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• 
  

• 
  Abbey Road Studios
  Abbey Road Studios is a recording studio located at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established in November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, its present owner. It is most notable as being the venue in the 1960s for innovative recording techniques adopted by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, The Hollies, Badfinger, and others.
  Towards the end of 2009, the studio came under threat of sale to property developers, however the British Government protected the site, granting it English Heritage Grade II listed status in 2010, thereby preventing the building from subjection to major alterations.
  Originally a nine-bedroom Georgian townhouse built in the 1830s on the footpath leading to Kilburn Abbey, the building was later converted to apartments where the most flamboyant resident was Maundy Gregory. The premises were acquired by the Gramophone Company in 1931 and converted into studios. Pathé filmed the opening of the studios, when Sir Edward Elgar conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in recording sessions of his music. The neighbouring house is also owned by the studio and used to house musicians. During the mid-1900s the studio was extensively used by leading British conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent, whose house was just around the corner from the studio building.
  
  wn.com/Abbey_Road_Studios
• 
  Birmingham
  Birmingham (ⁱ/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
  A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
  
  wn.com/Birmingham
• 
  Bodleian Library
  The Bodleian Library ( /ˈbɒdliən/ or /bɒdˈliːən/), the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library. Known to Oxford scholars as "Bodley" or simply "the Bod", under the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 it is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. Though University members may borrow some books from dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the Bodleian operates principally as a reference library and in general documents may not be removed from the reading rooms.
  The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street: these range in date from the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library to the New Bodleian of the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.
  Today, the Bodleian also includes several off-site storage areas as well as many other libraries in central Oxford:
  
  wn.com/Bodleian_Library
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  British Library
  The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from many countries, in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the United States' Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC.
  As a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. It also has a programme for content acquisitions. The British Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) of new shelf space.
  
  wn.com/British_Library
• 
  Brompton Oratory
  Coordinates: 51°29′50″N 0°10′11″W / 51.49722°N 0.16972°W / 51.49722; -0.16972
  The Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, popularly known as Brompton Oratory, is a Roman Catholic church in South Kensington, London. It is situated on Brompton Road, next to the Victoria and Albert Museum, at the junction with Cromwell Gardens.
  John Henry Newman converted to Catholicism in 1845; and founded Birmingham Oratory, dedicated to Saint Philip Neri. Other converts, including Frederick William Faber founded a London Oratory in premises near Charing Cross. They purchased a 3.5-acre (14,000 m²) property in November 1852 for £16,000; in the (then) semi-rural western suburbs. An Oratory House was built first, followed shortly by a temporary church; both designed by J. J. Scoles. An appeal was launched in 1874 for funds to build a church. Within the Oratory House is a chapel, known as the Little Oratory.
  The Church still belongs to and is served by the Congregation of the London Oratory (see London Oratory). There are two other Oratories in the UK, the Birmingham Oratory and the Oxford Oratory.
  
  wn.com/Brompton_Oratory
• 
  Denver
  Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
  
  wn.com/Denver
• 
  Dover
  Coordinates: 51°07′46″N 1°18′32″E / 51.1295°N 1.3089°E / 51.1295; 1.3089
  Dover ( /ˈdoʊvər/; French: Douvres) is a town and major ferry port in the home county of Kent, in South East England. It faces France across the narrowest part of the English Channel, and lies south-east of Canterbury; east of Kent's administrative capital Maidstone; and north-east along the coastline from Dungeness and Hastings. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Dover Calais ferry through the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs have become known as the White Cliffs of Dover, and the narrow sea passage nearby – the Strait of Dover. Its strategic position has been evident throughout its history: archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name of the town derives from the name of the river that flows through River Dour. The town has been inhabited since the Stone Age according to archeological finds, and Dover is one of only a few places in Britain – London and Cornwall being other examples – to have a corresponding name in the French language, Douvres.
  
  wn.com/Dover
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  Fittleworth
  Coordinates: 50°57′55″N 0°33′50″W / 50.96527°N 0.56381°W / 50.96527; -0.56381
  Fittleworth is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located seven kilometres (3 miles) west from Pulborough on the A283 road and three miles (5 km) south east from Petworth. The village has an Anglican church, a primary school and one pub, the Swan. It is within the ancient divisions of the Bury Hundred and the Rape (county subdivision) of Arundel. The village is bounded south by the Rother Navigation .
  In the 2001 census the parish covered 1,164  hectares (2,875 acres) and had 405 households with a total population of 931 people, of whom 434 were economically active.
  Fittleworth is noted in 1167-8 as Fitelwurda, by 1279 Fyteleworth, 1438 Fetilworth and 1488 Fitelworthe. The Olde English FitelanweorJ translates as " the enclosure of Fitela." A Fitela happens to be mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf as nephew of mythological hero Sigmund.
  The manor of Fittleworth, in the reign of Edward I, was held by William Dawtrey and subsequently by the Bishopric of Chichester
  
  wn.com/Fittleworth
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  Florence
  Florence (Italian: Firenze [fiˈrɛntse] ( listen), alternate obsolete form: Fiorenza; Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area.
  Florence is famous for its history. A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.
  The historic centre of Florence attracts millions of tourists each year, and Euromonitor International ranked the city as the world's 72nd most visited in 2009, with 1,685,000 visitors. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, and the city is noted for its history, culture, Renaissance art and architecture and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Pitti Palace, amongst others, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics.
  
  wn.com/Florence
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  Gloucester Cathedral
  Gloucester Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, in Gloucester, England, stands in the north of the city near the river. It originated in 678 or 679 with the foundation of an abbey dedicated to Saint Peter (dissolved by King Henry VIII).
  The foundations of the present church were laid by Abbot Serlo (1072–1104). Walter Gloucester (d. 1412) the abbey's historian, became its first mitred abbot in 1381. Until 1541, Gloucester lay in the see of Worcester, but the separate see was then constituted, with John Wakeman, last abbot of Tewkesbury, as its first bishop. The diocese covers the greater part of Gloucestershire, with small parts of Herefordshire and Wiltshire. The cathedral has a stained glass window containing the earliest images of golf. This dates from 1350, over 300 years earlier than the earliest image of golf from Scotland. There is also a carved image of people playing a ball game, believed by some to be one of the earliest images of medieval football.
  
  wn.com/Gloucester_Cathedral
• 
  Great Malvern
  Coordinates: 52°07′N 2°20′W / 52.11°N 2.33°W / 52.11; -2.33
  Great Malvern is an area of Malvern, Worcestershire, England. It lies at the foot of the Malvern Hills, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, on the eastern flanks of the Worcestershire Beacon and North Hill which are easily accessed from the town centre. It is the historical centre of the town and is a designated a Conservation Area in recognition of the special architectural and historic interest of the area. It is the location of the headquarters buildings of the of Malvern Town Council, the governing body of the Malvern civil parish, and Malvern Hills District council of the county of Worcestershire, England, and a number of the town's amenities including the Malvern Theatres complex, a park, a swimming pool, a library, and a large indoor and outdoor sports facility.
  It is the original main urban centre of the area of Malvern, Worcestershire that began with the founding of an 11th century priory. During the 19th century, it became a popular centre for hydroptherapy and swelled to ìnclude the bordering settlements of Barnards Green, Little Malvern, Malvern Link with Link Top, Malvern Wells, North Malvern, and West Malvern, and often referred to collectively - along with the hills - as The Malverns. In 1900 the former urban districts and towns of Great Malvern and Malvern Link were merged and form the current (2009) six wards governed by Malvern Town Council.
  
  wn.com/Great_Malvern
• 
  Gresham College
  Coordinates: 51°31′04″N 0°06′35″W / 51.5177°N 0.1098°W / 51.5177; -0.1098
  Gresham College is an institution of higher learning located at Barnard's Inn Hall off Holborn in central London, England. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham and today it hosts over 140 free public lectures every year within the City of London.
  Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, left his estate jointly to the City of London Corporation and to the Mercers' Company, which today support the college through the Joint Grand Gresham Committee under the presidency of the Lord Mayor of London. Gresham's will provided for the setting up of the College—in Gresham's mansion in Bishopsgate, on the site now occupied by Tower 42, the former NatWest Tower—and endowed it with the rental income from shops sited around the Royal Exchange, which Gresham had established.
  The early success of the College led to the incorporation of the Royal Society in 1663, which pursued its activities at the College in Bishopsgate before moving to its own premises in Crane Court in 1710. The College remained in Gresham's mansion in Bishopsgate until 1768, and moved about London thereafter until the construction in 1842 of its own buildings in Gresham Street EC2. Gresham College did not become part of the University of London on the founding of the University in the 19th century, although a close association between the College and the University persisted for many years. Since 1991, the College has operated at Barnard’s Inn Hall, Holborn EC1.
  
  wn.com/Gresham_College
• 
  Hampstead
  Coordinates: 51°33′15″N 0°10′28″W / 51.5541°N 0.1744°W / 51.5541; -0.1744
  Hampstead (/ˈhæmpstɪd/ or /-stɛd/), commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an affluent area of London, England, 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden in Inner London, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.
  The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the Modern English "homestead".
  Although early records of Hampstead can be found in a grant by King Ethelred the Unready to the monastery of St. Peter’s at Westminster (AD 986) and it is referred to in the Domesday Book (1086), the history of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the chalybeate waters (water impregnated with iron) in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas. The spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind.
  
  wn.com/Hampstead
• 
  Hereford
  Coordinates: 52°03′23″N 2°42′58″W / 52.0565°N 2.7160°W / 52.0565; -2.7160
  Hereford ⁱ/ˈhɛrɨfərd/ is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Worcester, and 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 55,800 people, it is the largest settlement in the county.
  The name "Hereford" is said to come from the Anglo Saxon "here", an army or formation of soldiers, and the "ford", a place for crossing a river. If this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd, meaning "old road", and probably refers to the Roman Road and Roman settlement at nearby Stretton Sugwas.
  An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed as recently as October 2000.
  
  wn.com/Hereford
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  Herefordshire
  Herefordshire ( /ˈhɛrɨfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herefs.) is a historic and ceremonial county in the West Midlands region of England. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG11) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire" NUTS 2 region. It also forms a unitary district known as the County of Herefordshire. It borders the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh preserved counties of Gwent to the south-west and Powys to the west. Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town; with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement.
  The county is one of the most rural and sparsely populated in England, with a population density of 82/km² (212/sq mi). The land use is predominantly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and cider production, and the Hereford cattle breed.
  From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former non-metropolitan county of Hereford and Worcester.
  
  wn.com/Herefordshire
• 
  Institut de France
  The Institut de France (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃stity də fʁɑ̃s], French Institute) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is the Académie française.
  The institute, located in Paris, manages approximately 1,000 foundations, as well as museums and chateaux open for visit. It also awards prizes and subsidies, which amounted to a total of 5,028,190.55 euros for 2002. Most of these prizes are awarded by the Institute on the recommendation of the académies.
  The Institut de France was created on 25 October 1795.
  The Royal Society of Canada, founded in 1882, was modeled after the Institut de France and the Royal Society of London.
  Coordinates: 48°51′26.07″N 2°20′12.85″E / 48.8572417°N 2.3369028°E / 48.8572417; 2.3369028
  
  wn.com/Institut_de_France
• 
  Kraków
  Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
  The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
  
  wn.com/Kraków
• 
  Little Malvern
  Coordinates: 52°03′42″N 2°20′14″W / 52.06178°N 2.33713°W / 52.06178; -2.33713
  Little Malvern is a small village and (with Welland) a civil parish on the lower slopes of the Malvern Hills south of Malvern Wells, near Great Malvern, the major centre of the area often referred to as The Malverns. in Worcestershire, England. It contains a Romanesque church called Little Malvern Priory, after a Benedictine monastery that existed on the site c.1171-1537. Next to the church is the historic house, Little Malvern Court, home to the Berington family for over four centuries. The gardens of Little Malvern court are occasionally open to the public.
  The composer Edward Elgar and his wife Alice are buried at St. Wulstan's church, and noted singer Jenny Lind lived at Wynd's Point, behind the priory, during her last years.
  According to a book published in 1848, an important find of brass Roman coins was unexpectedly made in 1847 in Little Malvern by a Mr Commissioner Mayne and his sons who were out walking in search of geological items of interest.
  
  wn.com/Little_Malvern
• 
  Powick
  Coordinates: 52°09′41″N 2°14′47″W / 52.161267°N 2.2463°W / 52.161267; -2.2463
  Powick is a Worcestershire village two miles south of the city of Worcester and four miles north of Great Malvern, close to the River Teme. It is a civil parish of the Malvern Hills District, and it includes the village of Callow End and the hamlets of Bastonford, Clevelode, Colletts Green, and Deblins Green.
  Powick lies on the A449 and has two bridges across the River Teme, one ancient and one modern. The village contains a primary school.
  A mile from the village towards Malvern was the site of the Victorian complex of the county psychiatric hospital, generally referred to as Powick Hospital. The hospital was notorious for its use of LSD in therapy and mistreatment of patients. Built in 1852, the hospital finally closed in 1989 and was mostly demolished shortly thereafter. The name Powick entered the local colloquialisms and became synonymous for mental disorder in many informal expressions relating to madness or stupidity.
  
  wn.com/Powick
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  Powick Hospital
  Powick Hospital was a psychiatric facility located on 552 acres (2.23 km²) outside the village of Powick, Worcestershire. Founded in 1847 as the Worcester County Pauper and Lunatic Asylum, it was designed by architects John R. Hamilton & James Medland of Gloucester and opened in August 1852. Situated between Worcester and Malvern on former farmland known as White Chimneys, the asylum was originally erected for the accommodation of 200 inmates but was later extended and by 1858 had 365 patients. By the 1950s it had around 1,000 patients and major research and experimentation in the treatment of chronic depression and schizophrenia was being carried out. The asylum closed in 1989 leaving Barnsley Hall Hospital in Bromsgrove as the remaining psychiatric hospital in the county. Most of the complex has been demolished to make way for a housing estate. The main building, however, was converted into flats and the Superintendent's Residence was converted to company offices.
  Overseeing management of the asylum was carried out by a committee of visitors, while treatment of patients was the responsibility of a resident physician and qualified assistants. Patients were employed to carry out much of the everyday work and maintenance in a variety of workshops for various trades, a gas works, a farm, brewhouse, bakehouse and a chapel.
  
  wn.com/Powick_Hospital
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  River Wye
  The River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) is the fifth-longest river in the UK and for parts of its length forms part of the border between England and Wales. It is important for nature conservation and recreation.
  The Roman name for the River Wye was the "Vaga", which stems from vagus meaning to roam (vagor) or the wanderer.^{[citation needed]} The Tithe map references a Vagas Field in both Whitchurch and Chepstow. . The modern Welsh name "Gwy" may have entitled from the old Welsh "Gwybiol" or "Gwyr" (crooked wandering hills).
  The source of the Wye is in the Welsh mountains at Plynlimon. It flows through or past several towns and villages including Rhayader, Builth Wells, Hay-on-Wye, Hereford (the only city on the River Wye), Ross-on-Wye, Symonds Yat, Monmouth and Tintern, meeting the Severn estuary just below Chepstow. The total length is 215 km.
  
  wn.com/River_Wye
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  Royal Opera House
  The Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden, central London. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. Originally called the Theatre Royal, it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history. In 1734, the first ballet was presented. A year later, Handel's first season of operas began. Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there.
  The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1857. The façade, foyer, and auditorium date from 1858, but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s. The Royal Opera House seats 2,256 people and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery. The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high. The main auditorium is a Grade 1 listed building.
  
  wn.com/Royal_Opera_House
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  The Crystal Palace
  The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m²) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m). Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace".
  After the exhibition, the building was rebuilt in an enlarged form on Penge Common next to Sydenham Hill, an affluent South London suburb full of large villas. It stood there from 1854 until its destruction by fire in 1936. The name Crystal Palace (the satirical magazine Punch usually gets the credit for coining the phrase) was later used to denote this area of south London and the park that surrounds the site, home of the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre.
  
  wn.com/The_Crystal_Palace
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  University of Leeds
  Coordinates: 53°48′26″N 1°33′6″W / 53.80722°N 1.55167°W / 53.80722; -1.55167
  The University of Leeds (informally Leeds University, or simply Leeds) is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally named the Yorkshire College of Science and later simply the Yorkshire College, it incorporated the Leeds School of Medicine and became part of the federal Victoria University alongside Owens College (which eventually became the University of Manchester) and University College Liverpool (which became the University of Liverpool). In 1904, a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII.
  The University is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities, of which the university's Vice-Chancellor Prof Michael Arthur is the current Chairman, and the N8 Group for research collaboration. The university is also a founding member of the Worldwide Universities Network, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the White Rose University Consortium, the Santander Network and CDIO and is also affiliated to the Association of MBAs, EQUIS and Universities UK.
  
  wn.com/University_of_Leeds
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  University of London
  The University of London is a federal university made up of 31 affiliates: 19 separate university institutions, and 12 research institutes. As such, the University of London is the largest university in the UK by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 50,000 in the University of London International Programmes.
  The university was first established by a Royal Charter in 1836, which brought together in federation London University (now University College London) and King's College (now King's College London), to establish today's federally structured University of London.
  Graduates of the University of London often use the post-nominal letters 'Lond.' or, more rarely, 'Londin.' (both from Londiniensis) after their degree abbreviations (see post-nominal abbreviations).
  Founded in 1836, the University at first comprised just two colleges: University College London, which previously had no official chartered status and did not apply religious tests to its students, and King's College, which had been chartered since 1829 and which admitted only members of the Church of England. Both King's (founded 1829) and University College London (founded 1826) pre-date the University of London, which initially served solely as an examining body for the constituent colleges.
  
  wn.com/University_of_London
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  Vancouver
  Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
  The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
  
  wn.com/Vancouver
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  Wigmore Hall
  Wigmore Hall is a leading international recital venue that specialises in hosting performances of chamber music and is best known for classical recitals of piano, song and instrumental music. It is located at 36 Wigmore Street, London, UK and was built to provide London with a venue that was both grandly impressive yet intimate enough for recitals of chamber music. With near perfect acoustics, the Hall became quickly celebrated across Europe, acquiring almost legendary attraction for the greatest artists of the 20th century. Today the Hall promotes some 400 concerts a year and broadcasts a weekly concert on BBC Radio 3 attracting an audience of several hundred thousand listeners as well as a worldwide internet audience. The Hall also promotes an extensive education programme throughout London and beyond.
  Originally named the Bechstein Hall, it was built between 1899 and 1901 by C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik, the German piano manufacturer whose showroom was next door. The hall was designed by Thomas Edward Collcutt, who also designed the Savoy Hotel on The Strand. Similar concert halls were also built by Bechstein in Saint Petersburg and Paris.
  
  wn.com/Wigmore_Hall
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  Worcester
  The City of Worcester, commonly known as Worcester, (ⁱ/ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər), is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral. The site of the final battle of the Civil War, Worcester was where Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles II's Cavaliers, resulting in the English Interregnum, the ten-year period during which England and Wales became a republic. Worcester was the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain and the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. It houses the Lea and Perrins factory where the traditional Worcestershire Sauce is made, and is home to one of the UK's fastest growing universities, the University of Worcester.
  Occupation of the site of Worcester can be dated back to Neolithic times, a village surrounded by defensive ramparts having been founded on the eastern bank of the River Severn in around 400 BC. The position, which commanded a ford on the river, was used in the first century by the Romans to establish what may at first have been a fort on the military route from Glevum (Gloucester) to Viroconium (Wroxeter) but which soon developed – as the frontier of the empire was pushed westwards – into an industrial town with its own pottery kilns and iron-smelting plants.
  
  wn.com/Worcester
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  Worcester Cathedral
  Worcester Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Worcester, England; situated on a bank overlooking the River Severn. It is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Worcester. Its official name is The Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Worcester. Built between 1084 and 1504, Worcester Cathedral represents every style of English architecture from Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. It is famous for its Norman crypt and unique chapter house, its unusual Transitional Gothic bays, its fine woodwork and its "exquisite" central tower which is of particularly fine proportion.
  The cathedral's west facade appeared, with a portrait of Sir Edward Elgar, on the reverse of £20 note issued by the Bank of England between 1999 and 2007.
  The Cathedral was founded in 680 with Bishop Bosel as its head. The first cathedral was built in this period but nothing now remains of it. The existing crypt of the cathedral dates from the 10th century and the time of St. Oswald, Bishop of Worcester. The current cathedral dates from the 12th and 13th centuries.
  
  wn.com/Worcester_Cathedral
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  Worcestershire
  Worcestershire (ⁱ/ˈwʊstərʃər/ WUUS-tər-shər or /ˈwʊstərʃɪər/ WUUS-tər-sheer ; abbreviated Worcs) is a non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. In 1974, it merged with the neighbouring county of Herefordshire to form Hereford and Worcester. This was divided in 1998, re-establishing Worcestershire as a county. The Malvern Hills forms the east–west border between the two counties, with the exception of West Malvern in Worcestershire.
  The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire. To the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The southern part of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the northern edge of the Cotswolds; to the east is Warwickshire. There are two major rivers flowing through the county, the Severn and the Avon.
  The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and administrative seat of the county, which includes the principal settlements of Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, Malvern, and the largest town, Redditch, and a number of smaller towns such as Pershore, Tenbury Wells and Upton upon Severn. The north of the county includes part of the industrial West Midlands conurbation while the south of the county is largely rural. The average salary is £20,300.
  
  wn.com/Worcestershire
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  Yale University
  Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
  Incorporated as the "Collegiate School," the institution traces its roots to 17th-century clergymen who sought to establish a college to train clergy and political leaders for the colony. In 1718, the College was renamed "Yale College" to honor a gift from Elihu Yale, a governor of the British East India Company. In 1861, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences became the first U.S. school to award the PhD. Yale became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. Yale College was transformed, beginning in the 1930s, through the establishment of residential colleges: 12 now exist and two more are planned. Yale employs over 1,100 faculty to teach and advise about 5,300 undergraduate and 6,100 graduate and professional students. Almost all tenured professors teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually.
  
  wn.com/Yale_University

• Adolf Pollitzer
  Adolf Pollitzer, also Adolph Pollitzer (Hungarian: Pollitzer Adolf; July 23, 1832 - November 14, 1900) was a Hungarian Jewish violinist.
  Pollitzer was born in Pest, Hungary. In 1842, he left Budapest for Vienna, where he studied the violin under Joseph Böhm at the Vienna Conservatory; and in his 14th year he took the first prize at the Conservatory. After a concert tour in Germany, he went to Paris and studied under Jean-Delphin Alard. In 1850 he crossed the Channel, and in London his remarkable talents as a violinist were recognized after a short time. He became leader at Her Majesty's Theatre under Sir Michael Costa and also led the new Philharmonic Orchestra and the Royal Choral Society.
  Pollitzer was a preeminent in his day as an interpreter of classic chamber-music, his playing attaining to what may be called "the great style". As a teacher of his instrument, he was regarded as the most eminent of his time in England and many pupils who attained distinction had studied under him. In 1861, on the establishment of the London Academy of Music, he was appointed professor of violin. He held this position until 1870, when he succeeded Dr. Henry Wylde as principal of the Academy and retained this position until his death, which occurred in London.
  
  wn.com/Adolf_Pollitzer
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  Adrian Boult
  Sir Adrian Cedric Boult CH (8 April 1889 – 22 February 1983) was an English conductor. Brought up in a prosperous mercantile family, he followed musical studies in England and at Leipzig, Germany, with early conducting work in London for the Royal Opera House and Sergei Diaghilev's ballet company. His first prominent post was conductor of the City of Birmingham Orchestra in 1924. When the British Broadcasting Corporation appointed him director of music in 1930, he established the BBC Symphony Orchestra and became its chief conductor. The orchestra set standards of excellence that were rivalled in Britain only by the London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO), founded two years later.
  Forced to leave the BBC in 1950 on reaching retirement age, Boult took on the chief conductorship of the LPO. The orchestra had declined from its peak of the 1930s, but under his guidance its fortunes were revived. He retired as its chief conductor in 1957, and later accepted the post of president. Although in the latter part of his career he worked with other orchestras, including the London Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and his former orchestra, the BBC Symphony, it was the LPO with which he was primarily associated, conducting it in concerts and recordings until 1978, in what was widely called his "Indian Summer".
  
  wn.com/Adrian_Boult
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  Alexander Siloti
  Alexander Ilyich Siloti (also Ziloti, Russian: Алекса́ндр Ильи́ч Зило́ти, Aleksandr Iljič Ziloti) (9 October 1863, near Kharkiv - 8 December 1945, New York) was a Russian pianist, conductor and composer. (Spelling note: A truer transliteration of his surname into English would be Ziloti; however, it is usually seen in its German transliteration Siloti. Initial s in German is pronounced z.)
  Alexander Siloti was born on his father's estate near Kharkiv, Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia). He studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory with Nikolai Zverev from 1871, then from 1875 under Nikolai Rubinstein, brother of the more famous Anton Rubinstein; from that year he also studied counterpoint under Sergei Taneyev, harmony under Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, and theory under Nikolai Hubert. He graduated with the Gold Medal in Piano in 1881. Siloti went to Weimar, Germany to further his studies with Franz Liszt, co-founding the Liszt-Verein in Leipzig, and making his professional debut on 19 November 1883. Returning to Russia in 1887, Siloti taught at the Moscow Conservatory, where his students included Alexander Goldenweiser, Leonid Maximov, and his first cousin Sergei Rachmaninoff. During this period he also began work as editor for Tchaikovsky, particularly on the First and Second piano concertos.
  
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  Alexandra of Denmark
  Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was the wife of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions. As such, she was queen consort and Empress of India from 1901 to 1910.
  Her family had been relatively obscure until her father, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, was chosen with the consent of the great powers to succeed his distant cousin, Frederick VII, to the Danish throne. At the age of sixteen, she was chosen as the future wife of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent of Queen Victoria. They married eighteen months later in 1863, the same year her father became Christian IX of Denmark and her brother, George, was appointed King of Greece. She was Princess of Wales from 1863 to 1901, the longest anyone has ever held that title, and became generally popular; her style of dress and bearing were copied by fashion-conscious women. Although largely excluded from wielding any political power, she unsuccessfully attempted to sway the opinion of British ministers and her husband's family to favour Greek and Danish interests. Her public duties were restricted to uncontroversial involvement in charitable work.
  
  wn.com/Alexandra_of_Denmark
• Algernon Blackwood
  Algernon Henry Blackwood, CBE (14 March 1869 – 10 December 1951) was an English short story writer and novelist, one of the most prolific writers of ghost stories in the history of the genre. He was also a journalist and a broadcasting narrator. S. T. Joshi has stated that "his work is more consistently meritorious than any weird writer's except Dunsany's" and that his short story collection Incredible Adventures (1914) "may be the premier weird collection of this or any other century".
  Blackwood was born in Shooter's Hill (today part of south-east London, but then part of northwest Kent) and educated at Wellington College. His father was a Post Office administrator who, according to Peter Penzoldt, "though not devoid of genuine good-heartedness, had appallingly narrow religious ideas". Blackwood had a varied career, working as a milk farmer in Canada, operating a hotel, as a newspaper reporter in New York City, bartender, model, journalist for the New York Times, private secretary, businessman, and violin teacher.
  
  wn.com/Algernon_Blackwood
• Alick Rowe
  Alick Rowe was a British writer born in 1939. He died on 30 October 2009 in Chiang Mai, Thailand of a suspected heart attack.
  He was head boy at Hereford Cathedral School before graduating from St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. From the early 1970s onwards he wrote prolifically for radio and television. His BBC radio plays include "Crisp and Even Brightly" (a comedic retelling of the Good King Wenceslas story) and "Operation Lightning Pegasus" (about the siege of Troy).
  In addition to his radio plays, he scripted television programmes including "Up School" (1970), "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1978), "Two People" (1979), "Claire" (1982), "Morgan's Boy" (1984), "A Sort of Innocence" (1987), and season one of the BBC sci fi series The Tripods.
  His published books include "Boy at the Commercial" a portrait of life at a pub in Hereford, where he lived for the first sixteen years of his life, "Morgan's Boy", "Voices of Danger", "The Panic Wall", "Trapped", "Derek Dungbeetle in Paradise" and "Derek Dungbeetle and the Lost Lover."
  
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  Andrew Lang
  Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 – 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him.
  Lang was born in Selkirk. He was the eldest of the eight children born to John Lang, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first duke of Sutherland. On 17 April 1875 he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, the youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados.
  He was educated at Selkirk grammar school, Loretto, and at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College. As a journalist, poet, critic and historian, he soon made a reputation as one of the most able and versatile writers of the day.
  
  wn.com/Andrew_Lang
• André Previn
  André George Previn, KBE (born Andreas Ludwig Priwin; April 6, 1929) is a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer. He is considered one of the most versatile musicians in the world and is the winner of four Academy Awards for his film work and ten Grammy Awards for his recordings.
  Previn was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Charlotte (née Epstein) and Jack Previn, who was a lawyer, judge, and music teacher. He is said to be "a distant relative of" the composer Gustav Mahler. However, In a pre-concert public interview at the Lincoln Center, in May 2012, Previn laughed at the suggestion that he is related to Mahler. The year of his birth is uncertain. Whilst most published reports give 1929, Previn himself has stated that 1930 is his birth year. This situation is a consequence of his the family losing Previn's birth certificate when they left Germany in 1938.^{[citation needed]} His elder brother was director Steve Previn.^{[citation needed]} The Previn family, which was Jewish,^{[citation needed]} emigrated to the United States in 1939 to escape the Nazi regime in Germany.^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/André_Previn
• Anthony Payne
  Anthony Payne (born 2 August 1936) is an English composer, most famous for the work published as Edward Elgar: The Sketches for Symphony No. 3 Elaborated by Anthony Payne. His career as a composer might be described as a continuous attempt to reconcile his personal affinity with British composers of the early 20th Century (especially Vaughan Williams, Delius, Elgar and Bridge) with the stylistic innovations of post-war contemporary music.
  Born in London, Payne was interested in composing music from an early age. After studying at St Cuthbert's Society, Durham University, he spent a period as a freelance musicologist. Since the mid-1960s, when he composed his Phoenix Mass, he has received commissions for new works from several important ensembles, including the English Chamber Orchestra and the Nash Ensemble. Three major orchestral works: The Spirit's Harvest (1985), Time's Arrow (1990) and Visions and Journeys (2002) were all premiered by the BBC Symphony Orchestra at The Proms in London. He has also composed a Concerto for Orchestra (1974) and other orchestral pieces, as well as chamber, instrumental and choral works. His String Quartet No. 2 (2010) won the Chamber category of the 2011 British Composer Awards.
  
  wn.com/Anthony_Payne
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  Anton Rubinstein
  Anton Grigorevich Rubinstein (Russian: Анто́н Григо́рьевич Рубинште́йн, tr. Anton Grigor'evič Rubinštejn) (November 28 [O.S. November 16] 1829 – November 20 [O.S. November 8] 1894) was a Russian pianist, composer and conductor who became a pivotal figure in Russian culture when he founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. This, together with the Moscow Conservatory founded by his brother Nikolai, were the first music schools of their type in Russia. This proved no less controversial than other aspects of Rubinstein's career, as Russian culture was deeply divided and the nation itself was going through an identity crisis that would last for the rest of the 19th century. Rubinstein drew a tremendous amount of criticism about the conservatory from nationalistically minded individuals such as critic Vladimir Stassov and members of the group of composers known collectively as The Five.
  
  wn.com/Anton_Rubinstein
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  Antonín Dvořák
  Antonín Leopold Dvořák (/ˈdvɔrʒɑːk/ DVOR-zhahk or /dɨˈvɔrʒæk/ di-VOR-zhak; Czech: [ˈantoɲiːn ˈlɛopolt ˈdvor̝aːk] ( listen); September 8, 1841 – May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of late Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. Dvořák’s own style is sometimes called "romantic-classicist synthesis". His works include symphonic, choral and chamber music, concerti, operas and many of other orchestral and vocal-instrumental pieces.
  His best-known works include his New World Symphony, the Slavonic Dances, the Symphonic Variations, "American" String Quartet, Piano Quintet No 2, the opera Rusalka, Cello Concerto in B minor and choral works Stabat Mater, Requiem and Te Deum. Today, he is considered to be one of the most important composers of the Romantic era.
  Dvořák was born on September 8, 1841, in the Bohemian village of Nelahozeves, near Prague (then part of Bohemia in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic), where he spent most of his life. He was baptized as a Roman Catholic in the church of St. Andrew in the village. Dvořák's years in Nelahozeves nurtured the strong Christian faith and love for his Bohemian heritage that so strongly influenced his music. His father, František Dvořák (1814–1894), was an innkeeper, professional player of the zither, and a butcher. Although his father wanted him to be a butcher as well, Dvořák pursued a career in music. He received his earliest musical education at the village school, which he entered in 1847, aged six. From 1857 to 1859 he studied music in Prague's only organ school, and gradually developed into an accomplished player of the violin and the viola. He wrote his first string quartet when he was 20 years old, two years after graduating.
  
  wn.com/Antonín_Dvořák
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  Arthur Bliss
  ‎
  Sir Arthur Edward Drummond Bliss, CH, KCVO (2 August 1891 – 27 March 1975) was an English composer and conductor.
  Bliss's musical training was cut short by the First World War, in which he served with distinction in the army. In the post-war years he quickly became known as an unconventional and modernist composer, but within the decade he began to display a more traditional and romantic side in his music. In the 1920s and 1930s he composed extensively not only for the concert hall, but also for films and ballet.
  In the Second World War, Bliss returned to England from the US to work for the BBC and became its director of music. After the war he resumed his work as a composer, and was appointed Master of the Queen's Music.
  In Bliss's later years, his work was respected but was thought old-fashioned, and it was eclipsed by the music of younger colleagues such as William Walton and Benjamin Britten. Since his death, his compositions have been well represented on record, and many of his better-known works remain in the repertoire of British orchestras.
  
  wn.com/Arthur_Bliss
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  Arthur Nikisch
  Arthur Nikisch Hungarian: Nikisch Artúr; 12 October 1855 – 23 January 1922) was a Hungarian conductor who performed internationally, holding posts in Boston, London and - most importantly - Berlin. He was considered an outstanding interpreter of the music of Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Beethoven and Liszt. Johannes Brahms praised Nikisch's performance of his Fourth Symphony as "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better."
  Arthur Augustinus Adalbertus Nikisch was born in Mosonszentmiklós, Hungary to a Hungarian father, and a mother from Moravia.
  Nikisch began his studies at the Vienna Conservatory in 1866. There he studied under the composer Felix Otto Dessoff, the conductor Johann von Herbeck, and the violinist Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr. and won prizes for composition and performance on violin and piano. He was engaged as a violinist in the Vienna Philharmonic, and also played in the Bayreuth Festival orchestra in its inaugural season of 1876.
  He was to achieve most of his fame as a conductor. In 1878 he moved to Leipzig and became second conductor of the Leipzig Opera; in 1879 he was promoted to principal conductor . He gave the premiere of Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in 1884.
  
  wn.com/Arthur_Nikisch
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  Arthur Sullivan
  Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer of Irish and Italian ancestry. He is best known for his series of 14 operatic collaborations with the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, including such enduring works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado. Sullivan composed 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. The best known of his hymns and songs include "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".
  The son of a military bandmaster, Sullivan composed his first anthem at age eight. He was selected as soloist in the boys' choir of the Chapel Royal. The Reverend Thomas Helmore, the choirmaster, encouraged Sullivan and arranged for the publication and performance of his early compositions. In 1856, the Royal Academy of Music awarded the first Mendelssohn Scholarship to the 14-year-old Sullivan, allowing him to study first at the Academy and then in Germany, at the Leipzig Conservatoire. His graduation piece was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare's The Tempest. When it was performed in London in 1862, it was an immediate sensation. Sullivan began his composing career with a series of ambitious works, interspersed with hymns, parlour ballads and other light pieces. Among his best received early pieces were a ballet, L'Île Enchantée (1864), and his Irish Symphony, Cello Concerto and Overture in C (In Memoriam) (all in 1866). From 1861 to 1872, he supplemented his income by working as a church organist and as a music teacher.
  
  wn.com/Arthur_Sullivan
• August Jaeger
  August Jaeger (1860-1909) was an Anglo-German music publisher, who developed a close friendship with the English composer Edward Elgar.
  Born in Düsseldorf, Germany, Jaeger met Elgar through his employment at the London music publisher Novello. His advice and friendship became invaluable to Elgar, causing the composer to rework many famous musical passages, including the finale to his Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma Variations) and the climax of The Dream of Gerontius. Jaeger has been immortalized in the famous ninth variation "Nimrod" from the first above-mentioned work, recalling a conversation on the slow movements of Beethoven (Nimrod was a Biblical hunter, a pun on the German word for hunter, Jäger).
  Jaeger championed the work of the young black composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor; to Elgar he claimed that Coleridge-Taylor was "a genius".
  He married Isabel Donkersley, a pupil of Henry Holmes in the Royal College of Music.
  
  wn.com/August_Jaeger
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  August Manns
  Sir August Friedrich Manns (12 March 1825 – 1 March 1907) was a German-born conductor who made his career in England. After serving as a military bandmaster in Germany, he moved to England and soon became director of music at London's Crystal Palace. He increased the resident band to full symphonic strength and for more than forty years conducted concerts at popular prices. He introduced a wide range of music to London, including many works by young British composers, as well as works by German masters hitherto neglected in England. Among his British protégés were Arthur Sullivan, Charles Villiers Stanford, Hubert Parry, Hamish MacCunn, Edward Elgar and Edward German.
  Manns performed the works of more than 300 composers, and was reckoned to have given more than 12,000 concerts during his tenure at the Crystal Palace, between 1855 and 1901. He became a British citizen in 1894 and was knighted in 1903.
  
  wn.com/August_Manns
• Brian Rust
  Brian Rust (19 March 1922 – 5 January 2011) was an English jazz discographer.
  Brian Arthur Lovell Rust was born in London, and collected records from the age of five. He worked in the BBC's record library from 1945 to 1960, and supervised broadcasting selections. He wrote for The Gramophone from 1948 to 1970, and wrote freelance from 1960, including liner notes for jazz releases. He hosted the Mardi Gras radio program on Capital Radio from 1973 to 1984. His Jazz Records 1897-1942, revised several times since its initial publication in 1961, is a standard jazz discography.
  Rust died on 5 January 2011 in Swanage, England.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Brian_Rust
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  Caroline Alice Elgar
  Caroline Alice, Lady Elgar (9 October 1848 – 7 April 1920) was an English author of verse and prose fiction, who married the composer Edward Elgar.
  Caroline Alice Roberts, known as Alice, was born in Bhooj, Gujarat, India, in 1848. She was the youngest child and only daughter of Major-General Sir Henry Gee Roberts KCB (1800–1860), and Julia Maria Raikes (1815–1887). Her three elder brothers were Albert Henry Roberts (born in 1839 and died young), Frederick Boyd Roberts (born 1841) and Stanley Napier Roberts (born 1844). Their father was serving in India at the time of the Indian Rebellion, and he died when Alice was aged only 12.
  She was from a distinguished family: on her mother's side her grandfather was the Rev. Robert Napier Raikes, her great-grandfather Robert Raikes (1736–1811) was a founder of the Sunday school movement, and her uncle was British Indian Army General Robert Napier Raikes (1813–1909).
  As a girl she studied with the amateur geologist Rev W. S. Symonds and they and a group of her friends went fossil-hunting on the banks of the river Severn. She wrote the index to a book by him. She studied the piano with Ferdinand Kufferath in Brussels and harmony with Charles Harford Lloyd. She spoke fluent German, and also Italian, French and Spanish.
  
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  Clara Butt
  Dame Clara Ellen Butt, DBE (1 February 1872 – 23 January 1936), sometimes called Clara Butt-Rumford after her marriage, was an English contralto with a remarkably imposing voice and a surprisingly agile singing technique. Her main career was as a recitalist and concert singer.
  Clara Butt was born in Southwick, Sussex. Her father, Henry Albert Butt, was a sea captain who had been born in 1848 in Saint Martin, Jersey, Channel Islands. He married Clara Hook in 1869. She was born in Shoreham, the daughter of Joseph Hook, another mariner. (See the relevant British Census returns for 1861 and 1871.)
  In 1880, the Butt family moved to the port city of Bristol in England's West Country, and Clara was educated at South Bristol High School, where her singing ability was recognised and her talent as a performer encouraged. At the request of her headmistress, she was trained by the bass Daniel Rootham (father of composer Cyril Rootham) and joined the Bristol Festival Chorus, of which Daniel Rootham was musical director. Butt won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in January 1890. During her fourth year of vocal lessons at the college she spent three months studying in Paris at the expense of Queen Victoria. She also studied in Berlin and Italy.
  
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  Claudio Abbado
  Claudio Abbado, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ˈklaudio abˈbaːdo]; born June 26, 1933), is an Italian conductor. He has served as music director of the La Scala opera house in Milan, principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, music director of the Vienna State Opera, and principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra from 1989 to 2002, when he retired from the position for health reasons.
  Born in Milan, Italy, Abbado is the son of the violinist and composer Michelangelo Abbado, who was his first piano teacher, and the brother of musician Marcello Abbado. After studying piano at the Milan Conservatory, in 1955 Claudio Abbado studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky at the Vienna Academy of Music. In 1958 he won the international Koussevitsky Competition for conductors, which resulted in a number of operatic conducting engagements in Italy, and in 1963 he won the Dimitri Mitropoulos Prize for conductors, allowing him to work for five months with the New York Philharmonic.
  
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  Colin Davis
  Sir Colin Rex Davis, CH, CBE (born 25 September 1927) is an English conductor. His repertoire is broad, but among the composers with whom he is particularly associated are Mozart, Berlioz, Elgar, Sibelius, Stravinsky and Tippett.
  He studied as a clarinettist, but was intent on becoming a conductor. After struggles as a freelance conductor from 1949 to 1957, he gained a series of appointments with orchestras including the BBC Scottish Orchestra, the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. He has been associated with the London Symphony Orchestra for over 50 years, including over ten years as its principal conductor. He has also held the musical directorships of Sadler's Wells Opera and the Royal Opera House, where he was principal conductor for over fifteen years. His guest conductorships include the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Dresden Staatskapelle, among many others.
  As a teacher, Davis holds posts at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and the Carl Maria von Weber High School of Music in Dresden. He made his first gramophone recordings in 1958, and his discography built up in the succeeding five decades is extensive, with a large number of studio recordings for Philips Records and a growing catalogue of live recordings for the London Symphony Orchestra's own label.
  
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• Daniel Gregory Mason
  Daniel Gregory Mason (Brookline, Massachusetts, November 20, 1873 – Greenwich, Connecticut, December 4, 1953) was an American composer and music critic.
  Mason came from a long line of notable American musicians, including his father Henry Mason, and his grandfather Lowell Mason. His cousin, John B. Mason, was a popular actor on the American and British stage. Daniel Mason studied under John Knowles Paine at Harvard University from 1891 to 1895, continuing his studies with George Chadwick and Percy Goetschius. In 1894 he published his Opus 1, a set of keyboard waltzes, but soon after began writing about music as his primary career. He became a lecturer at Columbia University in 1905, where he would remain until his retirement in 1942, successively being awarded the positions of assistant professor (1910), MacDowell professor (1929) and head of the music department (1929-1940). He was elected a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity, the national fraternity for men in music, in 1914 by the Fraternity's Alpha Chapter at the New England Conservatory in Boston.
  
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• David Owen Norris
  David Owen Norris (born 1953) is a British pianist and broadcaster.
  Norris was born in 1953. He studied music at Keble College, Oxford where he was organ scholar; he is now an Honorary Fellow of the college. After leaving Oxford, he studied composition, and worked at the Royal Opera House as a repetiteur. As a pianist, he has accompanied soloists such as Dame Janet Baker, Larry Adler and John Tomlinson , and his solo career has included appearances at the Proms and performances with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Detroit Symphony Orchestra. He has also presented several radio series - his Playlist Series for BBC Radio 4 has recently finished its second series - presented for television, and appeared in a number of television documentaries. He is a professor at the Royal College of Music and also teaches at the University of Southampton, where he is Head of Keyboard. He has also been Gresham Professor of Music and a professor at the Royal Academy of Music (having earlier been a student there).
  
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• David Pownall
  David Pownall FRSL (born 19 May 1938) is a British playwright and author of novels and short stories. Some of his plays have been adapted as films, for instance, Music to Murder By (1976), and others were written as radio plays.
  David Pownall was born in Liverpool. He graduated from Keele University in 1960.
  He worked as a personnel officer with the Ford Motor Company, Dagenham, Essex, from 1960-63. In 1963, Pownall moved to Zambia to take up a post as the personnel manager at Anglo-American PLC and lived and worked there until 1969; he had several early plays produced there.
  Returning to England to write full time, he became the resident writer of the Century Theatre touring group, from 1970-72. He was resident writer of the Duke's Playhouse, Lancaster, from 1972–75, and had several plays produced by them. His plays reflected the local environment, as well as meditations on the plays of Shakespeare.
  He helped found the Paines Plough Theatre, first based in Coventry, where he was resident writer from 1975-80. In 1977, his play Richard III, Part Two, first produced by Paines Plough, was taken to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
  
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• David Rudkin
  James David Rudkin (born 29 June 1936, London) is an English playwright of Northern Irish descent. Coming from a family of strict evangelical Christians, Rudkin was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and read Mods and Greats at St Catherine's College, Oxford. Beginning to write during national service in the Royal Corps of Signals, Rudkin taught Latin, Greek and music at a county high school in Worcestershire until 1964, while also directing amateur theatre productions.
  Following the success of his first play Afore Night Come (1962), Rudkin translated works by Aeschylus, Roger Vitrac, the libretto of Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron, and wrote the book to the Western Theatre Ballet's Sun into Darkness (Sadlers Wells 1963) and the libretto for Gordon Crosse's comic opera, The Grace of Todd.
  Rudkin's major works for the stage include Ashes (1974), The Sons of Light (written in 1965 though not staged until 1975), The Triumph of Death (1981) and The Saxon Shore (1986). His associations with the RSC also led him to translate the Hippolytus of Euripides for the company in 1978, having translated the author's Hecuba for radio three years previously.
  
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• Donald Tovey
  Sir Donald Francis Tovey (17 July 1875 – 10 July 1940) was a British musical analyst, musicologist, writer on music, composer, conductor and pianist. He had been best known for his Essays in Musical Analysis and his editions of the works of Bach and Beethoven but since the 1990s his compositions (relatively small in number but very substantial in musical content) have been recorded and performed with increasing frequency. It remains to be seen, however, if these recordings, which have mostly been well-received by reviewers, will earn Tovey a permanent place in the canon of 20th century British music, or whether he will remain a niche composer.
  Tovey began to study the piano and compose at an early age. He eventually studied composition with Hubert Parry.
  Tovey became a close friend of Joseph Joachim, and played piano with the Joachim Quartet in a 1905 performance of Brahms's Piano Quintet. He gained some moderate fame as a composer, having his works performed in Berlin and Vienna as well as London. He performed his own Piano Concerto under the conductorship of Sir Henry Wood in 1903 and under Hans Richter in 1906. During this period he also contributed heavily to the music articles in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, writing a large portion of the content on music of the 18th and 19th centuries.
  
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• Edmund Rubbra
  Edmund Rubbra (23 May 1901 – 14 February 1986) was a British composer. He composed both instrumental and vocal works for soloists, chamber groups and full choruses and orchestras. He was greatly esteemed by fellow musicians and was at the peak of his fame in the mid-20th century. The most famous of his pieces are his eleven symphonies. Although he was active at a time when many people wrote twelve-tone music, he decided not to write in this idiom himself. Instead he devised his own distinctive style. His later works were not as popular with the concert-going public as his previous ones had been, although he never lost the respect of his colleagues. Therefore his output as a whole is less celebrated today than would have been expected from its sheer merit and from his early popularity. Yet his compositions are full of drama, with often enough an improvisatory element.
  
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  Edward Elgar
  Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the Enigma Variations, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed choral works, including The Dream of Gerontius, chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.
  Although Elgar is often regarded as a typically English composer, most of his musical influences were not from England but from continental Europe. He felt himself to be an outsider, not only musically, but socially. In musical circles dominated by academics, he was a self-taught composer; in Protestant Britain, his Roman Catholicism was regarded with suspicion in some quarters; and in the class-conscious society of Victorian and Edwardian Britain, he was acutely sensitive about his humble origins even after he achieved recognition. He nevertheless married the daughter of a senior British army officer. She inspired him both musically and socially, but he struggled to achieve success until his forties, when after a series of moderately successful works his Enigma Variations (1899) became immediately popular in Britain and overseas. He followed the Variations with a choral work, The Dream of Gerontius (1900), based on a Roman Catholic text that caused some disquiet in the Anglican establishment in Britain, but it became, and has remained, a core repertory work in Britain and elsewhere. His later full-length religious choral works were well received but have not entered the regular repertory. The first of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901) is well known in the English-speaking world.
  
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• Edward Joseph Dent
  Edward Joseph Dent, generally known by his initials as E. J. Dent (16 July 1876, Ribston, Yorkshire – 22 August 1957, London) was a British writer on music.
  Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, Dent was Professor of Music at Cambridge University from 1926 to 1941. He was President of the I.S.C.M. from its foundation in 1922 until 1938. He was a governor of Sadler's Wells Opera, and translated many libretti for it. He wrote influential books on Alessandro Scarlatti, Ferruccio Busoni, Handel, English Operas and the operas of Mozart.
  
  
  
  
  
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• Eric Blom
  Eric Walter Blom CBE (20 August 1888 – 11 April 1959) was a Swiss-born British-naturalised music lexicographer, musicologist, music critic, music biographer and translator. He is best known as the editor of the 5th edition of Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1954).
  Blom was born in Berne, Switzerland. His father was of Danish and British descent, and his mother was Swiss. He was educated in German-speaking Switzerland, and later in England. He was largely self-taught in music. He started in music journalism by assisting Rosa Newmarch in writing program notes for Sir Henry J. Wood’s Prom Concerts, which were notable for their abundance of accurate information. From 1923 to 1931 he was the London music correspondent for the Manchester Guardian. He then went to the Birmingham Post (1931-46), and returned to London in 1949, as music critic for The Observer. He retired as chief music critic for The Observer in 1953, but still wrote weekly contributions right up till his death.
  He was the editor of Music & Letters from 1937 to 1950, and again from 1954 until his death. He withdrew in 1950 because of his preoccupation with the preparation of Grove's Dictionary. He returned in 1954 only because the proprietor and then-editor, Richard Capell, died. In his capacity as musical adviser to the Dent publishing firm, he also edited the Master Musicians series, of which he wrote "Mozart". He discovered a number of young authors and gave them their first opportunities to write music biography.
  
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• Ernest Bullock
  Sir Ernest Bullock (15 September 1890, Wigan, England – 24 May 1979, Aylesbury, England) was an English organist, composer, and educator.
  Bullock studied the organ with Edward Bairstow in Leeds and was assistant organist at Leeds Parish Church from 1907 to 1912. He also took courses at the University of Durham, receiving Bachelor of Music in 1908 and Doctor of Music in 1914.
  After serving as sub-organist at Manchester Cathedral from 1912 to 1919, he was in 1919 briefly organist of St. Michael's College, Tenbury and then organist and choirmaster at Exeter Cathedral from 1919 to 1927. In 1928 he was named organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey, and as such participated in the coronation of King George VI.
  He became Gardiner Professor of Music at the University of Glasgow in 1941. He was then director of the Royal College of Music in London from 1952 until his retirement in 1960. Among his notable pupils are Robert Ashfield, Sidney Campbell, Peter Racine Fricker, and S. Drummond Wolff.
  
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• Ernest Newman
  Ernest Newman (30 November 1868 – 7 July 1959) was an English music critic and musicologist. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians describes him as "the most celebrated British music critic in the first half of the 20th century." His style of criticism, aiming at intellectual objectivity in contrast to the more subjective approach of other critics, such as Neville Cardus, was reflected in his books on Richard Wagner, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss and others. He was music critic of The Sunday Times from 1920 until his death nearly forty years later.
  Newman was born William Roberts in Everton, a district of Liverpool, the only child of Seth Roberts, a Welsh tailor, and his second wife Harriet, née Spark, both of whom had children by their first marriages. He was educated at St Saviour's School, Everton, Liverpool College and University College, Liverpool, graduating in 1886, where he studied English literature, philosophy and art. He had no formal musical education but taught himself to play the piano "after a fashion", could read music as easily as books, studied vocal music, composition, harmony and counterpoint, and introduced himself to a wide range of music through reading scores. The young Roberts was intended to pursue a career in the Indian Civil Service, but his health broke down, and he was medically advised not to contemplate residence in India. He became a clerk in the Bank of Liverpool from 1889 to 1903. In his spare time he acquired complete or partial competence in nine foreign languages, wrote for a number of journals on music, literature, religion and philosophical subjects, and published his first two books, Gluck and the Opera, in 1895 and A Study of Wagner, in 1899.
  
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  Eugène Ysaÿe
  Eugène Ysaÿe (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn iza.i]; 16 July 1858 – 12 May 1931) was a Belgian violinist, composer and conductor born in Liège. He was regarded as "The King of the Violin", or, as Nathan Milstein put it, the "tzar". His brother was pianist and composer Théo Ysaÿe (1865–1918), and his great-grandson is Marc Ysaÿe, drummer of rock band Machiavel.
  Eugène-Auguste Ysaÿe came from a background of peasants, though a large part of his family played instruments. As violinist Arnold Steinhardt describes, a legend was passed down through the Ysaÿe family about the first violin brought to the lineage:
  
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  Felix Mendelssohn
  Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (German pronunciation: [ˈjaːkɔp ˈluːtvɪç ˈfeːlɪks ˈmɛndl̩szoːn baʁˈtɔldi]), born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 1809 – 4 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
  The grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family, although initially he was raised without religion and was later baptised as a Lutheran Christian. Mendelssohn was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent.
  Early success in Germany, where he also revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, was followed by travel throughout Europe. Mendelssohn was particularly well received in Britain as a composer, conductor and soloist, and his ten visits there – during which many of his major works were premiered – form an important part of his adult career. His essentially conservative musical tastes, however, set him apart from many of his more adventurous musical contemporaries such as Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner and Hector Berlioz. The Leipzig Conservatoire (now the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig), which he founded, became a bastion of this anti-radical outlook.
  
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  Felix Salmond
  Felix Adrian Norman Salmond (19 November 1888 – 20 February 1952) was an English cellist and cello teacher who achieved success in both England and the United States of America.
  Salmond was born to a family of professional musicians. His father was a baritone, and his mother was a pianist who had studied with Clara Schumann. At age twelve, Salmond started studying with the man who became his primary cello teacher, William Whitehouse. He won a scholarship to continue studies with Whitehouse four years later at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He continued on to the Brussels Conservatoire at age nineteen, where he studied for two years with Édouard Jacobs. His concert debut was in 1908, playing Frank Bridge's Fantasy Trio in C minor and Johannes Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor. Salmond's mother was the pianist, with Bridge on viola and Maurice Sons playing the violin. The recital, which took place at the Bechstein Hall, was very successful, leading to many future engagements for Salmond. He gave recitals across Britain and appeared with the Queen's Hall Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Hallé Orchestra, amongst others. He also toured America in a piano quartet with Harold Bauer, Bronisław Huberman and Lionel Tertis.
  
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  Ferdinand Löwe
  Ferdinand Löwe (19 February 1865 – 6 January 1925) was an Austrian conductor.
  Löwe was born in Vienna, Austria where along with Munich, Germany his career was primarily centered. From 1896 Löwe conducted the Kaim Orchestra, today's Munich Philharmonic, where he returned from 1908 to 1914. In 1900 Löwe founded and conducted the Wiener Concertvereinsorchester, today the Vienna Symphony. He taught at the Vienna Conservatoire from 1884. He was elected director in 1919 and served until 1922.
  A pupil of Anton Bruckner, Löwe was one of the main popularizers of Bruckner's symphonies. He would sometimes persuade the composer to rearrange his music in order to make it more palatable to the public. In the case of Bruckner's Symphony No. 9, Löwe himself made significant changes to the harmony, orchestration, phrasing and dynamics before the posthumous premiere. Bruckner's original conception of the symphony was not heard until 1932 when it was revived by Siegmund von Hausegger, Löwe's successor at Munich. The symphony is today performed without Löwe's changes.
  
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  Franz Liszt
  Franz Liszt (German: [fʁant͡s lɪst]); Hungarian: Liszt Ferencz, in modern use Liszt Ferenc) (October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886) was a 19th-century Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher.
  Liszt became renowned in Europe during the nineteenth century for his virtuosic skill as a pianist. He was said by his contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced pianist of his age. In the 1840s he was considered by some to be perhaps the greatest pianist of all time. He was also a well-known composer, piano teacher, and conductor. He was a benefactor to other composers, including Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Camille Saint-Saëns, Edvard Grieg and Alexander Borodin.
  As a composer, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the "Neudeutsche Schule" ("New German School"). He left behind an extensive and diverse body of work in which he influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated some 20th-century ideas and trends. Some of his most notable contributions were the invention of the symphonic poem, developing the concept of thematic transformation as part of his experiments in musical form and making radical departures in harmony. He also played an important role in popularizing a wide array of music by transcribing it for piano.
  
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• Fred Gaisberg
  Frederick William Gaisberg (1 January 1873 – 2 September 1951) was an American-born musician, recording engineer and one of the earliest classical music producers for the gramophone. He himself did not use the term 'producer' and was not an impresario like his protégé Walter Legge of EMI or an innovator like John Culshaw of Decca. Gaisberg concentrated on talent-spotting and in persuading performers to make recordings for the newly-invented gramophone.
  Gaisberg began working in the recording industry in America as a young man, becoming a pioneer of early recording, and also worked as piano accompanist. In 1898, he joined the Gramophone Company in England as its first recording engineer. In 1902, he recorded music sung by the tenor Enrico Caruso for Victor, and the recordings became a sensation. By 1921, Gaisberg was artistic director of HMV's international artistes department. After 1925, he concentrated on artist management. In 1939, he retired from his position but continued as a consultant in the industry through the 1940s.
  
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  Frederick Delius
  Frederick Theodore Albert Delius, CH (29 January 1862 – 10 June 1934) was an English composer. Born in the north of England to a prosperous mercantile family of German extraction, he resisted attempts to recruit him to commerce. He was sent to Florida in the United States in 1884 to manage an orange plantation, where he neglected his managerial duties; influenced by African-American music, he began composing. After a brief period of formal musical study in Germany beginning in 1886, he embarked on a full-time career as a composer in Paris and then in nearby Grez-sur-Loing, where he and his wife Jelka lived (except during the First World War) for the rest of their lives.
  Delius's first successes came in Germany, where Hans Haym and other conductors promoted his music from the late 1890s. In Delius's native Britain, it was 1907 before his music made regular appearances in concert programmes, after Thomas Beecham took it up. Beecham conducted the full premiere of A Mass of Life in London in 1909 (he had premiered Part II in Germany in 1908); he staged the opera A Village Romeo and Juliet at Covent Garden in 1910; and he mounted a six-day Delius festival in London in 1929, as well as making gramophone recordings of many of Delius's works. After 1918 Delius began to suffer the effects of syphilis, contracted during his earlier years in Paris. He became paralysed and blind, but completed some late compositions between 1928 and 1932 with the aid of an amanuensis, Eric Fenby.
  
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  Fritz Kreisler
  Friedrich "Fritz" Kreisler (February 2, 1875 – January 29, 1962) was an Austrian-born violinist and composer. One of the most famous violin masters of his or any other day, and regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time, he was known for his sweet tone and expressive phrasing. Like many great violinists of his generation, he produced a characteristic sound which was immediately recognizable as his own. Although he derived in many respects from the Franco-Belgian school, his style is nonetheless reminiscent of the gemütlich (cozy) lifestyle of pre-war Vienna.
  Kreisler was born in Vienna to a Jewish father and a German mother; he was baptised at age twelve. He studied at the Vienna Conservatory and in Paris, where his teachers included Anton Bruckner, Léo Delibes, Jakob Dont, Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr., Joseph Massart, and Jules Massenet. He made his United States debut at Steinway Hall in New York City on November 10, 1888, and his first tour of the United States in 1888–1889 with Moriz Rosenthal, then returned to Austria and applied for a position in the Vienna Philharmonic. He was turned down by the concertmaster Arnold Rosé. Hearing a recording of the Rosé Quartet, it is easy to hear why – Rosé was sparing in his use of vibrato, and Kreisler would not have blended successfully with the orchestra's violin section.^{[citation needed]} As a result, he left music to study medicine. He spent a brief time in the army before returning to the violin in 1899, giving a concert with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Arthur Nikisch. It was this concert and a series of American tours from 1901 to 1903 that brought him real acclaim.
  
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  Frédéric Chopin
  Frédéric François Chopin ( /ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; Polish: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, also phonetically Szopen; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of French-Polish parentage. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music. Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, a village in the Duchy of Warsaw. A renowned child-prodigy pianist and composer, Chopin grew up in Warsaw and completed his music education there; he composed many mature works in Warsaw before leaving Poland in 1830 at age 20, shortly before the November 1830 Uprising.
  Following the Russian suppression of the Uprising, he settled in Paris as part of Poland's Great Emigration. During the remaining 19 years of his life, Chopin gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon; he supported himself by sales of his compositions and as a piano teacher. After some romantic dalliances with Polish women, including an abortive engagement, from 1837 to 1847 he carried on a relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (pen name "George Sand"). For most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health; he died in Paris in 1849 at age 39.
  
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  George Bernard Shaw
  George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
  He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.
  
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• Gervase Hughes
  Gervase Alfred Booth Hughes (1 September 1905 – July 1984) was an English composer, conductor and writer on music. From 1926 to 1933, Hughes pursued a career as a conductor and chorus master, principally at the British National Opera Company, and also co-produced Shakespeare plays. He left the musical profession in 1933, raising a family and working first as an executive in a railway company and later running luxury European tours. From 1960 to 1972 he published a series of books on musical subjects, beginning with a study of the music of Arthur Sullivan, published in 1960.
  Hughes was born in Birmingham, England, the son of Alfred Hughes, a university professor, and his wife Hester, née Booth. He was educated at Malvern College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he was active in the Oxford University Opera Club for whom he composed a light opera. He graduated with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Music in 1927.
  From 1926 to 1929 Hughes was on the staff of the British National Opera Company and conducted Carmen, Faust and Samson et Dalila. The company gave several performances of his one-act operetta, Castle Creevey, in 1928–30, and the score was published by Novello & Co. In 1929–30 along with Sir Thomas Beecham and Jack Westrup, he was one of three conductors of the London Opera Festival, for which he arranged and conducted Handel's Giulio Cesare, its first British performance since the composer's lifetime.Herman Klein in The Gramophone commented that the costumes, the lines and the acting "made the audience rock with laughter," but added, "One reservation should be made, however, and that applies to the admirable work of Mr. Gervase Hughes, both in arranging the score and conducting the efficient orchestra, including the faultless accompaniments played upon the harpsichord by Mr. Boris Ord." Between 1926–33 he was associated with Sir Frank Benson and Oscar Asche in Shakespeare productions, presented under the management of "Gervase Hughes Ltd".
  
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• Gordon Jacob
  Gordon Percival Septimus Jacob (5 July 1895 – 8 June 1984) was an English composer. He is known for his wind instrument composition and his instructional writings.
  Born in London, the third youngest of ten siblings, Jacob was educated at Dulwich College in South London, England. His career almost ended before it began. He enlisted in the Field Artillery to serve in World War I when he was 19. The vagaries of war pushed him into the infantry, in the trenches in the front line. He was taken prisoner of war in 1917, and was one of only 60 men in his battalion of 800 to survive. He amused himself and his fellow POWs by forming a small prison camp "orchestra" of any instruments they could muster, and arranging music for it. At this period he received the news that his brother Anstey, who had enlisted with him, had died on the Somme, and this he commemorated some years later in his first Symphony.
  After being released he spent a year studying journalism, but left to study composition, theory, and conducting at the Royal College of Music. Because of his cleft palate and a childhood hand injury, his instrumental abilities were limited; he studied piano but never had a performing career. Jacob's first major successful piece was composed during his student years: the William Byrd Suite for orchestra, after a collection of pieces for the virginals. It is better-known in a later arrangement for symphonic band. While a student Jacob was asked by Ralph Vaughan Williams to arrange the latter's English Folk Song Suite for full orchestra.
  
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  Granville Bantock
  Sir Granville Bantock (7 August 1868 – 16 October 1946) was a British composer of classical music.
  Granville Ransome Bantock was born in London. His father was a Scottish doctor. He was intended by his parents for the Indian Civil Service but was drawn into the musical world. His first teacher was Dr Gordon Saunders at Trinity College of Music. Later he studied harmony and composition with Frederick Corder at the Royal Academy of Music, where he won the Macfarren Prize in the first year it was awarded.
  Early conducting engagements took him around the world with a musical comedy troupe. He founded a music magazine, The New Quarterly Music Review, but this lasted only a few years. In 1897, he became conductor at the New Brighton Tower concerts, where he pioneered the works of Joseph Holbrooke, Frederic Hymen Cowen, Charles Steggall, Edward German, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford, Corder and others, frequently devoting whole concerts to a single composer. He was also conductor of the Liverpool Orchestral Society with which he premiered Delius's Brigg Fair on 18 January 1908. He became Principal of the Birmingham and Midland Institute school of music in 1900. He was a close friend of fellow composer Havergal Brian. He was Peyton Professor of Music at the University of Birmingham from 1908 to 1934 (in which post he succeeded Sir Edward Elgar). In 1934, he was elected Chairman of the Corporation of Trinity College of Music in London. He was knighted in 1930. His students included the conductor and composer Anthony Bernard and the composer Eric Fogg.
  
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  Gustav Mahler
  Gustav Mahler (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʊstaf ˈmaːlɐ]; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. He was born in the village of Kalischt, Bohemia, in what was then the Austrian Empire, now Kaliště in the Czech Republic. Then his family moved to nearby Iglau (now Jihlava) where Mahler grew up.
  As a composer, he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 the music was discovered and championed by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.
  Born in humble circumstances, Mahler displayed his musical gifts at an early age. After graduating from the Vienna Conservatory in 1878, he held a succession of conducting posts of rising importance in the opera houses of Europe, culminating in his appointment in 1897 as director of the Vienna Court Opera (Hofoper). During his ten years in Vienna, Mahler—who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism to secure the post—experienced regular opposition and hostility from the anti-Semitic press. Nevertheless, his innovative productions and insistence on the highest performance standards ensured his reputation as one of the greatest of opera conductors, particularly as an interpreter of the stage works of Wagner and Mozart. Late in his life he was briefly director of New York's Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic.
  
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• Hamilton Harty
  Sir (Herbert) Hamilton Harty (4 December 1879 – 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor, pianist and organist.
  After an early career as a church organist in his native Ireland, Harty moved to London at about age 20, soon becoming a well-known piano accompanist. The Musical Times called him "the prince of accompanists". As a composer he wrote throughout his career, many of his works being well received, though few are regularly performed in the 21st century.
  In his career as a conductor, which began in 1904, Harty was particularly noted as an interpreter of the music of Berlioz. From 1920 to 1933 he was the chief conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester, which he returned to the high standards and critical acclaim that it had enjoyed under its founder, Charles Hallé. His last permanent post was with the London Symphony Orchestra, but it lasted only two years, from 1932 to 1934. During his conducting career, Harty made some recordings with his orchestras. Shortly after his dismissal by the LSO, Harty began to suffer the symptoms of a brain tumour. After surgery, he resumed his career until 1940, but the tumour returned to cause his death at the age of 61.
  
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  Hector Berlioz
  Hector Berlioz (pronounced: [ɛktɔʁ bɛʁˈljoːz]; 11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians. He also composed around 50 songs. His influence was critical for the further development of Romanticism, especially in composers like Richard Wagner, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Franz Liszt, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and many others.
  Hector Berlioz was born in France at La Côte-Saint-André in the département of Isère, near Grenoble. His father, a respected provincial physician and scholar, was responsible for much of the young Berlioz's education. His father, Louis-Joseph Berlioz, was an atheist, with a liberal outlook; his mother, Marie-Antoinette, was an orthodox Roman Catholic. He had five siblings in all, three of whom did not survive to adulthood. The other two, Nanci and Adèle, remained close to Berlioz throughout his life.
  
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  Henry Purcell
  Henry Purcell ( /ˈpɜrsəl/; 10 September 1659 (?)– 21 November 1695), was an English composer. Although incorporating Italian and French stylistic elements into his compositions, Purcell's legacy was a uniquely English form of Baroque music. He is generally considered to be one of the greatest English composers; no other native-born English composer approached his fame until Edward Elgar.
  Purcell was born in St Ann's Lane Old Pye Street, Westminster. Henry Purcell Senior, whose older brother Thomas Purcell (d. 1682) was also a musician, was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and sang at the coronation of King Charles II of England. Henry the elder had three sons: Edward, Henry and Daniel. Daniel Purcell (d. 1717), the youngest of the brothers, was also a prolific composer who wrote the music for much of the final act of The Indian Queen after Henry Purcell's death. Henry Purcell's family lived just a few hundred yards west of Westminster Abbey from the year 1659 and onward.
  After his father's death in 1664, Purcell was placed under the guardianship of his uncle who showed him great affection and kindness. Thomas was himself a gentleman of His Majesty's chapel, and arranged for Henry to be admitted as a chorister. Henry studied first under Captain Henry Cooke (d. 1672),Master of the Children, and afterwards under Pelham Humfrey (d. 1674), Cooke's successor. Henry was a chorister in the Chapel Royal until his voice broke in 1673, when he became assistant to the organ-builder John Hingston, who held the post of keeper of wind instruments to the King.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Purcell
• Henry Vaughan
  Henry Vaughan (1621 − April 23, 1695) was a Welsh physician and metaphysical poet.
  Vaughan and his twin brother the hermetic philosopher and alchemist Thomas Vaughan, were the sons of Thomas Vaughan and his wife Denise (née Morgan) of 'Trenewydd', Newton, in Brecknockshire, Wales. Their grandfather, William, was the owner of Tretower Court.
  Vaughan spent most of his life in the village of Llansantffraed, near Brecon, where he is also buried.
  Both Henry and his twin Thomas were schooled locally by the rector of Llangattock (Crickhowell), the Rev. Matthew Herbert. This occupied six years preceding their attendance at Jesus College, Oxford, England in 1638. However, around 1640, Vaughan's family influenced him to pursue a career in law to the abandonment of an Oxford degree.
  As the Civil War developed, he was recalled home from London, initially to serve as a secretary to Sir Marmaduke Lloyd, a chief justice on the Brecknockshire circuit and staunch royalist. Military service interrupted his study of the law and, upon his return, Vaughan began to practise medicine. By 1646, he had married Catherine Wise with whom he reared a son, Thomas, and three daughters, Lucy, Frances, and Catherine. After his first wife's death, he married her sister, Elizabeth.
  
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  Henry Wood
  Sir Henry Joseph Wood, CH (3 March 1869 – 19 August 1944) was an English conductor best known for his association with London's annual series of promenade concerts, known as the Proms. He conducted them for nearly half a century, introducing hundreds of new works to British audiences. After his death, the concerts were officially renamed in his honour as the "Henry Wood Promenade Concerts", although they continued to be generally referred to as "the Proms".
  Born in modest circumstances to parents who encouraged his musical talent, Wood started his career as an organist. During his studies at the Royal Academy of Music, he came under the influence of the voice teacher Manuel Garcia and became his accompanist. After similar work for Richard D'Oyly Carte's opera companies on the works of Arthur Sullivan and others, Wood became the conductor of a small operatic touring company. He was soon engaged by the larger Carl Rosa Opera Company. One notable event in his operatic career was conducting the British premiere of Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin in 1892.
  
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• Herbert Howells
  Herbert Norman Howells CH (17 October 1892 – 23 February 1983) was an English composer, organist, and teacher, most famous for his large output of Anglican church music.
  Howells was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire, the youngest of the six children of Oliver Howells, a plumber, painter, decorator and builder, and his wife Elizabeth. His father played the organ at the local Baptist church, and Herbert himself showed early musical promise, first deputising for his father, and then moving at the age of eleven to the local Church of England parish church as choirboy and unofficial deputy organist.
  The Howells family's financial position was always precarious and at some point in Howells' adolescence his father became bankrupt, a deep humiliation in a small community at the time and one from which Howells never fully recovered. Financially assisted by a member of the family of Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe who had taken an interest in the budding musician, Howells began music lessons in 1905 with Herbert Brewer, the organist of Gloucester Cathedral, and at sixteen became his articled pupil at the Cathedral alongside Ivor Novello and Ivor Gurney. The latter became a close friend, the pair going on long walks through the Gloucestershire countryside discussing their shared love of music and English literature.
  
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• Herbert Sumsion
  Herbert Whitton Sumsion (14 January 1899 – 11 August 1995) was an English musician who was organist of Gloucester Cathedral from 1928 to 1967. Through his leadership role with the Three Choirs Festival, Sumsion maintained close associations with major figures in England's 20th-century musical renaissance, including Edward Elgar, Herbert Howells, Gerald Finzi, and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Although Sumsion is known primarily as a cathedral musician, his professional career spanned more than 60 years and encompassed composing, conducting, performing, accompanying, and teaching. His compositions include works for choir and organ, as well as lesser-known chamber and orchestral works.
  
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  Herbert von Karajan
  Herbert von Karajan (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛɐbɛɐt fɔn ˈkaʁaˌjan]; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian orchestra and opera conductor. To the wider world he was perhaps most famously associated with the Berlin Philharmonic, of which he was principal conductor for 35 years. Although his work was not universally admired, he is generally considered to have been one of the greatest conductors of all time, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate he was the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, having sold an estimated 200 million records.
  The Karajans were of Greek Macedonian or Aromanian ancestry. His great-great-grandfather, Geòrgios Johannes Karajànnis, was born in Kozani, an Aromanian town in the Ottoman province of Rumelia (present West Macedonia in today's Greece), leaving for Vienna in 1767, and eventually Chemnitz, Saxony. He and his brother participated in the establishment of Saxony's cloth industry, and both were ennobled for their services by Frederick Augustus III on 1 June 1792, thus the prefix "von" to the family name. The surname Karajànnis became Karajan. Although traditional biographers ascribed a Serbian or simply a Slavic origin to his mother, Karajan's family from the maternal side, through his grandfather who was born in the village of Mojstrana, Duchy of Carniola (today in Slovenia), was Slovene. By this line, Karajan was related to Austrian composer of Slovene descent Hugo Wolf. Karajan seems to have known some Slovene.
  
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  Hubert Parry
  Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (27 February 1848 – 7 October 1918) was an English composer, teacher and historian of music.
  Parry's first major works appeared in 1880. As a composer he is best known for the choral song "Jerusalem", the coronation anthem "I was glad" and the hymn tune "Repton", which sets the words "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind". He was director of the Royal College of Music from 1895 until his death and was also professor of music at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1908. He also wrote several books about music and music history. Some contemporaries rated him as the finest English composer since Henry Purcell, but his academic duties prevented him from devoting all his energies to composition.
  Parry was born in Bournemouth, the youngest of six children of Thomas Gambier Parry (1816–1888) of Highnam Court, Gloucestershire, a painter, art collector and inventor of the "spirit fresco" process, and his first wife, Isabella née Fynes-Clinton (1816–1848). Three of their children died in infancy, and Isabella Parry died twelve days after the birth of her sixth child. Parry grew up at Highnam Court with his surviving siblings, (Charles) Clinton and Lucy. Thomas Parry remarried in 1851, and had a further six children.
  
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  Igor Stravinsky
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (sometimes spelled Strawinsky or Stravinskii; Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, transliterated: Igorʹ Fëdorovič Stravinskij; Russian pronunciation: [ˌiɡərʲ ˌfʲjodɐrɐvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6 April 1971) was a Russian, and later French and American composer, pianist and conductor. He is acknowledged by many as one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century.
  Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Rite of Spring, which provoked a riot during its premiere, transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who pushed the boundaries of musical design. His so-called Russian phase was followed in the 1920s by a period in which he turned to neoclassical music. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue and symphony). They frequently concealed a vein of intense emotion beneath a surface appearance of detachment or austerity and often paid tribute to the music of earlier masters, for example J.S. Bach and Tchaikovsky. In the 1950s, Stravinsky adopted serial procedures. His compositions of this period shared traits with examples of his earlier output: rhythmic energy, the construction of extended melodic ideas out of a few two- or three-note cells and clarity of form, of instrumentation and of utterance.
  
  wn.com/Igor_Stravinsky
• Jack Westrup
  Sir Jack Westrup (26 July 1904 – 21 April 1975) was an English musicologist, writer, teacher and occasional conductor and composer.
  Jack Allan Westrup was the second of the three sons of George Westrup, insurance clerk, of Dulwich, and his wife, Harriet Sophia née Allan. He was educated at Dulwich College, London 1917-22, and at Balliol College, Oxford. He first read classics in which he gained first class honours in moderations (1924) and second class honours in literae humaniores (1926). He gained his B.Mus. degree in 1926, and a Master of Arts in 1929. He took an active part in music in the university as a keyboard and brass player. With an Italian expatriate Arundel del Re, he co-founded the Oxford University Opera Club while still an undergraduate, and was later its conductor. The club had a policy of producing works in English and used its funds to hire professional singers and conductors. In 1925, with William Henry Harris, he staged the first complete performance in modern times of Claudio Monteverdi's opera L'Orfeo (but only over certain obstacles presented by Sir Hugh Allen), and in 1927 he produced the first British performance of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea. (In February 1975 he was present at a new production of Orfeo to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the University Opera Club.)
  
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  Jean Sibelius
  Jean Sibelius ( pronunciation (help·info); 8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the later Romantic period. His music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity. His mastery of the orchestra has been described as "prodigious."
  The core of Sibelius's oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies. Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each successive work to further develop his own personal compositional style. His works continue to be performed frequently in the concert hall and are often recorded.
  In addition to the symphonies, Sibelius's best-known compositions include Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto in D minor and The Swan of Tuonela (one of the four movements of the Lemminkäinen Suite). Other works include pieces inspired by the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala; over 100 songs for voice and piano; incidental music for 13 plays; the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower); chamber music; piano music; Masonic ritual music; and 21 separate publications of choral music.
  
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  Johannes Brahms
  Johannes Brahms (pronounced [joːˈhanəs ˈbʁaːms]; 7 May 1833  – 3 April 1897) was a German composer and pianist, and one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms's popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
  Brahms composed for piano, chamber ensembles, symphony orchestra, and for voice and chorus. A virtuoso pianist, he premiered many of his own works; he also worked with some of the leading performers of his time, including the pianist Clara Schumann and the violinist Joseph Joachim. Many of his works have become staples of the modern concert repertoire. Brahms, an uncompromising perfectionist, destroyed many of his works and left some of them unpublished.
  Brahms is often considered both a traditionalist and an innovator. His music is firmly rooted in the structures and compositional techniques of the Baroque and Classical masters. He was a master of counterpoint, the complex and highly disciplined art for which Johann Sebastian Bach is famous, and also of development, a compositional ethos pioneered by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Brahms aimed to honour the "purity" of these venerable "German" structures and advance them into a Romantic idiom, in the process creating bold new approaches to harmony and melody. While many contemporaries found his music too academic, his contribution and craftsmanship have been admired by subsequent figures as diverse as Arnold Schoenberg and Edward Elgar. The diligent, highly constructed nature of Brahms's works was a starting point and an inspiration for a generation of composers.
  
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  John Barbirolli
  Sir John Barbirolli, CH (2 December 1899 – 29 July 1970), né Giovanni Battista Barbirolli, was an English conductor and cellist. He is remembered above all as conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester, which he helped save from dissolution in 1943 and conducted for the rest of his life. Earlier in his career he was Arturo Toscanini's successor as music director of the New York Philharmonic, serving from 1936 to 1943. He was also chief conductor of the Houston Symphony from 1961 to 1967, and was a guest conductor of many other orchestras, including the BBC Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic, with all of which he made recordings.
  Born in London of Italian and French parentage, Barbirolli grew up in a family of professional musicians. After starting out as a cellist, he was given the chance to conduct, from 1926 with the British National Opera Company, and then with Covent Garden's touring company. On taking up the conductorship of the Hallé he had less opportunity to work in the opera house, but in the 1950s he conducted productions of works by Verdi, Wagner, Gluck, and Puccini at Covent Garden with such success that he was invited to become the company's permanent musical director, an invitation he declined. Late in his career he made several recordings of operas, of which his 1967 set of Puccini's Madama Butterfly for EMI is probably the best known.
  
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  John Henry Newman
  John Henry Newman, D.D., C.O. (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890), also referred to as Cardinal Newman and Blessed John Henry Newman, was an important figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century. He was known nationally by the mid-1830s.
  Originally an evangelical Oxford academic and priest in the Church of England, Newman was a leader in the Oxford Movement. This influential grouping of Anglicans wished to return the Church of England to many Catholic beliefs and forms of worship traditional in the medieval times to restore ritual expression. In 1845 Newman left the Church of England and was received into the Roman Catholic Church where he was eventually granted the rank of cardinal by Pope Leo XIII. He was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland, which evolved into University College, Dublin, today, the largest university in Ireland.
  Newman's beatification was officially proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 September 2010 during his visit to the United Kingdom. His canonisation is dependent on the documentation of additional miracles.
  
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  John Ruskin
  John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He wrote on subjects ranging from geology to architecture, myth to ornithology, literature to education, and botany to political economy. His writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. Ruskin penned essays and treatises, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even a fairy tale. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art was later superseded by a preference for plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural structures and ornamentation.
  He was hugely influential in the latter half of the 19th century up to the First World War. After a period of relative decline, his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work. Today, his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in environmentalism, sustainability and craft.
  
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• John Warrack
  John Hamilton Warrack (born 1928, London) is an English music critic, writer on music, and oboist.
  Warrack is the son of Scottish conductor and composer Guy Warrack. From 1954 until 1961 he was music critic for The Daily Telegraph, and from 1961 until 1972 he was music critic for The Sunday Telegraph. From 1978 until 1983 he served as the Artistic Director of the Leeds Festival. From 1984 until 1993 he taught on the music faculty at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Carl Maria von Weber (Hamish Hamilton, 1968, 2nd ed. Cambridge UP, 1976), the standard study of von Weber in English; German Opera: From the Beginnings to Wagner (2001) and the co-author of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (1964, with Harold Rosenthal) and The Oxford Dictionary of Opera (1992, with Ewan West).
  
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• Josef Krips
  Josef Alois Krips (8 April 1902 – 13 October 1974) was an Austrian conductor and violinist.
  Krips was born in Vienna and went on to become a pupil of Eusebius Mandyczewski and Felix Weingartner. From 1921 to 1924, he served as Weingartner's assistant at the Vienna Volksoper and as répétiteur and chorus master. Afterwards he became conductor of several orchestras, including a period as music director of the orchestra in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1933. In 1933 he returned to Vienna as a resident conductor of the Volksoper. He also became a professor at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1935. He conducted regularly at the Salzburg Festival between 1935 and 1938.
  In 1938, the Nazi annexation of Austria (or Anschluss) forced Krips to leave the country. (Krips was raised a Roman Catholic, but would have been excluded from musical activity because his father was born Jewish). Krips moved to Belgrade, where he worked for a year with the Belgrade Opera and Philharmonic, until Yugoslavia also became involved in World War II. For the rest of the war he worked in a food factory.
  
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  Joseph Haydn
  Franz Joseph Haydn (  /ˈdʒoʊzəf ˈhaɪdən/; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdən] ( listen); 31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the Classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
  A lifelong resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe.
  Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven.
  
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  Jules Massenet
  Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (French pronunciation: [ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ]) (May 12, 1842 – August 13, 1912) was a French composer best known for his operas. His compositions were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and he ranks as one of the greatest melodists of his era. Soon after his death, Massenet's style went out of fashion, and many of his operas fell into almost total oblivion. Apart from Manon and Werther, his works were rarely performed. However, since the mid-1970s, many operas of his such as Thaïs and Esclarmonde have undergone periodic revivals.
  Massenet was born in Montaud, then an outlying hamlet and now a part of the city of Saint-Étienne, in the Loire. When he was six, his family moved to Paris due to his father's ill-health. There his mother (Adélaïde Massenet, née Royer; her husband's second wife) started taking piano pupils. She also taught Jules so well that at the age of 11 he was able to enter the Paris Conservatoire. He was still a student when his family moved from Paris to Chambéry, but Jules returned to Paris after a few months, living with a married member of his father's family by his first wife. To support himself during his studies, he worked as timpanist for six years at the Théâtre Lyrique, playing also other percussion instruments in other theatres, and working as a pianist in the Café de Belleville.
  
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• Julius Buths
  Julius Buths (7 May 1851 – 12 March 1920) was a German pianist, conductor and minor composer. He was particularly notable in his early championing of the works of Edward Elgar in Germany. He conducted the continental European premieres of both the Enigma Variations and The Dream of Gerontius. He also had notable associations with Frederick Delius and Gustav Mahler.
  Julius Emil Martin Buths was born in Wiesbaden, the son of an oboist. He studied music at Cologne under Ferdinand Hiller and others, in Berlin under Friedrich Kiel, in Italy and in Paris. He worked as a conductor in Breslau from 1875 to 1879, then in Elberfeld until 1890. That year he was appointed musical director for the city of Düsseldorf, and he played an important role in the Lower Rhenish Music Festivals for a number of years. In 1890, he was co-director with Hans Richter; in 1893 he was sole director; in 1896, he shared the role with Johannes Brahms and Richard Strauss; 1902 co-director with Strauss; and sole director in 1905.
  
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• Julius Harrison
  Julius Allan Greenway Harrison (26 March 1885 – 5 April 1963) was an English composer who was best known as a conductor of operatic works.
  Harrison was born in Lower Mitton, Stourport in Worcestershire, England, the eldest in the family of four sons and three daughters of Walter Henry Harrison a grocer and candle maker, and his wife, Henriette Julien née Schoeller, a German-born former governess. He was educated at a Dame School in Stourport, and at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Hartlebury. The family was musical; Walter Harrison was conductor of the Stourport Glee Union and Henriette Harrison was Julius's first piano teacher. He later took organ and violin lessons from the organist of Wilden parish church, and sang in the church choir.
  At the ago of 16 Harrison was appointed organist and choirmaster at Areley Kings Church, and at Hartlebury Church at the age of 21. When he was 17 he directed the Worcester Musical Society in a performance of his own Ballade for Strings. He gained two Firsts in music in Cambridge local examinations and studied under Granville Bantock at the Birmingham and Midland Institute of Music where he specialised in conducting. He first came to wider public notice in 1908 with his cantata Cleopatra. The work won the first prize at the Norwich Musical Festival, adjudicated by Frederick Delius, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor and Ernest Walker.The Times commented on the inadequacy of the libretto, and praised Harrison's orchestration and melodies but complained that the work was "a series of pictures of unbridled passion devoid of all that ordinary people call beauty." The reviewer in The Manchester Guardian was more complimentary; though he commented on the obvious influence of Bantock, and over-elaborate orchestration, he wrote that Harrison had undoubted talent.
  
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  Ken Russell
  Henry Kenneth Alfred "Ken" Russell (3 July 1927 – 27 November 2011) was an English film director, known for his pioneering work in television and film and for his flamboyant and controversial style. He attracted criticism as being obsessed with sexuality and the church. His films often dealt with the lives of famous composers or were based on other works of art which he adapted loosely. Russell began directing for the BBC, where he made creative adaptations of composers' lives which were unusual for the time. He also directed many feature films independently and for studios.
  He is best known for his Oscar-winning film Women in Love (1969), The Devils (1971), The Who's Tommy (1975), and the science fiction film Altered States (1980). Classical musicians and conductors held him in high regard for his story-driven biopics of various composers, most famously Elgar, Delius, Liszt, Mahler and Tchaikovsky.
  British film critic Mark Kermode speaking in 2006, and attempting to sum up the director's achievement, called Russell, "somebody who proved that British cinema didn't have to be about kitchen-sink realism—it could be every bit as flamboyant as Fellini. Later in his life he turned to making experimental films such as Lion's Mouth and Revenge of the Elephant Man, and they are as edgy and 'out there' as ever".
  
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  Landon Ronald
  Sir Landon Ronald (born Landon Ronald Russell) (7 June 1873 – 14 August 1938) was an English conductor, composer, pianist, singing teacher and administrator. He was the son of Henry Russell, noted composer of popular songs, and the half brother of the impresario Henry Russell, founder of the Boston Opera Company.
  Landon Ronald was born in London and educated at St Marylebone Grammar School. He studied at the Royal College of Music, 1884-1890. He then worked at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and became conductor of Augustus Harris's touring company. In 1894, he toured the United States as accompanist for Nellie Melba. From 1900 he worked for the recording company The Gramophone & Typewriter Ltd, predecessor of His Master's Voice (HMV), initially as pianist; he accompanied early recordings by distinguished singers such as Charles Santley and Adelina Patti.
  He is credited with making the very first recording of a solo piano piece: an arrangement of the Liebestod from Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, in 1900 on a seven-inch Berliner disc.
  
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  Laurence Binyon
  Robert Laurence Binyon, CH (10 August 1869 at Lancaster – 10 March 1943) was an English poet, dramatist and art scholar. His most famous work, For the Fallen, is well known for being used in Remembrance Sunday services.
  Laurence Binyon's parents were Frederick Binyon, a Quaker minister, and Mary Dockray. Mary's father, Robert Benson Dockray, was the main engineer of the London and Birmingham Railway. The family were Quakers.
  Binyon studied at St Paul's School. There he read Classics (Honour Moderations) at Trinity College, Oxford, where he won the Newdigate Prize for poetry in 1891.
  Immediately after graduating in 1893, Binyon started working for the Department of Printed Books of the British Museum, writing catalogs for the museum and art monographs for himself. In 1895 his first book, Dutch Etchers of the Seventeenth Century, was published. In that same year, Binyon moved into the Museum's Department of Prints and Drawings, under Campbell Dodgson. In 1909, Binyon became its Assistant Keeper, and in 1913 he was made the Keeper of the new Sub-Department of Oriental Prints and Drawings. Around this time he played a crucial role in the formation of Modernism in London by introducing young Imagist poets such as Ezra Pound, Richard Aldington and H.D. to East Asian visual art and literature. Many of Binyon's books produced while at the Museum were influenced by his own sensibilities as a poet, although some are works of plain scholarship - such as his four-volume catalogue of all the Museum's English drawings, and his seminal catalogue of Chinese and Japanese prints.
  
  wn.com/Laurence_Binyon
• Leo Frank Schuster
  Leo Frank Schuster (1852 – December 1927), was a patron of the arts in the United Kingdom, normally known to his friends as "Frankie". His home at 22 Old Queen Street, London, became a meeting-place for artists, writers and musicians, including Siegfried Sassoon, John Singer Sargent, Walter Sickert, Sir Edward Elgar and Sir Adrian Boult.
  Schuster was of German origin. He was educated at Eton College, and was homosexual, as were many of his friends. Like Sassoon, Schuster was Jewish. In 1924, knowing that Sassoon was suffering from depression, Schuster made him the gift of his first car. He also allowed Sassoon to use his country retreat, the Hut, at Bray-on-Thames, but the two were never lovers.
  Schuster also had many heterosexual friends. He was a close friend and travelling companion of composer Edward Elgar, and helped foster Elgar's popularity in the years leading up to World War I. Elgar dedicated his concert-overture "In the South (Alassio)", completed in 1904, to Schuster. Adrian Boult and Edward Elgar first met at Schuster's house in 1905.
  
  wn.com/Leo_Frank_Schuster
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  Ludwig van Beethoven
  Ludwig van Beethoven (ⁱ/ˈlʊdvɪɡ væn ˈbeɪt.hoʊvən/; German pronunciation: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən] ( listen); baptized 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.
  Born in Bonn, then the capital of the Electorate of Cologne and part of the Holy Roman Empire, Beethoven moved to Vienna in his early 20s, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. His hearing began to deteriorate in his late twenties, yet he continued to compose, conduct, and perform, even after becoming completely deaf.
  Beethoven was the grandson of a musician of Flemish origin named Lodewijk van Beethoven (1712–73) who moved at the age of twenty to Bonn. Lodewijk (Ludwig is the German cognate of Dutch Lodewijk) was employed as a bass singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become Kapellmeister (music director). Lodewijk had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment, and gave lessons on piano and violin to supplement his income. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier.
  
  wn.com/Ludwig_van_Beethoven
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  Luigi Cherubini
  Luigi Cherubini (Italian pronunciation: [luˈiːdʒi keruˈbiːni]) (8 or 14 September 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian composer who spent most of his working life in France. His most significant compositions are operas and sacred music. Beethoven regarded Cherubini as the greatest of his contemporaries.
  Cherubini was born Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini in Florence. There is uncertainty about his exact date of birth. Although 14 September is sometimes stated, evidence from baptismal records and Cherubini himself suggests the 8th is correct. Perhaps the strongest evidence is his first name, Maria, which is traditional for a child born on 8 September, feast-day of the Nativity of the Virgin. His instruction in music began at the age of six with his father, Bartolomeo, maestro al cembalo ("Master of the harpsichord" i.e. ensemble leader from the harpsichord). Considered a child prodigy, Cherubini studied counterpoint and dramatic style at an early age. By the time he was thirteen, he had composed several religious works.
  
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  Léo Delibes
  Clément Philibert Léo Delibes (21 February 1836 – 16 January 1891) was a French composer of ballets, operas, and other works for the stage. His most notable works include ballets Coppélia (1870) and Sylvia (1876) as well as the operas Le roi l'a dit (1873) and Lakmé (1883).
  Léo Delibes was born in Saint-Germain-du-Val, now part of La Flèche (Sarthe), France, in 1836. His father was a mailman, his mother a talented amateur musician. His grandfather had been an opera singer. He was raised mainly by his mother and uncle following his father's early death. In 1871, at the age of 35, the composer married Léontine Estelle Denain. His brother Michel Delibes migrated to Spain; he was the grandfather of Spanish writer Miguel Delibes.
  Starting in 1847, Delibes studied composition at the Paris Conservatoire as a student of Adolphe Adam. A year later he began taking voice lessons, though he would end up a much better organ player than singer. He held positions as a rehearsal accompanist and chorus master at the Théâtre Lyrique, as second chorus master at the Paris Opéra (in 1864), and as organist at Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot (1865–71). The first of his many operettas was Deux sous de charbon, ou Le suicide de Bigorneau ("Two sous-worth of coal"), written in 1856 for the Folies-Nouvelles.
  
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  Malcolm Sargent
  Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Huddersfield Choral Society, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview disputing musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s.
  As chief conductor of London's internationally famous summer music festival the Proms from 1948 to 1967, Sargent was one of the best-known English conductors. When he took over the Proms from their founder, Sir Henry Wood, he and two assistants conducted the two-month season between them. By the time he died, he was assisted by a large international roster of guest conductors.
  
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  Michael Drayton
  Michael Drayton (1563 – 23 December 1631) was an English poet who came to prominence in the Elizabethan era.
  Drayton was born at Hartshill, near Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. Almost nothing is known about his early life, beyond the fact that in 1580 he was in the service of Thomas Goodere of Collingham, Nottinghamshire. Nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars, on the basis of scattered allusions in his poems and dedications, suggested that Drayton might have studied at the University of Oxford, and been intimate with the Polesworth branch of the Goodere family. More recent work has cast doubt on those speculations.
  In 1591 he produced his first book, The Harmony of the Church, a volume of spiritual poems, dedicated to Lady Devereux. It is notable for a version of the Song of Solomon, executed with considerable richness of expression. However, with the exception of forty copies, seized by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the whole edition was destroyed by public order. Nevertheless, Drayton published a vast amount within the next few years.
  
  wn.com/Michael_Drayton
• Michael Gielen
  Michael Andreas Gielen (born July 20, 1927) is an Austrian conductor and composer.
  Gielen was born in Dresden, Germany, to opera director Josef Gielen. Through his mother, Rose, he is the nephew of Eduard Steuermann and Salka Steuermann Viertel. His father was Christian and his mother was Jewish. He began his career as a pianist in Buenos Aires, where he studied with Erwin Leuchter and gave an early performance of Arnold Schoenberg's complete piano works in 1949 (the South-American première). While serving as conductor and répétiteur at the Wiener Staatsoper (1950–60), he conducted much contemporary music outside the opera house. His next operatic appointment was as conductor of Royal Swedish Opera from 1960 to 1965, followed by posts at the Netherlands Opera and the Opern- und Schauspielhaus Frankfurt from 1977. He was principal conductor of the Belgian National Orchestra (1969–73), the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (1980–86) and of the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (1986–99), which he has been closely associated with since.
  
  wn.com/Michael_Gielen
• Patrick Hadley
  Patrick Arthur Sheldon Hadley (5 March 1899–17 December 1973) was a British composer.
  Patrick Sheldon Hadley was born on 5 March 1899 in Cambridge. His father, William Sheldon Hadley, was at that time a fellow of Pembroke College. His mother, Edith Jane, was the daughter of the Revd Robert Foster, chaplain to the Royal Hibernian Military School in Dublin.
  Patrick studied initially at St Ronan's Preparatory School at West Worthing and then at Winchester College. However the First World War interrupted his education. He enlisted in the army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Field Artillery. He managed to survive unscathed until the last weeks of the war, when he received an injury necessitating the below knee amputation of his right leg. This profoundly damaged his confidence and also caused him to perhaps drink more than was wise; he was in constant pain, for which alcohol provided some relief.
  Patrick's elder brother Peyton Sheldon Hadley, a former pupil of Charterhouse School, who served in the infantry, was also wounded in the closing months of the War. He was invalided home to convalesce, but died of pneumonia that October. A memorial to Peyton is found in the Charterhouse School Chapel.
  
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  Philip Sidney
  Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier and soldier, and is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan Age. His works include Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poetry (also known as The Defence of Poesy or An Apology for Poetry), and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
  Born at Penshurst Place, Kent, he was the eldest son of Sir Henry Sidney and Lady Mary Dudley. His mother was the eldest daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and the sister of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. His younger brother, Robert was a statesman and patron of the arts, and was created Earl of Leicester. His younger sister, Mary, married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. Mary Sidney, who upon her marriage became the Countess of Pembroke, was a writer, translator and literary patron. Sidney dedicated his longest work, the Arcadia, to her. After her brother's death, Mary reworked the Arcadia, now known as The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
  
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  Pierre Monteux
  Pierre Benjamin Monteux (pronounced: [pjɛʁ mɔ̃.tø]; 4 April 1875 – 1 July 1964) was a French (later American) conductor who directed orchestras around the world for more than half a century.
  Monteux studied the violin at the Conservatoire de Paris (1884–96) and the viola privately with Benjamin Godard. After working as a violist, playing in orchestras under the direction of André Messager, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, and his idol Artur Nikisch, he came to prominence as a conductor with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes between 1911 and 1914. For Diaghilev, in Paris he conducted the world premieres of Stravinsky's Petrushka, The Rite of Spring, and The Nightingale; Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé; and Debussy's Jeux. He then served in the French army for two years, and in 1916 conducted the Ballets Russes on a North American tour. From 1917 to 1919 he was the principal conductor of the French repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.
  Monteux led the Boston Symphony Orchestra (1919–24), Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra (1924–34), Orchestre Symphonique de Paris (1929–38) and San Francisco Symphony (1936–52). In the 1950s he freelanced, guest conducting in America and Europe. In 1961, aged 86, he accepted the chief conductorship of the London Symphony Orchestra, which he held until his death three years later. Among the composers whose concert works he premiered were Milhaud, Poulenc, Prokofiev and Ravel. Although known for his performances of the French repertoire, his chief love was the music of German composers, above all Brahms. He disliked recording, finding it incompatible with spontaneity, but he nevertheless made a substantial number of records ranging as widely as his concert repertoire, from Bach to the premieres he conducted, and including all the Beethoven symphonies. He made few operatic recordings.
  
  wn.com/Pierre_Monteux
• Rex Vicat Cole
  Reginald Rex Vicat Cole (1870-1940) was an English landscape painter, son of the artist George Vicat Cole and Mary Ann Chignell. He was educated at Eton and began to exhibit in London in 1890. In 1900 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Artists. His work to 1906 is extensively reproduced in his two-volume publication 'British Trees', 1907. His preferred subject matter was the landscape of the area surrounding Bolton Abbey in the Yorkshire Dales. In 1900, he married Hannah Gill, the daughter of a Yorkshire farmer. In 1901, an exhibition at Dowdeswell's Gallery collected his work under the title 'A Year in Wharfedale'. He taught at King's College, London with Byam Shaw, and together they opened their own establishment, The Byam Shaw and Vicat Cole School of Art, in Camden Street, Kensington in 1910. After Shaw's death in 1919 Vicat Cole was Principal until his retirement in 1926. Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century he exhibited landscapes at the Royal Academy's annual exhibitions. He collapsed and died in 1940 in Sussex whilst helping to rescue a family whose car had become stranded in flood water. The school of art he founded became part of Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in 2003.
  
  wn.com/Rex_Vicat_Cole
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  Richard Norman Shaw
  Richard Norman Shaw RA (Edinburgh, Scotland, 7 May 1831 – London, England, 17 November 1912), was an influential Scottish architect from the 1870s to the 1900s, known for his country houses and for commercial buildings.
  Shaw trained in the London office of William Burn with George Edmund Street and attended the Royal Academy classes, receiving a thorough grounding in classicism, and met William Eden Nesfield, with whom he was briefly in partnership. In 1854 – 1856 he travelled with a Royal Academy scholarship, collecting sketches that were published as Architectural Sketches from the Continent, 1858.
  In 1863, after sixteen years of training, he opened a practice for a short time with Nesfield. In 1872, Shaw was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy.
  He worked, among others, for the artists John Callcott Horsley and George Henry Boughton, and the industrialist Lord Armstrong. He designed large houses such as Cragside and Grim's Dyke, as well as a series of commercial buildings in a wide range of styles.
  
  wn.com/Richard_Norman_Shaw
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  Richard Strauss
  Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known for his operas, which include Der Rosenkavalier and Salome; his Lieder, especially his Four Last Songs; and his tone poems and other orchestral works, such as Death and Transfiguration, Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks, Also sprach Zarathustra, An Alpine Symphony, and Metamorphosen. Strauss was also a prominent conductor throughout Germany and Austria.
  Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style.
  Strauss was born on 11 June 1864, in Munich, the son of Franz Strauss, who was the principal horn player at the Court Opera in Munich. In his youth, he received a thorough musical education from his father. He wrote his first composition at the age of six, and continued to write music almost until his death.
  
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  Richard Wagner
  Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/; German pronunciation: [ˈʁiçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ]; 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and polemicist primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as he later called them). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Perhaps the two best-known extracts from his works are the Ride of the Valkyries from the opera Die Walküre, and the Wedding March (Bridal Chorus) from the opera Lohengrin.
  Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works such as The Flying Dutchman and Tannhäuser which were broadly in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner transformed operatic thought through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"). This would achieve the synthesis of all the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts and was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realized this concept most fully in the first half of the monumental four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. However, his thoughts on the relative importance of music and drama were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional operatic forms into his last few stage works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
  
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  Robert Schumann
  Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, (8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most representative composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law to return to music, intending to pursue a career as a virtuoso pianist. He had been assured by his teacher Friedrich Wieck that he could become the finest pianist in Europe, but a hand injury ended this dream. Schumann then focused his musical energies on composing.
  Schumann's published compositions were written exclusively for the piano until 1840; he later composed works for piano and orchestra; many Lieder (songs for voice and piano); four symphonies; an opera; and other orchestral, choral, and chamber works. Works such as Kinderszenen, Album für die Jugend, Blumenstück and Albumblätter are among his most famous. His writings about music appeared mostly in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Journal for Music), a Leipzig-based publication which he jointly founded.
  
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  Rose Garrard
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  Rose Garrard (born 1946, Bewdley, Worcestershire, England) is an installation, video and performance artist, sculptor, and author. Her artworks have been acquired by collections worldwide including the New South Wales government Art Gallery in Australia. Garrard's works have also been exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Tate Gallery, the British Council maintained Great Britain pavilion at the 1984 Venice Biennale (1984), and national galleries in Austria and Canada. Garrard's parents were also involved in art, and while she was still a baby, the family moved to Malvern, Worcestershire where her mother owned an antique shop, and her father continued a career as an artist and soldier as director of the Middle East College of Art in the Sahara Desert. For 30 years Garrard was based in London and internationally known as a multi-media artist and curator, but following a serious motor bike accident she moved back to Worcestershire in 2000, focussing instead on making public sculpture. She creates these works using many media including plaster of Paris, bronze, stone, slate, and brick.
  
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  Rudyard Kipling
  Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( /ˈrʌdjəd ˈkɪplɪŋ/ RUD-yəd KIP-ling; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (a collection of stories which includes "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit "a versatile and luminous narrative gift".
  
  wn.com/Rudyard_Kipling
• Samuel Sanford
  Samuel Simons Sanford (1849–1910) was an American pianist and educator.
  He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He studied piano in New York with William Mason (son of Lowell Mason and student of Franz Liszt and Ignaz Moscheles). He went to Paris and studied with Alfred Jaëll, Louis Plaidy (teacher of Hans von Bülow and many others), Théodore Ritter (another student of Liszt), and Édouard Batiste. In 1869, he became acquainted with Anton Rubinstein, and later studied with him. He travelled with Rubinstein during his first American tour in 1872-73. Ignacy Jan Paderewski changed his execution of octave playing after hearing Sanford play, and once described Sanford as the most musically gifted person he ever knew.
  Sanford brought Sir Edward Elgar's music to American attention through the brothers Walter and Frank Damrosch and Theodore Thomas. He was instrumental in having Elgar awarded an honorary doctorate in music from Yale University in 1905; at the conferral ceremony on 28 June, Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 was played, instituting the tradition of playing noble processional music at graduation ceremonies. Later that year, Elgar returned the compliment by dedicating his Introduction and Allegro to Sanford.
  
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  Simon Rattle
  Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE (born 19 January 1955) is an English conductor. He rose to international prominence as conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and since 2002 has been principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO).
  Rattle was born in Liverpool, the son of Pauline Lila Violet (Greening) and Denis Guttridge Rattle, a Commander in the Royal Navy. He was educated at Liverpool College. Although Rattle studied piano and violin, his early work with orchestras was as a percussionist. He entered the Royal Academy of Music, University of London in 1971. There, his teachers included John Carewe. In 1974, his graduation year, Rattle won the John Player Conductor Competition. After organising and conducting a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony whilst still at the Academy, he was talent-spotted by the music agent Martin Campbell-White, of Harold Holt Ltd. (now Askonas Holt Ltd.), who has since managed Rattle's career. He spent the academic year 1980/81 at St Anne's College, Oxford studying English Language and Literature. He had been attracted to the college by the reputation of Dorothy Bednarowska, Fellow and Tutor in English. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of St Anne's in 1991. He was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Music honoris causa of the University of Oxford in 1999.
  
  wn.com/Simon_Rattle
• Steuart Wilson
  Sir James Steuart Wilson (21 July 1889 – 18 December 1966) was an English singer, known for tenor roles in oratorios and concerts in the first half of the 20th century.
  After service in the First World War, Wilson became known for singing tenor roles in oratorios by composers from Bach to Elgar. He was a staunch champion of music by English composers of his generation, notably Ralph Vaughan Williams and Rutland Boughton. He also appeared from time to time in operatic tenor roles.
  After retiring from his singing career in the early 1940s, Wilson embarked on a second career as a musical administrator, in which he was generally regarded as unsuccessful. He campaigned strenuously against homosexuals in the musical profession.
  Wilson was born in Bristol, the youngest child of the Rev James Maurice Wilson, headmaster of Clifton College who was once described as "something of a theological firebrand". Steuart's elder brother was Arnold Talbot Wilson. Wilson was educated at Winchester College and King's College, Cambridge, where he read classics but developed a strong interest in music. During that time he formed friendships with Clive Carey, Edward J. Dent and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Wilson's first public appearance as a singer was in Vaughan Williams's incidental music for Aristophanes' The Wasps in 1909. He made his first appearance in opera as Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute in 1911.
  
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  Thomas Beecham
  Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 – 8 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras. From the early 20th century until his death, Beecham was a major influence on the musical life of Britain and, according to the BBC, was Britain's first international conductor.
  Born to a rich industrial family, Beecham began his career as a conductor in 1899. He used his access to the family fortune to finance opera from the 1910s until the start of the Second World War, staging seasons at Covent Garden, Drury Lane and His Majesty's Theatre with international stars, his own orchestra and a wide repertoire. Among the works he introduced to England were Richard Strauss's Elektra, Salome and Der Rosenkavalier and three operas by Frederick Delius.
  Together with his younger colleague Malcolm Sargent, Beecham founded the London Philharmonic, and he conducted its first performance at the Queen's Hall in 1932. In the 1940s, he worked for three years in the United States, where he was music director of the Seattle Symphony and conducted at the Metropolitan Opera. After his return to Britain, he founded the Royal Philharmonic in 1946 and conducted it until his death in 1961.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Beecham
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  Thomas Hardy
  Thomas Hardy, OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. While his works typically belong to the Naturalism movement, several poems display elements of the previous Romantic and Enlightenment periods of literature, such as his fascination with the supernatural. While he regarded himself primarily as a poet who composed novels mainly for financial gain, he became and continues to be widely regarded for his novels, such as Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd. The bulk of his fictional works, initially published as serials in magazines, were set in the semi-fictional county of Wessex (based on the Dorchester region where he grew up) and explored tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances.
  Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels and has had a significant influence over modern English poetry, especially after The Movement poets of the 1950s and 1960s cited Hardy as a major figure.
  
  wn.com/Thomas_Hardy
• 
  Valery Gergiev
  Valery Abisalovich Gergiev PAR (Russian: Валерий Абисалович Гергиев, Ossetic: Гергиты Абисалы фырт Валери/Gergity Abisaly Fyrt Valeri; born 2 May 1953) is a Russian conductor and opera company director. He is general director and artistic director of the Mariinsky Theatre, principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, and artistic director of the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg.
  Gergiev, born in Moscow, is the son of Tamara Tatarkanovna and Abisal Zaurbekovich. He and his siblings were raised in Vladikavkaz in their native North Ossetia in the Caucasus. He began piano at secondary school, before going on to study at the St. Petersburg Conservatory in Leningrad from 1972 to 1977. His principal conducting teacher was Prof. Ilya Musin (Илья Мусин), one of the greatest conductor-makers in Russian musical history. His sister, Larissa Gergieva, is a pianist and director of the Mariinsky's singers' academy.
  In 1978, he became assistant conductor at the Kirov Opera, now the Mariinsky Opera, under Yuri Temirkanov, where he made his debut conducting Sergei Prokofiev's War and Peace. He was chief conductor of the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra from 1981 until 1985 – the year he made his debut in the United Kingdom, along with pianist Evgeny Kissin, and violinists Maxim Vengerov and Vadim Repin, at The Lichfield Festival.
  
  wn.com/Valery_Gergiev
• 
  Voltaire
  François-Marie Arouet de Voltaire (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃.swa ma.ʁi aʁ.wɛ]; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by the pen name Voltaire (pronounced: [vɔl.tɛːʁ]), was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform, despite strict censorship laws with harsh penalties for those who broke them. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma and the French institutions of his day.
  Voltaire was one of several Enlightenment figures (along with Montesquieu, John Locke, Richard Price, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Émilie du Châtelet) whose works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
  
  wn.com/Voltaire
• 
  Walford Davies
  Sir Henry Walford Davies KCVO OBE (6 September 1869 – 11 March 1941) was a British composer, who held the title Master of the King's Musick from 1934 until 1941.
  Henry Walford Davies was born in Oswestry on the Wales-England border, seventh of nine children of John Whitridge Davies and Susan, née Gregory, and the youngest of four surviving sons. His middle name Walford was his maternal grandmother's maiden name; he later dropped his first name Henry, becoming generally known as Walford Davies. John Whitridge Davies was a leading figure in the local musical scene, playing the flute and the cello, and leading the choir at the Congregational church, Christ Church, where his brother was organist. He brought up his children to make music together. Performances of oratorios by Handel and others by Henry Leslie's Oswestry choral society were reviewed warmly in the London Musical Times.
  Walford's brothers Charlie and Harold were, successively, organists at Christ Church succeeding their uncle, Charlie from the age of eleven. Charlie died young after emigrating to Australia. Harold also emigrated to Australia, where he took the first musical doctorate from an Australian university and ultimately achieved considerable fame as Professor of Music at Adelaide University and Principal of the Elder Conservatorium. Tom, the eldest, followed a family tradition by entering the ministry.
  
  wn.com/Walford_Davies
• 
  Walter Damrosch
  Walter Johannes Damrosch (January 30, 1862 – December 22, 1950) was a German-born American conductor and composer. He is best remembered today as long-time director of the New York Symphony Orchestra and for conducting the world premiere performances of George Gershwin's Piano Concerto in F (1925), and An American in Paris (1928).
  Damrosch was born in Breslau, Silesia, a son of Helene von Heimburg, a former opera singer, and the conductor Leopold Damrosch, and brother of conductor Frank Damrosch and music teacher Clara Mannes. His parents were Lutheran (his paternal grandfather was Jewish). He exhibited an interest in music at an early age and was instructed by his father in harmony and also studied under Wilhelm Albert Rischbieter and Felix Draeseke at the Dresden Conservatory. He emigrated with his parents in 1871 to the United States.
  During the great music festival given by his father in May 1881, he first acted as conductor in drilling several sections of the large chorus, one in New York City, and another in Newark, New Jersey. The latter, consisting chiefly of members of the Harmonic Society, elected him to be their conductor. During this time a series of concerts was given in which such works as Anton Rubinstein's Tower of Babel, Hector Berlioz's La damnation de Faust, and Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem were performed. He was then only 19 years of age, but showed marked ability in drilling large masses.
  
  wn.com/Walter_Damrosch
• Walter Parratt
  Sir Walter Parratt KCVO (10 February 1841 – 27 March 1924) was an English organist and composer.
  Born in Huddersfield, son of a parish organist, Parratt began to play the pipe organ from an early age, and held posts as an organist while still a child. He was child prodigy: on one occasion he played Bach's complete The Well-Tempered Clavier by heart, without notice, at the age of only ten.
  From 1854 to 1861 he was an organist at St Paul's Church in his native town and, as successor to John Stainer, in 1872 at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he remained for ten years. From 1882 he held the post of organist of [St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]. He became Heather Professor of Music at Oxford University in 1908, taking over from Hubert Parry. He had previously been Organist and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
  He became one of the foremost organ teachers of his day, with many important posts in Britain being filled by his students. He was president of the Royal College of Organists.
  Parratt was also a distinguished chess player, and was able to simultaneously play chess and a complex organ piece--at first sight. He served for a few months as president of the Oxford University Chess Club and for two years was captain of the eight chosen to play against Cambridge.
  
  wn.com/Walter_Parratt
• Wikipedia Persondata
  wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
• 
  Willem Mengelberg
  Joseph Willem Mengelberg (28 March 1871 – 21 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor, famous for his performances of Mahler and Strauss with the Concertgebouw Orchestra.
  Mengelberg was the fourth of fifteen children of German-born parents in Utrecht, Netherlands. His father was the well-known Dutch-German sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg. After studies in Utrecht with the composer and conductor Richard Hol, the composer Anton Averkamp (1861–1934) and the violinist Henri Wilhelm Petri (1856–1914), he went on to study piano and composition at the Cologne conservatory (now the Hochschule für Musik Köln ), where his principal teachers were Franz Wüllner and Adolf Jensen.
  In 1891, when he was 20, he was chosen as General Music Director of the city of Lucerne Switzerland, where he conducted an orchestra and a choir, directed a music school, taught piano lessons and continued to compose.
  Four years later, in 1895, when he was 24, Mengelberg was appointed principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra, a position he held until 1945.
  
  wn.com/Willem_Mengelberg
• 
  William Byrd
  William Byrd (1540 or late 1539 – 4 July 1623) was an English composer of the Renaissance. He wrote in many of the forms current in England at the time, including various types of sacred and secular polyphony, keyboard (the so-called Virginalist school) and consort music.
  Knowledge of Byrd's biography expanded in the late 20th century, thanks largely to the research of John Harley (Harley, 1997). Following the discovery of a document dated 2 October 1598 in which Byrd's age is given as "58 years or there abouts," it now appears that he was born in 1540. The older dating 1542–3 is derived from Byrd's will (endorsed on 22 November 1622) which describes him as 'in the 80th year of my age'. It now becomes clear that it must have been drafted about three years earlier than the date of endorsement. Byrd was born in London, the son of a Thomas Byrd (not Thomas Byrd of the Chapel Royal) about whom little is known. Byrd had two brothers, Symon'd and John, and four sisters. It is clear from a reference in the prefatory material in the Tallis/Byrd Cantiones of 1575 that Byrd was a pupil of Thomas Tallis, then the leading composing member of the Chapel Royal Choir. Byrd also worked in collaboration with two other Chapel Royal singing-men, John Sheppard and William Mundy, on one of his earliest compositions, a contribution to a joint setting of the alternatim psalm In exitu Israel composed for the procession to the font at the Paschal Vigil. As an item for the Sarum liturgy this was presumably composed near the end of the reign of Mary Tudor (1553–1558), whose Catholic beliefs impelled her to revive Sarum liturgical practices during her brief reign. In view of these contacts it is reasonable to speculate that Byrd was a Chapel Royal choirboy, though the surviving records do not name the choristers individually.
  
  wn.com/William_Byrd
• William Henry Reed
  William Henry "Billy" Reed (29 July 1876 – 2 July 1942) was an English violinist, teacher, minor composer, conductor and biographer of Sir Edward Elgar. He was leader of the London Symphony Orchestra for 23 years (1912–1935), but is best known for his long personal friendship with Elgar (1910–1934) and his book Elgar As I Knew Him (1936), in which he goes into great detail about the genesis of the Violin Concerto in B minor. The book also provides a large number of Elgar's sketches for his unfinished Third Symphony, which proved invaluable sixty years later when Anthony Payne elaborated and essentially completed the work, although Reed wrote that in his view the symphony could not be completed.
  His name appears in various forms: William Henry Reed, W. H. Reed, W. H. "Billy" Reed, Billy Reed and Willie Reed. He was known to his friends as Billy.
  William Henry Reed was born in Frome, Somerset. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London under Émile Sauret,Frederick Corder and others, graduating with honours.
  
  wn.com/William_Henry_Reed
• 
  William Rothenstein
  Sir William Rothenstein (29 January 1872 – 14 February 1945) was an English painter, draughtsman and writer on art.
  William Rothenstein was born into a German-Jewish family in Bradford, West Yorkshire. His father, Moritz, emigrated from Germany in 1859 to work in Bradford's burgeoning textile industry. Soon afterwards he married Bertha Dux and they had six children, of which William was the fifth.
  Rothenstein left Bradford Grammar School at the age of sixteen to study at the Slade School of Art, London (1888–1893), where he was taught by Alphonse Legros, and the Académie Julian in Paris (1889–1893), where he met and was encouraged by James McNeill Whistler, Edgar Degas and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. Whilst in Paris he also befriended the Anglo-Australian artist Charles Conder, with whom he shared a studio in Montmartre. In 1893 he returned to England to work on "Oxford Characters" a series of lithographic portraits.
  In Oxford he met and became a close friend of the caricaturist and parodist Max Beerbohm, who later immortalised him in the short story Enoch Soames (1919). During the 1890s Rothenstein exhibited with the New English Art Club and, in 1900, won a silver medal for his painting The Doll's House at the Exposition Universelle. In 1898 he co-founded the Carfax Gallery in St. James' Piccadilly with John Fothergill (later innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame). During its early years the gallery was closely associated with such artists as Charles Conder, Philip Wilson Steer, Charles Ricketts and Augustus John. It also exhibited the work of Auguste Rodin, whose growing reputation in England owed much to Rothenstein's friendship and missionary zeal. The gallery was later the home for all three exhibitions of The Camden Town Group, led by Rothenstein's friend and close contemporary Walter Sickert.
  
  wn.com/William_Rothenstein
• 
  Yehudi Menuhin
  Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (22 April 1916 – 12 March 1999) was an American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom. He was born to Russian Jewish parents in the United States, but became a citizen of Switzerland in 1970, and of the United Kingdom in 1985. He is often considered to be one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.
  Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City, United States, to Bielorussian Jewish parents from what is now Belarus. His sisters were the concert pianist and human rights worker Hephzibah Menuhin and the pianist, painter, and poet Yaltah Menuhin. Through his father Moshe Menuhin, a former rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer, Menuhin was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty.
  Menuhin began violin instruction at age four under violinist Sigmund Anker; his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to be his teacher, but Persinger refused. Menuhin displayed extraordinary talents at an early age. His first solo violin performance was at the age of seven with the San Francisco Symphony in 1923. Persinger then agreed to take Menuhin as a student. When the Menuhins went to Paris, Persinger suggested Yehudi go to his own teacher, Eugène Ysaÿe. He did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but did not like his method or the fact that he was very old. Instead, he went to the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, after which he made several recordings with his sister Hephzibah. He was also a student of Adolf Busch. In 1929 he played in Berlin, under Bruno Walter's baton, three concerti by Bach, Brahms and Beethoven. In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting, and between 1934 and 1936 he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin.
  
  wn.com/Yehudi_Menuhin

• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 1 in D Major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 2 in A minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 3 in C minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 4 in G major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 5 in C major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches, Op. 39: No. 6 in G minor
• Serenade for Strings in E minor, Op. 20: I. Allegro Piacevole
• Serenade for Strings in E minor, Op. 20: II. Larghetto
• Serenade for Strings in E minor, Op. 20: III. Allegretto

• The Kingdom, Op. 51: Prelude
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: I. In the Upper Room. ''Seek First the Kingdom of God''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: I. In the Upper Room. ''Men and Brethren''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: I. In the Upper Room. ''O Ye Priests!''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: II. At the Beautiful Gate. ''The Singers Are Before the Altar''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: III. Pentecost. ''And When the Day of Pentecost''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: III. Pentecost. ''And Suddenly There Came From Heaven''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: III. Pentecost. ''I Have Prayed for Thee''
• The Kingdom, Op. 51: III. Pentecost. ''Repent and be Baptized''

• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: I. (C.A.E.) L'istesso tempo
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: II. (H.D.S-P.) Allegro
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: III. (R.B.T.) Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: IV. (W.M.B.) Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: V. (R.P.A.) Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: VI. (Ysobel) Andantino
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: VII. (Tryte) Presto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: VIII. (W.N.) Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: IX. (Nimrod) Adagio
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: X. (Dorabella) Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: XI. (G.R.S.) Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: XII. (B.G.N.) Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: XIII. (***) Romanza: Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 „Enigma-Variationen“: XIV. (E.D.U.) Finale: Allegro
• Symphonie Nr. 6 E-moll: I. Allegro
• Symphonie Nr. 6 E-moll: II. Moderato
• Symphonie Nr. 6 E-moll: III. Scherzo: Allegro vivace
• Symphonie Nr. 6 E-moll: IV. Epilogue: Moderato

• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": I. Introdução e variação 1 (L'istesso tempo) "C.A.E."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": II. Variação 2 (Allegro) "H.D.S.-P."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": III. Variação 3 (Allegretto) "R.B.T."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": IV. Variação 4 (Allegro di molto) "W.M.B."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": V. Variação 5 (Moderato) "R.P.A."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": VI. Variação 6 (Andantino) "Ysobel"
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": VII. Variação 7 (Presto) "Troyte"
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": VIII. Variação 8 (Allegretto) "W.N."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": IX. Variação 9 (Adagio) "Nimrod"
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": X. Variação 10 (Intermezzo: Allegretto) "Dorabella"
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": XI. Variação 11 (Allegro di molto) "G.R.S."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": XII. Variação 12 (Andante) "B.G.N."
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIII. Variação 13 (Romanza: Moderato) "* * *"
• Tema e variações para orquestra, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIV. Variação 14 (Finale: Allegro Presto) "E.D.U."
• Concerto para violoncelo e orquestra em mi menor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Concerto para violoncelo e orquestra em mi menor, Op. 85: II. Lento - Allegro molto
• Concerto para violoncelo e orquestra em mi menor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Concerto para violoncelo e orquestra em mi menor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro, ma non troppo
• Marcha militar No. 1 em ré maior, Op. 39 "Pompa e circunstância"

• Nursery Suite (1931) - Aubade (Awake)
• Nursery Suite (1931) - The Serious Doll
• Nursery Suite (1931) - Busy-ness!
• Nursery Suite (1931) - The Sad Doll
• Nursery Suite (1931) - The Wagon Passes
• Nursery Suite (1931) - The Merry Doll
• Nursery Suite (1931) - Dreaming, Envoy
• Dream Children Op. 43 (1892) - 1
• Dream Children Op. 43 (1892) - 2
• In Moonlight (Canto Popolare) Op. 50 (1903-1904)
• Romance for Basoon & Orchestra Op. 62 (1909-1910)
• Sospiri Op. 70 (1914)
• Serenade for Strings Op. 20 (1892) - 1
• Serenade for Strings Op. 20 (1892) - 2
• Serenade for Strings Op. 20 (1892) - 3
• Elegy Op. 58 (1909)

• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: I. Sea Slumber-Song
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: II. In Haven (Capri)
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: III. Sabbath Morning at Sea
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: IV. Where Corals Lie
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: V. The Swimmer
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: II. Lento - Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio -
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro - Moderato - Allegro ma non troppo

• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: I. Andante. Nobilmente e semplice - Allegro
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: II. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: IV. Lento - Allegro
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: I. Allegro vivace e Nobilmente
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: II. Larghetto
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: III. Rondo (Presto)
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: IV. Moderato e maestoso

• The Planets, Op. 32: Mars, the Bringer of War
• The Planets, Op. 32: Venus, the Bringer of Peace
• The Planets, Op. 32: Mercury, the Winged Messenger
• The Planets, op. 32, Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity
• The Planets, Op. 32: Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age
• The Planets, Op. 32: Uranus, the Magician
• The Planets, Op. 32: Neptune, the Mystic
• Nimrod - Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma), Op. 3
• Allegro Piacevole - Serenade for String Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 20
• Pomp and Circumstance: No.1 in D Major, Op.39
• Pomp and Circumstance: No.4 in G Major, Op.39

• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: I. Introduction: Crown the King
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: II (a). The Queen
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: II (b). Daughter of Ancient Kings
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: III. Britain, Ask of Thyself
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: IV (a). Hark, Upon the Hallowed Air / IV (b). Only Let the Heart Be Pure
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: V. Peace, Gentle Peace
• Coronation Ode, Op. 44: VI. Finale: Land of Hope and Glory
• The Spirit of England, Op. 80: I. The Fourth of August
• The Spirit of England, Op. 80: II. To Women
• The Spirit of England, Op. 80: III. For the Fallen

• Military March No. 1 in D major, Op. 39 "Pomp and Circumstance"
• Salut d'amour, Op. 12
• Cockaigne, Op. 40 "In London Town"
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Piano Quintet in A minor, Op. 84: III. Andante - Allegro
• Sospiri, Op. 70
• Violin Sonata in E minor, Op. 82: I. Allegro
• Ave, verum corpus, Op. 2 No. 1
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: II. Andante
• The Wand of Youth - Suite No. 2, Op. 1b: VI. The Wild Bears

• Symphony No.1 in A-flat major Op.55: I. Andante. Nobilmente E Semplice
• Symphony No.1 in A-flat major Op.55: II. Allegro Molto
• Symphony No.1 in A-flat major Op.55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No.1 in A-flat major Op.55: IV. Lento
• In the South (Alassio) Op. 50

• Introduction and Allegro, Op. 47: I. Moderato
• Introduction and Allegro, Op. 47: II. Allegro
• Introduction and Allegro, Op. 47: III. Allegro (Fugue)
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: I. Allegro
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: II. Andante
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: III. Allegro molto - Cadenza (accompagnata. Lento) - Allegro molto

• Coronation March, Op. 65
• Grania and Diarmid, Op. 42: II. Funeral March
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D minor, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 2 in A minor, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 3 in C minor, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4 in G major, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 5 in C major, Op. 39
• Caractacus, Op. 35: Triumphal March
• The Crown of India, Op. 66: IV. March of the Mogul Emperors
• Empire March
• Polonia, Op. 76

• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D major, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4 in G major, Op. 39
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio moderato
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: II. Lento allegro molto
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro moderato - Allegro ma non troppo
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": Theme. Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": I. C.A.E. L'istesso tempo
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": II. H.D.S.-P. Allegro
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": III. R.B.T. Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": IV. W.M.B. Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": V. R.P.A. Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VI. Ysobel. Andantino
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VII. Troyte. Presto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VIII. W.N. Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": IX. Nimrod. Adagio
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": X. Dorabella. Intermezzo. Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XI. G.R.S. Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XII. B.G.N. Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIII. ***. Romanza. Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIV. Finale. E.D.U. Allegro

• Serenade for strings E minor, Op. 20: I. Allegro piacevole
• Serenade for strings E minor, Op. 20: II. Larghetto
• Serenade for strings E minor, Op. 20: III. Allegretto
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: I. Andante. Nobilmente e semplice
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: II. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: IV. Lento — Allegro

• In the South (Alassio), Op. 50
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: I. Allegro vivace e nobilmente
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: II. Larghetto
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: III. Rondo - Presto
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: IV. Moderato e maestoso

• Cello Concerto in E minor: Adagio - Moderato
• Cello Concerto in E minor: Lento - Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto in E minor: Adagio
• Cello Concerto in E minor: Allegro
• Cello concerto, Op. 22: Allegro moderato
• Cello concerto, Op. 22: Andante sostenuto
• Cello concerto, Op. 22: Molto allegro e appassionato

• Introduction and Allegro, Op. 47
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: I. Andante. Nobilmente e semplice - Allegro
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: II. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: IV. Lento - Allegro

• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: I. Allegro
• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: III. Finale (Allegro moderato)
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: II. Lento - Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro - Moderato - Allegro, ma non troppo - Poco piu lento - Adagio, come prima - Allegro molto

• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in B minor, Op. 104: I. Allegro
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in B minor, Op. 104: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in B minor, Op. 104: III. Finale. Allegro moderato
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato (attacca)
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: II. Allegro molto
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Concerto for violoncello and orchestra in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro - Moderato - Allegro, ma non troppo

• Falstaff: Allegro
• Falstaff: Dream Interlude
• Falstaff: 2nd. Interlude - Allegretto
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Overture
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Serenade
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Minuet (Old Style)
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Sun Dance
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Fairy Pipers
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Slumber Scene
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 1, Op. 1a: Fairies and Giants
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: March - Alla marcia
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: The Little Bells (Scherzino)
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: Moths and Butterflies (Dance)
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: Fountain Dance (Allegretto comodo)
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: The Tame Bear (Allegro moderato)
• The Wand of Youth, Suite No, 2, Op. 1b: The Wild Bears (Presto)

• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (a) Prelude (Lento, mistico - Moderato - Andantino - Come prima)
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (b) (Gerontius) Jesu, Maria - I am near to death
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (c) (Gerontius, semi-chorus, chorus) So pray for me...Kyrie eleison...Holy Mary, pray for him
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (d) (Gerontius, chorus) Rouse thee, my fainting soul...Be merciful
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (e) (Gerontius) Sanctus fortis, Sanctus Deus
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (f) (Gerontius, chorus) I can no more...Rescue him, O Lord
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (g) (semi-chorus, chorus, Gerontius) Noe from the waters...Novissima hora est
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (h) (Priest) Proficiscere, anima Christiana
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: Part I (i) (chorus, Priest, semi-chorus) Go in the name of Angels

• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": Enigma: Andante
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": I. (C.A.E.): L'istesso tempo
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": II. (H.D.S.-P.): Allegro
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": III. (R.B.T.): Allegretto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": IV. (W.M.B.): Allegro di molto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": V. (R.P.A.): Moderato
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VI. (Ysobel): Andantino
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VII. (Troyte): Presto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": VIII. (W.N.): Allegretto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": IX. (Nimrod): Adagio
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": X. Intermezzo (Dorabella): Allegretto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XI. (G.R.S.):Allegro di molto
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XII. (B.G.N.): Andante
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIII. Romanza (***): Moderato
• Variations on an original theme, Op. 36 "Enigma": XIV. Finale (E.D.U.): Allegro - Presto
• Military Marches, Op. 39 "Pomp and Circumstance": No. 1 in D major: Allegro, con molto fuoco - Trio (Largamente - Molto maestoso) - Tempo primo - Più mosso
• Military Marches, Op. 39 "Pomp and Circumstance": No. 4 in G major: Allegro marziale - Nobilmente (L'istesso tempo) - Grandioso
• In the South (Alassio), Op. 50: Concert Overture

• Chanson de matin, Op. 15 No. 2
• Chanson de nuit, Op. 15 No. 1
• Sérénade lyrique
• Salut d'amour, Op. 12
• Dream children, Op. 43: 1. Andante
• Dream children, Op. 43: 2. Allegro
• Contrasts, Op. 10 No. 3
• Soliloquy for Oboe and Orchestra
• Woodland Interlude from "Caractacus"
• Two Interludes from "Falstaff": 1. Jack Falstaff, Page to the Duke of Norfolk
• Two Interludes from "Falstaff": 2. Gloucestershire, Shallow's Orchard
• Three Bavarian Dances: 1. Allegretto giocoso
• Three Bavarian Dances: 2. Moderato
• Three Bavarian Dances: 3. Allegro vivace
• Sospiri, Op. 70
• Minuet from "Beau Brummel"
• Burlesco from "The Spanish Lady"
• Adieu
• Waltz from "The Starlight Express"
• Sursum corda, Op. 11

• Symphony No.1 - I - Andante. Nobilmente e semplice - Allegro
• Symphony No.1 - II - Allegro molto
• Symphony No.1: III. Adagio
• Symphony No.1 - IV - Lento - Allegro
• Pomp and Circumstance March No.1 - Allegro con molto fuoco
• Pomp and Circumstance March No.2 - Allegro molto
• Pomp and Circumstance March No.3 - Con fuoco
• Pomp and Circumstance March No.4 - Allegro marziale
• Pomp and Circumstance March No.5 - Vivace

• Pomp and Circumstance op. 39: Military Marches No. 1: Allegro, con molto fuoco
• Pomp and Circumstance op. 39: Military Marches No. 2: Allegro molto
• Pomp and Circumstance op. 39: Military Marches No. 3: Con fuoco
• Pomp and Circumstance op. 39: Military Marches No. 4: Allegro marziale
• Pomp and Circumstance op. 39: Military Marches No. 5: Vivace
• Violin Concerto b minor op. 61: I. Allegro
• Violin Concerto b minor op. 61: II. Andante
• Violin Concerto b minor op. 61: III. Allegro

• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: II. Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro - Moderato - Allegro ma non troppo
• In the South. Overture, Op. 50
• Introduction and Allegro for strings, Op. 47
• Froissart. Overture, Op. 19

• Three Part-songs, Op. 18: 1. O Happy Eyes
• Three Part-songs, Op. 18: 2. Love
• Three Part-songs, Op. 18: 3. My Love dwelt in a Northern Land
• Five Part-songs from The Greek Anthology, Op. 45: 1. Yea, cast me from Heights of the Mountains
• Five Part-songs from The Greek Anthology, Op. 45: 2. Whether I Find Thee
• Five Part-songs from The Greek Anthology, Op. 45: 3. After many a Dusty Mile
• Five Part-songs from The Greek Anthology, Op. 45: 4. It's oh! to be a Wild Wind
• Five Part-songs from The Greek Anthology, Op. 45: 5. Feasting I Watch
• Four Part-songs, Op. 53: 1. There is Sweet Music
• Four Part-songs, Op. 53: 2. Deep in my Soul
• Four Part-songs, Op. 53: 3. O wild West Wind!
• Four Part-songs, Op. 53: 4. Owls (An Epitaph)
• Two Part-songs, Op. 71: 1. The Shower
• Two Part-songs, Op. 71: 2. The Fountain
• Death on the Hills, Op. 72
• Two Part-songs, Op. 73: Love's Tempest
• Two Part-songs, Op. 73: Serenade
• How Calmly the Evening
• Weary Wind of the West
• Evening Scene
• The Prince of Sleep
• Go, Song of Mine, Op. 57

• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: I. Introduction. C.A.E.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: II. H.D.S.-P.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: III. R.B.T.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: IV. W.M.B.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: V. R.P.A.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: VI. Ysobel
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: VII. Troyte
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: VIII. W.N.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: IX. Nimrod
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: X. Dorabella
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: XI. G.R.S.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: XII. B.G.N.
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: XIII. *** (Romanza)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: XIV. E.D.U.
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: I. No. 1 in D major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: II. No. 2 in A minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: III. No. 3 in C minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: IV. No. 4 in G major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: V. No. 5 in C major

• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: I. Allegro moderato
• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: II. Piacevole (poco andante)
• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: III. Finale: Allegro molto
• Piano Quintet in A minor, Op. 84: I. Moderato - Allegro
• Piano Quintet in A minor, Op. 84: II. Adagio
• Piano Quintet in A minor, Op. 84: III. Andante - Allegro

• Symphony No.1 in A flat, Op. 55: I. Andante-Allegro
• Symphony No.1 in A flat, Op. 55: II. Allegro molto
• Symphony No.1 in A flat, Op. 55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No.1 in A flat, Op. 55: IV. Lento-Allegro

• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D major
• Serenade in E minor for strings Op. 20 - i Allegro piacevole
• Serenade in E minor for strings Op. 20 - ii Larghetto
• Serenade in E minor for strings Op. 20 - iii Allegretto
• There is Sweet Music
• Salut d'amour Op. 12
• Introduction and Allegro Op. 47
• Pomp and Circumstance March No. 4 in G major
• The Engigma Variations, Op. 36: IX "Nimrod"
• Give Unto The Lord
• The Dream of Gerontius, Op. 38: 'But Hark! a grand mysterious harmony...Praise to the Holiest in the Height'

• The Lark Ascending
• Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
• First Movement: Allegro Piacevole
• Second Movement: Larghetto
• Third Movement: Allegretto
• Fantasia Concertante on a Theme of Corelli

• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: C.A.E
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: H.D.S-P.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: R.B.T.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: W.M.B.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: R.P.A.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: Ysobel
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: Troyte
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: W.N.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: Nimrod
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: Dorabella
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: G.R.S.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: B.G.N.
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: * * *
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma") Op. 36: E.D.U.
• Introduction and Allegro for Strings and Orchestra, Op. 47: Introduction
• Introduction and Allegro for Strings and Orchestra, Op. 47: Allegro

• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: Theme (Andante)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 1. C.A.E. (L'istesso tempo)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 2. H.D.S.-P. (Allegro)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 3. R.B.T. (Allegretto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 4. W.M.B. (Allegro di molto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 5. R.P.A. (Moderato)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 6. Ysobel (Andantino)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 7. Troyte (Presto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 8. W.N. (Allegretto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 9. Nimrod (Adagio)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 10. Intermezzo: Dorabella (Allegretto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 11. G.R.S. (Allegro di molto)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 12. B.G.N. (Andante)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 13. Romanza: *** (Moderato)
• Variations on an Original Theme "Enigma", Op. 36: 14. Finale: E.D.U. (Allegro - Presto)
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: I. No. 1 in D major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: II. No. 2 in A minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: III. No. 3 in C minor
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: IV. No. 4 in G major
• Pomp and Circumstance Marches Nos. 1-5, Op. 39: V. No. 5 in C major

• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: I. Andante
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: II. Allegro
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: III. Allegretto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: IV. Allegro di molto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: V. Moderato
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: VI. Andantino
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: VII. Presto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: VIII. Allegretto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: IX. Adagio
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: X. Allegretto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: XI. Allegro di molto
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: XII. Andante
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: XIII. Moderato
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36: XIV. Allegro
• Pomp and Circumstance marche No. 1, Op. 39
• Pomp and Circumstance marche No. 4, Op. 39
• Salut d'Amour, Op. 12
• Brigg Fair
• In a Summer Garden

• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63: I. Allegro vivace e nobilmente
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63: II. Larghetto
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63: III. Rondo (Presto)
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63: IV. Moderato e maestoso
• Serenade in E minor, Op. 20: I. Allegro piacevole
• Serenade in E minor, Op. 20: II. Larghetto
• Serenade in E minor, Op. 20: III. Allegretto

• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: I. Theme: Andante, CAE: L'istesso tempo
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: II. HDS-P: Allegro
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: III. RBT: Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: IV. WMB: Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: V. RPA: Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: VI. Ysobel: Andantino
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: VII. Troyte: Presto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: VIII. WN: Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: IX. Nimrod: Adagio
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: X. Intermezzo: Dorabella: Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: XI. GRS: Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: XII. BGN: Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: XIII. Romanza: ***: Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme `Enigma', Op. 36: XIV. Finale: EDU: Allegro-Presto
• Coronation March, Op. 65
• Imperial March, Op. 65
• `Pomp and Circumstance' Marches, Op. 39: I. March No. 1 in D
• `Pomp and Circumstance' Marches, Op. 39: II. March No. 2 in A minor
• `Pomp and Circumstance' Marches, Op. 39: III. March No. 3 in C minor
• `Pomp and Circumstance' Marches, Op. 39: IV. March No. 4 in G
• `Pomp and Circumstance' Marches, Op. 39: V. March No. 5 in C

• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: I. Allegro vivace e nobilmente
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: II. Larghetto
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: III. Rondo. Presto
• Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, Op. 63: IV. Moderato e maestoso

• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: I. Adagio – moderato
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: II. Lento – Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85: IV. Allegro, ma non troppo
• “In the South” – Concert Overture, Op. 50
• Elegy for Strings, Op. 58

• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (I-IV) C.A.E. - H.D.S.P. - R.B.T. - W.M.B.
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (V-VII) R.P.A. - Ysobel - Troyte
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (VIII-IX) W.N. - Nimrod
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (X-XI) Dorabella - G.R.S.
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (XII-XIII) B.G.N. - ***Romanza
• Enigma Variations, Op. 36 (XIV) E.D.U.
• Introduction and Allegro for Strings, Op.47
• Serenade, E minor, Op. 20: I. Allegro Piacevole
• Serenade, E minor, Op. 20: II. Larghetto
• Serenade, E minor, Op. 20: III. Allegretto - Come prima

• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63, First movement: Allegro vivace e nobilmente
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63, Second movement: Larghetto
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63, Third movement: Rondo
• Symphony No.2 in E flat, Op. 63, Fourth movement: Moderato e maestoso

• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: Ia. Andante, nobilmente e semplice
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: Ib. Allegro
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: II. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: III. Adagio
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: IVa. Lento
• Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major, Op. 55: IVb. Allegro

• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - Enigma: Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - I. (C. A. E.): L'istesso tempo
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - II. (H. D. S.-P.): Allegro
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - III. (R. B. T.):Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - IV. (W. M. B.): Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - V. (R. P. A.): Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - VI. (Ysobel): Andantino
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - VII. (Troyte): Presto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - VIII. (W. N.): Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - IX. (Nimrod): Adagio
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op.36 - X. Intermezzo (Dorabella.): Allegretto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - XI. (G. R. S.):Allegro di molto
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - XII. (B. G. N.): Andante
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - XIII. Romanza (***): Moderato
• Variations on an Original Theme ("Enigma"), Op. 36 - XIV. Finale (E. D. U.):Allegro - Presto
• Pomp and Circumstance, Op. 39 - No.1 in D major
• Pomp and Circumstance, Op. 39 - No.2 in A minor
• Pomp and Circumstance, Op. 39 - No.3 in C minor
• Pomp and Circumstance, Op. 39 - No.4 in G major
• Pomp and Circumstance, Op. 39 - No.5 in C major

• Piano Concerto: I. (Andante picaevole) - Nobilemente e semplice
• Piano Concerto: II. Poco Andante con rubato
• Piano Concerto: III. (Solenn quasi recitativo) - Allegro ma non troppo
• Suite of Four Edward Elgar Songs: I. Rondel
• Suite of Four Edward Elgar Songs: II. Queen Mary's Song
• Suite of Four Edward Elgar Songs: III. The Shepherd's Song
• Suite of Four Edward Elgar Songs: IV. Like to the Damask Rose
• Adieu
• So Many True Princesses
• Spanish Serenade, Op. 23
• The Immortal Legions (from "Pageant of Empire")
• Elegy in Memory of Edward Elgar

• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: I. Allegro
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: II. Andante
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: III. Allegro molto
• Overture: Cockaigne "In London Town", Op. 40

• Chanson de Matin, Op. 15 No. 2
• Chanson de Nuit, Op. 15 No. 1
• Sérénade Lyrique: Mélodie
• Salut d'amour, Op. 12: Liebesgrüss
• Dream Children, Op. 43: I. Andante
• Dream Children, Op. 43: II. Allegretto
• Contrasts, Op. 10 No. 3: The Gavotte
• Soliloquy for Oboe and Orchestra
• Woodland Interlude from "Caractacus": Scene 3: The forest near the Severn; Morning
• Two Interludes from "Falstaff": I. Jack Falstaff, Page to the Duke of Norfolk
• Two Interludes from "Falstaff": II. Gloucestershire, Shallow's Orchard
• Three Bavarian Dances, Op. 27: I. Allegretto giocoso
• Three Bavarian Dances, Op. 27: II. Moderato
• Three Bavarian Dances, Op. 27: III. Allegro vivace
• Sospiri, Op. 70
• Minuet from "Beau Brummel"
• Burlesco from "The Spanish Lady"
• Adieu
• Waltz from "The Starlight Express"
• Sursum Corda, Op. 11

• Cockaigne Overture (In London Town), Op. 40
• Imperial March, Op. 32
• Symphony No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 63: I. Allegro vivace e nobilmente
• Symphony No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 63: II. Larghetto
• Symphony No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 63: III. Rondo - Presto
• Symphony No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 63: IV. Moderato e maestoso

• The Music Makers, Op. 69: I. Introduction. Moderato
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: II. We Are the Music Makers
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: III. With Wonderful Deathless Ditties
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: IV. We, In the Ages Lying
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: V. A Breath of Our Inspiration
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: VI. They Had No Vision Amazing
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: VII. And Therefore Today Is Thrilling
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: VIII. But We, With Our Dreaming and Singing
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: IX. For We Are Afar With the Dawning
• The Music Makers, Op. 69: X. Great Hail! We Cry to the Corners
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: I. Sea Slumber-Song
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: II. In Haven (Capri)
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: III. Sabbath Morning at Sea
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: IV. Where Corals Lie
• Sea Pictures, Op. 37: V. The Swimmer

• The Music Makers Op69 01 Introduction
• The Music Makers Op69 02 We are the music makers
• The Music Makers Op69 03 With wonderful deathless ditties
• The Music Makers Op69 04 We, in the ages lying
• The Music Makers Op69 05 A breath of our inspiration
• The Music Makers Op69 06 They had no vision amazing
• The Music Makers Op69 07 And therefore today is thrilling
• The Music Makers Op69 08 But we, with our dreaming and singing
• The Music Makers Op69 09 For we are afar with the dawning
• The Music Makers Op69 10 Great hail! We cry to the comers
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 01 Prelude
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 02 Gerontius - Jesu, Maria - I am near to death
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 03 Chorus - Kyrie eleison
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 04 Gerontius - Rouse thee, my fainting soul
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 05 Chorus - Be merciful - be gracious
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 06 Gerontius - Sanctus fortis, Sanctus Deus
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 07 Gerontius - I can no more, for now it comes again
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 08 Chorus - Rescue him, O Lord
• Dream of Gerontius Op38 09 Gerontius - Novissima hora est

Born: 1857-06-02

Died: 1934-02-23