry Goldsmith. I really enjoyed making this clip,awesome WAR soundtrack. Patton (1970) Main Title
- published: 16 Sep 2008
- views: 712000
- author: thunderusa
The General George S. Patton Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:48
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
National Archives and Records Administration The General George S. Patton Story Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations. US Army Audiovisual Center. (ca. 1974 - 05/15/1984) ARC Identifier 2569725 / Local Identifier 111-TV-468. A remarkable and informative biography comes to the screen in "The General Patton Story" as narrated by Ronald Reagan and produced by the Army Pictorial Center. Here is a story of a soldier who lived for action and glory and reached the heights in serving his country. This is a page from contemporary history devoted to the life of General George S. Patton, Jr., whose Third Army swept across the continent of Europe. It is a mirror reflecting Patton's major principle for fighting battles or a war--attack, attack and, when in doubt--attack again. On a strictly visual appraisal, the choice combat footage of General Patton presents an insight into the character of the man. No American leader was more colorful and more successful, stepping forth like some warrior of old--to lead and inspire vast forces of men. While the basic elements of "The General Patton Story" are combat sequences, the film documentary delves into the General's life with such intimate details as his inability to spell, although a model cadet at West Point. A believer in showmanship, he was aware that if the act could not be carried off in fine style, the men would see through it. Always the "old man" pushed his men harder than ...
http://wn.com/The_General_George_S_Patton_Story
National Archives and Records Administration The General George S. Patton Story Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations. US Army Audiovisual Center. (ca. 1974 - 05/15/1984) ARC Identifier 2569725 / Local Identifier 111-TV-468. A remarkable and informative biography comes to the screen in "The General Patton Story" as narrated by Ronald Reagan and produced by the Army Pictorial Center. Here is a story of a soldier who lived for action and glory and reached the heights in serving his country. This is a page from contemporary history devoted to the life of General George S. Patton, Jr., whose Third Army swept across the continent of Europe. It is a mirror reflecting Patton's major principle for fighting battles or a war--attack, attack and, when in doubt--attack again. On a strictly visual appraisal, the choice combat footage of General Patton presents an insight into the character of the man. No American leader was more colorful and more successful, stepping forth like some warrior of old--to lead and inspire vast forces of men. While the basic elements of "The General Patton Story" are combat sequences, the film documentary delves into the General's life with such intimate details as his inability to spell, although a model cadet at West Point. A believer in showmanship, he was aware that if the act could not be carried off in fine style, the men would see through it. Always the "old man" pushed his men harder than ...
- published: 09 Jun 2010
- views: 146281
- author: nuclearvault
Incredible! New George S Patton speech! Iran & modern warfare
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Awe-inspiring performance! Writer/Actor/Comedian, MikeKaminski.com as General George S. Patton...rants about Iraq and the modern world situation! "An absolute must-see!!"
http://wn.com/Incredible!_New_George_S_Patton_speech!_Iran_modern_warfare
Awe-inspiring performance! Writer/Actor/Comedian, MikeKaminski.com as General George S. Patton...rants about Iraq and the modern world situation! "An absolute must-see!!"
- published: 14 Jul 2007
- views: 2922379
- author: scenesofaudio
speech from the movie "Patton" given to the 3rd army
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
beginning intro speech that came from one of the most magnificent war movies ever made. "Patton"
http://wn.com/speech_from_the_movie_Patton_given_to_the_3rd_army
beginning intro speech that came from one of the most magnificent war movies ever made. "Patton"
- published: 01 Aug 2010
- views: 193852
- author: jellisrellish
Patton Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Patton speech in Los Angeles 1945 and death. Narrated by Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Patton_Speech
Patton speech in Los Angeles 1945 and death. Narrated by Ronald Reagan
- published: 12 Feb 2010
- views: 534046
- author: deadbolt8706
Patton Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
This Trailer is made to make the film "Patton" look like a Action-Adventure, when its really just a bio pic. enjoy
http://wn.com/Patton_Trailer
This Trailer is made to make the film "Patton" look like a Action-Adventure, when its really just a bio pic. enjoy
- published: 29 Jun 2006
- views: 186645
- author: Sheepbait
Mike Patton´s Mondo Cane-08- Deep Deep Down
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Live at the Holland Festival in Amsterdam. Directo en Amsterdam de Mondo Cane, miradlo entero, no tiene pérdida. Check this italian forum about Patton, you can find the translations there: mikepatton.forumfree.it
http://wn.com/Mike_Patton´s_Mondo_Cane-08_Deep_Deep_Down
Live at the Holland Festival in Amsterdam. Directo en Amsterdam de Mondo Cane, miradlo entero, no tiene pérdida. Check this italian forum about Patton, you can find the translations there: mikepatton.forumfree.it
- published: 25 Aug 2008
- views: 721096
- author: Cebollo Lebowski
At Midnight I Will Kill George Lucas With A Shovel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Patton Oswalt- Werewolves & Lollipops *This is audio, no video.
http://wn.com/At_Midnight_I_Will_Kill_George_Lucas_With_A_Shovel
Patton Oswalt- Werewolves & Lollipops *This is audio, no video.
- published: 24 Jul 2008
- views: 531406
- author: SBV123
Critics' Picks - Critics' Picks: 'Patton' - NYTimes.com/video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
For Veteran's Day, AO Scott looks back at "Patton," the portrait of a maverick general starring George C. Scott.
http://wn.com/Critics'_Picks_Critics'_Picks_'Patton'_NYTimescom_video
For Veteran's Day, AO Scott looks back at "Patton," the portrait of a maverick general starring George C. Scott.
- published: 11 Nov 2008
- views: 20103
- author: TheNewYorkTimes
Patton Oswalt - Christmas Shoes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Patton Oswalt Christmas Shoes Animation. Audio recorded at Lisner Audirorium in Washington DC.
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Christmas_Shoes
Patton Oswalt Christmas Shoes Animation. Audio recorded at Lisner Audirorium in Washington DC.
- published: 24 Nov 2009
- views: 737452
- author: billybobjomes
Patton Oswalt - Sky Cake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
The sky cake is a lie!
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Sky_Cake
Patton Oswalt - Stella D'oro Breakfast Treats
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
You can have 'em anytime!!!
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Stella_D'oro_Breakfast_Treats
Patton Oswalt: Death Bed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
This is from Patton's album, Werewolves and Lollipops, which is one of the funniest standup routines I've ever heard. This was my favorite bit from the album. I usually hate videos where the visual is just a still picture, but I don't have footage of Mr. Oswalt performing this bit, and it's just too good not to share.
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Death_Bed
This is from Patton's album, Werewolves and Lollipops, which is one of the funniest standup routines I've ever heard. This was my favorite bit from the album. I usually hate videos where the visual is just a still picture, but I don't have footage of Mr. Oswalt performing this bit, and it's just too good not to share.
- published: 09 Sep 2007
- views: 312213
- author: SultanOfSurreal
Patton Oswalt UR only allowed 20 birthdays 0001
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_UR_only_allowed_20_birthdays_0001
Rattlesnake Blues - Charlie Patton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Patton was the most influental blues guitarist and singer form the delta. He was characterized by his way of singing which is known as hollerin or shouting. He lived most part of his life, as many other mississippii blues singers, at the Dockery Farms. This man is the blues.
http://wn.com/Rattlesnake_Blues_Charlie_Patton
Patton was the most influental blues guitarist and singer form the delta. He was characterized by his way of singing which is known as hollerin or shouting. He lived most part of his life, as many other mississippii blues singers, at the Dockery Farms. This man is the blues.
- published: 18 Dec 2007
- views: 183754
- author: lobizoon1
Tomahawk - Mike Patton - God Hates A Coward
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Love this Tomahawk tune, great performance too! Damn sexy even in a gas mask! LOL
http://wn.com/Tomahawk_Mike_Patton_God_Hates_A_Coward
Love this Tomahawk tune, great performance too! Damn sexy even in a gas mask! LOL
- published: 02 Mar 2007
- views: 576779
- author: arstyfairie08
Patton Oswalt - Rats & Orgy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Two very funny jokes by comedien Patton Oswalt DISCLAIMER I DO NOT OWN THE COPYRIGHTS! Copyright Infringement: All rights go to Patton Oswalt and all others who were involved in the making of My Weakness Is Strong
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Rats_Orgy
Two very funny jokes by comedien Patton Oswalt DISCLAIMER I DO NOT OWN THE COPYRIGHTS! Copyright Infringement: All rights go to Patton Oswalt and all others who were involved in the making of My Weakness Is Strong
- published: 26 Sep 2009
- views: 128061
- author: dmoneyhomer3
Patton Oswalt - Nick Nolte
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Patton Oswalt on Nick Nolte as Han Solo, Batman.
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_Nick_Nolte
Patton Oswalt on Nick Nolte as Han Solo, Batman.
- published: 01 Aug 2009
- views: 162377
- author: andxx0r
![Werewolves & Lollipops [Pt. 1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130117082220im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/PnflT0t7wtw/default.jpg "Werewolves & Lollipops [Pt. 1]")
Werewolves & Lollipops [Pt. 1]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Patton Oswalt's hilarious '07 comedy LP. 01) Here We Go [0:33] 02) America Has Spoken [3:26] 03) Beautiful People & the Bridge Troll [3:06] 04) Clean Filth [1:57]
http://wn.com/Werewolves_Lollipops_Pt_1_
Patton Oswalt's hilarious '07 comedy LP. 01) Here We Go [0:33] 02) America Has Spoken [3:26] 03) Beautiful People & the Bridge Troll [3:06] 04) Clean Filth [1:57]
- published: 06 Aug 2008
- views: 232099
- author: Shotgunnova
Patton Oswalt's Comments on Leno/Conan Shakeup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
from the January 8th, 2010 episode of Comedy Death Ray Radio.
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt's_Comments_on_Leno_Conan_Shakeup
from the January 8th, 2010 episode of Comedy Death Ray Radio.
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 118377
- author: flnegw
Peeping Tom - Mike Patton - MoJo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Love this song, the video is a lil cheesy, but Mike Patton and his music is also my MoJo!
http://wn.com/Peeping_Tom_Mike_Patton_MoJo
Love this song, the video is a lil cheesy, but Mike Patton and his music is also my MoJo!
- published: 26 Dec 2006
- views: 187098
- author: arstyfairie08
Patton Oswalt - The Sad Boy (My Weakness Is Strong)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A bit on depression from Patton Oswalt's 2009 comedy special My Weakness Is Strong.
http://wn.com/Patton_Oswalt_The_Sad_Boy_My_Weakness_Is_Strong
A bit on depression from Patton Oswalt's 2009 comedy special My Weakness Is Strong.
- published: 11 Sep 2009
- views: 73571
- author: TinaBrooks517
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
14 Jan 2013
Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
16 Jan 2013
JULIE PACE. Associated Press= WASHINGTON (AP) — Braced for a fight, President Barack Obama on Wednesday unveiled the most sweeping proposals for curbing gun violence in two decades, pressing a reluctant Congress to pass universal background checks and bans on military-style assault weapons and high-capacity ammunition magazines like the ones used in the Newtown, Conn., school shooting ... "And Congress must act soon." ... World news....(size: 9.2Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
14 Jan 2013
Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
STL Today
17 Jan 2013
The Examiner
17 Jan 2013
From independent filmmaker Todd Rohal comes the hilarious comedy film Nature Calls, which he wrote and directed ... Patton Oswalt and Johnny Knoxville lead a comical cast that includes Rob Riggle, Maura Tierney, Darrell Hammond and the late Patrice O’Neal in his last film appearance ... Caldwell give chase ... Location ... Cast.. Patton Oswalt as Randy Stevens Johnny Knoxville as Kirk Rob Riggle as Gentry Maura Tierney as Janine Patrice O'Neal as Mr....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
17 Jan 2013
During World War II, as a tank commander in Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army, Eugene Patterson participated in a daring maneuver that helped assure the Allied victory in the Battle of the Bulge ... "Let's go.". Patterson, who died of cancer Saturday at 89, was a 21-year-old lieutenant when he fought under Patton ... He did this not by hectoring from on high but by grappling in print with the same dilemmas his readers were confronting ... The U.S ... 0....(size: 34.3Kb)
Kansas City Star
17 Jan 2013
A$AP Rocky, “Long Live A$AP” ... Such openness is part of the charm of rap/hip-hop’s $3 million man ... The former provides A$AP with a juiced-up mix of weird reggae and screeching noise ... ... Thus you get many well-known names, such as bluesmen Charley Patton, Blind Willie Johnson and Furry Lewis and, on the country side, Uncle Dave Macon and His Fruit Jar Drinkers and Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers....(size: 3.3Kb)
Sacramento Bee
17 Jan 2013
BALTIMORE -- A Marine Corps officer who worked as an instructor at the Naval Academy has been accused of sexually assaulting a female midshipman in his Annapolis, Md., apartment following the annual croquet match between the academy and St. John's College in 2011. An academy spokeswoman confirmed that Marine Corps Maj. Mark A ... Michael H ... Gen. Gary S. Patton, director of the Pentagon's Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office....(size: 4.2Kb)
Dean’s and Chancellor’s Lists Announced for Spring 2013 Semester (Louisiana State University System)
noodls17 Jan 2013
Oluwatoyin Adegboyega, Robert Aubrey, Eman Bader, Christen Bailey, Jennifer Brosius, Rebekah Burns, Carlette Cantu, Darius Davenport, Steven Dupuis, Manuel Estrada, Chelsea Feducia, Heidi Fowler, Anne Griffin, Piper Griffis, Zachary Grill, Diana Hock, William Horton, Charles Hubley, Christian Juneau, Andrew Lace, Kelly Lanham, Amanda Lindsay, ......(size: 10.3Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
(Source. Venable LLP). Clerked for U.S. District Judge Robert L. Wilkins. Washington, DC (January 16, 2013) - Venable LLP announced the return of Moxila A. Upadhyaya to the firm's Commercial Litigation Group and Calvin R ... Ms. Upadhyaya and Mr ... Ms. Upadhyaya and Mr ... Wilkins of the U.S ... The U.S ... Ms ... Ms ... Mr ... Nelson began his legal career as a paralegal at Patton Boggs LLP before originally joining Venable as a summer associate in law school....(size: 6.1Kb)
The Examiner
17 Jan 2013
From Roel Reiné, the director of Death Race 2, comes the explosive, adrenaline-pumping film Death Race 3. Inferno, inspired by Roger Corman’s cult classic Death Race 2000. Most of the cast of Death Race 2 returns in this sequel, including Luke Goss as Frankenstein, Tanit Phoenix, Danny Trejo, Ving Rhames, Robin Shou and Fred Koehler. Dougray Scott joins the cast ... Location ... Patton Oswalt & Johnny Knoxville in 'Nature Calls'. ....(size: 5.6Kb)
The New York Times
17 Jan 2013
Manufacturers were still giving out flash drives containing press materials at the 2013 Detroit auto show, but not as many as at past shows. More companies are switching to either paper releases or just telling reporters to go to their media sites for the information. This just builds one’s appreciation for the drives that are handed out ... 2013 Detroit Auto Show. • Interactive Photo Gallery ... Related Posts ... Search ... Phil Patton ... ....(size: 7.0Kb)
Stars and Stripes
17 Jan 2013
BALTIMORE — A Marine Corps officer who worked as an instructor at the Naval Academy has been accused of sexually assaulting a female midshipman in his Annapolis, Md., apartment following the annual croquet match between the academy and St. John’s College in 2011. An academy spokeswoman confirmed that Marine Corps Maj. Mark A ... Academy Superintendent Vice Adm ... Patton, director of the Pentagon’s Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office....(size: 23.8Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
16 Jan 2013
While Tricia Patton, Managing Partner of Traffic Builders for over 18 years, has always shared the leadership and vision of Traffic Builders with her partner and husband, Chuck Patton, it is exciting to be recognized as a WBE. “Being certified by the WBENC is a great honor,” commented Patton, “ranking Traffic Builders as a peer with other accomplished women-owned businesses ... Tricia Patton....(size: 3.0Kb)
Chicago Tribune
16 Jan 2013
Leslie Hairston, 5th, who was among several of her colleagues seeking assurance from Corporation Counsel Stephen Patton, the city's top attorney, that steps were being taken to prevent further abuses. Patton noted Emanuel inherited both cases from the administration of former Mayor Richard Daley ... Patton also worked to convince aldermen that he was doing his best to minimize costs to taxpayers....(size: 5.4Kb)
The News Tribune
16 Jan 2013
Or is it? ... Bankruptcy Court data for the Western District of Washington ... The decline in filings could be the result of several factors, but not necessarily because people have found jobs, longtime Olympia bankruptcy attorney Jennie Patton said Tuesday. “I’m not sure it’s truly improving just yet,” Patton said about the economy. Here are some possible factors that Patton identified. ... Numbers ... 873 ... 256 ... 2 ... 1 ... 1,021 ... 5 ... U.S....(size: 2.5Kb)
"Patton" redirects here. For the film, see Patton (film). For other uses, see Patton (disambiguation).
For other people named George Patton, see George Patton (disambiguation).
| George Smith Patton, Jr. | |
|---|---|
 George S. Patton as a Lieutenant General |
|
| Nickname |
Bandito, Old Blood and Guts, The Old Man, |
| Born | November 11, 1885 (1885-11-11) San Gabriel Township, California |
| Died | December 21, 1945 (1945-12-22) (aged 60) Heidelberg, Occupied Germany |
| Place of burial | American Cemetery and Memorial Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (49°36′42″N 06°11′08″E / 49.61167°N 6.18556°E / 49.61167; 6.18556) |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service/branch |  United States Army  |
| Years of service | 1909–1945 |
| Rank |  General |
| Commands held | Machinegun Platoon/3/15th Cavalry Regiment K/3/15th Cavalry Regiment A/1/7th Cavalry Regiment HQs Troop/American Expeditionary Force 302nd Tank Center 1st Light Tank Battalion 1st Light Tank Regiment 1st Tank Brigade 304th Tank Brigade 3/3rd Cavalry Regiment 5th Cavalry Regiment 3rd Cavalry Regiment 2/2nd Armored Division 2nd Armored Division US 1st Armored Corps Desert Training Center US 1st Armored Corps U.S. II Corps US 1st Armored Corps U.S. Seventh Army U.S. Third Army U.S. Fifteenth Army |
| Battles/wars |
World War I World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross (2) Distinguished Service Medal (3) Silver Star (2) Legion of Merit Bronze Star Purple Heart Companion of the Order of the Bath Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Legion of Honor (Fr) Order of the White Lion (Cz) |
| Relations | Major General George Patton IV (son) General John K. Waters (Son in law) |
George Smith Patton, Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was an officer in the United States Army best known for his leadership as a general during World War II. He also developed a reputation for eccentricity and for sometimes-controversial gruff outspokenness—such as during his profanity-laced speech to his expeditionary troops.
He was on the U.S. 1912 Olympic pentathlon team and also designed the U.S. Cavalry's last combat saber: the "Patton Saber" (the M-1913). In 1916 he led the first-ever U.S. motorized-vehicle attack during the Mexican Border Campaign. In World War I, he was the first officer assigned to the new United States Tank Corps and saw action in France.[1][2]
In World War II, he commanded corps and armies in North Africa, Sicily, and the European Theater of Operations. In 1944, Patton assumed command of the U.S. Third Army, which under his leadership advanced farther, captured more enemy prisoners, and liberated more territory in less time than any other army in history.[3] A German field marshal speaking to American reporters called Patton "your best" (general).[4]
Early life and family[link]
File:George Patton Sr.jpg
Patton's grandfather, Confederate Colonel George Smith Patton, died in the Battle of Opequon in 1864.
George Smith Patton Jr. was born in San Gabriel Township, California in 1885 (in what is now the city of San Marino, near Los Angeles), to George Smith Patton Sr. (1856–1927) and his wife Ruth Wilson (1861–1928), daughter of Benjamin Davis Wilson. Although he was actually the third George Smith Patton after his grandfather, he was called Junior. The Pattons were an affluent family of Scots-Irish descent.
As a boy, Patton read widely in the classics and military history. His father was a friend of John Singleton Mosby, the noted cavalry leader of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War who served first under J.E.B. Stuart and then as a guerrilla fighter. Patton grew up hearing Mosby's stories of his adventures, and longed to become a general himself.
Patton came from a military family, his ancestors including General Hugh Mercer of the American Revolution.[5] His great uncle, Waller T. Patton, died of wounds received in Pickett's Charge during the Battle of Gettysburg. John M. Patton and Isaac Patton, also his great uncles, were colonels in the Confederate States Army. His great uncle William T. Glassell was a Confederate States Navy officer. Hugh Weedon Mercer, a Confederate general, was his close relative. John M. Patton, a great-grandfather, was a lawyer and politician who had served as acting governor of Virginia.
Patton's paternal grandparents were Colonel George Smith Patton and Susan Thornton Glassell. His grandfather, born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, graduated from Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Class of 1852, second in a class of 24. After graduation, George Smith Patton studied law and practiced in Charleston, Virginia (now West Virginia). When the American Civil War broke out, he served in the 22nd Virginia Infantry of the Confederate States of America. Colonel George S. Patton, his grandfather, was killed during the Battle of Opequon. The Confederate Congress had promoted Colonel Patton to brigadier general; however, at the time, he had already died of battle wounds, so that promotion was never official.
Patton's grandfather left behind a namesake son, born in Charleston, Virginia (now West Virginia). The second George Smith Patton (born George William Patton in 1856, changing his name to honor his late father in 1868) was one of four children. Graduating from the Virginia Military Institute in 1877, Patton's father served as Los Angeles County, California, District Attorney and the first City Attorney for the city of Pasadena, California and the first mayor of San Marino, California. He was a Wilsonian Democrat.
His maternal grandparents were Benjamin Davis Wilson (December 1, 1811 to March 11, 1878), mayor of Los Angeles in 1851–1852 and the namesake of Southern California's Mount Wilson, and his second wife, Margaret Hereford. Wilson was a self-made man who was orphaned in Nashville, Tennessee, came to Alta California as a fur trapper and adventurer during the American Indian Wars before marrying Ramona Yorba, the daughter of a California land baron, Bernardo Yorba, and made his fortune through the wedding dowry, receiving Rancho Jurupa, settling what would become California's San Gabriel Valley, after the Mexican American War. He was part of the Hispanic-dominated Los Angeles society, who affectionately dubbed him "Benito," a name by which he was best known. Benjamin Wilson was also a well known Indian fighter who served as justice of the peace for the Mexican authorities and it was while hunting down renegade Indians that he discovered what is present day Big Bear, California which received that name because Wilson and his posse lassoed and killed over thirty grizzly bears while passing through.[6]
The future General Patton married Beatrice Banning Ayer (January 12, 1886 – September 30, 1953), the daughter of wealthy textile baron Frederick Ayer, on May 26, 1910. They were childhood friends, since his father and her uncle, Phinneas Banning, were partners in the ownership of Catalina Island, where the families spent their summers. They had three children, Beatrice Smith (March 19, 1911 – October 24, 1952), Ruth Ellen Patton Totten (February 28, 1915 – November 25, 1993), who wrote The Button Box: A Loving Daughter's Memoir of Mrs. George S. Patton, and George Patton IV (December 24, 1923 – June 27, 2004), who followed in his father's footsteps, attending West Point and eventually rising to the rank of Major General as an armor officer in the United States Army.
Education and early military service[link]
Patton attended Virginia Military Institute for one year, where he rushed VMI's chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order. He then left VMI and enrolled in the United States Military Academy. The Academy required him to repeat his first "plebe" year because of his poor performance in mathematics. However, he did so with honors and was appointed Cadet Adjutant (the second highest position for a cadet), graduating in 1909 instead of 1908 and receiving his commission as a cavalry officer.[7]
1912 Summer Olympics[link]
Patton participated in the first-ever modern pentathlon at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. He finished fifth overall. He placed seventh out of 37 contestants in the 300 meter freestyle swimming. He was fourth out of 29 fencers. In the equestrian cross-country steeplechase, he was among the riders who turned in perfect performances, but he placed sixth because of his time. Patton "hit the wall" 50 yards (46 m) from the finish line of the four kilometer cross-country footrace, then fainted after crossing the line at a walk; he finished third out of 15 contestants. He made the U.S. Modern Pentathlon team for the 1916 Summer Olympics, scheduled for Berlin, Germany, but the Games were canceled because of World War I.
Pistol shooting controversy[link]
In pistol shooting, Patton placed 20th out of 32 contestants. He used a .38 caliber pistol, while most of the other competitors chose .22 caliber firearms. He claimed that the holes in the paper from his early shots were so large that some of his later bullets passed through them, but the judges decided he missed the target completely once. Modern competitions on this level frequently now employ a moving background to specifically track multiple shots through the same hole.[8] There was much controversy, but the judges' ruling was upheld. Patton neither complained, nor made excuses. Patton's only comment was:
The high spirit of sportsmanship and generosity manifested throughout speaks volumes for the character of the officers of the present day. There was not a single incident of a protest or any unsportsmanlike quibbling or fighting for points which I may say, marred some of the other civilian competitions at the Olympic Games. Each man did his best and took what fortune sent them like a true soldier, and at the end we all felt more like good friends and comrades than rivals in a severe competition, yet this spirit of friendship in no manner detracted from the zeal with which all strove for success.[9]
Master of the Sword and the Patton Saber[link]
Following the 1912 Olympics, Patton traveled with his family to Dresden, Berlin, and Nuremberg. Seeking the greatest swordsman in Europe to study with, Patton was told the "beau sabreur" of the French Army would be the one. Adjutant M. Cléry was a French "master of arms" and instructor of fencing at the Cavalry School at Saumur. Patton went to Saumur for intense study with the master. Upon his return, Patton wrote a report that was revised for the Army and Navy Journal. Patton's first article for the Cavalry Journal appeared in the March 1913 issue. In the summer of 1913, after he advised the Ordnance Department on sword redesign, Patton was allowed to return to Saumur to study once again under Cléry.
Patton was made the Army's youngest-ever "Master of the Sword" at the Mounted Service School at Fort Riley, Kansas. While Master of the Sword, Patton became an instructor at Fort Riley and improved and modernized the Army's cavalry saber fencing techniques.
Earlier in the year, he assisted in the design of the Model 1913 Cavalry Saber. It had a large, basket-shaped hilt mounting a straight, double-edged, thrusting blade designed for use by light cavalry. Patton's 1914 manual "Saber Exercise" outlined a system of training for both mounted and on-foot use of the saber. The weapon came to be known as the "Patton Saber." There is no one sword that this saber was modeled after. Patton suggested the revision from a curved sword and edge and cutting technique to a thrusting style of attack, following his extensive training in France. Patton's thoughts were expressed in his 1913 report "The Form and Use of the Saber":
In the Peninsula War the English nearly always used the sword for cutting. The French dragoons, on the contrary, used only the point which, with their long straight swords caused almost always a fatal wound. This made the English protest that the French did not fight fair. Marshal Saxe wished to arm the French cavalry with a blade of a triangular cross section so as to make the use of the point obligatory. At Wagram, when the cavalry of the guard passed in review before a charge, Napoleon called to them, "Don't cut! The point! The point!"[10]
This weapon, the last saber issued to U.S. cavalry, was never used as intended. At the beginning of U.S. involvement in World War I, several American cavalry units armed with sabers were sent to the front, but they were held back. The nature of war had changed, making horse-mounted troops easy prey for enemy troops equipped with Gewehr 98 rifles and MG08 machine guns. Those cavalrymen who saw combat did so dismounted, using their horses only to travel. Patton instead adapted his style of move forward and attack technique to his use of tanks in battle. This became his trademark combat style in World War II.
Punitive Expedition into Mexico and first U.S. motorized military attack[link]
During the Punitive Expedition of 1916, Patton was assigned to the 8th Cavalry Regiment[11] at Fort Bliss, Texas. He served as aide to then-Brigadier General John J. Pershing in his pursuit of Pancho Villa after Villa's forces had crossed into New Mexico and raided the town of Columbus. The violence in Columbus killed several Americans.
Conducting the United States' first motorized vehicle attack on May 14, 1916, then-Lieutenant Patton with ten soldiers of the 6th Infantry Regiment and two civilian guides, employed three Dodge Brothers Model 30 touring cars, to engage the opposing forces. Although the expedition was ostensibly "foraging" to obtain corn (maize) for the horses in the remaining force, Patton used it to hunt outlaws at their rancheros. A search for Julio Cárdenas, at a ranch in San Miguelito, Sonora, Mexico (with the troops dismounting from the cars and fighting on foot) discovered three initially-mounted Villista fighters, trying to escape. These were later determined to be a Villista private, captain, and the leader "General" Julio Cárdenas, commander of Villa's personal bodyguard. All of the Villista men where killed in the ensuing firefight. All were shot at by Patton at some point, who first knocked down a horse under a rider at close range with a pistol shot, causing that rider to be killed shortly after by fire from several men, including Patton. At the end, all the bodies had multiple wounds, and with four or five men in the American force firing at the same time, it was impossible to attribute any killed Villista to any one trooper. Cárdenas, it was later determined, was killed last, by that time fleeing on foot, about 200 yards from the hacienda. Patton reported that one of the civilian guides, an ex-Villista named E.L. Holmdahl, now working for the Americans, fired the last shot that killed the already-multiply-wounded Cárdenas, who at the end of the fight had started to surrender, then continued firing.[13]
Tied over the hoods of the three vehicles (in a manner similar to game animals brought back by hunters), the three bodies were brought back from San Miguelito to Pershing's headquarters in Dublán. For this action, as well as Patton's affinity for the Colt Peacemaker, Pershing titled Patton his "Bandito." Patton's success in this regard gained him a level of fame in the United States, and he was featured in newspapers across the nation.[14]
World War I[link]
At the outset of the U.S. entry into World War I, then-Major General John J. Pershing promoted Patton to the rank of captain. While in France, Patton requested a combat command. Pershing asked him to undertake the establishment of a Light Tank Training School for U.S. troops, to which he agreed. In November 1917, Patton left Paris and reported to General Garrard of the French Army. At Champlieu, Patton drove a Renault char d'assaut tank, testing its trench-crossing ability, and visited a Renault factory to observe the tanks being manufactured. Shortly after his arrival at Champlieu, the British launched what was then the largest armoured attack of the war at the Battle of Cambrai,[15] and at the conclusion of his tour, on December 1, Patton went to Albert, 30 miles (48 km) from Cambrai, to be briefed on the recent attack by the chief of staff of the British Tank Corps, Colonel J. F. C. Fuller.[16] Patton received his first ten tanks on March 23, 1918 at the Tank School and Centre, which he commanded, at Langres, Haute-Marne département. The only one with tank driving experience, Patton himself backed seven of the light, two-man Renault FT tanks off the train.[17]
For his successes and his organization of the training school, Patton was promoted to major, lieutenant colonel, and then colonel, U.S. National Army. In August 1918, he was placed in charge of the 1st Provisional Tank Brigade, re-designated the 304th Tank Brigade on November 6, 1918. Patton's Light Tank Brigade was part of Colonel Samuel Rockenbach's Tank Corps, which was in turn part of the American Expeditionary Force. (Patton was not in charge of the Tank Corps as has often been misreported.) The 304th Tank Brigade fought as part of the First United States Army.
Patton commanded American-crewed French Renault tanks at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On September 26, 1918, Patton was wounded in the left leg while leading six men and a tank in an attack on German machine guns near the town of Cheppy during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.[6] The only survivors were the tank crew, Patton, and his orderly Private First Class Joe Angelo, who saved Patton and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.[18] While Patton was recuperating from his wounds, hostilities ended with the armistice of November 11, 1918 (which happened to be Patton's 33rd birthday).
For his service in the Meuse-Argonne Operations, Patton received the Distinguished Service Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal, and was brevetted full colonel. He was retroactively awarded the Purple Heart for his combat wounds after the decoration was created in 1932.
Inter-war years[link]
While on duty in Washington, D.C., in 1919, Patton met Dwight D. Eisenhower, who would play an enormous role in Patton's future career. During their assignment at Fort Riley, Kansas, Patton and Eisenhower developed the armored doctrine which would be used by the US Army in World War II. In the early 1920s, Patton petitioned the U.S. Congress to appropriate funding for an armored force, but had little luck. Patton also wrote professional articles on tank and armored car tactics, suggesting new methods for their use. He also continued working on improvements to tanks, coming up with innovations in radio communication and tank mounts. However, the lack of interest in armor created a poor atmosphere for promotion and career advancement, so Patton transferred back to the horse cavalry.
Patton served in Hawaii before returning to Washington once again to ask Congress for funding for armored units. During his time in Hawaii, Patton was part of the military units responsible for the defense of the islands, and specifically wrote a defense plan, called "Surprise,",[19] anticipating an air raid against Pearl Harbor – 10 years before the attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy on December 7, 1941.
At the wedding of Patton's daughter Ruth Ellen (1940), a couple who knew Patton from Hawaii (Restarick and Eleanor Jones Withington) crashed the wedding, and explained they were in the area when they saw the wedding announcement and hoped Patton didn't mind them showing up uninvited. To this Patton unsheathed his sword and replied, "Restarick, if I'd found out you were within a hundred miles and not come, I'd have shoved this sword up your behind." The remark was typical of Patton.[20]
In July 1932, Patton served under Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur as a major commanding 600 troops, including the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment. On July 28, MacArthur ordered these troops to advance on protesting veterans known as the "Bonus Army" in Washington, D.C. with tear gas and bayonets. One of the veterans dispersed by the cavalry was Joe Angelo, who had saved Patton's life in World War I. Patton was dissatisfied with MacArthur's conduct as he recognized the legitimacy of the veterans' complaints and had himself earlier refused to issue the order to employ armed force to disperse the veterans.[6][21]
In the late 1930s, Patton was assigned command of Fort Myer, Virginia. Shortly after Germany's blitzkrieg attacks in Europe, Major General Adna Chaffee, the first Chief of the U.S. Army's newly created Armored Force was finally able to convince Congress of the need for armored divisions. This led to the activation of the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions in 1940. Colonel Patton was given command of the 2nd Armored Brigade, US 2nd Armored Division in July 1940. He became the assistant division commander the following October, and was promoted to brigadier general on the second day of that month. Patton served as the acting division commander from November 1940 until April 1941. He was promoted to major general on April 4 and made commanding general of the 2nd Armored Division seven days later.
World War II[link]
During the buildup of the United States Army prior to its entry into World War II, Patton commanded the United States Third Army, which performed with mixed results in 1941 in both the Louisiana Maneuvers and Carolina Maneuvers. The Third Army was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, until the unit, along with its commander was ordered to the newly established Desert Training Center in Indio, California, by the Chief of the Armored Force, Major General Jacob L. Devers. Patton was subsequently appointed commander of the newly activated Armored Corps by Devers, and he was in this position when the corps was assigned to Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. In preparation, Patton trained his troops in the Imperial Valley. He commenced these exercises in late 1941 and continued them well into the summer of 1942. Patton chose a 10,000-acre (40 km2) expanse of unforgiving desert, known for its blistering temperatures, sandy arroyos and absolute desolation. It was a close match for the terrain Patton and his men would encounter during the campaigns in North Africa. Tank tracks, foxholes and spent shell casings can still be found in an area about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Palm Springs.[22]
From his first days as a commander, Patton strongly emphasized the need for armored forces to stay in constant contact with the enemy, concluding that aggressive, fast-moving mechanized and armored forces disrupted enemy defensive preparations while presenting less of a target to enemy gunners.[23] His instinctive preference for relentless offensive movement was typified by an answer Patton gave to war correspondents in a 1944 press conference. In response to a question on whether the Third Army's rapid offensive across France should be slowed to reduce the number of U.S. casualties, Patton replied "Whenever you slow anything down, you waste human lives."[24]
North African Campaign[link]
In November 1942, Major General Patton commanded the Western Task Force of the U.S. Army, which landed on the coast of Vichy French-held Morocco in Operation Torch for the North African Campaign. Patton and his staff arrived in Morocco aboard the heavy cruiser USS Augusta, which came under fire from the Vichy French battleship Jean Bart while entering the harbor of Casablanca. Casablanca fell after two days of fighting. So impressed was the Sultan of Morocco that he presented Patton with the special Order of Ouissam Alaouite, with the citation: "Les Lions dans leurs tanières tremblent en le voyant approcher" (The lions in their dens tremble at his approach).[25]
Patton was one of the first American commanders in World War II to make full use of light Army observation aircraft to visit friendly troop forces as well as independently reconnoiter enemy positions. Flying with an Army pilot in a Taylorcraft L-2 or a Stinson L-5, Patton was able to inspect many more troop positions and headquarters in a day than could be accomplished by using a motor vehicle.[26][27]
In 1943, following the defeat of the U.S. II Corps (then part of British 1st Army) by the German Afrika Korps, first at the Battle of Sidi Bou Zid and again at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass, General Dwight D. Eisenhower sent Major General Ernest Harmon to assess the II Corps.
On March 6, 1943, as a result of Harmon's report, Patton replaced Major General Lloyd Fredendall as commander of the II Corps. Patton was also promoted to lieutenant general. Soon thereafter, Patton had Omar Bradley reassigned to his corps as deputy commander.[28]Thus began a long wartime association between the two different personalities.
It is said that his troops preferred to serve with him rather than his predecessor since they thought their chances of survival were higher under Patton.[citation needed] For instance, Patton required all personnel to wear steel helmets (even physicians in the operating wards) and required his troops to wear the unpopular lace-up canvas leggings and neckties since the leggings prevented injury from scorpions, spiders, and rats which would climb up under soldiers' trousers. A system of fines was introduced to ensure all personnel shaved daily and observed other uniform requirements. While these measures may not have made Patton popular, they did tend to restore a sense of discipline and unit pride that may have been missing when Fredendall was still in command. In a play on his nickname, "Old Blood and Guts," troops joked that it was "our blood and his guts."[29] This nickname however derives not from his casualty figures which were consistently lower than Bradley's[citation needed], but from his days as Master of Sword when his colorful language about 'blood and guts' made an impression on junior officers.
The discipline Patton instilled paid off quickly. Patton found victory at the Battle of El Guettar. By mid-March 1943, the counter-offensive of the U.S. II Corps, along with the rest of the British 1st Army, pushed the Germans and Italians eastward. Meanwhile the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, simultaneously pushed them westward, effectively squeezing the Germans and Italians into a smaller and smaller portion of Tunisia and out of North Africa altogether by mid-May.
Sicily campaign[link]
As a result of his performance in North Africa, Patton received command of the Seventh Army in preparation for the 1943 invasion of Sicily. The Seventh Army's mission was to protect the left (western) flank of the British Eighth Army as both advanced northward toward Messina.
Officers quoted Patton's speech to them before the invasion of Sicily, referring to Italians and Germans:
When we land against the enemy, don't forget to hit him and hit him hard. When we meet the enemy we will kill him. We will show him no mercy. He has killed thousands of your comrades and he must die. If you company officers in leading your men against the enemy find him shooting at you and when you get within two hundred yards of him he wishes to surrender – oh no! That bastard will die! You will kill him. Stick him between the third and fourth ribs. You will tell your men that. They must have the killer instinct. Tell them to stick him. Stick him in the liver. We will get the name of killers and killers are immortal. When word reaches him that he is being faced by a killer battalion he will fight less. We must build up that name as killers.
— George S. Patton[30]
The Seventh Army repulsed several Italian and German counterattacks in the beachhead area before beginning its push north. Meanwhile, the Eighth Army stalled south of Mount Etna in the face of strong German defenses. The Army Group commander, Harold Alexander, exercised only the loosest control over his two commanders. Montgomery therefore took the initiative to meet with Patton in an attempt to work out a coordinated campaign.
Patton formed a provisional corps under his Chief of Staff, and quickly pushed through western Sicily, liberating the capital, Palermo, and then swiftly turned east toward Messina. American forces liberated the port city in accordance with the plan jointly devised by Montgomery and Patton. However, the Italians and Germans evacuated all of their soldiers and much of their heavy equipment across the Strait of Messina to the Italian mainland under the cover of anti-aircraft artillery.
When he was informed of the massacres of Italian prisoners, Omar Bradley told Patton that U.S. troops had murdered some 50-70 prisoners in cold blood. Patton noted his response in his diary, "I told Bradley that it was probably an exaggeration, but in any case to tell the Officer to certify that the dead men were snipers or had attempted to escape or something, as it would make a stink in the press and also would make the civilians mad. Anyhow, they are dead, so nothing can be done about it."[31]
[edit] Slapping incident
The "slapping incident" of Private Charles H. Kuhl of August 3, 1943,[32] nearly ended Patton's career.
On August 3, Patton was visiting wounded patients from the recent Sicilian campaign at the 15th Evacuation Hospital near Nicosia when he encountered 27-year-old Private Charles H. Kuhl of the 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, sitting slouched on a stool midway through a tent ward filled with injured soldiers.[33] Years later, Kuhl would affirm this version of his initial meeting with Patton, recalling that when Patton entered the hospital tent, "all the soldiers jumped to attention except me. I was suffering from battle fatigue and just didn't know what to do."[34] When Patton asked Kuhl where he was hurt, Kuhl shrugged and replied that he was "nervous" rather than wounded, adding "I guess I can't take it."[35] In response, Patton slapped Kuhl across the chin with his gloves, then grabbed him by the collar and dragged him to the tent entrance, shoving him out of the tent with a final kick to Kuhl's backside.[35] Yelling "Don't admit this son-of-a-bitch", Patton demanded that Kuhl be sent back to the front at once, adding, "You hear me, you gutless bastard? You're going back to the front."[35] Patton briefly resumed visiting the other patients, then returned and berated Kuhl again.[36]
Although the Kuhl incident received the most publicity, Patton slapped and berated a second soldier, Private Paul G. Bennett of C Battery, 17th Field Artillery, 1st Infantry Division, under similar circumstances on August 10, 1943 at the 93rd Evacuation Hospital.[6][21][37]
Patton's actions at the evacuation hospitals may have been motivated in part by an encounter with Gen. Clarence R. Huebner, the newly appointed commander of the 1st Infantry Division in which Kuhl and Bennett both served. Patton had asked Huebner how things were going at the front. Huebner replied "The front lines seem to be thinning out. There seems to be a very large number of 'malingerers' at the hospitals, feigning illness in order to avoid combat duty."[38]
A group of news reporters filed a report on the Kuhl slapping incident with Bedell Smith, Eisenhower's chief of staff.[6] When General Eisenhower learned of the matter, he ordered Patton to make amends, after which, it was reported, "Patton's conduct then became as generous as it had been furious," and he apologized to the soldier "and to all those present at the time,"[39] The news reporters who had sent their report to Bedell Smith demanded that Patton be fired in exchange for killing the story, a demand which Eisenhower refused.[40] Contrary to popular impression, Eisenhower never seriously considered removing Patton from duty in the ETO: "If this thing ever gets out, they'll be howling for Patton's scalp, and that will be the end of Georgie's service in this war. I simply cannot let that happen. Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of the guarantors of our victory."[40]
Kuhl's parents had avoided mention of the matter "because they did not wish to make trouble for General Patton."[41] Eventually the story of Kuhl's slapping was broken in the U.S. after newspaper columnist Drew Pearson revealed it on his November 21 radio program.[42] Pearson's version not only conflated details of both slapping incidents but falsely reported that the private in question was visibly "out of his head", telling Patton to "duck down or the shells would hit him" and that in response "Patton struck the soldier, knocking him down."[43] Pearson further stated that Patton had been "severely reprimanded" as a result of his actions.[44] Pearson punctuated his broadcast by twice repeating the statement that Patton would never again be used in combat, despite the fact that Pearson had no factual basis for making such a prediction.[45][46] In response, Allied Headquarters denied that Patton had received an official reprimand, but confirmed that Patton had slapped at least one soldier. Demands for Patton to be relieved and sent home were made in Congress and in news articles and editorials across the country.[47] However, public reaction was largely sympathetic to Patton, and Herman F. Kuhl, Private Kuhl's father, even wrote his own congressman, stating that he forgave Patton for the incident and requesting that he not be disciplined.[48][49]
After the film Patton was released in 1970, Charles H. Kuhl recounted the incident, stating that Patton had slapped him across the face and then kicked him as he walked away. "After he left, they took me in and admitted me in the hospital, and found out I had malaria," Kuhl noted, adding that when Patton apologized personally (at Patton's headquarters) "He said he didn't know that I was as sick as I was." Kuhl, who later worked as a floor sweeper for Bendix Corporation in Mishawaka, Indiana, added that Patton was "a great general" and added that "I think at the time it happened, he was pretty well worn out himself."[50] Kuhl died on January 24, 1971.[51]
After consulting Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, and Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy,[52] Eisenhower retained Patton in the European theater, though without a major command. Marshall and Stimson not only supported Eisenhower's decision, but defended it. In a letter to the Senate, Stimson stated that Patton must be retained because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory."[53]
Instead, General Omar Bradley was promoted to lieutenant general. In late 1943, Bradley moved to London as commander in chief of the American ground forces preparing to invade France in 1944. Bradley was later chosen to command the US 1st Army after D-Day. This decision was not based on the slapping incident alone, but also on confirmed intelligence that the Germans believed Patton would be leading the Allied assault into Nazi-held territory.[54] Eisenhower used Patton's "furlough" as a trick to mislead the Germans as to where the next attack would be, since Patton was the general that the German High Command believed would lead the attack. During the ten months Patton was relieved of duty, his prolonged stay in Sicily was interpreted by the Germans as an indication of an upcoming invasion of southern France. Later, a stay in Cairo was viewed as heralding an invasion through the Balkans. German intelligence duly misinterpreted Patton's movements, shifting forces in response to those of Patton.
In the months before the June 1944 Normandy invasion, Patton gave public talks as commander of the fictional First U.S. Army Group (FUSAG), which was supposedly intending to invade France by way of Calais. This was part of a sophisticated Allied campaign of military disinformation, Operation Fortitude. The Germans mis-allocated their forces as a result, and were slow to respond to the actual landings at Normandy.[55]
In a story recounted by Professor Richard Holmes, just three days before D-Day, during a reception in the London Ritz Hotel, Patton shouted across a crowded reception in the direction of paratroop commander General Jim Gavin, "I'll see you in the Pas De Calais, Gavin!" The ploy appears to have worked, as reports of overnight troop movements north from Normandy were detected by Bletchley Park code decrypts.
Normandy[link]
Main article: Invasion of Normandy
Following the Normandy invasion, Patton was placed in command of the U.S. Third Army, which was on the extreme right (west) of the Allied land forces. His good friend Gilbert R. Cook was Deputy Commander, whom Patton later had to relieve due to illness, a decision which "shook him to the core."[56] Patton's Third Army became operational at noon on August 1, 1944. Patton would lead the Third during the late stages of Operation Cobra, the campaign to break out from the Normandy hedgerows. The Third Army simultaneously attacked west (into Brittany), south, east toward the Seine, and north, assisting in trapping several hundred thousand German soldiers in the Chambois pocket, between Falaise and Argentan, Orne.
The Third Army typically employed forward scout units to determine enemy strength and positions. Each column was protected by a standing patrol of three to four P-47 fighter-bombers as a combat air patrol (CAP).[57] Self-propelled artillery moved with the spearhead units and was sited well forward, ready to engage protected German positions with indirect fire.[58] Light aircraft such as the Piper L-4 Cub served as artillery spotters and provided airborne reconnaissance. Once located, the armored infantry would attack using tanks as infantry support.[58] Other armored units would then break through enemy lines and exploit any subsequent breach, constantly pressuring withdrawing enemy forces to prevent them from regrouping and reforming a cohesive defensive line.[58] Armored vehicles would often advance via reconnaissance by fire.[59] Each vehicle would alternate its machine guns and/or cannon to the left or right respectively, firing continuously to cover the flanks on both sides of the column and suppress enemy counterfire.[60] The U.S. .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun proved most effective in this role, often flushing out and killing German panzerfaust teams waiting in ambush as well as breaking up German infantry assaults against the armored infantry.[61][62][63] In its advance from Avranches to Argentan the Third Army advanced unopposed over vast distances, covering 60 miles (97 km) in just two weeks. The speed of the advance forced Patton's units to rely largely on air reconnaissance and tactical air support.[58] Patton's armored divisions made frequent use of tactical fighter-bombers of the XIX Tactical Air Command of the Ninth Air Force to protect his right (southern) flank during his advance to the Seine.
Equally important to the advance of Third Army columns in northern France was the rapid advance of the supply echelons. Third Army logistics were overseen by Colonel Walter J. Muller, Patton's G-4[disambiguation needed 
], who was instrumental in modernizing logistical arrangements to fit the pace of the advance across France.[64] Flexibility, improvisation, and adaption were cardinal requirements for Third Army supply echelons of an armored division seeking to exploit a breakthrough.[65] The Signal Section identified required radio nets, mapped circuits and obtained applicable supplies. The Combat Engineers conducted analyses of bridge requirements, road engineering studies, traffic circulation plans, supply requirements, and survey and map coverage for the proposed advance. Patton even read The Norman Conquest by Edward A. Freeman, "paying particular attention to the roads William the Conqueror used in his operations in Normandy and Brittany."[66]
Patton's forces were part of the Allied forces that freed northern France, bypassing Paris. The city itself was liberated by the French 2nd Armored Division under French General Leclerc, insurgents who were fighting in the city, and the US 4th Infantry Division. The French 2nd Armored Division had recently been transferred from the 3rd Army, and many of the unit's soldiers believed they were still part of the latter.
Lorraine[link]
Main article: Lorraine Campaign
General Patton's offensive, however, came to a screeching halt on August 31, 1944, as the Third Army literally ran out of fuel near the Moselle River, just outside of Metz, France. One explanation for this was that Patton's ambition was to conquer Germany and he refused to recognize that he was engaged in a secondary line of attack.[67] Others suggest that General John C.H. Lee, commander of the Zone of Communication, chose that time to move his headquarters to the more comfortable environs of Paris. Some 30 truck companies were diverted to that end, rather than providing support to the fighting armies.
Patton expected that the Theater Commander would keep fuel and supplies flowing to support successful advances. However, Eisenhower favored a "broad front" approach to the ground-war effort, believing that a single thrust would have to drop off flank protection, and would quickly lose its punch. Still, within the constraints of a very large effort overall, Eisenhower gave Montgomery and his 21st Army Group a strong priority for supplies for Operation Market Garden.[68] The combination of Montgomery being given priority for supplies, and diversion of resources to moving the Communications Zone, resulted in the Third Army running out of gas in Alsace-Lorraine while exploiting German weakness.[69] In late September, a large German panzer counter attack sent expressly to stop the advance of Patton's Third Army was defeated by the 4th Armored Division at the Battle of Arracourt. Despite the victory, the Third Army stayed in place as a result of Eisenhower's order. Ironically, the Germans believed this was because their counterattack had been successful.[70]
Patton's rapid drive through the Lorraine demonstrated his keen appreciation for the technological advantages of the U.S. Army. The major US and Allied advantages were in mobility and air superiority. The U.S. Army had a greater number of trucks, more reliable tanks, and better radio communications, which all contributed to a superior ability to operate at a high tempo. However, probably the key to Patton's success compared to all of the other U.S. and British forces, which had similar advantages, was his intensive use of close air support; the Third Army had by far more G-2 officers at headquarters specifically designated to coordinate air strikes than any other army.[71] Third Army's attached close air support group was XIX Tactical Air Command, commanded by Gen. Otto P. Weyland. Developed originally by Gen. Elwood Quesada of IX TAC for the First Army at Operation Cobra the technique of "armored column cover" whereby close air support was directed by an air traffic controller in one of the attacking tanks was used extensively by the Third Army.[72] In addition, because Patton's rapid drive resulted in a salient that was vulnerable to flanking attacks and getting trapped by the Germans, Weyland and Patton developed the concept of using intensive armed aerial reconnaissance to protect the flanks of this salient. Microwave Early Warning (MEW) radar, another technique pioneered by Quesada, was also used by XIX TAC as an air traffic control radar to both cover against Luftwaffe attacks and to vector flights already in the air to new sites. As a result of the close cooperation between Patton and Weyland, XIX TAC would end up providing far more air sorties for ground support for the Third Army than the other attached Tactical Air Commands would for the First and Ninth Armies. Despite their success, however, Eisenhower had faith only in the traditional method of advancing across a broad front to avoid the problem of flanking attacks, which most account for the decision to halt the Third Army.
The halt of the Third Army during the month of September was enough to allow the Germans to further fortify the fortress of Metz. In October and November, the Third Army was mired in a near-stalemate with the Germans, with heavy casualties on both sides. By November 23, however, Metz had finally fallen to the Americans, the first time the city had been taken since the Franco-Prussian War.
Battle of the Bulge[link]
Main article: Battle of the Bulge
In late 1944, the German army launched a last-ditch offensive across Belgium, Luxembourg, and northeastern France, popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge, nominally led by German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt. On December 16, 1944, the German army massed 29 divisions (totaling some 250,000 men) at a weak point in the Allied lines and made massive headway towards the Meuse River during one of the worst winters Europe had seen in years. General Eisenhower called a meeting of all senior Allied commanders on the Western Front to a headquarters near Verdun, France, on the morning of December 19 to plan strategy and a response to the German assault.
At the time, Patton's Third Army was engaged in heavy fighting near Saarbrücken. Guessing the intent of the Allied command meeting, Patton ordered his staff to make three separate operational contingency orders to disengage elements of the Third Army from its present position and begin offensive operations toward several objectives in the area of the Bulge occupied by German forces.[73] At the Supreme Command conference, General Eisenhower led the meeting, which was attended by General Patton, General Bradley, General Jacob Devers, Major General Sir Kenneth Strong, Deputy Supreme Commander Arthur Tedder, and a large number of staff officers.[74] Eisenhower commenced the meeting by announcing that the German offensive was to be viewed as an opportunity, not as a disaster, and that he wanted to see only "cheerful faces."[75]
When Eisenhower asked Patton how long it would take him to disengage six divisions of his Third Army and commence a counterattack north to relieve the 101st Airborne, Patton replied, "As soon as you're through with me."[76] Patton then clarified that he had already worked up an operational order for a counterattack by three full divisions on December 21, then only 48 hours away.[76][77] Eisenhower was incredulous: "Don't be fatuous, George. If you try to go that early you won't have all three divisions ready and you'll go piecemeal." Patton replied that his staff already had a contingency operations order ready to go. Still unconvinced, Eisenhower ordered Patton to attack the morning of December 22, using at least three divisions. Patton strode from the conference room, located a field telephone, and upon reaching his command, uttered two words: "Play ball".[78] This code phrase initiated a prearranged operational order with Patton's staff, mobilizing three divisions – the U.S. 4th Armored Division, the U.S. 80th Infantry Division, and the U.S. 26th Infantry Division – from the Third Army and moving them north toward Bastogne.[79] The operations order included order of battle, road deployment order, fuel, resupply, security, and clearance of the road net.[78] In all, Patton would reposition six full divisions (including his 3rd and 12th Army Corps) from their positions on the Saar front along a line stretching from Bastogne to Diekirch to Echternach.[80] Within a few days, more than 133,000 Third Army vehicles were re-routed into an offensive that covered a combined distance of 1.5 million miles, followed by supply echelons carrying some 62,000 tons of supplies.[81]
On December 21 Patton met with General Bradley to go over the impending advance: "Brad, this time the Kraut's stuck his head in the meatgrinder, and I've got hold of the handle."[79] Patton then argued that his Third Army should attack toward Koblenz, cutting off the Bulge at the base and trapping the entirety of the German armies involved in the offensive.[78] After briefly considering this, Bradley vetoed this proposal, as he was less concerned about killing large numbers of Germans than he was in arranging for the relief of Bastogne before it was overrun.[78][82]
Desiring good weather for his advance, which would permit close ground support by USAAF tactical aircraft, Patton ordered the Third Army chaplain, Colonel James O'Neill, to compose a suitable prayer: "Almighty and most merciful Father, we humbly beseech Thee, of Thy great goodness, to restrain these immoderate rains with which we have had to contend. Grant us fair weather for Battle. Graciously hearken to us as soldiers who call upon Thee that, armed with Thy power, we may advance from victory to victory and crush the oppression and wickedness of our enemies, and establish Thy justice among men and nations. Amen."[83] When the weather cleared soon after, Patton awarded O'Neill a Bronze Star on the spot.[6]
During the advance, Patton led his divisions from the front, frequently leapfrogging ahead in his command car, then stopping to urge the men on. As one tank destroyer sergeant related: "On the way to Bastogne, we would see Patton along the side of the road waving us on. I don't know how he got ahead of us all the time, but he did. Patton was right there breaking it up and getting things moving again. He was a relentless man...and a great general. Patton had a theory that the Germans didn't shoot as well on the run. That's why he never wanted to stop. The only time he stopped in the field was when he ran out of gas."[23]
On December 26, 1944, the first spearhead units of the Third Army's U.S. 4th Armored Division reached Bastogne, opening a corridor for relief and resupply of the besieged forces. Patton's ability to disengage six divisions from frontline combat during the middle of winter, then wheel north to relieve besieged Bastogne was one of his most remarkable achievements during the war. Author John MacDonald cites it as one of the greatest extant examples of the mastery of military logistics, stating, "probably his greatest military achievement, unsurpassed at the time, was the logistic repositioning, within twenty-four hours, of a whole army corps at the Battle of the Bulge."[84] Patton certainly thought so, claiming that the relief of Bastogne was "the most brilliant operation we have thus far performed, and it is in my opinion the outstanding achievement of the war. This is my biggest battle."[85]
Crossing of the Rhine[link]
By February, the Germans were in full retreat and Patton had pushed units into the Saarland. Once again, however, Patton found other commands given priority on gasoline and supplies. Field Marshal Montgomery suggested deprecatingly that Patton's forces be limited to holding a defensive line at the Rhine River. However, Patton had no intention of being left behind, and promptly began initiating several "reconnaissances in force". The 5th Mechanized Infantry Division of the Third Army crossed the Rhine at Oppenheim on the night of March 22, 1945, thirty-six hours ahead of Montgomery's Rhine crossing, Operation Varsity. To obtain gasoline and supplies, Third Army Ordnance units passed themselves off as First Army personnel, in one incident securing thousands of gallons of gasoline from a First Army gasoline dump.[86][87] Within a day, Patton's forces had established a six-mile (10 km) deep bridgehead, after capturing 19,000 demoralized German troops.
Task Force Baum[link]
Main article: Task Force Baum
On March 26, 1945, Patton sent Task Force Baum, consisting of 314 men, 16 tanks, and assorted other vehicles, 50 miles (80 km) behind enemy lines to liberate an Allied POW camp, OFLAG XIII-B near Hammelburg. One of the inmates was Patton's son-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel John K. Waters. The raid was an utter fiasco. Only 35 men made it back; the rest were either killed or captured, and all 57 vehicles were lost. Waters himself was hit by friendly aircraft fire and had to be left at the camp. When Eisenhower learned of the secret mission, he was furious.
Patton later reported it was the only mistake he made during World War II. He felt the correct decision was to have sent a Combat Command, about three times larger.[88]
Final offensive operations[link]
On April 14, 1945 Patton was promoted to a full four-star General, a promotion long advocated by Secretary of War Stimson in recognition of Patton's battle accomplishments during 1944.[89][90] Patton's operations staff was drafting plans to take Prague, when Eisenhower, under pressure from the Soviets,[91] ordered American forces in Czechoslovakia to stop short of the city limits. Patton's troops liberated Pilsen, on May 6, 1945, and most of western Bohemia.
In its advance from the Rhine to the Elbe, Patton's Third Army captured 32,763 square miles (84,860 km2) of enemy territory. Its losses were by far the lightest of any Third Army operation: 2,102 killed, 7,954 wounded, and 1,591 missing. Enemy losses in the campaign totaled 20,100 killed, 47,700 wounded, and 653,140 captured.[3]
Since becoming operational in Normandy on August 1, 1944 until May 9, 1945, the Third Army was in continuous combat for 281 days.[3] It had advanced farther and faster than any army in military history, crossing 24 major rivers and capturing 81,500 square miles (211,000 km2) of territory, including more than 12,000 cities and towns.[3] With a normal strength of around 250,000–300,000 men, the Third had killed, wounded, or captured some 1,811,388 enemy soldiers, six times its strength in personnel.[3][92][93] By comparison, the Third Army suffered 16,596 killed, 96,241 wounded, and 26,809 missing in action for a total of 139,646 men, a ratio of enemy to U.S. losses of nearly thirteen to one.[94]
June 1945 visit to California[link]
General Patton and fellow Californian Army Air Forces Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle were honored on June 9, 1945, with a parade through Los Angeles, California and a reception at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before a crowd of over 100,000 people. The next day, Patton and Doolittle toured the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Patton spoke in front of the Burbank City Hall and at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. He wore his helmet with a straight line of stars, chest full of medals, and two ivory-handled[95] (not pearl, as is often incorrectly asserted) revolvers. He punctuated his speech with some of the same profanity that he had used with the troops. He spoke about conditions in Europe and the Russian allies to the adoring crowds. This may be the only time in America when civilians, en masse, heard and saw the famous warrior on the podium[citation needed].
During this visit, Patton quietly donated an original copy of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, which he had smuggled out of Germany in violation of JCS 1067, to the Huntington Library, a repository of historical original papers, books, and maps, in his hometown San Marino. Patton instructed physicist Robert Millikan, then the chairman of the board of trustees of the Huntington Library, to make no official record of the transaction, and to keep their possession of the materials secret during Patton's lifetime. The Huntington Library retained the Nuremberg Laws in a basement vault in spite of a legal instruction in 1969 by the general's family to turn over all of his papers to the Library of Congress. On June 26, 1999, Robert Skotheim, then the president of the Huntington Library, announced that the Library was to permanently lend the Nuremberg Laws to the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles. On August 25, 2010, the National Archives announced that the Nuremberg Laws would be transferred from the Huntington Library to their collection.[96]
Road accident and death[link]
On December 9, 1945, Patton was severely injured in a road accident. The day before Patton was scheduled to leave Europe for a permanent trip back to the U.S., he and his chief of staff, Major General Hobart R. "Hap" Gay, were on a day trip to hunt pheasants in the country outside Mannheim, Germany. The trip was designed to cheer Patton. Their 1938 Cadillac Model 75 (a full size Cadillac Series 70 V-8 car) was driven by Private First Class Horace L. Woodring (1926–2003), who had not been the driver who drove Patton through the war,[97] Patton sat in the back seat on the right side, with Gay on his left, as per custom. At 11:45 near Neckarstadt (Mannheim-Käfertal), shortly after Patton's car had stopped for a train and accelerated after its passing, a 2½ ton GMC truck driven by Technical Sergeant Robert L. Thompson (1925–1994) made a left turn in front of Patton's Cadillac at an uncontrolled intersection, and without anyone seeing the truck make a turn signal. Patton's car hit the front of the truck at a relatively low speed, estimated at 30 mph.
At first the crash seemed minor: the vehicles were hardly damaged, no one in the truck was hurt, and Gay and Woodring were uninjured. However, Patton in the back had not been braced for the crash and hadn't realized it was coming. After the impact he was found leaning back with breathing trouble; he had been thrown forward in the back, causing his forehead to strike a metal part of the partition between the front and back seats. This impact inflicted a forehead wound and a severe cervical spinal cord injury. Immediately paralyzed from the neck down, and aware of it, he was rushed to the military hospital in Heidelberg. He spent most of the rest of his remaining 12 days conscious at appropriate times, in spinal traction to decrease spinal pressure, and in some pain from this procedure, but never complaining. Essentially all non-medical visitors save for Patton's wife, who had flown from the U.S., were forbidden. Patton, who had been told he had no chance to ever again ride a horse or resume normal life, at one point commented: "This is a hell of a way to die." He died of a pulmonary embolism without any sign of struggle (the nurse checking him hourly did not immediately notice it), in the afternoon of December 21, 1945. The funeral service was held at the Christ Church (Christuskirche) in Heidelberg-Südstadt. It was a short service with no eulogies.
This incident was dramatized in the made for TV movie The Last Days of Patton in 1986 with George C. Scott reprising his role as Patton.
Patton was buried at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial in Hamm, Luxembourg along with other members of the Third Army, as per Patton's request to "be buried with my men."[98] Despite Patton's earlier statements and his wife's wishes, some consideration had been made toward sending Patton's body to the U.S. for burial at a place like West Point, but repatriation of bodies was strictly forbidden for soldiers of all ranks throughout the war as a matter of policy, so for Patton, this would have needed to have been made as a very special exception.
On March 19, 1947, his body was moved from the original grave site in the cemetery (which was in an ordinary line of soldiers and was being trampled by visitors) to its current prominent location at the head of his former troops. A cenotaph was placed at the Wilson-Patton family plot at the San Gabriel Cemetery in San Gabriel, California, adjacent to the Church of Our Saviour (Episcopal), where Patton was baptized and confirmed. In the narthex of the sanctuary of the church is a stained glass window honor which features, among other highlights of Patton's career, a picture of him riding in a tank. A statue of Patton was placed on the grounds of the church. Patton's car was repaired and used by other officers. The car is now on display with other Patton artifacts at the General George Patton Museum at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
Criticisms and controversies[link]
Patton's problems with humor, his image, and the press[link]
Unlike Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was popular with troops partly for his self-effacing humor, Patton disliked jokes aimed at himself, feeling that accepting such jokes would decrease the respect which he felt that troops should have toward their commanders.
Patton reportedly had the utmost respect for the men serving in his command, particularly the wounded. However, he tended to classify cases of psychological battlefield breakdown as malingering.[99] Many of Patton's directives on caring for the enlisted men under his command,[100] such as ordering that captured supplies of enemy food and liquor be delivered to frontline units[101] were overlooked in the media in favor of more popular news items, such as his system of fines for officers and men who failed to shave daily and wear helmets and leggings at all times. The fighting elements of Patton's Third Army had guaranteed mail deliveries, priority on hot chow and showers, regular uniform issues, plus liberal distribution of passes and unit rotations out of the line.[102] The Stars and Stripes cartoonist, Sergeant Bill Mauldin, who habitually portrayed front line infantry as exhausted, begrimed footsloggers Willie and Joe came in for special criticism, even prompting Patton to summon Sergeant Mauldin to his headquarters, where Patton unsuccessfully attempted to convince Mauldin into drawing a cleaned-up version of the popular comic strip.[103]
Patton was capable of the occasional blunt witticism: "The two most dangerous weapons the Germans have are our own armored halftrack and jeep. The halftrack because the boys in it go all heroic, thinking they are in a tank. The jeep because we have so many God-awful drivers." During the Battle of the Bulge, he famously remarked that the Allies should "let the sons-of-bitches [Germans] go all the way to Paris, then we'll cut 'em off and round 'em up!" He also suggested facetiously that his Third Army could "drive the British [his allies] back into the sea for another Dunkirk."[104]
While Patton has a reputation today as a senior general who was both impatient and impulsive, with little tolerance for officers who had failed to succeed on the battlefield, the truth is somewhat different. Compared to Omar Bradley, Patton actually fired only one general during the entire war, Orlando Ward, and only after two warnings, whereas Bradley sacked numerous generals during the war.[105][106]
Patton deliberately cultivated a flashy, distinctive image in the belief that this would motivate his troops. He was usually seen wearing a highly polished helmet, riding pants, and high cavalry boots. He carried flashy ivory-handled, nickel-plated revolvers as his most famous sidearms (a Colt Single Action Army .45 "Peacemaker" and later also a S&W Model 27 .357). His vehicles carried over-sized rank insignia and sirens. His speech was riddled with profanities. While Patton had many detractors in the press, he also received praise from others, including a tribute from a UPI writer who wrote, "Gen. George S. Patton believed he was the greatest soldier who ever lived. He made himself believe he would never falter through doubt. This absolute faith in himself as a strategist and master of daring infected his entire army, until the men of the second American corps in Africa, and later the third army in France, believed they could not be defeated under his leadership."[107]
On 10 July 1945, the AFN Munich commenced broadcasting as the first AFN station in Germany. The first broadcast, "Good morning! This is AFN Munich, the voice of the 7th Army!", made by Major Bob Light, infuriated Patton so much that he demanded that the responsible person was to be court martialed. Unknown to Light, the 3rd Army had taken over charge of Munich the previous night from the 7th Army. Patton, not a friend of the American Forces Network in the first place, was shaving at the time and actually cut himself on hearing the broadcast.[108][109]
After the German surrender[link]
After the surrender of May 8, 1945, eliminated the threat of Nazi Germany, Patton was quick to assert the Soviet Union would cease to be an ally of the United States. He was concerned that some 25,000 American POWs had been liberated from POW camps by the Soviets, but never returned to the US. In fact, he urged his superiors to evict the Soviets from central and eastern Europe. Patton thought that the Red Army was weak, under-supplied, and vulnerable, and the United States should act on these weaknesses before the Soviets could consolidate their position. In this regard, he told Undersecretary of War Robert P. Patterson that the "point system" being used to demobilize Third Army troops was destroying it and creating a vacuum that the Soviets would exploit. "Mr. Secretary, for God's sake, when you go home, stop this point system; stop breaking up these armies," Patton pleaded. "Let's keep our boots polished, bayonets sharpened, and present a picture of force and strength to these people, the Soviets. This is the only language they understand." Asked by Patterson – who became Secretary of War a few months later – what he would do, Patton replied: "I would have you tell the Red Army where their border is, and give them a limited time to get back across. Warn them that if they fail to do so, we will push them back across it."[110]
On a personal level, Patton was disappointed by the Army's refusal to give him a combat command in the Pacific Theater of Operations. Unhappy with his role as the military governor of Bavaria and depressed by his belief that he would never fight in another war, Patton's behavior and statements became increasingly erratic. Various explanations beyond his disappointments have been proposed for Patton's behavior at this point. Carlo D'Este, in Patton: A Genius for War, writes that "it seems virtually inevitable ... that Patton experienced some type of brain damage from too many head injuries" from a lifetime of numerous auto- and horse-related accidents, especially one suffered while playing polo in 1936.[6]
Many of the controversial opinions he expressed were common (if not exactly popular) at the time and his outspoken opposition to post-surrender denazification is still widely debated today. Many still laud his generous treatment of his former German enemies and his early recognition of the Soviet threat, while detractors say his protests reflect the views of a bigoted elitist. Whatever the cause, Patton found himself once again in trouble with his superiors and the American people. While speaking to a group of reporters, he compared the Nazis to losers in American political elections, and that being a Nazi in Germany was, "like being a Democrat in the States." Patton was soon relieved of command of Third Army and transferred to the Fifteenth Army, a paper command preparing a history of the war.
Attitudes on race and nationality[link]
Patton's attitude toward minorities varied depending on time and circumstance, with military necessity being of particular importance.
On black soldiers: "Individually they were good soldiers, but I expressed my belief at the time, and have never found the necessity of changing it, that a colored soldier cannot think fast enough to fight in armor."[111]
Patton stated that performance was more important than race or religious affiliation:[112] "I don't give a damn who the man is. He can be a nigger or a Jew, but if he has the stuff and does his duty, he can have anything I've got. By God! I love him."[112][113]
Later, Patton addressed a group of African-American tankers, saying:
Men, you're the first Negro tankers to ever fight in the American Army. I would never have asked for you if you weren't good. I have nothing but the best in my Army. I don't care what color you are as long as you go up there and kill those Kraut sons of bitches. Everyone has their eyes on you and is expecting great things from you. Most of all your race is looking forward to you. Don't let them down and damn you, don't let me down![114]
Patton also insisted on the assignment of some black officers as judges in military tribunals involving black defendants,[112] and he spent more time with his African-American aide, Sergeant Meeks, than with nearly anyone else while in Europe,[112] developing a relationship of mutual respect that transcended that of a general with his valet.
Patton disliked the British,[112] but appreciated Montgomery's organizational abilities more than either Eisenhower or Bradley did.[112]
Patton was horrified at what he found when his Third Army liberated Buchenwald concentration camp. Local German citizens claimed that they didn't know what was going on, though at least a few admitted to knowing of the atrocities but insisted they had been powerless to stop it. He ordered American troops to round up the approximately 2,000 local Germans and march them through the camps so they could see the atrocities firsthand.[citation needed]
Though many of his attitudes were common in his day, as with all of his opinions, he was often exceptionally blunt in his expression of them. He once wrote:
The difficulty in understanding the Russian is that we do not take cognizance of the fact that he is not a European, but an Asiatic, and therefore thinks deviously. We can no more understand a Russian than a Chinese or a Japanese, and from what I have seen of them, I have no particular desire to understand them except to ascertain how much lead or iron it takes to kill them. In addition to his other amiable characteristics, the Russian has no regard for human life and they are all out sons-of-bitches, barbarians, and chronic drunks.[115]
After reading the Koran and observing North Africans, he wrote to his wife, "Just finished reading the Koran – a good book and interesting." Patton had a keen eye for native customs and methods, wrote knowingly of local architecture, even rated the progress of word-of-mouth rumor in Arab country at 40–60 miles (64–97 km) a day. In spite of his regard for the Koran, he concluded, "To me it seems certain that the fatalistic teachings of Mohammad and the utter degradation of women is the outstanding cause for the arrested development of the Arab. . . . Here, I think, is a text for some eloquent sermon on the virtues of Christianity."[116][117]
Relations with Eisenhower[link]
The relationship between George S. Patton and Dwight Eisenhower has long been of interest to historians in that the onset of World War II completely reversed the roles of the two men in the space of just under two years. When Patton and Eisenhower met in the mid 1920s, Patton was six years Eisenhower's senior in the Army and Eisenhower saw Patton as a leading mind in tank warfare, as both men had strong interest in tank warfare. During the inter-war period, budget cuts to the U.S. Army caused by the Great Depression resulted in a significant decline of available funding for tank development.
Between 1935 and 1940, Patton and Eisenhower developed a very close friendship to the level where the Patton and Eisenhower families were spending summer vacations together. In 1938, Patton was promoted to full colonel and Eisenhower, then still a lieutenant colonel, openly admitted that he saw Patton as a friend, superior officer, and mentor.
Upon the outbreak of World War II, Patton's expertise in mechanized warfare was recognized by the Army, and he was quickly made a brigadier general and, less than a year later, a major general. In 1940, Lt. Col. Eisenhower petitioned Brigadier General Patton, offering to serve under the tank corps commander. Patton accepted readily, stating that he would like nothing better than for Eisenhower to be placed under his command.
George Marshall, recognizing that the coming conflict would require all available military talent, had other plans for Eisenhower. In 1941, after five years as a relatively unknown lieutenant colonel, Eisenhower was promoted to colonel and then again to brigadier general in just 6 months time. Patton was still senior to Eisenhower in the Regular Army, but this was soon not the case in the growing conscript army (known as the Army of the United States). In 1942, Eisenhower was promoted to major general and, just a few months later, to lieutenant general – outranking Patton for the first time. When the Allies announced the invasion of North Africa, Major General Patton suddenly found himself under the command of his former subordinate, now one star his superior.
In 1943, Patton became a lieutenant general one month after Eisenhower was promoted to full (four-star) general. Patton was unusually reserved in never publicly commenting on Eisenhower's rapid rise. Patton also reassured Eisenhower that the two men's professional relationship was unaffected. Privately however, Patton was often quick to remind Eisenhower that his permanent rank in the Regular Army – both men were still colonels there throughout 1943 – predated Eisenhower's.
When Patton came under criticism for the "Sicily slapping incident," Eisenhower met privately with Patton and reprimanded him.
Eisenhower is also credited with giving Patton a command in France, after other powers in the Army had relegated Patton to various unimportant duties in England. It was in France that Patton found himself in the company of another former subordinate, Omar Bradley, who had also become his superior. As with Eisenhower, Patton behaved with professionalism and served under Bradley with distinction.
After the close of World War II, Patton (now a full general) became the occupation commander of Bavaria, and made arrangements for saving the world-famous Lipizzaner stallions of Vienna, fearing that the Red Army would slaughter the horses for food. Patton was relieved of duty after openly revolting against the punitive occupation directive JCS 1067.[118] His view of the war was that with Hitler gone, the German army could be rebuilt into an ally in a potential war against the Russians, whom Patton notoriously despised and considered a greater menace than the Germans. During this period, he wrote that the Allied victory would be in vain if it led to a tyrant worse than Hitler and an army of "Mongolian savages" controlling half of Europe. Eisenhower had at last had enough, relieving Patton of all duties and ordering his return to the United States. When Patton openly accused Eisenhower of caring more about a political career than his military duties, their friendship effectively came to an end.
In addition, Patton was highly critical of the victorious Allies use of German forced labor. He commented in his diary "I'm also opposed to sending PW's to work as slaves in foreign lands (in particular, to France) where many will be starved to death." He also noted "It is amusing to recall that we fought the revolution in defense of the rights of man and the civil war to abolish slavery and have now gone back on both principles."[119] (See also Rheinwiesenlager).
Patton as viewed by his contemporaries[link]
On February 1, 1945 Eisenhower wrote a memo ranking the military capabilities of his subordinate American generals in the ETO.[120][121] Army General Omar Bradley and Army Air Force General Carl Spaatz shared the number one position, while Walter Bedell Smith, (a staff officer with no field command experience during the war), was ranked number 2.[121][122] Eisenhower ranked Patton at a distant number 3.[121] It was a curious conclusion, since in terms of military successes Patton had accomplished far more than any other U.S. ground force commander, particularly in comparison to Bradley.[123] Eisenhower revealed his reasoning in a 1946 review of the book Patton and his Third Army: "George Patton was the most brilliant commander of an army in the open field that our or any other service produced. But his army was part of a whole organization and his operations part of a great campaign." Eisenhower believed that other generals such as Bradley should be given the credit for planning the successful Allied campaigns across Europe in which Patton was merely "a brilliant executor".[124] Eisenhower once remarked, "George, you are a great leader, but a poor planner." Patton shot back, "Except for Operation Torch, which I planned and which was a great success, I have never been given the chance to plan."[125]
Notwithstanding Eisenhower's estimation of Patton's abilities as a strategic planner, his overall view of Patton's military value in achieving Allied victory in Europe can best be seen in Eisenhower's refusal to even consider sending Patton home after the 'slapping incident' of 1943.[126] As Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy told Eisenhower: "Lincoln's remark after they got after Grant comes to mind when I think of Patton – 'I can't spare this man, he fights'."[52] After Patton's death, Eisenhower would write his own tribute: "He was one of those men born to be a soldier, an ideal combat leader...It is no exaggeration to say that Patton's name struck terror at the hearts of the enemy."[124]
Bradley's view of Patton was decidedly negative. Patton received scant praise in Bradley's memoirs, where the latter made it clear that had he been Patton's superior in Sicily in 1943, he not only would have relieved Patton of command immediately but "would have had nothing more to do with him".[127] It was well known that the two men were polar opposites in personality, and there is considerable evidence that Bradley disliked Patton both personally and professionally.[127][128][129] Patton in turn resented Bradley's frequent "borrowing" of Patton's own ideas and operational concepts to convert into war plans for which Bradley got the credit. Patton's diary reports, "I do not want any more of my ideas used without credit to me, as happens when I give them orally."[125]
President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared to greatly esteem Patton and his abilities, stating "he is our greatest fighting general, and sheer joy."[130] On the other hand, Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman, appears to have taken an instant dislike to Patton, at one point comparing him to George Armstrong Custer.[131]
For the most part, British commanders did not hold Patton in high regard. Field Marshal Alan Brooke noted in January 1943 that "I had heard of him, but I must confess that his swashbuckling personality exceeded my expectation. I did not form any high opinion of him, nor had I any reason to alter this view at any later date. A dashing, courageous, wild and unbalanced leader, good for operations requiring thrust and push but at a loss in any operation requiring skill and judgment."[132] One possible exception was none other than Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery. Although the latter's rivalry with Patton was well known, Montgomery appears to have actually admired Patton's ability to command troops in the field, if not his strategic judgment.[133]
Other Allied commanders were more impressed, the Free French in particular. General Henri Giraud was incredulous when he heard of Patton's dismissal by Eisenhower in late 1945, and invited him to Paris to be decorated by President Charles de Gaulle at a state banquet. At the banquet, President de Gaulle gave a speech placing Patton's achievements alongside those of Napoleon.[134] Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was apparently an admirer, stating that the Red Army could neither have planned nor executed Patton's rapid armored advance across France.[135]
Patton as viewed by the enemy[link]
From 1943 on, it was clear that a consensus existed in the German Army officer corps that of all Allied ground force commanders, the enemy general they feared the most was Patton. Adolf Hitler himself was impressed by Patton, reportedly calling him "that crazy cowboy general", and "the most dangerous man [the Allies] have."[136] Erwin Rommel credited Patton with executing "the most astonishing achievement in mobile warfare." [137] Generaloberst Alfred Jodl, chief of staff of the German Army, stated that Patton "was the American Guderian. He was very bold and preferred large movements. He took big risks and won big successes.” Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring noted that “Patton had developed tank warfare into an art, and understood how to handle tanks brilliantly in the field. I feel compelled, therefore, to compare him with Generalfeldmarschall Rommel, who likewise had mastered the art of tank warfare. Both of them had a kind of second sight in regard to this type of warfare." Referring to the escape of the Afrika Korps Panzerarmee after the battle of El Alamein, General Fritz Bayerlein opined that "I do not think that General Patton would let us get away so easily."[138] Oberstleutnant Horst Freiherr von Wangenheim, operations officer of the 277th Volksgrenadier Division, stated that "General Patton is the most feared general on all fronts. [His] tactics are daring and unpredictable...He is the most modern general and the best commander of [combined] armored and infantry forces."[139] After the war, General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt revealed that "We regarded Patton extremely highly, as the most aggressive Panzer-General of the Allies. A man of incredible initiative and lightning-like action."[140] General der Panzertruppen Hasso von Manteuffel, who had fought both Soviet and Anglo-American tank commanders, agreed: "Patton! No doubt about this. He was a brilliant panzer army commander."[141]
In an interview conducted for Stars and Stripes just after his capture, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt summed up the predominant German view of the American general: "Patton," Rundstedt concluded simply, "he is your best."[4]
[edit] Patton
Main article: Patton (film)
Patton was the focus of the epic 1970 Academy Award-winning film Patton, with the title role played by George C. Scott in an iconic, Academy Award winning performance. The film was a huge commercial success, and spawned fierce critical debates over the accuracy of its portrayal of General Patton.
Screenwriters Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North wrote most of the film based on two biographies, General Bradley's A Soldier's Story and Ladislas Farago's Patton: Ordeal and Triumph. General Bradley also served as a military advisor and consultant to the film's producers. As the film was made without access to General Patton's diaries or any information from his family, it largely relied upon observations by Bradley and other military contemporaries when attempting to reconstruct Patton's thoughts and motives.[142] In a review of the film Patton, S.L.A. Marshall, who knew both Patton and Bradley, stated that "The Bradley name gets heavy billing on a picture of [a] comrade that, while not caricature, is the likeness of a victorious, glory-seeking buffoon...Patton in the flesh was an enigma. He so stays in the film...Napoleon once said that the art of the general is not strategy but knowing how to mold human nature...Maybe that is all producer Frank McCarthy and Gen. Bradley, his chief advisor, are trying to say."[142] Bradley himself acknowledged that the two men were polar opposites in personality, and there is little doubt that Bradley despised Patton's swashbuckling method of leading the men under his command.[128][129] Bradley's role in the film remains controversial to this day.
Some historians have accused the film of exaggerating Patton's negative traits, particularly the repeated portrayal of Patton as a commander whose desire for military glory on the battlefield overrode any need to limit unnecessary casualties by the men under his command. These scenes are criticized as contemporary revisionism, a token to the widespread antiwar sentiment of the time (it was released during the apex of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War). Others see the movie's treatment of Patton as too reverential and hagiographic. These critics often discern in the film a thinly-disguised attempt to glorify the military by portraying Patton as an inspirational leader, a commander whose bold plans to conquer Germany and end the war were constantly sabotaged by higher command as well as his military inferiors on the battlefield.
Many Patton contemporaries, including those who knew him personally or served with him, have applauded Scott's characterization of Patton for accurately capturing the essence of the man – war-loving, egotistical, overbearing, obsessive, conflicted, and enigmatic,[143] yet unrivalled in his ability to inspire and lead large forces of men in a desperate and ultimately victorious struggle against a determined enemy.[142]
[edit] The Last Days of Patton
Main article: The Last Days of Patton
George C. Scott reprised the role 16 years after his Academy Award winning performance in a made-for-television entitled The Last Days of Patton, which was first broadcast on the 14th September 1986 on CBS. This film takes up Patton's story following his transfer to assume command of the 15th Army, through to the car crash and his death on the 21st December 1945.
Legacy[link]
Excerpt from Through a Glass, Darkly
<poem>Perhaps I stabbed our Savior In His sacred helpless side. Yet I've called His name in blessing When in after times I died.
Through the travail of the ages, Midst the pomp and toil of war, Have I fought and strove and perished Countless times upon this star
I have sinned and I have suffered Played the hero and the knave Fought for belly, shame or country And for each have found a grave.
So as through a glass, and darkly The age long strife I see Where I fought in many guises, Many names, but always me.
So forever in the future, Shall I battle as of yore, Dying to be born a fighter, But to die again, once more. </poem>
“
”
File:George S Patton statue Ettelbruck 2007 crop.jpg
General George S. Patton statue General Patton Memorial Museum Ettelbruck, Luxembourg
- Museums
- General George Patton Museum at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Also known as the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor and the General George Patton Museum of Leadership.[146]
- General George S. Patton Memorial Museum, is located at the site of the Desert Training Center in Chiriaco Summit, California. A statue of Patton can be seen from nearby Interstate 10.[147]
- Patton Memorial Pilsen museum in Plzeň, Czech Republic.[148]
- General Patton Memorial Museum Ettelbruck, Luxembourg[149]
- Schools
- General George S. Patton School District, Riverdale, Illinois[150]
- George S. Patton Elementary School, Garden Grove, California[151]
- General Patton Elementary School Dýšina, Czech Republic[152]
- General George S. Patton School (K-8), Riverdale, Illinois[153]
- Patton Junior High School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas[154]
- George S. Patton High School, Harbor City, California[155]
- Buildings
- General George S. Patton Memorial Center, Detroit, Michigan
- Patton Army Air Field, Camp Arifjan, Kuwait
- Patton Barracks, Heidelberg, Germany, headquarters of the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg
- Patton Hall, an officer's classroom building at the U.S. Army Armor School at Fort Benning, Georgia.[156][157]
- Patton Hall, Fort Riley, Kansas, headquarters of the installation Judge Advocate General[disambiguation needed ]
- Patton Hall, Officers’ Club at Fort Myer, Virginia[158]
- Patton Hall, Shaw AFB, South Carolina, headquarters of the 3rd United States Army[159]
- Patton Hall, military hangar at the Saumur Armour Museum on loan from the French Armoured Corps and Cavalry School, Saumur, France, formerly used as a tank-restoration hall.[160]
- Patton Reserve Center, Bell, California[161]
- 1220 Patton Court, San Marino, California, former residence of the Patton family. The house is a private residence and is not open to the public.
- Statues
- Patton Monument, designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser and dedicated in 1950
- Patton Monument, Lacy Park, San Marino, CA[162]
- General Patton Memorial, Avranches, France.[163]
- General Patton Monument, Bastogne, Belgium [164]
- A statue of General Patton was unveiled in Dýšina, Czech Republic to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Czechoslovakia[165]
- Boston, Massachusetts, The standing portrait statue of Patton, designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser, was installed at the Charles River Esplanade along the Hatch Shell Circle in 1953.[166] The 8-foot (2.4 m) tall bronze statue depicts a uniformed Patton raising a pair of binoculars up to his eyes, atop a 4-foot (1.2 m) pink granite base.
- Streets
- General Patton Avenue, Shreveport, Louisiana; Murfreesboro, Tennessee
- General Patton Boulevard, Mandeville, Louisiana
- Patton Court, San Marino, California
- General George Patton Drive, Franklin, Tennessee; Brentwood, Tennessee
- George Patton Drive, San Antonio, Texas
- George Patton Lane, El Paso, Texas
- General George Patton Road, Nashville, Tennessee
- General Patton Street, Hammond, Louisiana; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Morgan City, Louisiana; Jackson, Mississippi; Pascagoula, Mississippi; Fort Drum, New York
- George Patton Street, Orangeburg, South Carolina
- Patton Way, San Marino, California
- Place du Général Patton, Paris, France (next to Avenue de la Grande Armée). Some 10 other French towns and cities, including Avranches, Thionville, Troyes and Le Mans, have a "Place du Général Patton" in his honor.
- Rue Patton, Seine-Port, France
- Avenue du Général Patton, Melun, France
- Rue Du Général Patton, Arlon in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium; Ixelles, Brussels; Châteaubriant, France; and Lorraine, France.
- Général-George-S.-Patton (avenue), Rennes, France (formerly Chemin vicinal n°25)[167]
- General-Patton-Straße, Bad Tölz, Germany.
- Place du Général Patton, Bastogne, Belgium.
- Patton Road, Huntsville, Alabama, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
- Patton Boulevard, Moses Lake, Washington
- Other
- The Patton series of tanks is named for him.[168]
- Patton Golf Course, an 18 hole regulation length public golf course at the Fort Benning Golf Club, Fort Benning, Georgia.[169]
- General George S Patton Park Recreation Center, a 93-acre park in Detroit, Michigan, dedicated in the early 1950s.[170][171][172]
- Patton Range, a rifle and machine gun firing range at Fort Benning, Georgia[173]
- A chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution is named for Patton.[174]
- General George S Patton Polish Legion of American Veterans (P.L.A.V.) Post #11, Detroit, Michigan[175]
- Patton was named the class exemplar for the United States Air Force Academy's class of 2005, the only non-aviator to receive this honor.
- At the Episcopal Church of Our Savior in San Gabriel, California, there is a stained glass window depicting Patton as a version of Saint George. He is shown in a tank fighting a dragon festooned with swastikas. The lettering in the window reads "I fought a good fight." The Wilson-Patton family members are buried in the San Gabriel Cemetery about 120 yards to the west of the Church, including the patriarch, Benjamin (Don Benito) Wilson. The exception is General Patton, buried in Luxembourg.[176]
- Hamilton, Massachusetts, where Patton's summer home was located, dedicated its central park to Patton, boasting a World War II–era tank in the center of town, and the town's school sports teams play under the name "Generals." In addition, the French government gave two statues to the town commemorating Patton's service to their nation. They were improved in 2003 and sit at the entrance to Patton Park.
- Patton wrote much material, including speeches, lectures, and poetry. Incorporating the biblical phrase "Through a Glass, Darkly" he composed a poem imbued with his personal interpretations of reincarnation.[177][178]
Awards and decorations[link]
United States awards[link]
  |
Distinguished Service Cross with one oak leaf cluster |
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Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters |
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Silver Star with one oak leaf cluster |
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Legion of Merit |
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Bronze Star |
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Purple Heart |
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Silver Lifesaving Medal[179] |
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Mexican Service Medal |
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World War I Victory Medal with five battle clasps |
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American Defense Service Medal |
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American Campaign Medal |
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European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver and two bronze service stars |
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World War II Victory Medal |
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In 1955, the U.S. Army posthumously presented General Patton with the Army of Occupation Medal for service as the first occupation commander of Bavaria. |
Foreign and international awards[link]
 Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire |
 Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath[180] |
 Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) |
| 80px Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm |
 French Legion of Honor |
| 80px French Croix de Guerre |
 Luxemburg War Cross |
 Grand Luxemburg Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau |
 Grand Cross of Ouissam Alaouite of Morocco |
 Order of the White Lion of Czechoslovakia |
 Czechoslovakian War Cross |
Dates of rank[link]
| No pin insignia for 2nd Lts. in 1909 | Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: June 11, 1909 |
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First Lieutenant, Regular Army: May 23, 1916 |
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Captain, Regular Army: May 15, 1917 |
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Major, National Army: January 26, 1918 |
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Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: March 30, 1918 |
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Colonel, National Army: October 17, 1918 |
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Reverted to permanent rank of Captain, Regular Army: June 30, 1920 |
|
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Major, Regular Army: July 1, 1920 |
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Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: March 1, 1934 |
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Colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1938 |
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Brigadier General, Army of the United States: October 2, 1940 |
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Major General, Army of the United States: April 4, 1941 |
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Lieutenant General, Army of the United States: March 12, 1943 |
|
|
Brigadier General, Regular Army: August 16, 1944[181] |
|
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Major General, Regular Army: August 16, 1944[182] |
|
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Lieutenant General, Regular Army: December 4, 1944 |
|
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General, Army of the United States: April 14, 1945 |
See also[link]
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Ancestry[link]
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Notes[link]
- ^ Wilson, Dale. The American Expeditionary Forces Tank Corps in World War I: From Creation to Combat. http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A192722&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf. p. 19
- ^ Biography of General George S. Patton, Jr. generalpatton.com. http://www.generalpatton.com/biography/index.html. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Wallace 1946, pp. 194–195
- ^ a b Hanson, Victor Davis, The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day", New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-84502-4 (1999), p. 13
- ^ "Biography of General Hugh Mercer". Militaryhistory.about.com. 2011-09-29. http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/army/p/mercer.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g D'Este 1995
- ^ D'Este 1995, pp. 58, 131
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1972). The Patton Papers: 1885–1940. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 231–234. ISBN 0-395-12706-8.
- ^ "General S Patton Biography". Biography Online. http://www.biographyonline.net/military/general-patton.html. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ The Form and Use of the Saber. George S. Patton 1913
- ^ 8th Cavalry Regiment – Early History[dead link]
- ^ Jowett, Philip; de Quesada, Alejandro. The Mexican Revolution 1910–20. Osprey. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84176-989-9.
- ^ D'Este, A Genius For War, Chapter 13, pp172-175
- ^ Cardena's Family Saw Him Die at Bay; Shot Four Times, Villa Captain Fought Before Mother, Wife, and Daughter, New York Times, May 23, 1916 at 5.
- ^ D'Este 1995, pp. 204–208
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1972). The Patton Papers: 1885–1940. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 480–483. ISBN 0-395-12706-8.
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1972). The Patton Papers: 1885–1940. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 552–553. ISBN 0-395-12706-8.
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1972). The Patton Papers: 1885–1940. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 661–670, 706–708, 764–766. ISBN 0-395-12706-8.
- ^ 'Patton' by lt. Col. Carlo D'este Pg361
- ^ "Spark Gap Autumn 1998 Vol 9 No 2". Soldiersmuseum.com. http://www.soldiersmuseum.com/pages/usms/spark_gap/1998_autumn.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ a b Farago 1964
- ^ Pipkin, Trent, Hazlett and Bierman (2008). Geology and the Environment (5th ed.). Belmont, California, USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-495-11305-8. http://books.google.com/?id=JZsmVwwpHh4C&pg=PA172&dq=patton+training+area+imperial+valley#v=onepage&q=patton%20training%20area%20imperial%20valley&f=false. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ a b Beck, John Jr. (Sgt.), Fighting For Gen. George Patton at the Bulge, Don Moore's War Tales, May 26, 2010, retrieved April 28, 2011
- ^ GEN George Smith Patton, The Patton papers, 1940–1945, Martin Blumenson, p.542
- ^ "Man Under a Star," Time. March 29, 1943.
- ^ Schultz, Alfred W., Janey: A Little Plane in a Big War, Middletown, CT: Southfarm Press, ISBN 0-913337-31-5, ISBN 978-0-913337-31-8 (1998), pp. 35–38
- ^ Montgomery, M.R., A field guide to airplanes of North America, New York: Houghton-Mifflin (2006), p. 66
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1985). Patton: The Man behind the Legend 1885-1945. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company. p. 182.
- ^ Lande, D (2002). I Was with Patton: First-Person Accounts of WWII in George S. Patton's Command. St. Paul, MN: MBI. p. 6.
- ^ Botting p. 355
- ^ Atkinson, Rick (2007). The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944 (The Liberation Trilogy). New York: Henry Holt and Co.. p. 119. ISBN 0-8050-6289-0.
- ^ "Private Wrote Family About Being Cuffed," The Port Arthur News, November 24, 1943, p6
- ^ Atkinson, Rick, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943–1944, New York: Henry Holt & Co., ISBN 978-0-8050-8861-8 (2007), p. 147
- ^ Gen. Patton Slap Haunts Former GI,, South Bend Tribune, March 25, 1970, p. 12
- ^ a b c Atkinson, Rick, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy 1943–1944, New York: Henry Holt & Co., ISBN 978-0-8050-8861-8 (2007), p. 147
- ^ "Patton Regrets Slapping Soldier," San Antonio Light, November 23, 1943, p. 1
- ^ Hirshson, Stanley P. (2003). General Patton: A Soldier's Life. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-000983-7.
- ^ Province, Charles M., The Unknown Patton, CMP Publications (2002), p. 26
- ^ Id. at p.8
- ^ a b D'Este 1995, p. 536
- ^ Port Arthur News, 11/24/43, Id.
- ^ Hirshson, Stanley P., General Patton: A Soldier's Life, p. 424: Pearson received details of the Kuhl slapping and other material on Patton from his friend Ernest Cuneo, an official with the Office of Strategic Services who obtained the information from War Department files and correspondence.
- ^ Sweeney, Michael S., Secrets of victory: the Office of Censorship and the American press and Radio in World War II, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-2598-0 (2001), pp. 158
- ^ "Reprimand for Patton is Denied," The Fresno Bee, November 22, 1943, p. 1
- ^ Nimmo, Dan D. and Newsome, Chevelle, Political commentators in the United States in the 20th century: a Biocritical Sourcebook, Westport CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29585-9 (1997), p. 274
- ^ Sweeney, Michael S., Secrets of victory: the Office of Censorship and the American press and Radio in World War II, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-2598-0 (2001), pp. 158: "General George Patton...will not be used in any European war theatre anymore...He (Patton) will not be used in important combat anymore."
- ^ Command: Conduct Unbecoming, Time Magazine, December 6, 1943
- ^ Patton and Truth, Time Magazine, December 6, 1943
- ^ D'Este 1995, pp. 543–544
- ^ "Gen. Patton Slap Haunts Former GI," Charleston Daily Mail, March 25, 1970, p12
- ^ "GI Slapped by Gen. Patton in Sicily Is Dead," The Cedar Rapids Gazette, February 2, 1971, p7.
- ^ a b D'Este 2002, p. 442
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 543
- ^ Speech of Benjamin Patton, "Patton"
- ^ Seymour Reit, Masquerade: The Amazing Camouflage Deceptions of Worlds War II (1978), pp. 38–40, 42, 47, 174.
- ^ Herbert Essame, "Patton," p. 178 (Da Capo Press 1998) ISBN 0-938289-99-3.
- ^ Jarymowycz, Roman J., Tank tactics: from Normandy to Lorraine, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 1-55587-950-0 (2001), pp. 215–216
- ^ a b c d Jarymowycz, Roman J., Tank tactics, pp. 215–216
- ^ Leach, James H. (Col.), Tanker Jimmy Leach retrieved April 28, 2011: Recon by fire involved firing machineguns and cannon at suspected enemy positions while continuously advancing at speed to suppress enemy counterfire, particularly that of German antitank teams.
- ^ Leach, James H. (Col.), Tanker Jimmy Leach
- ^ Burgett, Donald, Seven Roads To Hell, Dell Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-440-23627-4, p. 129
- ^ Jarymowycz, Roman J., Tank Tactics, p. 212
- ^ Henry, Mark R., The US Army in World War II: The Mediterranean, Osprey Publishing (2000), ISBN 1-84176-085-4, ISBN 978-1-84176-085-8, p. 20
- ^ Decker, Jeffrey W., Logistics and Patton's Third Army: Lessons for Today's Logisticians, March 20, 2003
- ^ Jarymowycz, Roman J., Tank tactics, pp. 216–217
- ^ Decker, Jeffrey W., Logistics and Patton's Third Army
- ^ Berragan, GW (2003). "Higher command and staff course staff ride paper: Who should bear primary responsibility for the culmination of Patton's US third army on the Moselle in 1944? Are there lessons for contemporary campaign planning?" (PDF). Defence Studies 3 (3): 161–72. DOI:10.1080/14702430308405084. http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/968108__783082827.pdf.
- ^ Eisenhower. Stephen Ambrose, pg. 162–164
- ^ Zaloga 2008 Armored Thunderbolt p. 184–193
- ^ von Mellenthin 1971, p. 381–382
- ^ Gooderson 1998, p. 44
- ^ Gooderson 1998, p.85
- ^ McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, Chelsea House Publications, ISBN 0-7910-7435-8, ISBN 978-0-7910-7435-0 (2003), p. 77
- ^ Patton, G.S. and Blumenson, M., The Patton Papers: 1940–1945, p. 599
- ^ Griess, Thomas E. (ed.), The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean, Square One Publishers, ISBN 0-7570-0162-9 (2002), p. 382
- ^ a b McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, p. 75
- ^ Eisenhower, John S.D., The Bitter Woods, Cambridge MA: Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80652-0, ISBN 978-0-306-80652-0 (1995), pp. 356–257
- ^ a b c d Sobel, Brian, The Fighting Pattons, p. 40
- ^ a b McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, p. 77
- ^ McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, pp. 77–78
- ^ McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, pp. 77–79
- ^ Axelrod, Allan, Patton: Lessons In Leadership, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN 978-0-230-61392-8 (2006), p. 149
- ^ Bell, Alison (December 26, 2010). story "A 1944 Christmas miracle for Gen. Patton – Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-1226-then-20101226,0,6693557.story story. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ John MacDonald, (1999). But we are different...Quality for the Service Sector. Management Books, Oxfordshire UK. ISBN 1-85252-123-6
- ^ McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, p. 79
- ^ Wilmot, Chester, Allies Handed Stalin His Victory, Life Magazine, March 10, 1952, p. 132
- ^ Rickard, John N., Patton at bay: the Lorraine campaign, 1944, Dulles, VA: Brassey's Inc., ISBN 1-57488-782-3 (2004), p. 85
- ^ Farago 1964, p. 790. (Originally from Patton's personal journal, published posthumously in the Saturday Evening Post, August 1949)
- ^ Jordan, Jonathan W., Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership that drove the Allied Conquest in Europe, New York: Penguin Group, ISBN 978-1-101-47524-9 (2011)
- ^ Patton, G.S. and Blumenson, M., The Patton Papers, 1940–1945, Cambridge MA: Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80717-3 (1974) p. 655
- ^ "Why Eisenhower's Forces Stopped at the Elbe", Forrest C. Pogue, World Politics, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Apr., 1952), pp. 356–368,(article consists of 13 pages), Published by: Cambridge University Press, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2009127
- ^ U.S. Third Army After Action Report, May 1945, Headquarters, Third U.S. Army, August 1, 1944 – May 9, 1945 VOL. I (Operations) [unclassified]: Third Army After Action reports state that the Third Army captured 765,483 prisoners of war, with an additional 515,205 of the enemy already held in corps and divisional level POW cages processed between May 9 and May 13, 1945, for a total of 1,280,688 POWs. Additionally, Third Army forces killed 144,500 enemy soldiers and wounded 386,200, for a total of 1,811,388 in enemy losses.
- ^ Fuller, Robert P., Last shots for Patton's Third Army, Portland, ME: NETR Press, ISBN 0-9740519-0-X (2004), p. 254: Fuller's review of Third Army records differs only in the number of enemy killed and wounded, stating that between August 1, 1944 and May 9, 1945, 47,500 of the enemy were killed, 115,700 wounded, and 1,280,688 captured (765,483 captured August 1, 1944 to May 9, 1945, with an additional 515,205 prisoners already held in corps and divisional level POW cages processed between May 9 and May 13, 1945). Fuller's combined total of enemy losses is 1,443,888 enemy killed, wounded, or captured by the Third Army.
- ^ U.S. Third Army After Action Report, May 1945, Headquarters, Third U.S. Army, August 1, 1944 – May 9, 1945 VOL. I (Operations) [unclassified]
- ^ Province, Charles M. The Unknown Patton. CMP Publications, 2002. p16.
- ^ "Nuremberg Laws handed over to US National Archives". Daily Telegraph, UK. August 26, 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/world-war-2/7964839/Nuremberg-Laws-handed-over-to-US-National-Archives.html. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ H. L. Woodring Dies at 77; Was Driver in Patton Crash from The New York Times
- ^ "American Battle Monuments Commission". Abmc.gov. 1944-12-29. http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/lx.php. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "The Day of Battle" Rick Atkinson pp. 148 Atkinson's citation from "The Patton Story: He Slapped, He Raged, He Sobbed in Anger," Cincinnati Post, February 28, 1947, 26, from McCormick Research Center, First Division Museum, Cantigny, Ill.
- ^ Wallace 1946, p. 97: Patton was well known for arranging for extra supplies for battlefield soldiers, including blankets and extra socks, galoshes, and other items normally in short supply at the front.
- ^ LeadingMarines.com, The Command and Staff Methods of General George S. Patton Jr. U.S. Army, retrieved April 16, 2011
- ^ Decker, Jeffrey W. (Maj.), Logistics and Patton's Third Army: Lessons for Today's Logisticians, Air & Space Power Journal, March 20, 2003
- ^ The Press: G.I. Mauldin versus G. Patton, Time Magazine, March 26, 1945
- ^ Evans, Colin (2001). Great feuds in history: ten of the liveliest disputes ever. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 151–168. ISBN 0-471-38038-5.
- ^ D'Este 1995, pp. 467–468: Patton recorded that Bradley was "too prone to cut off heads. This will make division commanders lose their confidence."
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 467
- ^ Pinkley, Virgil, Gen. George Patton Believed Himself Greatest Soldier; Entire Army Felt Same Way, reprinted in Nevada State Journal, December 23, 1945, p. 15
- ^ German Listening Comprehension - Amerikanischer Soldatensender AFN (English) (German) german.about.com, The New York Times Company, accessed: 15 December 2011
- ^ The American influence on the role of the radio in post war Bavaria google book review: Der amerikanische Einfluss auf die Rolle des Radios in Nachkriegsbayern, accessed: 15 December 2011
- ^ Robert Wilcox, Target Patton, Regnery, New York, 2008, p. 112.
- ^ Patton. War As I Knew It. p.60
- ^ a b c d e f Victor Davis Hanson (March 29, 2004). "The Claremont Institute – Footnotes to Greatness". Claremont Review of Books (Spring 2004). http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.935/article_detail.asp. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- ^ Stanley P. Hirshson (2003). General Patton: A Soldier's Life. pp. 864 pages. ISBN 0-06-000982-9. http://books.google.com/?id=xOLMGBKbjGUC&pg=PA412&lpg=PA412&dq=%22He+can+be+a+nigger+or+a+Jew%22. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- ^ Wilson, Joe W. The 761st "Black Panther" Tank Battalion in World War II". Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1999. p53.
- ^ The Unknown Patton Chapter Ten (The Patton Philosophy)[dead link]
- ^ "The General and the Admiral". TIME magazine. November 10, 1947. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,793941-2,00.html.
- ^ Patton. War As I Knew It. p.49
- ^ Walter L. Dorn "The Debate Over American Occupation Policy in Germany in 1944–1945" Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 4. (December, 1957), pp. 481–501.
- ^ John Dietrich. The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy (2002) pg. 127
- ^ Mitchell, Arthur, Hitler's Mountain: the Führer, Obersalzberg and the American occupation of Berchtesgaden, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., ISBN 978-0-7864-2458-0 (2007), p. 85
- ^ a b c D'Este 2002, p. 801
- ^ Mitchell, Arthur, Hitler's Mountain, p. 85
- ^ Province, George M., More Than A Tank General, retrieved April 15, 2011: Of all the military operations directed by Gen. Bradley during World War II, Operation Cobra resulted in the only unqualified battlefield success that can be partly be attributed to Bradley, yet was tainted by Bradley's failure to coordinate a coherent preparatory air bombardment, resulting in many Allied casualties. Its success was ensured by the armored breakout and rapid advance of Patton's Third Army.
- ^ a b D'Este 1995, p. 818
- ^ a b Province, George M., More Than A Tank General], retrieved April 15, 2011
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 536: "Patton is indispensable to the war effort – one of the guarantors of our victory."
- ^ a b Bradley, Omar N., A Soldier's Story, New York: Holt Publishing Co., ISBN 0-375-75421-0 (1951), p. 109
- ^ a b D'Este 1995, pp. 466–467
- ^ a b D'Este 2002, pp. 403–404
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 755
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 755: Truman wrote: "Don't see how a country can produce such men as Robert E. Lee, John J. Pershing, Eisenhower, and Bradley and at the same time produce Custers, Pattons, and MacArthurs.
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 451
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 549
- ^ Patton, G.S. (Gen.), and Blumenson, M., The Patton Papers, 1940–45, p. 801
- ^ Hirshson, Stanley P., General Patton: A Soldier's Life, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-000983-7 (2002), p. 562
- ^ David Irving. Hitler's War New York: Viking, 1977. p. 684
- ^ Terry Brighton. Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War. New York: Crown, 2008. p. xvii
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 815
- ^ Blumenson, Martin (1972). The Patton Papers: 1885–1940, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 480–483. ISBN 0-395-12706-8, p. 654
- ^ Sobel, Brian, and Patton, George Smith, The Fighting Pattons, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, ISBN 0-275-95714-4 (1997), p.38
- ^ McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, p. 78
- ^ a b c Marshall, S.L.A., Great Georgie Redone, The Charleston Gazette, Vol. March 4, 21 1970, p. 4
- ^ Marshall, S.L.A., Great Georgie Redone, The Charleston Gazette, Vol. March 4, 21 1970, p. 4: General Eisenhower was only one of many contemporaries who were baffled by the inscrutable nature of Patton's mind, stating "I can't begin to understand how it works."
- ^ Patton, Robert H. (Robert Holerook). The Pattons: A Personal History of an American Family. Crown Publishers, 1994. p. 198.
- ^ D'Este 1995, p. 324
- ^ "Patton Museum – Kentucky". Generalpatton.org. http://www.generalpatton.org/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Patton Museum – California[dead link]
- ^ "Patton Museum – Czech Republic". Patton-memorial.cz. 2000-01-01. http://www.patton-memorial.cz/en/museum/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Museum – Luxembourg". Luxembourg.co.uk. http://www.luxembourg.co.uk/NMMH/patton.html. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton School District – IL". District133.org. http://www.district133.org/default.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Elementary School – CA". Ggusd.k12.ca.us. http://www.ggusd.k12.ca.us/patton/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Elemementary School – CZ". Jtoole.sweb.cz. http://jtoole.sweb.cz/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Elementary School – IL". Education.com. http://www.education.com/schoolfinder/us/illinois/riverdale/gen-george-patton-elem-school/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Junior High School – KS". Patton.usd207.com. http://patton.usd207.com/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Continuation School – CA". Trulia.com. http://www.trulia.com/schools/CA-Harbor_City/George_S._Patton_Continuation_School/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Harmony Church's new classroom
- ^ Patton Hall at Harmony Church
- ^ "Ft Myer O-club". Weddingwire.com. http://www.weddingwire.com/biz/fort-myer-officers-club-ft-myer/a0ab249c68279913.html. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Hall, Shaw AFB, SC". Shaw.af.mil. 2011-06-14. http://www.shaw.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123259965. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Hall, Saumur, France". Preservedtanks.com. http://preservedtanks.com/LocationProfile.aspx?LocationCategoryID=6200. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "300th Army Band". 300armybandlosangeles.org. http://www.300armybandlosangeles.org/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Lacy Park, San Marino, CA". Ci.san-marino.ca.us. http://www.ci.san-marino.ca.us/lacy.htm#information. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Memorial, Avranches, France". Ww2museums.com. http://www.ww2museums.com/article/2326/General-Patton-Memorial.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Monument, Bastogne". Si-bastogne.be. http://www.si-bastogne.be/index.php?lg=fpdb/sibasten&page1=b-visites.htm&page2=b-c-archi.htm&rep=b-visites. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton statue in Dysina, Czech Republic". Gjt.cz. http://www.gjt.cz/?page=militaryclubgpattonstatue. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Boston Esplanade". Boston-discovery-guide.com. http://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/boston-esplanade.html. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Avenue, France" (PDF). http://www.documents.rennes.fr/actus/documents/681CorrespondanceAncNouv.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Hunnicutt
- ^ http://www.golflink.com/golf-courses/course.aspx?course=2045656
- ^ "Patton Community Center". Detroitmi.gov. http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/RecreationDepartment/RecreationCenters/PattonCommunityCenter/tabid/1117/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Park Community Center". Keoonline.com. http://www.keoonline.com/patton.php. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Tuesday, August 24, 2010 (2010-08-24). "Patton Park". Modeldmedia.com. http://www.modeldmedia.com/inthenews/pattonpark082410.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Range". Fortbenningphotos.com. 2011-07-06. http://www.fortbenningphotos.com/keyword/patton%20range#1286016409_Brw7RWX. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Gen. George S. Patton, Jr. Chapter website". Pattonpatriots.org. 2012-03-10. http://www.pattonpatriots.org/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "P.L.A.V. Post #11". Yelp.com. http://www.yelp.com/biz/general-george-s-patton-p-l-a-v-post-11-detroit. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "Patton Stained Glass". Bargaintravelwest.com. 1946-10-13. http://www.bargaintravelwest.com/California_Patton_Memorial_San_Gabriel.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ Patton, George S.. "Through a Glass, Darkly". CMG Worldwide and the Estate of General George S. Patton, Jr. http://www.generalpatton.com/poem.html.
- ^ "A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress". Library of Congress. pp. Box 74 Poetry. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms000001).
- ^ "United States Coast Guard". Uscg.mil. http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/generalpatton.asp. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ "U.S. Generals Decorated" (News in Brief). The Times (London). Friday, September 1, 1944. Issue 49950, col B, p. 7.
- ^ Official Date Of Rank of September 1, 1943
- ^ Official Date Of Rank of September 2, 1943
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
Primary sources[link]
- George S. Patton, Jr., War As I Knew It; Houghton Mifflin
ISBN 0-395-73529-7;(1947/1975); (Soft Cover)
ISBN 0-395-08704-6 (1947/1975); (Hard Cover) - George S. Patton, Jr., The poems of General George S. Patton, Jr.: Lines of fire, edited by Carmine A. Prioli. Edwin Mellen Press, 1991.
- Patton's photographs: War as he saw it, edited by Kevin Hymel. Potomac Books,
ISBN 1-57488-871-4 (2006) (Hard Cover);
ISBN 1-57488-872-2 (2006) (Soft Cover; Alkali Paper). - Blumenson, Martin, The Patton Papers. Vol. 1, 1885–1940,
ISBN 0-395-12706-8 (Hard Cover) Houghton Mifflin Co., 1972. 996 pp.
ISBN 0-306-80717-3 (Soft Cover; Alkali Paper) Da Capo Press; 1998; 996 pp. - Blumenson, Martin, The Patton Papers: Vol. 2, 1940–1945,
ISBN 0-395-18498-3 (Hard Cover); Houghton Mifflin, 1974. 889 pp.
ISBN 0-306-80717-3 (Soft Cover; Alkali Paper); Da Capo Press, 1996. 889 pp. - Patton, Robert H., The Pattons: A Personal History of An American Family,
ISBN 1-57488-127-2 (Soft Cover); Crown Publishers (1994); Brassey's (1996) 320 pp. - Platt, Anthony M. with O'Leary, Cecilia E., Bloodlines: Recovering Hitler's Nuremberg Laws, From Patton's Trophy To Public Memorial,
ISBN 1-59451-140-3 (paperback); Paradigm Publishers, 2006. 268 pp.
Secondary sources[link]
- Axelrod, Alan, Patton: A Biography, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
- Martin Blumenson, Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, 1885–1945 ISBN 0-688-06082-X; 1985
- Blumenson, Martin, The Battle of the Generals: The Untold Story of the Falaise Pocket – the Campaign That Should Have Won World War II; 1993.
- Brighton, Terry, Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War, Crown, (2009). ISBN 978-0-307-46154-4
- D'Este, Carlo (1995). Patton: A Genius for War. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016455-7.
- D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co.. ISBN 0-8050-5687-4.
- Dietrich, Steve E., "The Professional Reading of General George S. Patton, Jr.", Journal of Military History 1989 53(4): 387–418. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext in Jstor
- Eisenhower, John S.D., The Bitter Woods, Cambridge MA: Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80652-0, ISBN 978-0-306-80652-0 (1995)
- Essame, H., Patton: A Study in Command, New York: Scribner & Sons, ISBN 978-0-684-13671-4, ISBN 978-0-684-13671-4, 1st ed. (1974)
- Farago, Ladislas (1964). Patton: Ordeal and Triumph. ISBN 1-59416-011-2.
- Hirshson, Stanley P., General Patton: A Soldier's Life (2002) ISBN 0-06-000982-9
- Jordan, Jonathan W (2011). Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe. NAL. ISBN 978-0-451-23212-0
- McNeese, Tim, Battle of the Bulge, Chelsea House Publications, ISBN 0-7910-7435-8, ISBN 978-0-7910-7435-0 (2003)
- Nye, Roger H., The Patton Mind: The Professional Development of an Extraordinary Leader, Avery; 1993.
- Pullen, John J. "'You Will Be Afraid.'", American Heritage 2005 56(3): 26–29. Issn: 0002-8738 Fulltext in Ebsco. Patton's March 1945 was made famous by the movie, which sanitized it. Patton used harsh and foul language and castigated cowards, or "psychoneurotics", and those who used self-inflicted wounds to get out of combat. The basic message was "shoot and keep shooting."
- Reit, Seymour, Masquerade: The Amazing Camouflage Deceptions of World War II, Hawthorn Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8015-4931-0.
- Rickard, John Nelson. Patton at Bay: The Lorraine Campaign, September to December 1944, Praeger, 1999.
- Rickard, John Nelson. Advance and Destroy: Patton as Commander in the Bulge. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 2011, ISBN 978-1-81313-455-0.
- Showalter, Dennis. Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century (2005). ISBN 978-0-425-20663-8.
- Smith, David Andrew, George S. Patton: A Biography, Greenwood, 2003.
- Spires, David N., Patton's Air Force: Forging a Legendary Air-Ground Team, Smithsonian Inst. Pr., 2002.
- Wallace, Brenton G. (1946). Patton & His Third Army. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8117-2896-X.
- Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945, (1990)
- Wilson, Dale Eldred, 'Treat 'Em Rough'! The United States Army Tank Corps in the First World War; Temple U. Press (1990).
- Zaloga, Steven, Armored Thunderbolt, Stackpole, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George S. Patton |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George S. Patton |
- The Patton Society Homepage
- Cadet Patton at VMI Virginia Military Institute Archives
- On Spartacus Schoolnet
- General George Patton Museum
- Patton: Ordeal and Triumph by Ladislas Farago
- archived version of Patton Uncovered
- Lost Victory – Strasbourg, November 1944
- National Museum of Military History
- General Patton: Rare and Unseen – slideshow by Life magazine
- Letter by Eisenhower where he comments on Patton's "unpredictable" behavior.
- Cyd Upson; Michael Weiss (December 18, 2008). "Conspiracy Theories: The Mysterious Death Of General Patton". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,469688,00.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009. "Was General George S. Patton murdered?"
- The General George S. Patton Story, United States Army, from The Big Picture, narrated by Ronald Reagan
- Booknotes interview with Carlo D'Este on Patton: A Genius for War, January 28, 1996.
- The short film The General George S. Patton Story is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Sir Thomas Beecham Walter F. George Matthew Ridgway |
Cover of Time Magazine April 12, 1943 July 26, 1943 April 9, 1945 |
Succeeded by Manuel Ávila Camacho Ingrid Bergman Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Courtney Hodges |
Commanding General of the Third United States Army 1944–1945 |
Succeeded by Lucian K. Truscott |
| Preceded by First |
Commanding General of the Seventh United States Army July 10, 1943 – January 1, 1944 |
Succeeded by Mark Wayne Clark |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Patton, George S. |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | United States Army general |
| Date of birth | November 11, 1885 |
| Place of birth | San Gabriel, California |
| Date of death | December 21, 1945 |
| Place of death | Heidelberg, Germany |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jerry Goldsmith | |
|---|---|
 Goldsmith conducts the London Symphony Orchestra, 2003 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jerrald King Goldsmith |
| Born | (1929-02-10)February 10, 1929 Los Angeles, California |
| Died | July 21, 2004(2004-07-21) (aged 75) Beverly Hills, California |
| Genres | Film score, Contemporary classical music |
| Occupations | composer and conductor |
| Years active | 1951 - 2004 |
Jerrald King "Jerry" Goldsmith (February 10, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was an American composer and conductor most known for his work in film and television scoring.
He composed scores for such noteworthy films as The Sand Pebbles, Planet of the Apes, Patton, Chinatown, The Wind and the Lion, The Omen, The Boys from Brazil, Alien, Poltergeist, Gremlins, Hoosiers, Total Recall, Basic Instinct, Rudy, Air Force One, L.A. Confidential, Mulan, The Mummy, three Rambo films, and five Star Trek films. He was nominated for six Grammy Awards, nine Golden Globes, four BAFTAs, and seventeen Academy Awards. In 1977 he was awarded an Oscar for The Omen.
He collaborated with some of the most prolific directors in film history, including Robert Wise (The Sand Pebbles, Star Trek: The Motion Picture), Howard Hawks (Rio Lobo), Otto Preminger (In Harm's Way), Joe Dante (Gremlins, The 'Burbs, Small Soldiers), Roman Polanski (Chinatown), Ridley Scott (Alien, Legend), Steven Spielberg (Poltergeist, Twilight Zone: The Movie), and Paul Verhoeven (Total Recall, Basic Instinct). However, his most notable collaboration was arguably that with Franklin J. Schaffner, for whom Goldsmith scored such films as Planet of the Apes, Patton, Papillon, and The Boys from Brazil.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
File:YoungGoldsmith.jpg
Jerry Goldsmith as a child.
Goldsmith, who was Jewish, was born 10 February 1929 in Los Angeles, California.[1] His parents were Tessa (née Rappaport), an artist, and Morris Goldsmith, a structural engineer.[2] He started playing piano at age six, but only "got serious" by the time he was eleven. At the age of thirteen he studied piano privately with legendary concert pianist and educator Jakob Gimpel[3] (whom Goldsmith would later employ to perform piano solos in his score to The Mephisto Waltz) and by the age of sixteen he was studying both theory and counterpoint under Italian composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, who also tutored such noteworthy composers and musicians as Henry Mancini, Nelson Riddle, Herman Stein, André Previn, Marty Paich, and John Williams.
At the age of sixteen, Goldsmith saw the movie Spellbound (1945) in theaters and was inspired by the soundtrack by veteran composer Miklós Rózsa to pursue a career in music. Goldsmith later enrolled and attended the University of Southern California where he was able to attend courses by Rózsa, but dropped out in favor of a more "practical music program" at the Los Angeles City College.[4] There he was able to coach singers, work as an assistant choral director, play piano accompaniment, and work as an assistant conductor.[5]
Film and television scoring[link]
1950s and work at CBS[link]
In 1950, Goldsmith found work at CBS as a clerk typist in the network's music department under director Lud Gluskin.[5] There he began writing scores for such radio shows as CBS Radio Workshop, Frontier Gentleman, and Romance. In an interview with Andy Velez from BarnesandNoble.com, Goldsmith stated, "It was about 1950. CBS had a workshop, and once a week the employees, whatever their talents, whether they were ushers or typists, would produce a radio show. But you had to be an employee. They needed someone to do music, and I knew someone there who said I'd be great for this. I'd just gotten married and needed a job, so they faked a typing test for me. Then I could do these shows. About six months later, the music department heard what I did, liked it, and gave me a job."[6] He later progressed into scoring such live CBS television shows as Climax! and Playhouse 90. He also scored multiple episodes of the hit television series The Twilight Zone. He remained at CBS until 1960, after which he moved on to Revue Studios, where he would later compose music for such television shows as Dr. Kildare and The Man from U.N.C.L.E..[5]
His feature film debut occurred when he composed the music to the western Black Patch (1957). He continued with scores to such films as the western Face of a Fugitive (1957) and the science fiction film City of Fear (1959).[7]
1960s[link]
Jerry Goldsmith began the decade composing for such television shows as Dr. Kildare and Thriller as well as the drama film The Spiral Road (1960). However, he only began receiving widespread name recognition after his intimate score to the classic western Lonely Are the Brave (1962). His involvement in the picture was the result of a recommendation by veteran composer Alfred Newman who had been impressed with Goldsmith’s score on the television show Thriller and took it upon himself to recommend Goldsmith to the head of Universal Pictures’ music department, despite having never met him.[8] That same year, Goldsmith composed the mostly atonal and dissonant score to the pseudo-biopic Freud (1962) that focused on a five-year period of the life of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Goldsmith’s score went on to garner him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, though he lost to fellow first-time nominee Maurice Jarre for his music to Lawrence of Arabia (1962). In 1963, Goldsmith composed a score to The Stripper, his first collaboration with director Franklin J. Schaffner for whom Goldsmith would later score the motion pictures Planet of the Apes (1968), Patton (1970), Papillon (1973), and The Boys from Brazil (1978).[7]
Following his success with Lonely Are the Brave and Freud, Goldsmith went on to achieve even more critical recognition with the theme music to The Man from U.N.C.L.E (1964), and scores to such films as the western Rio Conchos (1964), the political thriller Seven Days in May (1964), the romantic drama A Patch of Blue (1965), the epic war film In Harm's Way (1965) (in which Goldsmith also made a brief cameo appearance),[9] the World War I aviation film The Blue Max (1966), the period naval war epic The Sand Pebbles (1966), the thriller Warning Shot (1967), the western Hour of the Gun (1967), and the controversial mystery The Detective (1968).[10] Goldsmith's scores to A Patch of Blue and The Sand Pebbles garnered him his second and third Oscar nominations, respectively, and were both one of the 250 nominees for the American Film Institute’s top twenty-five American film scores.[11] His scores for Seven Days in May and The Sand Pebbles also garnered Goldsmith his first two respective Golden Globe nominations for Best Original Score in 1965 and 1967.[12] During this time, he also composed for many lighter, comedic films such as the family comedy The Trouble with Angels (1966), the James Bond parodies Our Man Flint (1966) and its sequel In Like Flint (1967), and the comedy The Flim-Flam Man (1967).[7]
In 1968, Jerry Goldsmith caught massive critical attention with his landmark, controversial soundtrack to the post-apocalyptic science fiction epic Planet of the Apes (1968), which was one of the first film scores to be written entirely in an Avant garde style. When scoring Planet of the Apes, Goldsmith used such innovative techniques as looping drums into an echoplex, using the orchestra to imitate the grunting sounds of apes, having horns blown without mouthpieces, and instructing the woodwind players to finger their keys without using any air. He also used steel mixing bowls, among other objects, to create unique percussive sounds.[7] The score went on to garner Goldsmith another Oscar nomination for Best Original Score and now ranks in #18 on the American Film Institute’s top twenty-five American film scores.[11] Though he did not return to compose for its sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Goldsmith scored the third installment in the Planet of the Apes franchise, Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971).
Goldsmith concluded the decade with scores to such films as the western Bandolero! (1968), the spy thriller The Chairman (1969), the science fiction film The Illustrated Man (1969), and the western 100 Rifles (1969). In 1969, he also composed the theme to the comedy-drama television series Room 222.[7]
1970s[link]
Goldsmith received more critical praise with his pompous, daring music to the World War II biopic Patton (1970). Throughout the score, Goldsmith used an echoplex to loop recorded sounds of "call to war" triplets played on the trumpet that musically represented General George S. Patton's belief in reincarnation. The main theme also consisted of a symphonic march accompanied by a pipe organ to represent the militaristic yet deeply religious nature of the protagonist.[13] The music to Patton subsequently earned Goldsmith an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score and was one of the American Film Institute's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11] Goldsmith's critical success continued with his emotional score to the prison escape film Papillon (1973), which also earned him a nomination for an Academy Award and a nomination for the AFI's top twenty-five American film scores.[11]
In 1974, Goldsmith was faced with the daunting task of replacing a score by composer Phillip Lambro to the neo-film noir Chinatown. With only ten days to compose and record an entirely new score, Jerry Goldsmith quickly produced a score that mixed an eastern music sound with elements of jazz in an ensemble that only featured a trumpet, four pianos, four harps, two percussionists, and a string section.[14][15] Goldsmith received an Academy Award nomination for his efforts though he lost to Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola for The Godfather Part II. The score to Chinatown is often regarded as one of the greatest scores of all time and ranks #9 on AFI's top 25 American film scores.[11] It was also nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Score.[12]
Goldsmith earned more critical praise with his score to the epic period adventure film The Wind and the Lion (1975), which, true to the style of such Golden Age scores as Maurice Jarre's Lawrence of Arabia, relied upon a diverse ensemble including many Morrocan instruments and a large percussion section.[16] The score garnered Goldsmith an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, though he lost to fellow composer John Williams for his score to Jaws. The Wind and the Lion was also one of AFI's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11]
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In 1976, Goldsmith composed a dark choral score to the horror movie The Omen, which was the first film score to feature the use of a choir in an Avant-garde style.[17] The score was successful among critics and garnered Goldsmith his first (and ultimately only) Academy Award for Best Original Score and a nomination for Best Original Song for "Ave Satani".[18] It was also one of AFI's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11] His wife, Carol Heather Goldsmith, also wrote lyrics and performed a vocal track titled "The Piper Dreams" released solely on the soundtrack album.[17] Goldsmith would go on to compose for two more entrees in the franchise; Damien: Omen II (1978) and Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981).
He continued to have critical success with scores to such films as the dystopian science fiction Logan's Run (1976), the period drama Islands in the Stream (1977) (which remained one of his personal favorites),[19] the science fiction suspense Coma (1978), the science fiction thriller Capricorn One (1978), the disaster film The Swarm (1978), the period comedy The Great Train Robbery (1979), and his Oscar nominated score to the science fiction thriller The Boys from Brazil (1978), in which he utilized lively waltzes to juxtapose the horrific concept of the film, cloning Adolf Hitler.[20]
In 1979, Goldsmith composed a score to the landmark science fiction film Alien. His score featured an orchestra augmented by a shofar, didgeridoo, steel drum, and serpent (a 16th century instrument), while creating further "alien" sounds by filtering string pizzicati through an echoplex. Many of the instruments were used in such atypical ways they were virtually unidentifiable. His score was, however, heavily edited during post-production and Goldsmith was required to rewrite music for several scenes. The final score resulted in several pieces being moved, replaced, or cut entirely. Director Ridley Scott and editor Terry Rawlings also, without the consent of Goldsmith, purchased the rights to the "Main Title" from Freud (1962) which they used during the acid blood sequence.[21] Despite the heavy edits and rewrites, Goldsmith's score to Alien earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score[12] and was one of AFI's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11]
That same year, Goldsmith concluded the decade composing what is widely considered his most recognized and celebrated score for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979).[22] Having been the initial choice of Gene Roddenberry to compose the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage" yet being unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts, Goldsmith was the first pick of both Paramount Pictures and director Robert Wise to compose a score for The Motion Picture.[23] Goldsmith's initial main theme was not well-received by the filmmakers, director Robert Wise stating, "It sounds like sailing ships". Though somewhat irked by its rejection, Goldsmith consented to re-work his initial idea and finally arrived at the majestic Star Trek theme which was ultimately used.[24] The film's soundtrack also provided a debut for the Blaster Beam, an electronic instrument 12 to 15 feet (3.7 to 4.6 m) long, created by musician Craig Huxley.[25][26] The Blaster had steel wires connected to amplifiers fitted to the main piece of aluminum; the device was played with an artillery shell. Goldsmith heard it and immediately decided to use it for V'Ger's cues.[27] An enormous pipe organ first plays the V'Ger theme on the Enterprise's approach, a literal indication of the machine's power.[28] His score for The Motion Picture earned him nominations for the Academy Awards, Golden Globes,[12] and was one of AFI's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11] Goldsmith would later compose the scores for Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989), Star Trek: First Contact (1996), Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), and Star Trek: Nemesis (2002), as well as the theme to the television series Star Trek: Voyager in 1995. In addition, his theme for The Motion Picture, as arranged by Dennis McCarthy, was reused as the theme for Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1987.[29][30]
1980s[link]
Throughout the 1980s, Goldsmith found himself increasingly scoring science fiction and fantasy films in the ongoing wake of the successful Star Wars (1977) composing for such films as the The Omen sequels Damien: Omen II (1978) and Omen III: The Final Conflict (1981), the space western Outland (1981), the animated fantasy The Secret of NIMH (1982), and the episodic fantasy mystery Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), which he composed in four different styles to accompany the four parts of the film.[31]
In 1982, Goldsmith was hired to compose the music to the classic Tobe Hooper directed, Steven Spielberg produced fantasy horror Poltergeist. He wrote several themes for Poltergeist including a gentle lullaby for the protagonist Carol Anne and her family's suburban life, a semi-religious theme for scenes concerning the souls trapped between the two worlds, and bombastic atonal bursts during scenes of horror.[32] The score for Poltergeist garnered him a nomination for an Academy Award, though he lost again to fellow composer John Williams for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). Goldsmith later returned in 1986 to compose the more synthetic score to Poltergeist II, the first of its two sequels.[33]
He did, however, still manage to compose for such non-fantasy productions as the period television miniseries Masada (1981) (for which he won an Emmy Award), the controversial war film Inchon (1982), the action classic First Blood (1982), and his Oscar and Golden Globe nominated score to the political drama Under Fire (1983) in which he used the ethnic sounds of a South American pan flute, synthetic elements, and the prominently featured solo work of jazz guitarist Pat Metheny.[12][34]
Throughout the decade, many of his compositions became increasingly laced with synthetic elements such as his scores for the horror sequel Psycho II (1983), the comedy horror film Gremlins (1984) (for which he won a Saturn Award for Best Music),[35] the fantasy superhero adaptation Supergirl (1984), the fantasy adventure Legend (1985) (initially heard only in European prints and then years later in a 2002 director's cut),[36] the action sequel Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985), the family fantasy Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985), and the fantasy horror Poltergeist II (1986).[7] His incorporation of synthesizers, orchestra, and the recorded sounds of basketball hits on a gymnasium floor also garnered him another Academy Award nomination for his innovative and critically acclaimed score to the dramatic sports movie Hoosiers (1986), though he lost to Herbie Hancock for Round Midnight.[37]
Goldsmith finished out the decade with noteworthy scores to such films as the medieval adventure Lionheart (1987), the science fiction comedy Innerspace (1987), Rambo III (1988), the science fiction horror Leviathan (1989), and Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989), his second Star Trek film score.[7] Goldsmith's score to Leviathan (1989) is notable for having incorporated the use of recorded whale sounds during the main titles.[38] His critically acclaimed comedy score to The 'Burbs (1989) is also noteworthy for the use of pipe organ, recorded dog barking sound effects, and for parodying the trumpet "call to war" triplets on an echoplex from his previous score to Patton (1970).[39]
1990s[link]
In 1990, Jerry Goldsmith received critical acclaim for his score to the romantic drama The Russia House, which featured a unique mixture of Russian music and jazz to complement the nationalities and characteristics of the two main characters.[40] He also composed critically acclaimed music for the science fiction action film Total Recall (1990), which Goldsmith later regarded as one of his best scores.[41] Other noteworthy scores of the era include Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) (in which Goldsmith also made a brief cameo appearance),[42] the psychological thriller Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), the family comedy Mom and Dad Save the World (1991), the fantasy romance Forever Young (1992), the thriller The Vanishing (1993), and the family comedy Dennis the Menace (1993).[7] In 1992, Goldsmith also composed a critically acclaimed score for the medical drama Medicine Man.[43] In concert, Goldsmith would later recount a story of how actor Sean Connery copied Goldsmith's signature ponytail hairstyle for his character Robert Campbell in the film. In the film's closing credits Goldsmith is listed as "hair designer".
In 1992, Goldsmith composed and conducted a score to the erotic thriller Basic Instinct. The soundtrack, an unsettling hybrid of orchestral and electronic elements, garnered him yet another Academy Award nomination as well as a Golden Globe nomination[12] and was later regarded by the composer as one of his most challenging works.[44][45] In 1993, Goldsmith also wrote an acclaimed score for the classic sports film Rudy,[46] which has since been used in the trailers for numerous films including Angels in the Outfield (1994), Good Will Hunting (1997), Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002), and Seabiscuit (2003).[47]
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Goldsmith composed acclaimed scores for such films as the superhero adaptation The Shadow (1994), the thriller The River Wild (1994), the romantic comedy I.Q. (1994), the action film Congo (1995), the fantasy adventure First Knight (1995), the science fiction drama Powder (1995), the action film Executive Decision (1996), and his third Star Trek film installment Star Trek: First Contact (1996) which he composed with his son Joel Goldsmith.[48] In 1995, Goldsmith also composed the theme for the UPN series Star Trek: Voyager for which he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music.
In 1996, Goldsmith composed the critically successful score to the horror action film The Ghost and the Darkness which featured a traditional Irish folk melody interwoven with African rhythms.[49] In 1997, he was hired to replace a score by Randy Newman for Air Force One. Goldsmith, with the assistance of composer Joel McNeely, completed the brassy, heroic score in only twelve days.[50] In 1997, Goldsmith also composed a percussive, jazzy score for the critically acclaimed crime drama L.A. Confidential.[51] His score garnered him nominations for the Oscars, Golden Globes, and was also one of AFI's 250 nominees for the top twenty-five American film scores.[11][12]
In 1997, he composed a new theme for the Universal Studios opening logo, first heard in The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997).[52] He also continued with scores for such films as the survival drama The Edge (1997), the science fiction horror Deep Rising (1998), and the action thriller U.S. Marshals (1998).[7] In 1998, he also composed a score of combined eastern, orchestral, and synthetic elements for the Disney animated film Mulan, which subsequently earned him his final Oscar and Golden Globe nominations along with songwriter Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel.[12][53]
Goldsmith concluded the decade with critically successful scores to such popular movies as the action film Small Soldiers (1998), his penultimate Star Trek film Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), the action adventure horror The Mummy (1999), the horror film The Haunting (1999), and the action adventure The 13th Warrior (1999).[7] In 1999, he also composed "Fanfare for Oscar" for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[52]
2000s and final scores[link]
During the early 2000s, Goldsmith composed scores to the science fiction thriller Hollow Man (2000), the mystery film Along Came a Spider (2001), the drama The Last Castle (2001), the action/political thriller The Sum of All Fears (2002), and his last Star Trek film Star Trek: Nemesis (2002), which would also be the last film to feature the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[7] Goldsmith also composed an original score to the simulator attraction Soarin' Over California which debuted 8 February 2001 at the Disneyland Resort, and the same attraction Soarin' which opened 5 May 2005 in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. It was later said that when Goldsmith first rode the ride, he left it crying and saying, "I'd do anything to be part of this project. I'd even score the film for free."[54]
Goldsmith's final theatrical score, composed during declining health, was the critically acclaimed music for the live action/animated film Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003), directed by long-time Goldsmith collaborator Joe Dante.[55] His last collaboration was with another long-time collaborator, Richard Donner (for whom Goldsmith had scored The Omen in 1976), on the science fiction film Timeline (2003). However, due to a complicated post-production process, Goldsmith's score was rejected and replaced by a new score by composer Brian Tyler. Goldsmith's rejected score was later released on CD, 7 September 2004 through Varèse Sarabande, not long after his death in 2004. The album quickly became out of print and has since become a sought rarity among soundtrack collectors.[56]
Concert works[link]
- Toccata for Solo Guitar
In the 1950s, Goldsmith composed "Toccata for Solo Guitar".[57] The music was later performed and recorded by Gregg Nestor and released through BSX Records 5 January 2010.
- The Thunder of Imperial Names
In 1957, Goldsmith composed the patriotic piece based on a text by Thomas Wolfe titled "The Thunder of Imperial Names" for concert band and narration, which first appeared on the CBS Radio Workshop episode "1489 Words".[58] "The Thunder of Imperial Names" was later performed and re-recorded in 2006 by the United States Air Force Tactical Command Band under conductor Lowell E. Graham and narrated by Gary McKenzie.[57]
- Christus Apollo
In 1969, the California Chamber Symphony commissioned Goldsmith to compose a cantata based on the text "Christus Apollo" by science fiction author Ray Bradbury, with whom Goldsmith had previously worked on dramatic radio and later the film The Illustrated Man (1969). The piece, written in four parts, consisted of orchestra, choir, mezzo-soprano solo, and narration. Goldsmith composed the piece largely using the 12-tone system, later stating, "I feel there is a great relationship between impressionism and dodecaphonicism and that was the musical language I wanted for 'Christus Apollo'."[59] For the 2002 Telarc album release, "Christus Apollo" was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, mezzo-soprano Eirian James, and narrated by actor Anthony Hopkins.[60]
- Music for Orchestra
In 1970, Goldsmith was approached by conductor Leonard Slatkin to compose a short piece for the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. The atonal, bombastic composition was written in three sections developed from one common 12-tone row including the "turbulent" first section, the "introspective" second section, and climaxing in a "very agitated" third section.[60] Goldsmith later reflected that the piece was a result of much turbulence in his life, stating, "I was going through a divorce and my mother was seriously ill with cancer." Goldsmith continued, "All of my personal turmoil - pain, anger, and sorrow - went into writing 'Music for Orchestra' in strict dodecaphonic form."[59]
- Fireworks (A Celebration of Los Angeles)
In 1999, Goldsmith composed the energetic "Fireworks" (A Celebration of Los Angeles) to conclude his first concert series with the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl.[60] Looking back on the experience, Goldsmith later said, "After starting to write what was to be a big fireworks extravaganza, I realized that I was writing about the city where I was born and had lived my entire life. I decided instead to make the piece a grand celebration of my childhood, growing years, my years of maturity, and all the events that climaxed with my first appearance at the Hollywood Bowl."[59]
Legacy[link]
Jerry Goldsmith has often been considered one of the most innovative and influential composers in the history of film music.[7] While presenting Goldsmith with a Career Achievement Award from the Society for the Preservation of Film Music in 1993, fellow composer Henry Mancini (Breakfast at Tiffany's, The Pink Panther) said of Goldsmith, "...he has instilled two things in his colleagues in this town. One thing he does, he keeps us honest. And the second one is he scares the hell out of us."[61] In his review of the 1999 re-issue of the Star Trek: The Motion Picture soundtrack, Bruce Eder highly praised Goldsmith's ability, stating, "...one of the new tracks, 'Spock's Arrival,' may be the closest that Goldsmith has ever come to writing serious music in a pure Romantic idiom; this could have been the work of Rimsky-Korsakov or Stravinsky -- it's that good."[62] In a 2001 interview, film composer Marco Beltrami (3:10 to Yuma, The Hurt Locker) stated, "Without Jerry, film music would probably be in a different place than it is now. I think he, more than any other composer bridged the gap between the old hollywood scoring style and the the [sic] modern film composer."[63]
In 2006, upon composing The Omen (a remake of the Goldsmith scored 1976 film), composer Marco Beltrami dedicated his score to Goldsmith, which also included an updated arrangement of "Ave Satani" titled "Omen 76/06".[64] Likewise, when composer Brian Tyler was commissioned in 2012 to update the Universal Studios logo for the Universal centennial, he retained the "classic melody" originally composed by Goldsmith in 1997, opting to "bring it into the 21st century."[65]
Personal life[link]
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Goldsmith was married twice. He was first married to Sharon Hennagin in 1950 which ended in their divorce in 1970. He later married Carol Heather in 1972 and the couple remained together until his death in 2004. His oldest son Joel Goldsmith (1957 - 2012)[66] was also a composer and collaborated with his father on the score for Star Trek: First Contact, composing approximately twenty-two minutes of the score.[48] Jerry Goldsmith also conducted Joel's theme for The Untouchables and composed the theme for the pilot Hollister, scored by Joel.[citation needed] Goldsmith's daughter, Carrie Goldsmith, went to high school with famed Titanic composer James Horner,[3] who also composed music for Star Trek's second and third movies: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. Carrie Goldsmith was working on a biography of her father, though the book has been suspended indefinitely for unspecified reasons.[3]
Goldsmith died at his Beverly Hills home on July 21, 2004 after a battle with colon cancer at the age of 75. He is survived by his wife Carol and his children Aaron, Joel (died April 29, 2012), Carrie, Ellen Edson, and Jennifer Grossman.[7]
List of movies and series[link]
1950s[link]
- The Lineup (1954) (TV series)
- Climax! (1954) (TV series)
- Black Patch (1957)
- Face of a Fugitive (1959)
- City of Fear (1959)
- Playhouse 90 (1959) (TV series)
- The Twilight Zone (1959) (TV series)
1960s[link]
1970s[link]
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|
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1980s[link]
1990s[link]
2000s[link]
- Hollow Man (2000)
- Soarin' Over California (2001) (simulator ride)
- Along Came a Spider (2001)
- The Last Castle (2001)
- The Sum of All Fears (2002)
- Star Trek: Nemesis (2002)
- Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)
- Timeline (rejected) (2003)
Awards and nominations[link]
Over the course of his career, Goldsmith received a total of 18 Academy Award nominations, making him one of the most nominated composers in the history of the Academy Awards. Despite this Goldsmith only won the Oscar on one occasion, for his score to the 1976 film The Omen. This makes Goldsmith the most nominated composer to have only won an Oscar on one occasion.
AFI[link]
The American Film Institute respectively ranked Goldsmith's scores for Chinatown (1974) and Planet of the Apes (1968) #9 and #18 on their list of the 25 greatest film scores.[11] He is one of only five composers to have more than one score featured in the list, including Elmer Bernstein, Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner, and John Williams. His scores for the following films were also nominated for inclusion:
- Alien (1979)
- L.A. Confidential (1997)
- The Omen (1976)
- Papillon (1973)
- A Patch of Blue (1965)
- Patton (1970)
- The Sand Pebbles (1966)
- Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)
- The Wind and the Lion (1975)
Accolades[link]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=6txLUzGQ9eYC&pg=PA96&dq=%22jerry+goldsmith%22+jewish&hl=en&ei=jVlHTvKbMIrX0QHeiqnIAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22jerry%20goldsmith%22%20jewish&f=false
- ^ Jerry Goldsmith Biography (1929-) at filmreference.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ a b c Goldsmith, Carrie. "Preview of The Aborted Jerry Goldsmith Biography". Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Jerry Goldsmith 1989 interview on Sand Pebbles part 2 on YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ a b c "Jerry Goldsmith - Archive Interview (entire)" on YouTube by Jon Burlingame. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Velez, Andy. "Evening the Score" Artist Interview: Jerry Goldsmith. BarnesandNoble.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Clemmensen, Christian. Jerry Goldsmith (1929-2004) tribute at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- ^ "Lonely Are The Brave (1962) - Profile of Jerry Goldsmith" with Robert Townson on YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ "Jerry Goldsmith cameo from IN HARM'S WAY (1965)". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Jerry Goldsmith 1989 interview on Sand Pebbles" part 1 at YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k AFI's 100 Years Of Film Scores from the American Film Institute. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jerry Goldsmith, Best Original Score - Motion Picture nominations and wins at the Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Patton soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "Jerry Goldsmith - Chinatown Interview" at YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ Teachout, Terry (2009-07-10). "The Perfect Film Score: At 35, Goldsmith’s ‘Chinatown’ sounds better than ever" article at the Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. The Wind and the Lion soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ a b Clemmensen, Christian. The Omen soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "Jerry Goldsmith wins the Oscar" Jerry Goldsmith's Oscar speech on YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Islands in the Stream soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. The Boys from Brazil soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Alien soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Star Trek: The Motion Picture soundtrack review at Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Roberts, Jerry (1995-09-08). "Tapping a rich vein of gold; Jerry Goldsmith's music is as varied as the films he's scored". Daily Variety.
- ^ Star Trek: The Motion Picture Director's Edition DVD special features. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Staff (2004-07-24). "Jerry Goldsmith, Composer for such films as Chinatown and The Omen". The Daily Telegraph: p. 27.
- ^ Morrison, Mairi (1987-01-04). "Otherworldly Sounds". The Washington Post: p. G3.
- ^ Goldsmith, Jerry. Star Trek: The Motion Picture Directors Edition [Disc 2]. Special features: Commentary.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Star Trek: The Motion Picture soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Associated Press (2004-07-24). "TV, Film Composer Jerry Goldsmith, 75". The Washington Post: p. B4. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10523-2004Jul23.html. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ King, Susan; John Thurber (2004-07-23). "Jerry Goldsmith, 75, prolific film composer". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2004/07/23/jerry_goldsmith_75_prolific_film_composer/. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Twilight Zone: The Movie soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Poltergeist soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Poltergeist II: The Other Side soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Under Fire soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Film Awards: Best Music at the Saturn Awards. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Legend soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Hoosiers soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Leviathan soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. The 'Burbs soundtrack review. Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. The Russia House soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Total Recall soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Gremlins 2: The New Batch soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Medicine Man soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Basic Instinct soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "Blonde Poison": The Making of Basic Instinct Part 2 at YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Rudy soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Rudy (1993) trailer usage at SoundtrackNet. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ a b Clemmensen, Christian. Star Trek: First Contact soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. The Ghost and the Darkness soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Air Force One soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. L.A. Confidential soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ a b "Jerry Goldsmith Works - Fanfares" at Jerry Goldsmith Online. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Mulan soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Jim Hill Media. "The new Disney California Adventure Official Album". http://www.laughingplace.com/News-ID115170.asp. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Looney Tunes: Back in Action soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian. Timeline soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ a b Jerry Goldsmith Works - Concert Works And Ballet at Jerry Goldsmith Online. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
- ^ The CBS Radio Workshop Theater of the Mind "1489 Words" 1957 full episode at nostalgia-radio.com. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
- ^ a b c Goldsmith, Jerry (1999). Liner note. "Christus Apollo", composed and conducted by Jerry Goldsmith.
- ^ a b c Coleman, Christopher. "Spiritual Fiction: 'Christus Apollo' by Jerry Goldsmith" review at Tracksounds.com. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
- ^ "Film Music Masters: Jerry Goldsmith" part 7/7. YouTube. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ Eder, Bruce. "Star Trek: The Motion Picture (20th Anniversary Collectors Edition)" soundtrack review. Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ Groult, Florent (September, 2001). "Goldsmith by Beltrami : master and student". UnderScores: Musique de Film. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ Clemmensen, Christian (1 February 2012). "The Omen (2006): Marco Beltrami". Filmtracks.com. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/omen06.html. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ "Brian Tyler - Universal Studios Centennial Logo Behind the Scenes". YouTube. 5 March 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sazcPopqBJE. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
- ^ Burlingame, Jon (30 April 2012). "Composer Joel Goldsmith dies at 54". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118053333?refCatId=16. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Thomas, Tony: Music For The Movies (1973)
- Thomas, Tony: Film Score (1979)
- Brown, Royal S.: Overtones And Undertones (1994)
- Büdinger, Matthias: "A Patch Of Goldsmith". In: Soundtrack vol. 8, No. 69, p. 46-48
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jerry Goldsmith |
- Jerry Goldsmith at the Internet Movie Database
- Jerry Goldsmith at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
- Jerry Goldsmith Online
- StarTrek.com Creative Staff Profile
- Jerry Goldsmith at Soundtrackguide.net
- Jerry Goldsmith at The Danish Filmmusic Society (DFS)
- Jerry Goldsmith Discography at SoundtrackCollector.com
- Jerry Goldsmith at Epdlp
- Jerry Goldsmith Film Music Society
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Goldsmith, Jerry |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1929-02-10 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California |
| Date of death | 2004-07-21 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California |
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For the New Zealand rugby league player, see Mike Patton (rugby league).
| Mike Patton | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Allan Patton |
| Born | (1968-01-27) January 27, 1968 (age 44) Eureka, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Various |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, actor, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, various electronic instrumentation/programming, sampler, drums, percussions, bass, guitar, keyboards |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | Ipecac, Tzadik, Warner Bros. Records, Slash |
| Associated acts | Faith No More, Mr. Bungle, Fantômas, Tomahawk, Peeping Tom, Lovage, John Zorn, Kaada/Patton, Dillinger Escape Plan, Hemophiliac, Maldoror, General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners, Rahzel, Zu, |
Michael Allan "Mike" Patton (born January 27, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, and actor, best known as the lead singer of the experimental rock/alternative metal band Faith No More. He was also the founder and lead singer of Mr. Bungle, and has played with Tomahawk, Fantômas, Lovage, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Peeping Tom.
Known for his eclectic influences and experimental projects, Patton has earned critical praise for his diverse vocalization. He has many producer or co-producer credits with artists such as John Zorn, Sepultura, Melvins, Melt-Banana, and Kool Keith. He co-founded Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman in 1999, and has run the label since.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early years[link]
Patton was born and raised in Eureka, California, where he formed Mr. Bungle, with Trey Spruance and Trevor Dunn, in 1984. During the late '80s Mr Bungle recorded the cassette-only recordings, The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny, Goddammit I Love America, Bowel of Chiley and OU818, featuring tracks that would later be included on their first Warner Brothers album.
Joining Faith No More[link]
Patton joined Faith No More in January 1989 replacing Chuck Mosley, who then played with Cement.
Faith No More's The Real Thing was released later that year. The album reached the top ten on the US charts, thanks largely to MTV's heavy rotation of the "Epic" music video, (which featured Patton in a Mr. Bungle T-shirt[1]).
In the United States, Faith No More released three more studio albums; (Angel Dust, King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime, and Album of the Year) Faith No More officially disbanded in 1998.[citation needed]
When interviewed about his lyrical content with Faith No More, Patton responded, "I think that too many people think too much about my lyrics. I am more a person who works more with the sound of a word than with its meaning. Often I just choose the words because of the rhythm, not because of the meaning".[2]
Mr. Bungle and beyond[link]
During his time in Faith No More, Patton continued to work with Mr. Bungle. His success in mainstream rock and metal ultimately helped secure Mr. Bungle a record deal with Warner Bros.[3] The band released a self-titled album (produced by John Zorn) in 1991, and the experimental Disco Volante[4] in 1995. Their final album, California, was released in 1999.
Patton's other projects included two solo albums on the Composer Series of John Zorn's Tzadik label, (Adult Themes for Voice in 1996 and Pranzo Oltranzista in 1997). He is a member of Hemophiliac, in which he performs vocal effects along with John Zorn on saxophone and Ikue Mori on laptop electronics. This group is billed as "improvisational music from the outer reaches of madness".[citation needed] He has also guested on Painkiller and Naked City recordings. He has also on other Tzadik releases with Zorn and others.
In 1998, Patton formed the avant-garde metal supergroup Fantômas with Buzz Osbourne (of The Melvins), Trevor Dunn (of Mr. Bungle), and Dave Lombardo of Slayer. They have released four studio albums. The band is still together as of July 2011.
There have been several projects over the years featuring Patton that have not been officially released, although some live bootlegs do circulate. These projects include House of Discipline (with Bob Ostertag and Otomo Yoshihide), Moonraker (with Agata Ichirou of Melt-Banana, Buckethead and DJ Eddie Def), Christian Fennesz and Mike Patton, and Patton & Rahzel. Patton contributed vocals to the Team Sleep song Kool-Aid Party, but the song did not make it onto the final album.[citation needed]
In 2004, Patton worked with Björk and the beat boxer Rahzel on her album, Medúlla.[5]
In 2005, Patton signed on to compose the soundtrack for the independent movie Pinion, marking his debut scoring an American feature-length film. However, this had been held up in production and may be on the shelf permanently.[6] His other film work includes portraying two major characters in the Steve Balderson film Firecracker. He has also expressed his desire to compose for film director David Lynch.
In February 2006, Mike Patton performed an operatic piece, composed by Eyvind Kang, at Teatro di Modena in Italy. Patton sang alongside vocalist Jessika Kinney, and was accompanied by the Modern Brass Ensemble, Bologna Chamber Choir, and Alberto Capelli and Walter Zanetti on electric and acoustic guitars. Patton remarked that it was extremely challenging to project the voice without a microphone.[7]
Patton's Peeping Tom album was released on May 30, 2006 on his own Ipecac label. The set was pieced together by swapping song files through the mail with collaborators like Norah Jones, Kool Keith and Massive Attack, Odd Nosdam, Jel, Doseone, Bebel Gilberto, Kid Koala, and Dub Trio.[citation needed]
"I don't listen to the radio, but if I did, this is what I'd want it to sound like", Patton said of the project. "This is my version of pop music. In a way, this is an exercise for me: taking all these things I've learned over the years and putting them into a pop format."—Mike Patton
In May 2007 he performed with an orchestra a few concerts in Italy, by the name of Mondo Cane, singing Italian oldies from the 50s and the 60s.
Mike also provided the voices of the monsters in the 2007 film I Am Legend starring Will Smith.
He is regarded as very hard-working. Faith No More keyboardist Roddy Bottum remarked about Patton "caffeine is the only drug he does", in reference to the Faith No More song "Caffeine" from the album Angel Dust, which Patton wrote while in the middle of a sleep-deprivation experiment.[citation needed] He also worked on the Derrick Scocchera short film "A Perfect Place" for the score/soundtrack, which is longer than the film itself.[citation needed]
In December 2008 along with Melvins, Patton co-curated an edition of the All Tomorrow's Parties Nightmare Before Christmas festival.[8] Patton chose half of the lineup and performed the album The Director's Cut in its entirety with Fantômas. Patton also appeared as Rikki Kixx in the Adult Swim show Metalocalypse in a special 2 part episode on August 24.[9]
In 2009 Patton created the soundtrack to the movie Crank: High Voltage. He also performed vocals on the track "Lost Weekend" by The Qemists.
On May 4, 2010 Mondo Cane, where Patton worked live with a 30-piece orchestra, was released by Ipecac Recordings. The album was co-produced and arranged by Daniele Luppi.[10]
"Recorded at a series of European performances including an outdoor concert in a Northern Italian piazza, the CD features traditional Italian pop songs as well as a rendition of Ennio Morricone's 'Deep Down'."[11]
Video games[link]
Patton is known to be an avid video game player.[12] In 2007, he provided the voice of the eponymous force in the video game The Darkness,[13] working alongside Kirk Acevedo, Lauren Ambrose and Dwight Schultz. Patton reprised the role in The Darkness II in 2012.[14]
He also had a minor role in Valve Corporation's 2007 release Portal as the voice of the Anger Sphere in the final confrontation with the insane supercomputer, GLaDOS. He has another role in the Valve title Left 4 Dead, voicing the majority of the infected zombies.[15] He also voiced Nathan "Rad" Spencer, the main character in Capcom's 2009 video game Bionic Commando, a sequel of their classic NES title.
Faith No More reunion[link]
In February 2009, Faith No More announced that they were reforming for a tour and possibly new material, first as a footnote on a blurb for Patton's score for Crank: High Voltage and later as an official announcement on fnm.com.[16] Their first gig on the road again was at the Brixton O2 Academy in London, where 1990's Live at the Brixton Academy was recorded, on June 10, 2009. They have played as one of three headliners at The Download Festival 2009, in Castle Donington, which was Faith No More's first time at the festival. At the festival they played "Chinese Arithmetic" while Patton humorously sang the lyrics to "Poker Face" using a beat-box effect embellishing Gaga's vocal style. Bassist Billy Gould has also stated that an American tour is "not out of the question". In June 2009 Faith No More announced that they will be headlining the NME stage at Reading & Leeds festival.[17] On July 4, Faith No More performed a concert together at the Open'er festival in Kosakowo Airport near Gdynia, Poland.
Faith No More also played the large Roskilde Festival near the city of Roskilde, Denmark.[18] Faith No More also performed in Portugal in Optimus Alive'10, where Mike Patton sang one song, "Evidence", completely in Portuguese. They had already played the same song completely in Italian on June 14, 2009, at the Rock in Idro Festival in Milan. 12 August 2009 was the date for FNM's first Turkish live appreance in Istanbul. On August 14, Faith no more played at the Spirit of Burgas Festival in Burgas, Bulgaria. Faith No More headlined the Australian Soundwave Festival in 2010. On the 27th of August 2009, Faith No More played in the Olympia Theatre in Dublin, Ireland and were supported by local band Adebisi Shank.
On September 1, 2009 Faith No More played at Israel Trade Fairs & Convention Center in Tel Aviv, Israel, supported by Monotonix and Dinosaur Jr. August 2009 Faith No More headlined the Radio 1/NME Stage at both Leeds & Reading Festival where they played the theme tune to popular UK Soap Eastenders as part of their setlist. On December 5, 2010, they played alongside Primus in Santiago de Chile,[19] which was the day after their performance at the Teleton Chile.[20] In 2011 they also performed at the Chilean Rock Concert Maquinaria[21] on November 12 and 13, as well as at the SWU Festival on November 15.[22]
Faith No More were to top the bill on Sunday July 8th 2012 of the Sonisphere Festival UK festival at the iconic Knebworth House venue, but On March 29, the festival was cancelled. [23]
Reaction to fame[link]
Patton has garnered critical praise and has been made a heavy metal icon; however, Patton's reaction to this fame has been unconventional. He has acted irreverently towards the music industry, and expressed his distaste for the infamous lifestyles of rock stars. In a 1995 interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, he stated: "It's hard to see as much as you'd like to with our schedule on the road, but it's harder to do coke and fuck whores every night. Now that's a full time job."[24] His attitude towards popular music is also evident in his songwriting, as Allmusic critic Cammila Albertson writes: "When Patton sings 'Roll it up and smoke it again/Bottoms up and drink it again/ Fix it up and shoot it again/ I can't believe I did it again,' (Mojo by Peeping Tom) he is keenly aware of the way it sounds for such an avant-garde composer as himself to recite perfect rock & roll cliches. His lyrics mock the self-important coolness of the music industry and self parody his own place in it."[25] His contempt for the over-the-top antics of figures in popular music is often cited as the main reason that Patton has always been so guarded about his privacy and personal life.[24] Mike Patton has stated that he enjoyed his time in Faith No More:
"They were good years. It was a decade of my life. It was lots of ups and lots of downs, but ultimately that's where I learned my chops and learned the craft and the business."
— Mike Patton, Artisan News Service
Personal life[link]
Patton married Italian artist Titi Zuccatosta in 1994. They separated in 2001. During an appearance on the radio show, Loveline (Listen), Patton said that it was a case of two people wanting different things and hinted that his excessive work habits may have been a factor. "It's very hard. It's a daily struggle", he commented in regards to the rigors of juggling a busy music career and a marriage. "It had to happen... Even though we knew each other really well when we got married, it doesn't get easier." He later added, "We're trying this. See what happens. There's still hope." Patton used to own a home in Bologna, Italy (which he sold around the time of the break-up), and speaks fluent Italian.[26] He was interviewed by music journalist Lucas H. Gordon and the answers were given by Patton in Italian.[citation needed]
Patton's right hand is permanently numb from an on-stage incident during his third concert with Faith No More, where he accidentally cut himself on a broken bottle and severed the tendons and nerves in his hand. He can use his hand, but he has no feeling in it (despite his doctor telling him the opposite would happen).[27]
Style and influences[link]
Patton's vocals touch on crooning, falsetto, screaming, opera, death growls, rapping, mouth music, beatboxing, and scatting, among other techniques. Critic Greg Prato of Allmusic writes, "Patton could very well be one of the most versatile and talented singers in rock music";[28] colleague Blake Butler called him "a complete and utter musical visionary and a mind-blowing and standard-warping genius."[29]
Discography[link]
Main article: Mike Patton discography
Selected filmography[link]
- 1990 - Live at the Brixton Academy, London: You Fat Bastards by Faith No More (VHS)
- 1993 - Video Macumba - Short film compiled by Mike Patton containing abstract and extreme footage
- 1998 - Who Cares a Lot: Greatest Videos by Faith No More (VHS)
- 2002 - A Bookshelf on Top of the Sky: 12 Stories About John Zorn
- 2005 - Firecracker - Frank/David
- 2007 - Kaada/Patton Live - Live performance DVD
- 2007 - I Am Legend - Creature Vocals (voice) (credited as Michael A. Patton)[2]
- 2008 - A Perfect Place - Short film soundtrack by Patton (Released with film as CD/DVD special edition)
- 2008 - Live From London 2006 - Live DVD release of a performance by the Fantomas Melvins Big Band in London on May 1, 2006
- 2008 - Metalocalypse - Patton voices the character of reformed rocker Rikki Kixx on episodes "Snakes N Barrels II" part one and part two. This special 2 part, half hour presentation aired on The Cartoon Network August 24, 2008.
- 2009 - Crank: High Voltage - Film Score
- 2010 - Bunraku - Narrator
Video games[link]
- 2007 - The Darkness - Voice of The Darkness (Starbreeze Studios)
- 2007 - Portal - Voice of the Anger Sphere (Valve Software)
- 2008 - Left 4 Dead - Infected voices (Valve Software)
- 2009 - Bionic Commando - Voice of Nathan Spencer - the Bionic Commando (Capcom)
- 2009 - Left 4 Dead 2 - Infected voices (Valve Software)
- 2012 - The Darkness 2 - Voice of The Darkness (Digital Extremes)
References[link]
- ^ Cee, Gary (November 30, 1990). "Faith No More: Inside the insatiable Mike Patton". Circus Magazine (#369): pages 62–64. http://negele.org/db/index.php3?band=2&year=1990&month=11&day=30&id=1531. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ Samborska, Agatha, ed. "Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions". http://old.fnm.com/faq/#30. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4973
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r224254
- ^ http://unit.bjork.com/specials/albums/medulla/
- ^ Mike Patton, February, 2008 | Synthesis Radio
- ^ Caca Volante
- ^ All Tomorrow's Parties - Nightmare Before Christmas curated by Melvins and Mike Patton
- ^ Mike Patton at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Mike Patton - Mondo Cane", Discogs.com, Retrieved 8-4-2011.
- ^ "MIKE PATTON's MONDO CANE To Release Debut In May". http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.Net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=136605.
- ^ Ipecac Recordings - About Us
- ^ The Darkness Preview - Shacknews - PC Games, PlayStation, Xbox 360 and Wii video game news, previews and downloads
- ^ Citizen, Jessica (2011-02-15). "Mike Patton will return in The Darkness II". GamePron. http://www.gamepron.com/news/2011/02/15/mike-patton-will-return-in-the-darkness-ii/. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ Micah Seff. "Mike Patton is The Darkness". IGN. http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/794/794825p1.html.
- ^ Faith No More News
- ^ http://twitter.com/MRGOULD
- ^ http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/historie/2009/bands/
- ^ http://www.emol.com/noticias/magazine/2010/12/06/451142/faith-no-more-tuvo-su-emotivo-concierto-de-despedida-en-chile.html
- ^ http://www.emol.com/noticias/magazine/2010/12/04/450995/faith-no-more-bautiza-a-don-francisco-como-don-corleone-en-cierre-de-la-teleton.html
- ^ http://www.lanacion.cl/faith-no-more-vuelve-a-chile-y-se-suma-al-maquinaria-2011/noticias/2011-07-27/103853.html
- ^ http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/swu/faith-no-more-encerra-swu-2011-com-hits-e-palavroes/n1597369100832.html
- ^ "Sonisphere festival cancelled". sonisphere. http://sonisphere.co.uk/news/sonisphere-knebworth-is-cancelled/. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ a b Snyder, Michael (March 3, 1995). "KEEPING THE FAITH / Bay Area band revamps and goes back on the road". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1995/03/05/PK5951.DTL.
- ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r824964
- ^ Video on Youtube where Mike Patton uses his Italian
- ^ Epstein, Daniel Robert (29 May 2006). "Mike Patton Interview". Suicide Girls. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Mike+Patton/. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "Mike Patton Biography". All Music. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p112839. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ [1]
- Zorn, John, ed. (2000). Arcana: Musicians on Music. New York: Granary Books/Hips Road. ISBN 1-887123-27-X.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mike Patton |
- Ipecac Recordings
- Mike Patton on Myspace
- Peeping Tom on Myspace
- Mike Patton at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Patton, Mike |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 27, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Eureka, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named George Lucas, see George Lucas (disambiguation).
| George Lucas | |
|---|---|
 George Lucas in 2009 |
|
| Born | George Walton Lucas, Jr. (1944-05-14) May 14, 1944 (age 68) Modesto, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Marin County, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Modesto Junior College |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California (B.A. and B.S.)[1] |
| Occupation | Chairman & CEO of Lucasfilm |
| Years active | 1965–present |
| Influenced by | Frank Herbert,[2] Joseph Campbell, Akira Kurosawa, John Ford |
| Home town | Central Valley, California, U.S. |
| Net worth |  US$3.2 billion (2011)[1] |
| Spouse | Marcia Lucas (1969–1983) |
| Partner | Mellody Hobson (2007–present) |
George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film producer, screenwriter, director, and entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive of Lucasfilm.[3] He is best known as the creator of the space opera franchise Star Wars and the archaeologist-adventurer character Indiana Jones. Lucas is one of the American film industry's most financially successful directors/producers, with an estimated net worth of $3.2 billion as of 2011.[1]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
George Lucas was born in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore (née Bomberger) and George Walton Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991), who owned a stationery store.[4][5]
Lucas grew up in the Central Valley town of Modesto and his early passion for cars and motor racing would eventually serve as inspiration for his USC student film 1:42.08, as well as his Oscar-nominated low-budget phenomenon, American Graffiti. Long before Lucas became obsessed with film making, he wanted to be a race-car driver, and he spent most of his high school years racing on the underground circuit at fairgrounds and hanging out at garages. However, a near-fatal accident in his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina on June 12, 1962, just days before his high school graduation, quickly changed his mind. Instead of racing, he attended Modesto Junior College and later got accepted into a junior college to study anthropology. While taking liberal arts courses, he developed a passion for cinematography and camera tricks. George Lucas graduated from USC in California.
As a child, Lucas never learned to swim, which became a source of embarrassment and frustration as he became older. Lucas has expressed in several interviews that his inability to swim was "the passion that drove me to succeed in filmmaking... [It] gave me the chip on my shoulder that I think was critical to my later success"[6]
During this time, an experimental filmmaker named Bruce Baillie tacked up a bedsheet in his backyard in 1960 to screen the work of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage and Bruce Conner. For the next few years, Baillie's series, dubbed Canyon Cinema, toured local coffeehouses. These events became a magnet for the teenage Lucas and his boyhood friend John Plummer. The 19-year-olds began slipping away to San Francisco to hang out in jazz clubs and find news of Canyon Cinema screenings in flyers at the City Lights bookstore. Already a promising photographer, Lucas became infatuated with these abstract films.
"That's when he [George] really started exploring" Plummer recalled. "We went to a theater on Union Street that shows art films, we drove up to San Francisco State for a film festival, and there was an old beatnik coffeehouse in Cow Hollow with shorts that were really out there." It was a season of awakening for Lucas, who had been an uninterested slacker in high school. At an autocross track, Lucas met his first mentor in the film industry — famed cinematographer Haskell Wexler, a fellow aficionado of sleek racing machines. Wexler was impressed by the way the shy teenager handled a camera, cradling it low on his hips to get better angles. "George had a very good eye, and he thought visually," Wexler recalls.[7]
Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts. USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, George Lucas shared a dorm room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood and John Milius, they became a clique of film students known as The Dirty Dozen. He also became very good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg. Lucas was deeply influenced by the Filmic Expression course taught at the school by filmmaker Lester Novros which concentrated on the non-narrative elements of Film Form like color, light, movement, space, and time. Another huge inspiration was the Serbian montagist (and dean of the USC Film Department) Slavko Vorkapich, a film theoretician comparable in historical importance to Sergei Eisenstein, who moved to Hollywood to make stunning montage sequences for studio features at MGM, RKO, and Paramount. Vorkapich taught the autonomous nature of the cinematic art form, emphasizing the unique dynamic quality of movement and kinetic energy inherent in motion pictures.
Lucas saw many inspiring films in class, particularly the visual films coming out of the National Film Board of Canada like Arthur Lipsett's 21-87, the French-Canadian cameraman Jean-Claude Labrecque's cinéma vérité 60 Cycles, the work of Norman McLaren, and the documentaries of Claude Jutra. Lucas fell madly in love with pure cinema and quickly became prolific at making 16 mm nonstory noncharacter visual tone poems and cinéma vérité with such titles as Look at Life, Herbie, 1:42.08, The Emperor, Anyone Lived in a Pretty (how) Town, Filmmaker, and 6-18-67. He was passionate and interested in camerawork and editing, defining himself as a filmmaker as opposed to being a director, and he loved making abstract visual films that create emotions purely through cinema.[7]
After graduating with a bachelor of fine arts in film in 1967, he tried joining the United States Air Force as an officer, but he was immediately turned down because of his numerous speeding tickets. He was later drafted by the Army for military service in Vietnam, but he was exempted from service after medical tests showed he had diabetes, the disease that killed his paternal grandfather.
In 1967, Lucas re-enrolled as a USC graduate student in film production. Working as a teaching instructor for a class of U.S. Navy students who were being taught documentary cinematography, Lucas directed the short film Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB, which won first prize at the 1967–68 National Student Film Festival, and was later adapted into his first full-length feature film, THX 1138. Lucas was awarded a student scholarship by Warner Brothers to observe and work on the making of a film of his choosing. The film he chose was Finian's Rainbow (1968) which was being directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who at the time was revered among film school students of the time as a cinema graduate who had "made it" in Hollywood. In 1969, George Lucas was one of the camera operators on the classic Rolling Stones concert film Gimme Shelter.
Film career[link]
George Lucas is a filmmaker, with a film career dominated by writing and production. Aside from the nine short films he made in the 1960s, he also directed six major features. His work from 1971 and 1977 as a writer-director, which established him as a major figure in Hollywood, consists of just three films: THX 1138, American Graffiti, and Star Wars. There was a 22-year hiatus between the original Star Wars film and his only other feature-film directing credits, the three Star Wars prequels.
Lucas acted as a writer and executive producer on another successful Hollywood film franchise, the Indiana Jones series. In addition, he established his own effects company, Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), to make the original Star Wars film. The company is now one of the most successful in the industry.
Lucas co-founded the studio American Zoetrope with Coppola—whom he met during his internship at Warner Brothers—hoping to create a liberating environment for filmmakers to direct outside the perceived oppressive control of the Hollywood studio system[citation needed]. His first full-length feature film produced by the studio, THX 1138, was not a success. Lucas then created his own company, Lucasfilm, Ltd., and directed American Graffiti (1973). His new-found wealth and reputation enabled him to develop a story set in space. Even so, he encountered difficulties getting Star Wars made. It was only because Alan Ladd, Jr., at Fox Studios liked American Graffiti that he forced through a production and distribution deal for the film, which ended up restoring Fox to financial stability after a number of flops.[8]
Star Wars quickly became the highest-grossing film of all-time, displaced five years later by Spielberg’s E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. During the filming of Star Wars, Lucas waived his up-front fee as director and negotiated to own the licensing rights (for novelizations, T-shirts, toys, etc.)[citation needed]—rights which the studio thought were nearly worthless[citation needed]. This decision earned him hundreds of millions of dollars[citation needed], as he was able to directly profit from all the licensed games, toys, and collectibles created for the franchise. This accumulated capital enabled him to finance the sequel himself.
Over the two decades after the first Star Wars film, Lucas worked extensively as a writer and/or producer, including the many Star Wars spinoffs made for film, TV, and other media. He acted as executive producer for the next two Star Wars films, assigning the direction of The Empire Strikes Back to Irvin Kershner and Return of the Jedi to Richard Marquand, while receiving a story credit on the former and sharing a screenwriting credit with Lawrence Kasdan on the latter. Lucas also acted as executive producer and story writer on all four of the Indiana Jones films, which he convinced his colleague and good friend, Steven Spielberg, to direct. Other notable projects as a producer or executive producer in this period include Kurosawa's Kagemusha (1980), Lawrence Kasdan's Body Heat (1981), Jim Henson's Labyrinth (1986), Godfrey Reggio's Powaqqatsi (1986) and the animated film The Land Before Time (1988). There were also some less successful projects, however, including More American Graffiti (1979), the ill-fated Howard the Duck (1986), which was arguably[citation needed] the biggest flop of his career; Willow (1988, which Lucas also wrote); and Coppola's Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988). Between 1992 and 1996, Lucas served as executive producer for the television spinoff The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of Star Wars, Lucas went back to his trilogy to enhance and add certain scenes using newly available digital technology. These new versions were released in theaters as the Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. For DVD releases in 2004, this series has received further revisions to make them congruent with the prequel trilogy. Besides the additions to the Star Wars franchise, Lucas released Special Edition director's cuts of THX 1138 and American Graffiti containing a number of CGI revisions.
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The animation studio Pixar was founded as the Graphics Group[citation needed], one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm. Pixar's early computer graphics research resulted in groundbreaking effects in films such as Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan[9] and Young Sherlock Holmes,[9] and the group was purchased in 1986 by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple after a power struggle at Apple Computer. Jobs paid U.S. $5 million to Lucas and put U.S. $5 million as capital into the company. The sale reflected Lucas' desire to stop the cash flow losses from his 7-year research projects associated with new entertainment technology tools, as well as his company's new focus on creating entertainment products rather than tools. A contributing factor was cash-flow difficulties following Lucas' 1983 divorce concurrent with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi.
The sound-equipped system, THX Ltd, was founded by Lucas and Tomlinson Holman[citation needed]. The company was formerly owned by Lucasfilm, and contains equipment for stereo, digital, and theatrical sound for films, and music. Skywalker Sound and Industrial Light & Magic, the sound and visual effects subdivisions of Lucasfilm, respectively, have become among the most respected firms in their fields[citation needed]. Lucasfilm Games, later renamed LucasArts, is well respected in the gaming industry[citation needed].
In 1994, Lucas began work on the screenplay for the prequel Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, which would be the first film he had directed in over two decades. The Phantom Menace was released in 1999, beginning a new trilogy of Star Wars films. Lucas also directed Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith which were released in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Numerous critics considered these films inferior to the previously released Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi.[10][11][12]
In 2008, he reteamed with Spielberg for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
Lucas currently serves as executive producer for Star Wars: The Clone Wars, an animated television series on Cartoon Network, which was preceded by a feature film of the same name. He is also working on a so-far untitled Star Wars live-action series.
For the film Red Tails (2012), Lucas serves as story-writer and executive producer. He also took over direction of reshoots while director Anthony Hemingway worked on other projects. Lucas is working on his first musical, an untitled CGI project being produced at Skywalker Ranch. Kevin Munroe is directing and David Berenbaum wrote the screenplay.[13]
Semi-retirement[link]
“I’m moving away from the business... From the company, from all this kind of stuff.”
—George Lucas on his future career plans.[14]
In January 2012, Lucas announced his retirement from producing large-scale blockbuster films and instead re-focusing his career on smaller, independently budgeted features. He did not specify whether or not this would affect his involvement with a fifth installment of the Indiana Jones series.[14][15][16]
Philanthropy[link]
In 1991, The George Lucas Educational Foundation was founded as a nonprofit operating foundation to celebrate and encourage innovation in schools. The Foundation's content is available under the brand Edutopia, in an award-winning web site, social media and via documentary films. Lucas, through his foundation, was one of the leading proponents of the E-rate program in the universal service fund,[17] which was enacted as part of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. On June 24, 2008, Lucas testified before the United States House of Representatives subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet as the head of his Foundation to advocate for a free wireless broadband educational network.[18]
In 2005, Lucas gave US$1 million to help build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall in Washington D.C. to commemorate American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.[19]
On September 19, 2006, USC announced that George Lucas had donated $175–180 million to his alma mater to expand the film school. It is the largest single donation to USC and the largest gift to a film school anywhere.[20] Previous donations led to the already existing George Lucas Instructional Building and Marcia Lucas Post-Production building.[21][22]
Awards[link]
The American Film Institute awarded Lucas its Life Achievement Award on June 9, 2005.[23] This was shortly after the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, about which he joked stating that, since he views the entire Star Wars series as one film, he could actually receive the award now that he had finally "gone back and finished the movie."
On June 5, 2005, Lucas was named among the 100 "Greatest Americans" by the Discovery Channel.[24]
Lucas was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Directing and Writing for American Graffiti, and Best Directing and Writing for Star Wars. He received the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Award in 1991. He appeared at the 79th Academy Awards ceremony in 2007 with Steven Spielberg and Francis Ford Coppola to present the Best Director award to their friend Martin Scorsese. During the speech, Spielberg and Coppola talked about the joy of winning an Oscar, making fun of Lucas, who has not won a competitive Oscar.
On June 17, 2006, the Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted George Lucas and three others.[25][26]
On January 1, 2007 George Lucas served as the Grand Marshal for the 2007 Tournament of Roses Parade, and made the coin toss at the 2007 Rose Bowl.
On August 25, 2009, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver announced that Lucas would be one of 13 California Hall of Fame inductees in The California Museum's yearlong exhibit. The induction ceremony was on December 1, 2009 in Sacramento, California.
On September 6, 2009, Lucas was in Venice to present to the Pixar team the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement during the 2009 Biennale Venice Film Festival.
Personal life[link]
In 1969, Lucas married film editor Marcia Lou Griffin, who went on to win an Academy Award for her editing work on the original Star Wars film. George and Marcia adopted a daughter, Amanda, in 1981, and divorced in 1983. Lucas has since adopted two more children: Katie, born in 1988, and Jett, born in 1993. All three of his children have appeared in the three Star Wars prequels, as has Lucas himself. Lucas had been in a long relationship with and engaged to singer Linda Ronstadt. He has been dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments, since 2006 and she has accompanied him to several events including the 79th Academy Awards ceremony in February 2007, an American Film Institute event in October 2007, the 2008 Cannes Film Festival held in May, and the 2010 Golden Globes.[27][28][29]
Lucas was born and raised in a strong Methodist family. The religious and mythical themes in Star Wars were inspired by Lucas' interest in the writings of mythologist Joseph Campbell,[30] and he would eventually come to identify strongly with the Eastern religious philosophies he studied and incorporated into his films, which were a major inspiration for "the Force." Lucas eventually came to state that his religion was "Buddhist Methodist". Lucas resides in Marin County.[31][32]
Lucas has said that he is a fan of Seth MacFarlane's hit TV show Family Guy. MacFarlane has said that Lucasfilm was extremely helpful when the Family Guy crew wanted to parody their works.[33]
Lucas has pledged to give half of his fortune to charity as part of an effort called The Giving Pledge led by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett to persuade America's richest individuals to donate their financial wealth to charities.[34][35]
Filmography[link]
Main article: George Lucas filmography
References[link]
- ^ a b c "George Lucas". Forbes. March 10, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/profile/george-lucas. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Star Wars Origins – Frank Herbert's Dune". Moongadget.com. http://moongadget.com/origins/dune.html. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Lucasfilm Ltd.: CEO & Executives". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/people.asp?privcapId=902479. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ George Lucas Biography (1944–)
- ^ No. 83 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: A Third Set of Ten Hollywood Figures (or Groups Thereof), with a Coda on Two Directors
- ^ George Lucas Interview, Academy of Achievement, 06-19-1999
- ^ a b Silberman, Steve. "Life After Darth" Wired, November 2005.
- ^ Tom Shone: Blockbuster How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer (2004). London, Simon & Shuster UK. ISBN 0-7432-6838-5. Chapter 2.
- ^ a b Hormby, Thomas (January 22, 2007). The Pixar Story: Dick Shoup, Alex Schure, George Lucas, Steve Jobs, and Disney. Low End Mac. http://lowendmac.com/orchard/06/0123.html. Retrieved March 1, 2007
- ^ "Star Wars – Episode II: Attack Of The Clones". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020510/REVIEWS/205100305/1023.
- ^ Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace – Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones – Rotten Tomatoes
- ^ "'George Lucas producing a CGI musical! Featuring ... fairies?". Heat Vision Blog. January 27, 2010. http://www.heatvisionblog.com/2010/01/george-lucas-cgi-musical-kevin-munroe.html.
- ^ a b Curtis, Bryan (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Is Ready to Roll the Credits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/magazine/george-lucas-red-tails.html?_r=2. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ Fischer, Russ (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Ready to Retire From Blockbuster Filmmaking". /Film. http://www.slashfilm.com/george-lucas-ready-focus-personal-movies/. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ Yamato, Jen (January 17, 2012). "George Lucas Promises Retirement (From Blockbusters... Not Counting Indiana Jones 5)". Movie Line. http://www.movieline.com/2012/01/17/george-lucas-promises-retirement-from-blockbusters-not-counting-indiana-jones-5/. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ 2008 Rep. Ed Markey's opening statement on universal service
- ^ Nate Anderson. "Universal Service Fund should be "blown up" like Death Star". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080624-universal-service-fund-should-be-blown-up-like-death-star.html.
- ^ Quick Facts About the Memorial – Build the Dream
- ^ Stuart Silverstein, George Lucas Donates USC's Largest Single Gift, The Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2006.
- ^ George Lucas Instructional Building, USC School of Cinematic Arts.
- ^ Marcia Lucas Post-Production, USC School of Cinematic Arts.
- ^ 2005 AFI Life Achievement Award: A Tribute to George Lucas on USA Network
- ^ "Discovery Channel :: Greatest American: Top 100". Dsc.discovery.com. September 10, 2008. http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/greatestamerican/top100/top100.html. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
- ^ George Lucas Inducted into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame. Rick DeMott. Monday, March 13, 2006. Animation World Network News. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
- ^ Science Fiction Hall of Fame. Monday, May 15, 2006. The Cohenside. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
- ^ Kapos, Shia (December 3, 2007). "Taking Names: Stars in Chicago, but finding love elsewhere". Chicago Business. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/mag/article.pl?article_id=28942. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Germain, David (May 18, 2008). ""Indy" survives Cannes critics". The Denver Post via AP. http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_9303267. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
- ^ "Red Carpet at the Golden Globes". The New York Times. January 18, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/01/18/movies/awardsseason/0118-REDCARPET_14.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ PBS – American Masters: George Lucas – About George Lucas
- ^ Cagle, Jess (April 29, 2002). "Director: So, What's the Deal with Leia's Hair?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002327,00.html. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
- ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Director George Lucas". http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/George_Lucas.html.
- ^ Burton, Bonnie (September 21, 2007). ""Family Guy" Creator Reveals Star Wars Cred". Starwars.com. http://www.starwars.com/community/news/rocks/f20070921/index.html. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
- ^ "Gates, Buffett get 40 pledges". Boston Globe. AP. August 5, 2010. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/08/05/gates_buffett_get_40_pledges/.
- ^ "The Giving Pledge". http://givingpledge.org/. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Sources[link]
- Rinzler, J.W. "The Making of Star Wars, The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film", Ebury Press, 2007.
- Silberman, Steve "Life After Darth" Wired, November, 2005
- "George Lucas: Interviews" University Press of Mississippi (February 16, 2007)
- The Cinema of George Lucas (Hardcover) by Marcus Hearn, Publisher: Harry N. Abrams (March 1, 2005)
- Michael Rubin, "Droidmaker: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution" (2005) [ISBN 0937404675]
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Lucas |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Lucas |
- George Lucas biography at the Science Fiction Hall of Fame
- George Lucas at the Internet Movie Database
- George Lucas at AllRovi
- George Lucas at the Notable Names Database
- George Lucas at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- George Lucas biography at Lucasfilm.com
- George Lucas biography at World Business Forum where Lucas is a featured speaker for the 2009 event
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lucas, George |
| Alternative names | Lucas, George Walton, Jr. |
| Short description | American filmmaker |
| Date of birth | (1944-05-14) May 14, 1944 (age 68) |
| Place of birth | Modesto, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/George_Lucas
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Patton Oswalt | |
|---|---|
 Oswalt at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con |
|
| Born | (1969-01-27) January 27, 1969 (age 43) Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S. |
| Medium | Stand-up, television, film |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, surreal humor, black comedy |
| Subject(s) | Pop culture, American culture, Current events |
| Influences | Jonathan Winters, Richard Pryor,[1] Emo Philips, Bugs Bunny, Bill Hicks, Blaine Capatch, Bobcat Goldthwait, Jay Leno, Sam Kinison, Steve Martin,[2] Louis C.K.[3] |
| Spouse | Michelle Eileen McNamara (2005–;[4] 1 daughter) |
| Notable works and roles | Spence Olchin in The King of Queens Remy in Ratatouille Frat Aliens, and Ezekiel in Aqua Teen Hunger Force Werewolves and Lollipops |
| Website | PattonOswalt.com |
Patton Oswalt (born January 27, 1969) is an American stand-up comedian, writer, actor and voice actor known for roles such as Spencer Olchin in the popular sitcom The King of Queens, and voicing Remy from the film Ratatouille and Thrasher from the Cartoon Network original series Robotomy.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Oswalt was born January 17,[5][6] 1969[7] in Portsmouth, Virginia, to Carla and Larry J. Oswalt, a career United States Marine Corps officer.[4] He was named after George S. Patton.[8] While a military brat, he later lived in Ohio and Tustin, California, before settling in Sterling, Virginia.[9] He is a 1987 graduate of Broad Run High School in Ashburn, Virginia and later attended the College of William and Mary, where he majored in English and was initiated into the Alpha Theta Chapter of the Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity.[citation needed]
Career[link]
Oswalt first began performing standup comedy in the late 1980s or early 1990s, by his own reckoning.[10] After writing for MADtv and starring in his own 1996 comedy special for HBO, he went on to garner notable roles in films and television shows. His most prominent and long-running role was as Spence Olchin on The King of Queens. His first starring film role was as the voice of Remy, the lead character in the 2007 Pixar film Ratatouille. He has also appeared in smaller roles in such films as Magnolia and Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa. He lent his voice as in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as a caller on the WTCR show "The Tight End Zone", and was the voice of a caller on "Chatterbox" on LCFR in the game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories. He was also the voice of a reporter on "New World Order", a radio show on VCPR in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. He supposedly lent his voice as Randall Tugman in the zombie game Dead Rising 2, although he denies this. The character Randall Tugman is credited to have been voiced by John Murphy.
Oswalt wrote the comic book story "JLA: Welcome to the Working Week", a backup story in Batman #600; a story for Dwight T. Albatross's The Goon Noir #01 and a story for Masks: Too Hot for TV. Expanding his voice artist repertoire, he began voicing the villainous character "Tobey" on PBS Kids GO! series WordGirl in 2007. He also appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner. In August 2007, he appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav. In 2007, he appeared on an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "The Original Fry Cook", as Jim. He also appears as Carl, the Corndog Hut's mascot in American Hi-Fi's music video for "Another Perfect Day". He also appears in an episode of Static Shock. On June 27, 2007, Oswalt was a special guest on the Emeril Live program on the Food Network to promote Ratatouille. Other recent appearances include an episode of Venture Bros. where he voiced an aging boy adventurer Robin parody. In 2008 Oswalt moderated a reunion panel of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 cast at the San Diego Comic-Con International.
In 2009, Oswalt played Paul Aufiero, the leading role in Robert D. Siegel's 2009 directorial debut, Big Fan. He was to star in a 2010 Broadway revival of Lips Together, Teeth Apart.[11] However, the show was postponed then eventually canceled due to Megan Mullally's departure from the production when the director denied her request to replace Oswalt due to his lack of stage experience.[12]
He starred in the Showtime drama The United States of Tara as Neil, an employee of Four Winds Landscaping. He also provides the voice of Thrasher, a robot protagonist from the new Cartoon Network show, Robotomy.
In January 2011, Oswalt released his first book, Zombie Spaceship Wasteland.
In November 2011, Oswalt played the role of Hurlan Heartshe in the surrealist comedy miniseries The Heart, She Holler on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. In 2011, Oswalt also played the role of Matt Freehauf in Jason Reitman's black comedy Young Adult.
Stand-up comedy[link]
Oswalt's stand-up comedy covers topics ranging from pop culture frivolity such as comic book supervillains and 1980s glam metal to deeper social issues like American excess, materialism, foreign policy and religion. He also discusses his atheism in his stand-up. In 2004, Oswalt released a comedy album entitled Feelin' Kinda Patton and later that year a longer, unedited version of the same performance entitled 222 (Live & Uncut), both through the United Musicians collective, and a stand-up special, No Reason to Complain. He is also on a split EP called Patton vs. Alcohol vs. Zach vs. Patton with Zach Galifianakis and is featured on two Un-Cabaret compilations, "The Un & Only" and "The Good, the Bad and the Drugly". On July 10, 2007, Patton released his second CD Werewolves and Lollipops on Sub Pop records.
In 2004, Oswalt put together the Comedians of Comedy tour, made up of modern alt-comics Zach Galifianakis, Brian Posehn and Maria Bamford. The tour performed at smaller, more intimate indie rock venues instead of traditional (and expensive) comedy clubs. The Fall 2004 tour was documented in a 2005 film of the same name, and was followed by a six-episode Comedy Central series based on the Summer 2005 tour. This tour featured special guest appearances from comedians such as Blaine Capatch, David Cross, Rob Gasper, Bobby Tisdale and Todd Barry. Subsequent incarnations of the tour have included Eugene Mirman and Morgan Murphy.
In 2004 Patton's stand up material was featured on Comedy Central's animated series Shorties Watchin' Shorties. That same year a stand up DVD called No Reason to Complain was released. Oswalt appeared several times as a "lawyer" on Lewis Black's Root of All Evil. In the episode "Ultimate Fighting vs. Blogging", he argued that the popular influence of the blogging has been evil, and, in his closing argument, he performed a rick roll on the audience. He also provided the stand-up comedy for the closing ceremony.
On February 28, 2009, Patton recorded his third comedy album at the Lisner Auditorium at George Washington University in Washington D.C. It premiered on Comedy Central as Patton Oswalt: My Weakness is Strong on August 23, 2009, and was released on DVD August 25, 2009.[13] The album was nominated for a Grammy Award.
Patton's latest album, Patton Oswalt: Finest Hour, was released on September 19, 2011 and is currently #1 on the Billboard chart for Comedy albums, #12 for Independent albums and #71 on the top 200. This album was also nominated for a Grammy Award.
Personal life[link]
Oswalt married writer Michelle Eileen McNamara on September 24, 2005. Their daughter, Alice Rigney Oswalt, was born on April 15, 2009.[14]
Oswalt is an atheist.[15] He is also a fan of Metalcore music.[16]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Year | Title | Label | Chart Positions[17] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top 200 | US Comedy | US Digital | US Indie | US Heat | |||
| 2003 | 222 (Live & Uncut) | Chunklet Magazine | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2004 | Feelin' Kinda Patton | United Musicians | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2007 | Werewolves and Lollipops | Sub Pop | 137 | 1 | — | 18 | 4 |
| 2009 | My Weakness Is Strong | Warner Bros. | 67 | 1 | 5 | — | — |
| 2011 | Finest Hour | Comedy Central Records | 71 | 1 | – | 12 | — |
EPs[link]
- Patton vs. Alcohol vs. Zach vs. Patton (2005) with Zach Galifianakis[18]
- Melvins/Patton Oswalt split 7 (2006) with The Melvins[19]
- Comedians of Comedy Tour 3"CD (2006)
- The Pennsylvania Macaroni Company (2006) with Brian Posehn, Maria Bamford, and Eugene Mirman[20]
- Frankensteins and Gumdrops (2008) Available during the WFMU pledge drive
Compilation album appearances[link]
- Beth Lapides' Un-Cabaret – The Un & Only (2002)
- Beth Lapides' Un-Cabaret – The Good, The Bad, and the Drugly (2006)
- Comedy Death-Ray (2007)[21]
DVDs[link]
- No Reason to Complain (DVD) (2004)
- My Weakness Is Strong (DVD) (2009)
- Finest Hour (DVD) (2012)
DVD appearances[link]
- Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2 DVD (2004)[22]
- The Comedians of Comedy: Live at the El Rey (2005)
- The Comedians of Comedy: Live at the Troubadour (2007)
- Super High Me DVD (2007)
- Blood into Wine DVD (2010)
TV[link]
Stand-up specials[link]
- HBO Half Hour Comedy Hour (1997)
- Comedy Central Presents (1999)
- No Reason to Complain (2004)
- My Weakness is Strong (2009)
- Showtime: Finest Hour (2011)
TV appearances[link]
- The Weird Al Show
- The Fairly OddParents
- Lewis Black's Root of All Evil
- The History Channel's History of the Joke
- The King of Queens (1998–2007)
- Reno 911!
- Tom Goes To The Mayor
- Human Giant
- NewsRadio
- Reaper
- Seinfeld
- VH1's Best Week Ever
- Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn
- The Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner (2006)
- The Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav (2007)
- Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!
- Melbourne International Comedy Festival Great Debate (2008)
- United States of Tara (2009–2011)
- Flight of the Conchords (2009)
- Community (2009)
- Dollhouse (2009)
- Iron Chef America
- Caprica
- Bored to Death
- The Sarah Silverman Program
- Neighbors from Hell
- Jon Benjamin Has a Van (2011)
- The Heart, She Holler
- The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson
- Two and a Half Men (2012)
Music video appearances[link]
- The Ettes – "Excuse" (2011)
- American Hi-Fi – Another Perfect Day (2001)
Voice acting[link]
| Year | Cartoon | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist | Himself | Television |
| 2000–2004 | Static Shock | Specs | Television |
| 2002 | Home Movies | Helmet | Television |
| 2003–2007 | Kim Possible | Professor Dementor | Television |
| 2006–2007 | The Batman | Toymaker, Marty | Television |
| 2004 | The Fairly OddParents | Cameo | Television |
| 2006 | Squidbillies | Giant One-Eyed Squid | Television |
| 2007 | Aqua Teen Hunger Force | DP, Skeeter, Ezekial | Television |
| 2007 | Wrong Turn 2 | Tommy | Film |
| 2007 | Ratatouille | Remy | Film |
| 2007–present | Wordgirl | Tobey, Robots, 4th Grader | Television |
| 2007–2008 | American Dad | Voice | Television |
| 2007 | SpongeBob SquarePants | Jim | Television |
| 2009 | The Venture Bros. | Wonderboy | Television |
| 2010 | Neighbors from Hell | Pazuzu | Television |
| 2010 | Glenn Martin DDS | Volunteer Center Guy | Television |
| 2010–2011 | Robotomy | Thrasher | Television |
| 2011 | Futurama | Unattractive Giant Monster | Television |
| 2012 | Bob's Burgers | Moody Foodie | Television |
Films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Down Periscope | Stingray Radioman | Cameo |
| 1999 | Man on the Moon | Blue Collar Guy | Cameo |
| 1999 | Magnolia | Delmer Darion | Cameo |
| 2000 | Super Nerds | Lesile | TV Movie |
| 2001 | Zoolander | Monkey Photographer | Cameo |
| 2002 | ZigZag | Shelly | Cameo |
| 2003 | Run Ronnie Run | Dozer | |
| 2003 | Calendar Girls | Larry | Cameo |
| 2004 | Taxi | Impound Cop | |
| 2004 | Blade: Trinity | Hedges | |
| 2004 | Starsky and Hutch | Disco DJ | |
| 2006 | Failure to Launch | Techie Guy | |
| 2007 | Reno 911!: Miami | Jeff Spoder | |
| 2007 | Wrong Turn 2 | Tommy | Voice |
| 2007 | Ratatouille | Remy | Voice |
| 2007 | I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry | Unknown | Cameo |
| 2007 | Balls of Fury | The Hammer | |
| 2007 | Super High Me | Himself | Cameo |
| 2008 | Sex and Death 101 | Fred | |
| 2008 | All Roads Lead Home | Milo | Lead Role |
| 2009 | Observe and Report | Roger | |
| 2009 | Big Fan | Paul Aufiero | Lead Role Nominated – Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Breakthrough Actor |
| 2009 | The Informant! | Ed Herbst | |
| 2010 | Blood Into Wine | Himself | Documentary |
| 2011 | Young Adult | Matt Freehauf | Pending – Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Runner-Up – Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2011 | A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas | Larry Juston | |
| 2012 | Odd Thomas | Ozzie P. Boone | filming |
| 2012 | Seeking a Friend for the End of the World | Roache |
Publications[link]
- JLA: Welcome to the Working Week (DC Comics, 2003)
- The Overrated Book (co-author with Henry H. Owings, 2006)
- The Goon noir (co-author with Thomas Lennon, Steve Niles and Eric Powell, 2007)
- The Rock Bible: Unholy Scripture for Fans & Bands (co-author with Henry H. Owings, 2008)
- Serenity: Float Out (Dark Horse Comics, 2010)
- Zombie Spaceship Wasteland (2011)
References[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Patton Oswalt |
- ^ "aspecialthing.com :: View topic – THE AST INTERVIEW: PATTON OSWALT". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013165258/http://aspecialthing.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=1465. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ The AST Interview: Patton Oswalt
- ^ "Patton Oswalt: The AST Interview". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013165258/http://aspecialthing.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=1465. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ a b "Michelle McNamara, Patton Oswalt". The New York Times. September 25, 2005. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905E2DE1430F936A1575AC0A9639C8B63.
- ^ Abernathy, Samantha (January 7, 2012). "One For The Road: Have A KFC Bowl For Patton Oswalt's Birthday". Gothamist.
- ^ Tobey, Matt "Happy Birthday, Patton Oswalt!". CC: Insider. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ "Patton Oswalt: Biography, Latest News & Videos". TV Guide. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ^ Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! (2011-10-15). "Comedian Patton Oswalt Plays Not My Job". NPR. http://www.npr.org/2011/10/15/141370178/comedian-patton-oswalt-plays-not-my-job. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ Oswalt, Patton (2011). Zombie Spaceship Wasteland. Scribner. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4391-4908-9.
- ^ He relates this in 2009's Patton Oswalt: My Weakness is Strong.
- ^ Jones, Kenneth (Dec 22, 2009). "Megan Mullally and Patton Oswalt Will Have Lips Together, Teeth Apart on Broadway". Playbill.com. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/135469-Megan-Mullally-and-Patton-Oswalt-Will-Have-Lips-Together-Teeth-Apart-on-Broadway. Retrieved Mar 10, 2010.
- ^ Healy, Patrick.McNally Play Is Postponed After Mullally’s Departure"The New York Times, March 25, 2010
- ^ The date of the DVD release was mentioned during commercial breaks the night of the special's Comedy Central premiere on August 23, 2009.
- ^ Leckart, Steven (June 26, 2007). "Ratatouille Star Patton Oswalt on Geeks vs. Nerds". Wired. http://www.wired.com/entertainment/hollywood/magazine/15-07/pl_screen. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
- ^ Koski, Genevieve (August 31, 2011). "Interview: Patton Oswalt". The A.V. Club. Onion Inc. http://www.avclub.com/articles/patton-oswalt,61121/. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ 2 weeks ago. "Every Time I Die | Ex Lives". Riffermadness.tumblr.com. http://riffermadness.tumblr.com/post/19360607912/the-only-review-that-matters-patton-oswalt-on-ex-lives. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/patton-oswalt/chart-history/618838?f=315&g=Albums
- ^ Chunklet
- ^ Chunklet
- ^ Chunklet
- ^ Amazon.com: Comedy Death Ray: Music: Various Artists
- ^ Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2 by Various Artists
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Patton Oswalt |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Patton Oswalt |
- Official website
- Patton Oswalt on Myspace
- Patton Oswalt at the Internet Movie Database
- Patton Oswalt at Comedy Central
- Brand new audio interview on The Sound of Young America from PRI.
- Interview with Oswalt from August 2006 on public radio program The Sound of Young America
- Random Rules: Patton Oswalt a feature from The A.V. Club
- Hustler Interview: Patton Oswalt
- IMPOSE interview
- Note Books essay on Largehearted Boy
- Reading John Collier's "The Chaser" at Daytrotter
- Interview by "Rotten.com"
- 'Getting Late' interview by Pete Dominick on Sirius Radio
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Oswalt, Patton |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Stand-up comedian |
| Date of birth | January 27, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Portsmouth, Virginia, US |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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http://it.wn.com/Patton Oswalt
http://id.wn.com/Patton Oswalt
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton_Oswalt
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
