- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 556
- author: 1iknownomas1
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- A1 road (London)
- A1(M)
- A10 road (England)
- A11 road (England)
- A12 road (England)
- A127 road
- A13 road (England)
- A167 road
- A18 road (England)
- A194 road
- A20 road (England)
- A205 road
- A23 road
- A3 road
- A308(M) motorway
- A3102 road
- A312 road
- A315 road
- A316 road
- A322 road
- A329(M) motorway
- A33 road
- A338 road
- A34 road (England)
- A346 road
- A350 road
- A355 road
- A369 road
- A37 road
- A370 road
- A38(M) motorway
- A4 road (England)
- A40 road
- A40 road (London)
- A4010 road
- A4012 road
- A4018 road
- A403 road
- A4032 road
- A404 road
- A404(M) motorway
- A4042 road
- A4051 road
- A4054 road
- A4059 road
- A406 road
- A4061 road
- A4063 road
- A4067 road
- A4069 road
- A408 road
- A4093 road
- A41 road
- A4107 road
- A4109 road
- A4118 road
- A4119 road
- A412 road
- A413 road
- A4136 road
- A4138 road
- A4146 road
- A4155 road
- A4160 road
- A4161 road
- A4174 road
- A418 road
- A419 road
- A420 road
- A421 road
- A4214 road
- A4216 road
- A4217 road
- A422 road
- A4221 road
- A4222 road
- A4223 road
- A4225 road
- A4229 road
- A4230 road
- A4232 road
- A4233 road
- A4240 road
- A4241 road
- A4242 road
- A428 road
- A429 road
- A431 road
- A432 road
- A449 road
- A465 road
- A467 road
- A468 road
- A469 road
- A470 road
- A472 road
- A473 road
- A474 road
- A475 road
- A476 road
- A478 road
- A48 road
- A48(M) motorway
- A482 road
- A483 road
- A484 road
- A485 road
- A486 road
- A508 road
- A509 road
- A5130 road
- A57(M) motorway
- A601(M) motorway
- A6144(M) motorway
- A627(M) motorway
- A66 road
- A823(M) motorway
- Aberdeen
- Abergavenny
- Aer Arann
- Air transport
- Airport
- Akeman Street
- Ammanford
- Arriva London
- Arriva Trains Wales
- Asphalt concrete
- Aviation
- Avon Bridge
- Avonmouth
- Avonmouth Bridge
- Avonmouth Docks
- B4058 road
- BAA Limited
- Barclays Cycle Hire
- Basingstoke
- Bath, Somerset
- Baycar
- Berkshire
- Blackfriars station
- Bletchley TMD
- Bmibaby
- Bracknell
- Brentford
- Bridgend
- Bridgend bus station
- Bridgwater
- Brill Tramway
- Bristol
- Bristol Airport
- Bristol Bridge
- Bristol Bus Station
- Bristol Harbour
- Bristol Marina
- Briton Ferry
- Brynglas Tunnels
- Brynmawr
- Bunker
- Bus
- Bus lane
- Bus transport
- Buses in Bristol
- Butetown Branch Line
- C2c
- Caerleon
- Calne
- Canal
- Capital City Green
- Capital City Red
- Cardiff
- Cardiff Airport
- Cardiff Bay Barrage
- Cardiff Bus
- Cardiff City Line
- Cardiff Council
- Cardiff Gate
- Cardiff Heliport
- Cardiff Waterbus
- Carmarthen
- Carmarthenshire
- Central London
- Chepstow
- Chieveley services
- Chiltern Main Line
- Chiltern Railways
- Chiltern Way
- Chiswick
- Cirencester
- Clydach, Swansea
- Colnbrook
- Concurrency (road)
- Corus
- Coryton Line
- Cosgrove aqueduct
- Cross Country Route
- CrossCountry
- Crossrail
- Cwmbran
- Cycling in Cardiff
- Dartford Crossing
- Datchet
- Denham Aerodrome
- Denham Roundabout
- Ealing
- East Cardiff
- East Cross Route
- East Croydon station
- East Midlands Trains
- East West Rail Link
- Ebbw Valley Railway
- Eton, Berkshire
- European route E30
- Eurostar
- Exeter
- Farringdon station
- Fastnet Line
- First Bristol
- First Cymru
- First Great Western
- First Hull Trains
- First London
- First ScotRail
- Flybe
- Free b
- Freedom Pass
- Ftrmetro Swansea
- Gatwick Airport
- Gatwick Express
- GeoRSS
- Gloucester
- Go-Ahead London
- Gorseinon
- Gower Explorer
- Grand Union Canal
- Greater Anglia
- Greater Ridgeway
- Gyratory
- H10 Bletcham Way
- H6 Childs Way
- Hammersmith
- Harrow, London
- Hayes, Hillingdon
- HCT Group
- Heart of Wales Line
- Heathrow Airport
- Heathrow Connect
- Heathrow Express
- Heathrow Terminal 5
- Henbury Loop
- Henley-on-Thames
- Heston services
- High Cross, Newport
- High Wycombe
- Highways Agency
- Hounslow
- Hungerford
- Hydrogen highway
- Hydrogen station
- Icknield Way
- Icknield Way Path
- Iff card
- Interchange (road)
- Langley, Slough
- Llandeilo
- Llanelli
- Llangyfelach
- Llantrisant
- London Buses
- London City Airport
- London Dial-a-Ride
- London Luton Airport
- London Midland
- London Overground
- London Rail
- London Ringways
- London station group
- London Streets
- London Underground
- Lydd Airport
- Lôn Las Cymru
- M1 motorway
- M11 motorway
- M12 motorway
- M13 motorway
- M16 motorway
- M180 motorway
- M181 motorway
- M20 motorway
- M23 motorway
- M25 motorway
- M26 motorway
- M27 motorway
- M271 motorway
- M275 motorway
- M31 motorway
- M32 motorway
- M4 bus lane
- M4 corridor
- M4 motorway
- M40 motorway
- M42 motorway
- M45 motorway
- M48 motorway
- M49 motorway
- M5 motorway
- M53 motorway
- M54 motorway
- M55 motorway
- M56 motorway
- M57 motorway
- M58 motorway
- M6 motorway
- M6 Toll
- M60 motorway
- M602 motorway
- M606 motorway
- M61 motorway
- M62 motorway
- M621 motorway
- M63 motorway
- M64 motorway
- M65 motorway
- M66 motorway
- M67 motorway
- M69 motorway
- M73 motorway
- M77 motorway
- M80 motorway
- M876 motorway
- M898 motorway
- M90 motorway
- Maesteg
- Maesteg Line
- Magor services
- Magor, Monmouthshire
- Maidenhead
- Maidstone
- Margam Knuckle Yard
- Marlow Branch Line
- Marston Vale Line
- Marylebone station
- Membury services
- Merthyr Line
- Merthyr Tydfil
- Metroline
- Metropolitan line
- Midshires Way
- Milton Keynes
- MK Metro
- Mobile speed camera
- Monmouth
- Monmouthshire
- Moorgate station
- Morriston
- Motorway
- Narroways Junction
- National Express
- National speed limit
- National Trails
- NCR 4
- Neath
- Neath bus station
- Neath Port Talbot
- Netham Lock
- New M4
- Newbury, Berkshire
- Newport
- Newport bus station
- Newport city centre
- Newport Docks
- Newport Transport
- North Circular
- North Circular Road
- Norwood Green
- Ouse Valley Way
- Oxford
- Oxford Airport
- Oyster card
- Pembrey Airport
- Penarth
- Pencoed
- Penllergaer
- Pero's Bridge
- Philip Hammond
- Pill railway station
- Pont Abraham
- Pont y Werin
- Pontardawe
- Pontarddulais
- Port of Bristol
- Port Talbot
- Port Talbot Docks
- Porthcawl
- Portishead Railway
- Portway, Bristol
- Primary status
- Pyle
- Pyle railway station
- Quality Line
- RAF Lyneham
- RAF Northolt
- RAF Welford
- Rail transport
- Railway station
- Reading services
- Reading, Berkshire
- Rhondda
- Rhondda Cynon Taf
- Rhondda Line
- Rhymney Line
- Richmond, London
- Risca
- River Avon (Bristol)
- River Ely
- River Great Ouse
- River Neath
- River Severn
- River Taff
- River Tawe
- River Thames
- River Wye
- Road spray
- Road transport
- Roundabout
- Royal Portbury Dock
- Sarn Park services
- Sarn railway station
- Sea transport
- Severn Beach Line
- Severn Bridge
- Severn Link
- Shakespeare's Way
- Ship transport
- Silverstone Heliport
- Slough
- Slough Arm
- Source London
- South Circular
- South Circular Road
- South Wales
- South West England
- South West Trains
- Stack interchange
- Stagecoach London
- Staines-upon-Thames
- Stansted Airport
- Stansted Express
- Stratford station
- Swansea
- Swansea Airport
- Swansea bus station
- Swansea Canal
- Swansea Cork ferry
- Swansea docks
- Swansea Marina
- Swansea services
- Swindon
- Taff Trail
- Thames Path
- The MIDLANDS
- The Motor (magazine)
- The Ridgeway
- The SOUTH WEST
- Theale, Berkshire
- This Is London
- Thomas Cook Airlines
- Thomson Airways
- Thornhill, Cardiff
- Tiger Bay
- Toll bridge
- Train station
- Tramlink
- Transport for London
- Transport in Cardiff
- Transport in England
- Transport in London
- Transport in Wales
- Travelcard
- Tredegar Park
- Trowbridge
- Turweston Aerodrome
- Underfall Yard
- Uno (bus company)
- Uxbridge
- V6 Grafton Street
- Varsity Line
- Vauxhall station
- Vickers machine gun
- Virgin Trains
- Wantage
- Watford
- Watling Street
- Welsh Marches Line
- Welsh Office
- Wembley
- Wendover Arm Canal
- Wessex Red
- West Coast Main Line
- West Cross Route
- West Wales Line
- West Wales Lines
- Westway (London)
- Wimbledon station
- Windsor, Berkshire
- Wokingham
- Wycombe Air Park
- Wycombe Railway
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A127 road
The A127, also known as the Southend Arterial Road, is one of the main roads in England linking London with Southend-on-Sea in England, the other being the A13. Formerly classified as a trunk road, it was "de-trunked" in 1997 . It is a dual carriageway for its entire length, rare on a trunk road since the only others are the A14 and the A282, and is known as the Southend Arterial Road except for part of its length in Southend-on-Sea. It is also streetlit for its whole length despite its majority coverage through rural land.
The A127 starts as a turning off the A12 at Gallows Corner in the London Borough of Havering. Traffic heading towards London goes over a flyover and joins the A12 traffic which merges onto the slip-road from the roundabout below, which is where the A127 ends. Traffic heading towards Southend also uses the flyover as well as slip roads. Its first significant junction is a crossroads after 1⁄2 miles (0.80 km) (Squirrels Heath) with Squirrels Heath Road and Ardleigh Green Road. There are traffic lights here, but after that, there are no traffic lights or roundabouts until it enters Southend-on-Sea, though there are a few side turnings. Major junctions follow the layout similar to motorways, being served by high-level or low-level roundabouts accessed via slip roads.
wn.com/A127_road -
A167 road
The A167 is a road in North East England. Most of its route was formerly the A1 as most of it is the original route of the Great North Road until the A1 was re-routed with the opening of the A1(M) in the 1960s.
The route starts from the A168 at Topcliffe, North Yorkshire and runs to Cowgate, Tyne and Wear where the route splits in two. The northern fork continues to Kenton Bar, where it meets the A1 and the A696, while the southern fork heads west, again terminating at the A1, this time at Westerhope.
From the Topcliffe A168 Junction, the route runs north through Northallerton, and crosses the A66 road just east of the A66(M) section. It runs on through Darlington, across A1(M) junction 59, and on to Newton Aycliffe, Ferryhill, Durham and Chester-le-Street.
The A167 bypass at Chilton near Ferryhill was completed and opened to traffic on 20 June 2005. Construction had started in 2004, 65 years after first proposed when the route was still the A1.
Beyond Chester-le-Street the A167 continues to A1(M) junction 63 and through Birtley before crossing the A1 at the junction near the Angel of the North. (The first route of the Great North Road ran via Wrekenton on the present B1296. The second route ran via Low Fell on the A167. The third route ran from the A1(M) junction 65 via the A194(M) and the A19 Tyne Tunnel, to the Wideopen A1/A19 Junction.)
wn.com/A167_road -
A194 road
The A194 road is a road in Tyne and Wear, England. It runs northeast from its start at junction 65 of the A1/A1(M) near Washington, and the first 3 miles (4.8 km) are motorway standard, designated the A194(M). There are intermediate junctions with the A182 and the A195 before the motorway section ends at the A184 junction.
The A194 continues as a trunk road to its next major junction, the A19 which provides access to the Tyne Tunnel, Sunderland and Teesside. At this point, A194 ceases to be a trunk road and continues to its terminus in South Shields town centre.
Coordinates: 54°57′15″N 1°30′06″W / 54.9542°N 1.5017°W / 54.9542; -1.5017 (A194 road)
wn.com/A194_road -
A3 road
The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road for much of its length, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile (108 km) length, it is classified as a trunk road and therefore managed by the Highways Agency. Much of the road has been upgraded to a dual carriageway standard. Close to its southerly end traffic for Portsmouth is signed via the A3(M), A27 and M275. However the designation A3 is still used to identify the old road.
The historic Portsmouth Road once had great strategic significance as the major link between the capital city and one of its major sea ports. Many of the towns and villages that it passed through gained income and prestige as a result — such as Kingston upon Thames, Esher, Guildford, Godalming, Haslemere and Petersfield. The modern A3 follows the general route of the Portsmouth Road, but bypasses many of the towns and villages along the way, leaving the various stretches of the old Portsmouth Road for local traffic — for instance, the A307 which passes through Kingston-upon-Thames and Esher, is also known as the Portsmouth Road. For some of its length, the road follows a similar line to the Portsmouth Direct Line railway, although one of the major exceptions is that the A3 does not go through or closely bypass Havant.
wn.com/A3_road -
A316 road
The A316, also known in parts as the Great Chertsey Road, is a major road in England, which runs from the A315 at Chiswick to the M3 motorway.
Outward from London it starts at Chiswick and crosses successively:
the A4 at the Hogarth Roundabout (the connection for central London),
the Thames on Chiswick Bridge,
the South Circular Road (A205) at Chalker's Corner,
and, after passing to the north of Richmond (bisecting Old Deer Park),
crosses the Thames again on Twickenham Bridge.
Then, after running near:
Twickenham Rugby Stadium.
the Kempton Park Steam Engines at the prominent waterworks,
and Kempton Park Racecourse,
it joins the motorway end-on at Sunbury Cross (Junction 1 of the M3) in Sunbury-on-Thames.
Coordinates: 51°28′37″N 0°15′50″W / 51.47686°N 0.26395°W / 51.47686; -0.26395
wn.com/A316_road -
A33 road
The A33 is a major road in England. The road formerly ran from Reading to Southampton, but now consists of three disjoint sections:
The northern section, from Reading to Basingstoke, is mostly a single carriageway road. The dual carriageway section near Reading connects with the M4's junction 11 and was notorious for congestion. A two-year redevelopment scheme ran from early 2008 until well late 2010. It widen the northern section of the dual carriageway and significantly expanded and improved the motorway junction. The Mereoak roundabout south of the motorway was replaced with two separate junctions with traffic lights.
North of the motorway, the A33 now bypasses most of suburban Reading until it joins Reading's Inner Distribution Road where it ends. This section services the Kennet Island residential development, Madejski Stadium and Green Park Business Park
The southern section, formerly one of the two trunk roads to Southampton, has been bypassed by the M3, and as part of the planning approval, the old A33 Winchester bypass (a notorious bottleneck with traffic lights) was torn up and restored to grass. This was subject to direct action protests at Twyford Down. The M3 was completed in 1994.
wn.com/A33_road -
A338 road
The A338 is a major trunk road in southern England, that runs from the junction with the A35 at Bournemouth in Dorset to the junction with the A420 at Besselsleigh in Oxfordshire, roughly 92 miles (148 km) long.
The road begins on the very edge of Poole - by the border with Bournemouth, before heading northward as a grade separated dual carriageway, one of the main roads in the South East Dorset conurbation. From near Bournemouth International Airport it follows the western side of the Avon valley, joining the route of the A31 road heading north-east for 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) to cross the valley, before turning left at Ringwood in Hampshire where it joins the original, single carriageway route to the east of the river.
Heading northward up the east side of the Avon, it crosses to the west again near the town of Fordingbridge. After crossing into Wiltshire near Downton, it meets the A354 road at a roundabout on the southern outskirts of Salisbury (Britford), before joining the route of the A36 road as it bypasses the city centre to dual carriageway standard. It meets the A30 road at a roundabout, before continuing in a north-easterly direction, to follow the entire length of the River Bourne. It has a junction with the main A303 road, which it crosses, and then travels through the town of Tidworth. From there the road travels north to Collingbourne Ducis, where it twists through the village around the church to a mini-roundabout. It turns right to continue northwards alongside the Bourne through another narrow stretch at Collingbourne Kingston to another mini-roundabout before again heading north.
wn.com/A338_road -
A346 road
The A346 is a road in Wiltshire, southern England, that runs from Ludgershall to Swindon.
The road begins off the A342 road 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of the small town of Ludgershall (51°15′41″N 1°38′30″W / 51.2613°N 1.6418°W / 51.2613; -1.6418 (A346 road (southern end))). Shortly afterwards it joins the route of the A338 road for 5 miles (8.0 km). At a roundabout south of Burbage, the road re-appears, and heads north, bypassing the village. The road crosses over the Kennet and Avon Canal and passes through Savernake Forest. The road then goes through the town of Marlborough, where it meets the A4 road (to Chippenham and Newbury). The road heads north still, through the valley of the River Og, before terminating at junction 15 of the M4 motorway where it also meets the A419 road, 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) south-east of Swindon town centre (51°31′33″N 1°43′29″W / 51.5259°N 1.7246°W / 51.5259; -1.7246 (A346 road (northern end))). The road is built entirely to single carriageway standard, and is a primary route from Burbage to the M4.
wn.com/A346_road -
A350 road
The A350 is a north-south primary route in southern England, that runs from the M4 motorway in Wiltshire to Poole in Dorset. Starting at junction 17 of the M4 motorway north of Chippenham (51°30′53″N 2°07′18″W / 51.5148°N 2.1217°W / 51.5148; -2.1217 (A350 road (northern end))), it goes past the small village of Lacock and then through the towns of Melksham, Westbury, Warminster, Shaftesbury and Blandford Forum, ending in Poole beside Poole Harbour, an English Channel port (50°42′31″N 1°59′35″W / 50.7087°N 1.9931°W / 50.7087; -1.9931 (A350 road (southern end))). There have been many bypasses built along the A350, including at Shaftesbury in the 1950s, Chippenham, Warminster, Blandford Forum and most recently south of Melksham at Semington. The Semington stretch was made wide enough for future carriageway 'dualling' should it be required. Most parts of the route are single carriageway with a few short tracts of dual carriageway.
The section between Chippenham and Warminster also takes in the towns of Melksham and Westbury, plus several villages. Nevertheless, this entire stretch of the A350 remains a single carriageway. This section frequently becomes congested due to the close proximity of several sizeable population centres over a relatively short distance (whose thousands of commuters are served by only a single-lane road), and the fact that it is also a major trunk road linking the M4 to the port of Poole, used by thousands of heavy goods vehicles each week.
wn.com/A350_road -
A40 road
The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Fishguard, Wales and officially called The London to Fishguard Trunk Road (A40) in all legal documents and Acts. It is 256 miles (412 km) long.
It is one of the few remaining of the "old" trunk routes not to have been superseded by a direct motorway link, though some parts, such as the southern section from London to Oxford are now better served by the M40. Part of the A40 forms a section of the unsigned Euroroute E30, which the Welsh Assembly Government refers to as "one of the lowest standard sections of the Trans European Road Network in the United Kingdom"
The original (1923) route of the A40 was the City of London to Fishguard. The road still begins and ends in the same places, but a number of changes have been made to its route.
The first change dates from 1935, between Ross-on-Wye and Abergavenny. The original route of the A40 was via Skenfrith; this road was renumbered the B4521. The A40 was rerouted via Raglan; between Ross and Raglan it replaced part of the A48, between Raglan and Llanvihangel-nigh-Usk it replaced the B4234, and between Llanvihangel and Abergavenny it replaced part of the A471.
wn.com/A40_road -
A4010 road
The A4010 is an important primary north-south road in Buckinghamshire, Southern England. It runs from High Wycombe at Junction 4 of the M40 motorway to Stoke Mandeville, near Aylesbury on the A413.
The A4010 begins at the major junction at Handy Cross where the A404 meets the M40 motorway. It travels through the High Wycombe suburbs of Cressex and Sands to West Wycombe Road where it meets the A40 road. The two roads then combine for 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to the Pedestal roundabout, where they split.
The A4010 then runs as Bradenham Road, crossing under the Chiltern Main Line by means of a distinctive brick skew bridge and closely following it through Bradenham and Saunderton to Princes Risborough. The road travels straight through the town centre, meeting the A4129 at a roundabout. It then turns north-east through Monks Risborough.
The A4010 then travels through The Kimbles, (the villages of Great Kimble and Little Kimble). The road then comes out of the Chiltern Hills and, at a roundabout, turns north. 1 mile (1.6 km) later, it enters Stoke Mandeville. After passing another roundabout and Stoke Mandeville railway station, the road terminates at a roundabout on the A413. The A413 then carries on north-west into central Aylesbury.
wn.com/A4010_road -
A4012 road
The A4012 is a road in the United Kingdom. It starts in the village of Husborne Crawley to the south east of Milton Keynes and heads southwest to the village of Woburn. Here it meets the A5130 and changes direction, heading southeast past Milton Bryan before crossing the A5 at right angles in the village of Hockliffe. After this it continues west on into the town of Leighton Buzzard. It finishes on encountering the A4146, the last stretch from Leighton town centre to the A4146 having been taken over from the former route of the A4146, which bypassed the town in 2007.
Coordinates: 51°57′47″N 0°35′35″W / 51.96302°N 0.59292°W / 51.96302; -0.59292
wn.com/A4012_road -
A4018 road
The A4018 is an A-road from Bristol to a junction with the M5 motorway at Cribbs Causeway. It is one of the three principal roads which link Bristol city centre to the motorway network (the others being the M32 motorway and the Portway).
The original route of the A4018 went from Bristol to Avonmouth via Durdham Down and Shirehampton Road, the main road between Bristol and Avonmouth before the Portway was opened in 1926. By the 1940s only the route from the centre of Bristol to Durdham Down was designated the A4018, and the remainder of the route had been redesignated the B4054. In 1959 Passage Road was widened and rebuilt, and by 1962 the route of the A4018 was extended from Durdham Down to Cribbs Causeway along the former route of the B4055 (Westbury Road), unclassified roads (Falcondale Road and Passage Road) and a further part of the B4055 (Cribbs Causeway), linking with the New Filton Bypass which ran from Cribbs Causeway to the A38 north of Patchway. In December 1971 the New Filton Bypass was incorporated into the M5 motorway, and the A4018, by then dualled from Cribbs Causeway to Westbury-on-Trym, became the principal road linking the motorway to west Bristol.
wn.com/A4018_road -
A403 road
The A403 is a road in the United Kingdom that starts at junction 1 of the M48 at Aust and leads to Avonmouth in Bristol. It is important as a major route for the industries there, allowing easy travel access to Wales and South and East England.
The A403 was opened in about 1970 after the Severn Bridge was opened in 1966, to provide a direct route between the then M4 motorway and Avonmouth. It was initially known as the Avonmouth Aust Coast Road. Between the M4 at Aust and Pilning it replaced the B4055 on a realigned route. Between Pilning and Chittening it followed a new route beside the ICI Severnside plant, and from Chittening to Avonmouth it followed the route of an existing unclassified road, St Andrews Road. At Avonmouth it connects with the A4.
Around 8000 vehicles a day use this road, which recently underwent speed restrictions, between Bristol and Severn Beach, to 50 mph.
Coordinates: 51°33′09″N 2°39′56″W / 51.55237°N 2.66547°W / 51.55237; -2.66547
wn.com/A403_road -
A4032 road
The A4032 road - also known as the Newfoundland Way - is a road within Bristol that starts at the end of the M32, as a trunk road and terminates in a junction with the A4044 at the edge of Bristol city centre.
Coordinates: 51°27′50″N 2°34′39″W / 51.46385°N 2.57745°W / 51.46385; -2.57745
wn.com/A4032_road -
A404 road
The A404 is a road in the United Kingdom that starts at Paddington in London and terminates near Maidenhead in Berkshire.
The road initially follows a course through north-west London via Harlesden, Wembley, Harrow, Northwood and Rickmansworth. The M25 Junction 18 is at Chorleywood. The A404 crosses into Buckinghamshire and continues towards Little Chalfont and Amersham.
Between Paddington and Amersham, the road closely follows the route of the London/Harrow-on-the-Hill/Aylesbury railway lines, The Chiltern Line, from Marylebone, and runs near several stations along that line.
At Amersham Common, the road turns south-west and continues in that direction joining the Amersham by-pass (A413) for a short distance, and then proceeds towards High Wycombe. After passing through the town centre, and crossing the A40, it changes to a dual carriageway up the hill to the M40 Junction 4, and continues as a dual carriageway past Marlow and Bisham.
The road eventually becomes the A404(M) at Maidenhead Thicket. It then runs a short distance towards the M4 where the A404(M) finally terminates at Junction 8/9.
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A4042 road
The A4042 is a trunk road that runs from Abergavenny to Newport in the United Kingdom.
It begins on junction of the A40 and A465 south of Abergavenny and then travels southwards towards Little Mill north of Pontypool. This section is a single carriageway and is notoriously winding and undulating. From Little Mill onwards the road becomes a dual carriageway, passing Pontypool and Cwmbran before crossing the city boundary into Newport. Here the road has a junction (25A) with the M4 motorway and south from there loses its primary status and becomes an urban road. The first section of which, called Heidenheim Drive, is an elevated roadway through the Crindau district. It then becomes a surface street called Kingsway that passes through the city centre, and continues on as Usk Way until its junction with the A48 Southern Distributor Road in the south of the city.
Coordinates: 51°43′05″N 2°59′29″W / 51.71809°N 2.99137°W / 51.71809; -2.99137
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A4054 road
The A4054 is an A Road connecting Llandaff, Cardiff with Cefn-Coed-y-Cymmer in Wales.
Settlements served by the road include:
Google Maps UK
Coordinates: 51°39′01″N 3°18′46″W / 51.65014°N 3.31289°W / 51.65014; -3.31289
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A4061 road
The A4061 is the main road linking Bridgend with Hirwaun in South Wales, UK.
Settlements served by this road include:
Coordinates: 51°37′28″N 3°32′21″W / 51.62449°N 3.5391°W / 51.62449; -3.5391
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A4063 road
The A4063 links the town of Bridgend with Cymer in Wales.
Settlements served by the route include:
Coordinates: 51°35′05″N 3°38′00″W / 51.58467°N 3.63347°W / 51.58467; -3.63347
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A4067 road
The A4067 road is an A road in Wales connecting Swansea with Sennybridge. It runs in a southwest to northeast direction beginning at Oystermouth Square in Mumbles, Swansea, and continuing from there to Swansea city centre, where there is a break in the route. It begins again in Landore and climbs almost the full length of the Swansea Valley to the pass at Bwlch Bryn-rhudd, from where it descends to join the A40 at Sennybridge on the River Usk.
Settlements served by the road include:
Coordinates: 51°47′57″N 3°43′23″W / 51.79908°N 3.72306°W / 51.79908; -3.72306
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A4069 road
The A4069 is an A road which connects Llandovery with Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen in Wales, UK.
The route begins at the junction with the A474 at the north of Gwaun-Cae-Gurwen, and travels through Lower Brynamman and Brynamman. The route then crosses over the Black Mountain range of the Brecon Beacons and emerges near Felindre near Llangadog. It crosses through Llangadog and then continues northeast until the junction with the A40 at Llandovery. It reaches a height of 493 m (1,617 ft) above sea level.
Coordinates: 51°53′41″N 3°50′16″W / 51.89485°N 3.83772°W / 51.89485; -3.83772
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A41 road
The A41 is a major trunk road in England that links London and Birkenhead, although it has now in parts been superseded by motorways. It passes through or near various towns and cities including Watford, Kings Langley, Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury, Solihull, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton, Newport, Whitchurch, Chester and Ellesmere Port.
It follows part of the line of the old Roman road, Akeman Street and the eighteenth century Sparrows Herne turnpike.
With the opening of the M40 extension in 1990 linking with the M42 near Birmingham, much of the route was downgraded in importance - with the sections between Bicester and the M42 near Solihull being renumbered as the A4141, A4177 and B4100.
The route begins near Marble Arch in London, at the junction with Oxford Street (A40). Here, north-bound traffic uses Gloucester Place, the south-bound uses Baker Street. It becomes a dual-carriageway on Finchley Road, through Swiss Cottage, and along Hendon Way, and intersects with the North Circular Road near Brent Cross shopping centre. The road passes through Hendon and after the junction with the A5150, (close to the Metropolitan Police's police college and the RAF Museum), it runs directly next to the M1. The A41 overlaps the A1 at Five Ways Corner with the section known as Watford Way. It passes through Mill Hill, separating with the A1 at Apex Corner roundabout After crossing the M1, near Elstree, it links the M1 at Junction 4, and then meets the A5 at a roundabout (where the A5 becomes the A5183). The A41 continues next to the M1 into Hertfordshire. This section is known as Elton Way, as far as the roundabout with the B462. The next section is dual-carriageway.
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A4107 road
The A4107 road is an A road in Wales.
The A4107 begins in Port Talbot and heads up the Afan Valley in a north easterly direction. It then continues eastwards until it connects with the A4061 road south west of Cwmparc.
Settlements served by the road include:
SABRE - A4107
Coordinates: 51°39′17″N 3°37′53″W / 51.65485°N 3.63128°W / 51.65485; -3.63128
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A4109 road
The A4109 road links Aberdulais with Glynneath in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales.
The route begins in Aberdulais at the junction with the A4230 and A465 roads; it diverges northwards away from the A465 up the Dulais Valley and crosses through the settlements of Crynant, Ynysfforch, Seven Sisters, Onllwyn, Dyffryn Cellwen and Banwen where it has a junction with the A4221. The road then continues in a southeasterly direction along the Inter Valley Road to Glynneath where it again connects with the A465.
Coordinates: 51°44′49″N 3°44′17″W / 51.74688°N 3.73801°W / 51.74688; -3.73801
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A4118 road
The A4118 road is a road in Swansea, Wales which connects Dyfatty Street in the city centre with the village of Port Eynon. It runs in an approximate east-west direction. Beginning from the city centre, the route runs though suburban areas until it reaches Upper Killay where the road crosses rural areas.
Places along on the route:
Coordinates: 51°34′56″N 4°05′32″W / 51.5823°N 4.0922°W / 51.5823; -4.0922
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A4119 road
The A4119 is an A road linking Tonypandy with Cardiff in south Wales.
Settlements served by the route include:
The A4119 starts outside the Wales Millenium Centre at Cardiff Bay, where it proceeds through the West Side of Cardiff through Butetown, Grangetown, Riverside and Canton until a Junction with the A48 Western Avenue at Llandaff. From here is proceeds through Llandaff passing the BBC Wales studios. After leaving Llandaff the road takes on a more rural setting with many bends crossing the M4 Motorway near Capel Llanitern. From here the road snakes passed the settlement of Creigiau before leaving Cardiff.
The road enters the County Borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf (formerly Mid Glamorgan) at Groes-faen. The road continues through the Village until it comes to a T-Junction at The Castell Mynach Public House. To the left is a Spur of the A4119 that links to Junction 34 of the M4 Motorway. Off the roundabout at the Junction is the Bosch Electronics Plant and lanes to Pendoylan and Hensol Castle in the Vale of Glamorgan.
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A412 road
The A412 is a road in England that links Slough and Watford. It was previously the main artery for this corridor, and continued to St Albans prior to the construction of the M25. It provides interchange to the A40/M40 at the Denham Roundabout, the M25 in Maple Cross, the A404 in Rickmansworth, and the A41 in Watford. The road links to the Watford Ring Road, and passes through the town centre, partially a grade separated dual carriageway.
Buckinghamshire
Hertfordshire
Coordinates: 51°39′12″N 0°25′08″W / 51.65328°N 0.4189°W / 51.65328; -0.4189
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A413 road
The A413 is a major road in England that links Gerrards Cross to Towcester. It passes through various towns and villages including Buckingham, Aylesbury, Wendover, Winslow, Great Missenden and Amersham.
It has been diverted a number of times over the last 50 years. In the 1960s, a by-pass was built around Great Missenden and re-routing has taken place through Aylesbury town centre. In the last 20 years[citation needed], by-passes have been built for Amersham and Wendover. In the early 21st century, the junction near Towcester where the A413 joins the A43 has also been redeveloped along with much-needed A43 redevelopment around Silverstone Circuit.
That part of the route which runs along the Misbourne Valley dates back into pre-history. In Medieval times, the Cartulary of Missenden Abbey simply recorded the road as "the Kings Highway". Also just north of Aylesbury the road crosses Holman's Bridge, the location in 1642 of the Battle of Aylesbury.
Aylesbury rockstar John Otway wrote a B-Side about the road on his Number 9 hit single "Bunsen Burner." The song was called "A413 Revisited" and is about John returning home no longer as a one hit wonder but as a two hit artist. The chorus is:
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A4138 road
The A4138 is a main road in Carmarthenshire, Wales, connecting Pontarddulais with Llanelli. Running in a north-east to south-west direction, the road connects with
![]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121229024716im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Motorway_Right.svg/4px-Motorway_Right.svg.png)
M4 Junction 48.
North-east of the motorway, the road is classified as a non primary route, while south-west of the motorway, the road is classified as a primary route. In both instances, the road is operated by Carmarthenshire County Council. There have been proposals to make the southwestern section from the M4 to Llanelli a trunk road, which would be operated by the Welsh Assembly Government, but these have been rejected.
Settlements served by the road include:
Coordinates: 51°41′58″N 4°05′23″W / 51.6995°N 4.0898°W / 51.6995; -4.0898
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A4146 road
The A4146 is an A-class road running through south-central England from M1 Junction 14 at Milton Keynes, around Linslade and Leighton Buzzard (as a new dual carriageway bypass), and via Dagnall to Hemel Hempstead, where it terminates at a roundabout with the A4251.
In Milton Keynes, the road briefly follows the H6 Childs Way from Junction 14 of the M1 Motorway before turning south onto the V11 Tongwell Street, west again onto the H10 Bletcham Way and once more to the south where it joins with the A5. It then separates again, continuing as the Milton Keynes southern bypass south of Fenny Stratford and Bletchley. At the end of the single carriageway bypass the road used to turn left and head south through the village of Stoke Hammond. However it now continues west onto a short stretch of dual carriageway bypass which was built in 2004.
From a point just south of Water Eaton, Milton Keynes, a brand new alignment has been built for the road, forming the Stoke Hammond and Linslade western bypass. The dual carriageway road hugs the route of the West Coast Main Line for most of the way south towards Leighton Buzzard. This route opened on 14 September 2007. The route is planned to tie in with a proposed A418 Wing bypass. The new road features five new roundabouts, including one on the 2004 section, four overbridges and three underpasses.The bypass was the focus on an anti-road protest. During the protest two women chained themselves to a digger. They were arrested and charged, but later acquitted.
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A4155 road
The A4155 is a road in the United Kingdom that starts at Bourne End in Buckinghamshire and leads westwards by way of Little Marlow, Marlow, Medmenham, Henley-on-Thames, Lower Shiplake and Caversham to terminate at Reading in Berkshire. Its route follows the north bank of the River Thames and thus it becomes very congested on the days of the various regattas and similar events in the towns it serves.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 51°31′20″N 0°53′37″W / 51.52228°N 0.89371°W / 51.52228; -0.89371
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A4160 road
The A4160 is the old road connecting central Penarth with Cardiff in Wales, although now the A4055 and A4232 has subsequently become the main route from Penarth to central Cardiff and Cardiff Bay
The route begins at Fitzalan Place on the junction at Newport Road (A4161) and West Grove. It heads south along Fitzalan Place and then westerly along Adam Street and Bute Terrace and for a short stretch south along Bute Street before entering Callaghan Square and joining Penarth Road, continuing in a southwesterly direction. It crosses through the Penarth Road commercial district then crosses the River Ely and passes under the A4232 road, after which it turns to a south easterly direction. It ends in the town centre of Penarth.
From east to west it runs through the following roads in Cardiff and Penarth:
Coordinates: 51°27′36″N 3°11′48″W / 51.4600°N 3.1967°W / 51.4600; -3.1967
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A4161 road
The A4161 is a main road in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
The road links Cardiff city centre with Ely and the M4 motorway (Junction 33) via the A48 and the A4232 to the west and Cardiff city centre with Rumney and the A48(M) motorway via the A4232 and the A48 to the east.
The original (1923) route of the A48 was the main east-west link in south Wales. The A48 in Cardiff was re-numbered to the A4161 on 19 November 1971 when the Eastern Avenue dual carriageway became the A48. By 2 November 1975, Queen Street was partly pedestrianised and 2 subways were opened under North Road and Boulevard de Nantes to allow the A4161 then to move from Queen Street to Dumfries Place, Stuttgart Strasse, Boulevard De Nantes. The A48 section between Rumney and St Mellons later became the B4487 and Southern Way was built in 1978.
From east to west:
Throughout its entire length it has 30 mph (48 km/h) speed restrictions.
From east to west it runs through the following roads in Cardiff:
The road then becomes the A470 from North Road (alongside Cardiff Castle through to Duke Street, before becoming the A4161 again from:
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A4174 road
The A4174 is a major road in England which runs around the northern and eastern edge of Bristol, mainly in South Gloucestershire, and through the southern suburbs of Bristol. When it was first conceived it was planned to circle the whole of Bristol, and is referred to as the "Bristol Ring Road" on road signs and by many local people, but this is technically inaccurate, as the road does not circle the whole city, instead covering roughly half of the route.
The completed section of the northern and eastern route runs from the A38 at Filton, under the M32 motorway, through to Frenchay, Bromley Heath, Emersons Green, Kingswood, Warmley, and Longwell Green before joining the A4 at Hicks Gate junction near Keynsham. This section of the road is entirely dual carriageway and runs through several roundabouts with local routes. Many of these roundabouts formerly experienced long queues, but since 2005, most have been signalised, resulting in reduced congestion. The junction with the M32 motorway still experiences long delays despite the introduction of traffic lights.
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A418 road
The A418 road is a main trunk road in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England. It begins at a roundabout with the A4146 just north of Ascott, near Leighton Buzzard. It then runs south as a single carriageway through Wing to Aylesbury. This stretch is proposed for a dual carriageway bypass. After diving through Aylesbury the road runs past Aylesbury College before heading out into Stone. From here it runs past Haddenham to the M40 near Thame. The road has been rerouted in two locations so that it no longer runs through Hulcott and Haddenham.
From the A505 in Buckinghamshire:
In Oxfordshire:
Coordinates: 51°48′11″N 0°50′38″W / 51.80317°N 0.84397°W / 51.80317; -0.84397
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A419 road
The A419 road is a primary route between Chiseldon near Swindon at junction 15 of the M4 with the A346 road, and Whitminster in Gloucestershire, England.
From the M4 to Cirencester it is a dual carriageway road, which generally follows the course of the Roman road Ermin Street, but dualling work completed in the late 1990s, and the bypass of Cirencester, has taken it off-course in some places. The road goes through Cirencester and Stroud then finishes at a roundabout with the A38 close to junction 13 with the M5, close to a Little Chef (useful for M5 drivers as well).
The 3-mile (4.8 km) £4m Stratton St. Margaret (Swindon) Bypass opened in October 1977. The 2-mile (3.2 km) £2.4m Blunsdon-Cricklade Improvement opened in June 1988. The 4-mile (6.4 km) Latton Bypass opened on December 24, 1997. At the start of the Cirencester bypass, the dual carriageway continues as the A417, and the A419 goes from here into the centre of Cirencester.
The A419 is unusual in that it is managed and maintained by a private company, Road Management Group, on behalf of the UK Department for Transport.
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A420 road
The A420 is a road between Bristol and Oxford in England. Between Swindon and Oxford it is a primary route.
Since the opening of the M4 motorway, the road is in two sections. The first section begins on Old Market Street near the centre of Bristol, it passes through Kingswood before leaving the city on the east side. From here it travels eastward over the southern part of the Cotswolds, to the north of Bath, to Chippenham in Wiltshire.
The second section starts at a junction with the A419 east of Swindon. It then travels under the Great Western Main Line at the twin-arch Acorn Bridge and by-passes Shrivenham (the road originally went through Shrivenham, but the by-pass was built in the mid-1980s) and Watchfield, then on towards Faringdon in the Vale of White Horse. A new[date missing] section by-passes Faringdon, just south of Folly Hill and crosses the A417.
The A420 then travels the corallian limestone ridge that forms the north-west boundary of the Vale of White Horse, passing Littleworth, Buckland and Longworth. A dual-carriageway section by-passes Southmoor and Kingston Bagpuize on its way to Oxford.
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A421 road
The A421 is an important road for east/west journeys across England. Together with the A428, the A43 and A34, it forms the route from Cambridge through Milton Keynes to Oxford. The section between the A1 near St Neots and the A5 in Milton Keynes is a primary route.
The road begins at the A1, just south of St Neots (and the junction with the A428 from Cambridge), at the Black Cat Roundabout. The road bypasses Great Barford (the bypass opening on August 24, 2006) and Bedford to the south to reach the M1 at junction 13. From there, it swings up through the southern part of Milton Keynes, doubling as the local grid road H8 Standing Way. During this time it crosses the A5 (and connects to it via a short spur which is part of the V6 Grafton Street). Continuing westwards, it forms the Buckingham by-pass before joining the A43 from Northampton on the outskirts of Brackley.
(From there, the westward route becomes the B4031 through Croughton, Aynho and Deddington to join the A361 to Chipping Norton).
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A4214 road
The A4214 is a ring-road around Llanelli in Carmarthenshire, west Wales.
The route begins at the junction with Hall Street and Gelli-onn, on the A484 road in northwest Llanelli. At this point,the road is a dual-carriageway as it heads south-east along Hall Street to the Public Library, then south-west along Church Street and past the town council, government buildings, then south-east again past the town hall and county council offices. Here, the road turns into a single-carriageway as it becomes Station Road to the junction with the B4303 and Queen Victoria Road. The road takes a 90-degree to the north-east along Murray Street towards the Asda Supermarket.
Following construction of the Asda Supermarket in the middle of the town centre, the road takes a detour around the car-park, first running south-east along Bres Road, then north-east along Upper Robinson Street then north-west along Stepney Place, before rejoining the original route. The road then continues north-east until it reaches Swansea Castle Roundabout, with the junction of the A484.
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A4216 road
The A4216 is a main road in Swansea, Wales.
The road links Sketty with Gendros. It begins at the junction at the bottom of Sketty Lane with Mumbles Road. It continues up Sketty Lane, onto Sketty Park Road then bears right onto Dillwyn Road to the junction with the A4118 (Gower Road) at Sketty Cross. It continues through this road then up Vivian Road past Tycoch. The A4216 then continues along Cockett Road past Cwm Gwyn and through Cockett. The final stretch of the A4216 is Station Road where the A4216 forms a cross roads with the A483 (Carmarthen Road).
The only dual carriageway section is along Sketty Lane.
Coordinates: 51°37′36″N 3°58′52″W / 51.62667°N 3.98106°W / 51.62667; -3.98106
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A422 road
The A422 is an "A" road for east-west journeys in south central England, connecting the county towns of Bedford and Worcester by way of Milton Keynes, Buckingham, Banbury and Stratford-upon-Avon. For most of its length, is a narrow single carriageway.
The eastern end of the road is at Bromham on the outskirts of Bedford, where it branches off the A428. Its route then crosses into the Borough of Milton Keynes (and Buckinghamshire). It briefly merges with the A509 to bypass Newport Pagnell. Entering Milton Keynes itself, it crosses the northern part of the city as a dual carriageway known locally as the H3 Monks Way. It has followed these routes since they were developed in the 1970s as part of the grid road system in Milton Keynes.
Upon meeting the A5 the A422 follows its route for 3 miles (4.8 km) before crossing briefly into Northamptonshire and regaining its identity (and single carriageway status).It then bypasses Deanshanger, goes through the centre of Buckingham, around Brackley in Northamptonshire, into Oxfordshire, just before crossing the M40 at Junction 11 and into Banbury. From the A422/B4525 roundabout, on the western edge of Middleton Cheney, Banbury (east of Junction 11), the Road is dualled until it meets the A423 and resumes as a single carriageway. From there to Stratford upon Avon, it is a minor road crossing into Warwickshire at the Battle of Edgehill site, from there it declines steeply down the Sunrising Hill escarpment and then across the Fosse Way.
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A4221 road
The A4221 is an A road which links Banwen with Abercraf in Wales.
The roads begins just south of Abercraf at the junction with the A4067. It then heads eastwards through Caehopkin and then bypasses Coelbren. It joins the A4109 just west of Banwen.
Coordinates: 51°47′32″N 3°40′59″W / 51.79209°N 3.68295°W / 51.79209; -3.68295
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A4230 road
The A4230 is a suburban main road in south Wales.
The A4230 is a single carriageway road for its whole length. It begins at the Peniel Green roundabout (junction with the M4 motorway and the A48) in the far east of Llansamlet. It travels east through the Lonlas area of Skewen before passing through central Skewen, after which it traverses the Neath Abbey area before connecting with the A474 at the Cwrt Herbert roundabout in Dyffryn Clydach. It then follows the same road as the A474 along Neath Abbey Road then though Cadoxton until it connects with the A465 just south of Aberdulais.
Coordinates: 51°39′47″N 3°49′32″W / 51.6631°N 3.8256°W / 51.6631; -3.8256 (A4230 road)
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A4240 road
The A4240 is a main road in Gorseinon, Swansea, Wales.
The A4240 begins at the roundabout at the Loughor side of the Loughor bridge. The road heads east through Loughor, then onwards through Gorseinon, where it forms the east-west main road intersecting with the B4296 in central Gorseinon. The A4240 then continues through the Garngoch Industrial Estate and then through Penllergaer after which it continues along a single carriageway shared with the A48 until it reaches the roundabout which forms Junction 47 with the M4 Motorway.
Coordinates: 51°40′09″N 4°02′17″W / 51.66904°N 4.03799°W / 51.66904; -4.03799
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A4241 road
The A4241 (also known as Port Talbot Peripheral Distributor Road (PDR)) is a distributor road serving Port Talbot, Wales.
The A4241 begins at the Sunnycroft roundabout in Baglan near Baglan railway station traversing Seaway Parade in a south westerly direction, where it serves the Baglan Bay area and the Baglan Energy Park, until the junction with Afan Way. The route then continues in a south easterly direction along Afan Way, serving the Sandfields housing estate to the southwest and the Baglan Industrial Park and Neath Port Talbot Hospital to the northeast. The A4241 then, crosses the River Afan and traverses the northern area of Port Talbot docks. It then heads north again and rejoins the A48 road (Heilbron Way) at the roundabout outside Port Talbot bus station.
The Peripheral Distributor Road was developed to assist in the industrial and commercial development of the south western area of Port Talbot, to free the flow of traffic from the busy section of the M4 motorway between Junctions 38 at Margam and Junction 41 at Baglan and to provide environmental improvements, by way of reduced traffic noise and pollution, to the populated residential areas between these junctions.
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A428 road
The A428 road is a major road in central and eastern England. It connects the cities of Coventry and Cambridge by way of the county towns of Northampton and Bedford.
The road starts on the A4600 Sky Blue Way in Coventry, heading Eastbound out of the city meeting the A444 and A4082 roads before crossing the A46 Eastern Bypass and into Warwickshire. The road then passes through the village of Binley Woods before becoming more rural in nature, meeting the Fosse Way and crossing the River Avon at Bretford. 3.8 miles (6.1 km) further along, the road enters Rugby where it meets the A4071 and A426 and passes Rugby School. It then continues out of the town to the east through the suburb of Hillmorton and crosses the A5 near Daventry International Railfreight Terminal (DIRFT). It meets the M1 at its original terminus, junction 18 and bypasses the towns of Crick and West Haddon. The road passes the Althorp family estate, eventually entering the Town of Northampton.
East of Northampton the road passes Little Houghton (the 2-mile (3.2 km) £1.4 million bypass opened in December 1979), Brafield-on-the-Green, Yardley Hastings. After here it enters Bedfordshire and the district of Bedford then meets the A509 at a roundabout. Continuing towards Bedford the road passes Lavendon, Cold Brayfield, Turvey, Bromham (the 2-mile (3.2 km) £4.8 million bypass opened in September 1986). It meets the A422 (for Milton Keynes north) at a roundabout entering Bedford.
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A429 road
The A429 is a main road in England that runs in a north-northeasterly direction from junction 17 of the M4 motorway (4 miles (6.4 km) north of Chippenham in Wiltshire) to Coventry in the West Midlands, by way of Malmesbury, Cirencester, Stow-on-the-Wold, Moreton-in-Marsh, east of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwick, and Kenilworth.
For much of its length the A429 follows the route of the Roman Fosse Way.
When first designated in 1922 the A429 ran from Chippenham to Warwick. In the 1970s the route was extended from Warwick to Coventry on the old route of the A46. More recently, the short section between Chippenham and the M4 motorway became part of the extended A350. The road currently disappears between the junction with the A46 north of Warwick and then reappears at a junction with the A452, in the north of Kenilworth, this is because the section between Warwick and Kenilworth was declassfied shortly after the opening of the A46 Kenilworth Bypass. This was in order to encourage traffic to use the A452 or A46 instead.
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A431 road
The A431 is an A road running from Bristol to Bath in England. It runs parallel to, and about 3 miles (4.8 km) to the north of, the A4, the principal route between Bristol and Bath on the south side of the River Avon.
The A431 begins at a junction with the A420 at St George, about a mile (1.6 km) east of central Bristol. From there it runs through Hanham, Longwell Green, Bitton and Kelston to Bath.
Coordinates: 51°25′24″N 2°27′20″W / 51.42332°N 2.45553°W / 51.42332; -2.45553
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A449 road
The A449 is a major road in the United Kingdom. It runs north from junction 24 of the M4 motorway at Newport in South Wales to Stafford in Staffordshire.
The southern section of the road, between Ross on Wye and Newport forms part of the trunk route from the English Midlands to South Wales, avoiding the Severn Bridge
The A449 starts on the M4 at the Coldra Interchange (J24) in Newport and is dual carriageway all the way to Raglan. The section from the A40 junction at Raglan to the A472 junction at Usk, known as the New Midlands Road, was one of the first sections to be dualled, opening on 16 October 1970. Between Raglan and Ross-on-Wye the A449 is concurrent with the A40.
The road becomes quite twisty on departing Ross-on-Wye, but straightens out a little before arriving at Ledbury. The road turns northwards upon crossing into Worcestershire at Little Malvern and skirts the eastern slopes of the Malvern Hills through the town of Great Malvern. It then crosses Worcester's ring road, the A4440, at a roundabout near Powick.
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A465 road
The A465 is a major road in south Wales. It is more commonly known as the Heads of the Valleys Road because it joins together the north ends (or 'heads') of the South Wales Valleys. It approximately follows the southern boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park, and an Ordnance Survey Pathfinder Guide describes it as the unofficial border between rural and industrial South Wales.
The A465 runs southwest from Bromyard towards Hereford. It joins the A4103 just before Hereford. It starts again at Hereford, crosses the Wales-England border over the River Monnow, continues south to Abergavenny and Brynmawr, then continues west along the heads of the valleys, past Ebbw Vale, Tredegar, Rhymney, Merthyr Tydfil and Hirwaun and Glynneath. Near Glynneath, the road heads down along the floor of the Vale of Neath bypassing Resolven, Neath and Skewen before terminating at its junction with the M4 motorway, junction 43, at Llandarcy.
Up until 1996, the A465 crossed the Vale of Neath in what is now designated the B4242 between Glynnneath and Aberdulais. The high car accident rate on this stretch was one of the factors leading to the new dual carriageway section, the "Missing Link" being constructed. The A465 is now a dual carriageway all the way between Hirwaun and Llandarcy.
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A468 road
The A468 is a principal road from Newport to Nantgarw. The current route begins at the A467 in Bassaleg then passes through Rhiwderin, Machen, Trethomas, Bedwas and Caerphilly, terminating on the A470. Originally the easternmost end of the road began at the Handpost Pub at the junction of the original route of the A467 and proceeded along Bassaleg Road before reaching the current starting point.
Coordinates: 51°35′27″N 3°07′38″W / 51.59077°N 3.12724°W / 51.59077; -3.12724
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A469 road
The A469 is a road in south Wales. It links Cardiff and Caerphilly with Rhymney and the Heads of the Valleys Road (A465).
Coordinates: 51°38′05″N 3°13′53″W / 51.63469°N 3.23135°W / 51.63469; -3.23135
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A470 road
The A470(T) is a major long-distance connective spine road in Wales, running from Cardiff on the south coast to Llandudno on the north coast. It covers 186 miles (299 km) in its entirety, over a zig-zagging route through the country's mountainous central region, including the Brecon Beacons and much of Snowdonia National Park.
Although it remains a primary trunk route throughout its length, and the southernmost 26 miles (42 km), from Cardiff Bay to Merthyr Tydfil, are mainly direct and good quality dual carriageway, the majority of the route from north of Merthyr Tydfil to Llandudno is single carriageway of variable quality (and even in brief instances single track) in order to accommodate the natural and built landscape. It takes in several town centres, right-angle (or tighter) divergent junctions and sharp curves.
The southernmost point of the route is at The Flourish, Cardiff Bay, outside the Wales Millennium Centre. It runs up Lloyd George Avenue (this was previously Collingdon Road, and the A470 previously ran along the parallel Bute Street), and continues along St. Mary Street in central Cardiff. The road then becomes North Road, and after a tidal flow system running to Maindy and then goes over the flyover at the Gabalfa interchange of the A48 and the A469. It becomes an urban dual-carriageway along Manor Way and Northern Avenue, with a 40 mph (64 km/h) speed limit and with many traffic-signalled crossings. It passes without interruption under the M4 at the giant Coryton roundabout. For the next 15 miles (24 km) it is a modern high-speed dual carriageway by-passing Tongwynlais and Castell Coch, Taff's Well, to Pontypridd. Heading north to Abercynon, the road now follows the route of the Taff Vale Railways Llancaiach Branch to Quakers Yard roundabout, where it is joined by the A4059 from Abercynon, Aberdare and Hirwaun ; the A472 from Ystrad Mynach and Pontypool finally the A4054 from Quakers Yard, and Merthyr Tydfil.
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A472 road
The A472 is a cross valley link road in South Wales that runs west to east across the old South Wales coalfield from Treharris through Nelson, Ystrad Mynach, Maesycwmmer, Pontllanfraith, Newbridge, Crumlin, Hafodyrynys, Pontypool and thence into the Usk valley, through Little Mill and Usk to a junction with the A449.
It effectively covers a cross section of south east Wales from the post-industrial valleys to rural Monmouthshire, passing through small villages, larger towns, areas of relative prosperity and areas benefitting from redevelopment and it is a road that plays a part in that rejuvenation.
The road has been largely created from new and improved sections developed since 1980.
Between 1992 and 1994 a major by-pass was built to ease the bottleneck of traffic around Pontllanfraith. This dual carriageway runs from Maesycwmmer in the West through to Newbridge in the East and has links to Blackwood via The Sirhowy Enterprise Way and Newport.
Between Crumlin and Pontypool the road has been laid largely upon the trackbed of the disused Taff Vale Extension railway line.
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A473 road
The A473 is a main road linking Pontypridd with Bridgend in Wales.
The route begins in Upper Boat just south of Pontypridd, at the junction with the A470 and A4054 roads. It crosses the bridge in an easterly direction and continues along the road until it reaches the hill known locally as Power Station hill until it reaches a roundabout near the village of Tonteg after which it heads in a south westerly direction. The road continues along the stretch of road bypassing the villages of Church Village, Llantwit Fardre, Beddau and Llantrisant. After Llantrisant, the road heads in a westerly direction through Llanharan and then turns to a south westerly direction through Pencoed. The road enters Bridgend from the south and passes through the town centre before terminating at the junction with the A48 at Laleston to the west of Bridgend.
The Talbot Green by-pass was opened in 1991 to relieve traffic in the village through disabling access to or from Pontyclun via Cowbridge Road, and provided a shorter route for the A473 Bridgend to Pontypridd Road.
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A474 road
The A474 is a suburban main route in south Wales.
Settlements served by the A474 include:
Coordinates: 51°43′20″N 3°51′23″W / 51.72235°N 3.85633°W / 51.72235; -3.85633
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A475 road
The A475 is a direct road from Lampeter to Newcastle Emlyn which runs a total of 19.18 miles (30.87 km). It passes through many villages such as Llanwnen, Drefach, Cwmsychpant, Prengwyn, Horeb. At Horeb the A475 links up with the A486 which leads North to New Quay and South to Llandysul. The A475 crosses through A486 via crossroads and carry on through Horeb to Penrhiwllan, Llandyfriog and then down into Newcastle Emlyn
On 11 September 2001 A Council Lorry Collided with a school bus just down from the Horeb crossroads heading towards Lampeter. Luckily no one was seriously injured.
The A475 has a few hill climbs and some sharp bends especially between Horeb and Newcastle Emlyn.
Coordinates: 52°05′16″N 4°15′45″W / 52.08776°N 4.26244°W / 52.08776; -4.26244
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A476 road
The A476 is a main road linking Llanelli with Fairfach near Llandeilo, in Wales.
Settlements served by the road include:
Coordinates: 51°47′02″N 4°06′35″W / 51.7838°N 4.1096°W / 51.7838; -4.1096 (A476 road)
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A478 road
The A478 road is a major route in the Welsh counties of Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire, connecting Cardigan (junction with the A487 road) and Tenby.
From north to south it runs through:
The A478 is 30 miles (48 km) in length.
Coordinates: 51°53′39″N 4°42′49″W / 51.89429°N 4.71348°W / 51.89429; -4.71348
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A48 road
The A48 is a major trunk road in Great Britain. It runs from the A40 at Highnam 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Gloucester to the A40 at Carmarthen. Before the construction of the M4 motorway and the first Severn Bridge in the mid 1960s it was the principal route between South Wales and South West England. For most of its journey through South Wales, it runs almost parallel to its successor. Before the construction of the Second Severn Crossing, during times of high winds at the Severn Bridge the A48 was used as part of the diversion route, and is still marked as a Holiday Route.
From Gloucester, the A48 runs through the villages of Minsterworth, Westbury-on-Severn, connects to a link road to Cinderford in the Forest of Dean then through Newnham, Blakeney and bypassing the town of Lydney (the bypass was built in the 1990s) on the west bank of the River Severn. Crossing the Wales-England border at Chepstow and continuing west close to the South Wales coast, it connects Newport, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Bridgend, Pyle, Port Talbot, Neath, Swansea before terminating at the junction with the A40 near the centre of Carmarthen.
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A482 road
The A482 road is a major route in the Welsh counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire.
It connects Aberaeron on the coast (junction with the A487 road) and the A40 road at Llanwrda near Llandovery and is 29 miles (47 km) in length.
From north to south it runs through:
The A482 is a narrow road and has many sharp bends forcing lorries and buses to take the opposite side of the road, the worst part being between Lampeter and Llanwrda.
Coordinates: 52°06′08″N 4°03′44″W / 52.1023°N 4.06232°W / 52.1023; -4.06232
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A483 road
The A483 is a major road in the United Kingdom, running from Swansea in Wales to Chester in England, although the official title is the Swansea to Manchester Trunk Road.
From the M4 motorway Junction 42, just east of Swansea, it travels west along the Fabian way towards Swansea where it turns to a northwesterly direction towards the M4 motorway junction 47 at Penllergaer after which the route is multiplexed with the A48 along Swansea Road, Bryntirion Road, Bolgoed Road to Pontarddulais.
After Pontarddulais, the route continues along Heol Fforest and Carmarthen Road. The A483 diverges from the A48 at the final M4 motorway junction, Junction 49, where it continues via Ammanford, Llandeilo and Llandovery.
The A483 continues through Llanwrtyd Wells, Builth Wells (where it crosses with the A470) and Llandrindod Wells. It then reaches Newtown where it passes under the Cambrian Line at the Dolfor Road Railway Bridge. This bridge, being 13' 3" has been hit by high vehicles on many it occasions. The road then continues to Welshpool before entering England.
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A484 road
The A484 road is an A road in Wales connecting Swansea with Cardigan.
The road begins at Cadle in Swansea and heads westwards as a southern bypass to Loughor. It continues over the Loughor bridge into Bynea, Carmarthenshire. It continues through the centre of Llanelli and traverses near the south coast of Carmarthen Bay until it reaches Pembrey. After Pembrey, the road bears northwards and continues in a northerly direction towards Carmarthen. At the junction with the A40/A48 at Pensarn, the road is severed by the new A40 bypass, with the road instead resumining at the junction with the A40/B4300. Here, the road resumes and continues through the eastern part of Carmarthen then heads north to Bronwydd Arms. It then turns to a northwest direction heading to Cynwyl Elfed and then heads northwards again. After the village of Llangeler, it turns west and continues westwards until the junction with the A487 in Cardigan.
Settlements served by the road include:
Prior to the construction of the A40 Carmarthen Eastern Bypass, the A484 road, at the junction of the A40/A48 in south-east Carmarthen, continued in a northernly direction along Rhiw Babell, before reaching Heol Llangynnwr. Following the construction of the bypass, Rhiw Babell was declassified, and a part of Heol Llangynnwr from Hen Heol Llangynnwr to the new bypass was reclassified the A484. This has resulted in a 750 metre gap in the A484, where drivers are directed along the A40 trunk road.
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A485 road
The A485 is and A road linking Tanerdy near Carmarthen to Llanfarian near Aberystwyth in Wales.
Settlements along the route include:
Coordinates: 52°07′49″N 4°04′26″W / 52.13035°N 4.07378°W / 52.13035; -4.07378
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A486 road
The A486 is an A road in Carmarthenshire, Wales, which links Saron with New Quay.
The A486 begins at the junction with the A484 south of Saron. After departing Saron from the south it crosses the settlements of:
It finally crosses the heart of New Quay and ends near the waterfront area.
Coordinates: 52°06′38″N 4°22′11″W / 52.1105°N 4.3696°W / 52.1105; -4.3696 (A486 road)
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A508 road
The A508 is a short A-class road for north/south journeys in south central England, forming the route from Market Harborough in Leicestershire, via Northampton, to Old Stratford, north-west of Milton Keynes.
The road begins in the centre of Market Harborough and crosses into Northamptonshire just outside the town. Crossing the A14 at Kelmarsh, it continues on through the centre of Northampton, merging with the A5199 as it enters the town. Through Northampton the road repeatedly switches between being a dual carriageway and a single carriageway.
From there, it merges briefly with the A45 until it crosses the M1 at junction 15. Resuming its identity, it continues through Roade, Grafton Regis and rural south Northamptonshire, reaching the A5 and the A422 at Old Stratford, a small town which adjoins Milton Keynes.
Between Market Harborough and Northampton, travelling south, there are two fixed (Gatso) speed cameras. The first is on top of the A14 junction (40 mph (64 km/h) limit) and the second is approx 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the village of Lamport (60 mph (97 km/h) limit). Both of these cameras are rotated, meaning that they face the opposite direction of travel every so often. There is a further speed camera just south of junction 15 and another in Roade. The majority of the stretch between Northampton and Milton Keynes is national speed limit (60 mph (97 km/h)), although there are 30 mph (48 km/h) limits in Roade and Grafton Regis.
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A509 road
The A509 is a short A-class road (around 30 miles (48 km) long) for north-south journeys in south central England, forming the route from Kettering in Northamptonshire to the M1 and A5 in Milton Keynes.
The road begins at Wicksteed Park in the outskirts of Kettering. It then crosses the A14 and goes through Isham and Great Harrowden. After this it goes on to form the Wellingborough western bypass before crossing into the Borough of Milton Keynes (ceremonial Buckinghamshire). From there, it crosses the A428 at a roundabout and cuts through the centre of Olney. South of Olney the road is 40 mph (64 km/h) for a distance before rising to 50 mph (80 km/h) as it passes Emberton, after which it regains the national speed limit (60 mph (97 km/h)). It then meets the A422 at a large roundabout and becomes a dual carriageway. It multiplexes with the A422 to form the Newport Pagnell Bypass. After passing Newport Pagnell the A509 turns left at a roundabout with the A422 continuing ahead. Here it becomes a single carriageway once more and crosses the M1 at Junction 14, where it enters Milton Keynes. Regaining the dual carriageway status it runs for a further 4 miles (6.4 km) past the edge of the centre and the National Hockey Stadium, to link up with the A5 at the National Badminton Centre in Loughton. Through Milton Keynes the road is known as the H5 Portway.
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A5130 road
The A5130 is a road in the United Kingdom. It starts on a roundabout with the A509 near Junction 14 of the M1 motorway and proceeds south round the eastern edge of the original Milton Keynes designated area. After crossing the A421 the 5130 continues past the village of Wavendon. It then crosses the Bedford-Bletchley railway by means of a level crossing and passes through Woburn Sands. It terminates a short distance to the south upon meeting the A4012 just inside the village of Woburn.
The road is de facto a part of the Milton Keynes Grid Road System, an unofficial V12, being absorbed as Broughton expands (see next).
With the eastern expansion of Milton Keynes now under construction, Milton Keynes Partnership are downgrading the road to what it calls "a High Street". This plan is controversial and is opposed locally, by local parish councils, residents and campaign group Urban Eden, but the Partnership says that it has completed due process and consultations and now has the authority to impose it. It is not yet clear whether or not this stretch will retain the A5130 number or if it will be deleted. A 40 mph (64 km/h) speed limit has been put in place along the stretch in question, and development has been built right up to the road's edge. MKP's eventual plan is to reduce the speed limit further to 30 mph (48 km/h).
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A66 road
The A66 is a major road in northern England which in part follows the course of the Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith. It runs from east of Middlesbrough in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire to Workington in Cumbria. It is anomalously numbered since west of Penrith it trespasses into numbering zone 5; this is because it originally terminated at the A6 in Penrith, but was extended further west in order to create one continuous east–west route. Most of what is now the A66 west of Penrith was originally A594 – only a small stub of this road remains, from Maryport to Cockermouth.
From its eastern terminus between Redcar and Middlesbrough, it runs past Stockton-on-Tees and Darlington mainly as two to three lane dual-carriageway and single carriageway past Darlington, becoming motorway standard as the A66(M) shortly before meeting junction 57 of the A1(M). It follows the A1(M) south to Scotch Corner from where it continues west across the Pennines, past Brough, Appleby, Kirkby Thore, Temple Sowerby, Penrith, Keswick and Cockermouth, and on through the northern reaches of the Lake District, before arriving at the coastal town of Workington. There is a short stretch of two lane dual carriageway alongside the northern part of Bassenthwaite Lake between Keswick and Cockermouth. Whilst the eastbound section follows the straight line of the disused Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway, the westbound section has numerous bends with climbs and dips. The western end of the Bassenthwaite stretch has been permanently reduced to a single lane with a 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) limit monitored by average speed cameras.
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Aberdeen
Coordinates: 57°09′09″N 2°06′36″W / 57.1526°N 2.1100°W / 57.1526; -2.1100
Aberdeen
i/æbərˈdiːn/ (Scots: Aiberdeen 
listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [ˈopər ˈʝɛhɪn]) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city, with an official population estimate of 220,420.
Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, whose mica deposits sparkle like silver. The city has a long, sandy coastline. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of Europe or the Energy Capital of Europe. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.
Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from King David I (1124–53), transforming the city economically. The city's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and The Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, make Aberdeen the educational centre of the north-east. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.
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Abergavenny
Coordinates: 51°49′26″N 3°01′00″W / 51.824°N 3.0167°W / 51.824; -3.0167
Abergavenny (Welsh: Y Fenni), meaning Mouth of the River Gavenny, is a market town in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located 15 miles (24 km) west of Monmouth on the A40 and A465 roads, 6 miles (10 km) from the English border. Originally the site of a Roman fort, Gobannium, it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh Marches. The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales.
Abergavenny is promoted as the "Gateway to Wales". Situated at the confluence of a tributary stream, the Gavenny, and the River Usk, it is almost surrounded by two mountains – the Blorenge (559 m) and the Sugar Loaf (596 m) – and five hills: Ysgyryd Fawr (The Skirrid), Ysgyryd Fach (Skirrid Fach), Deri, Rholben and Mynydd Llanwenarth, known locally as "Llanwenarth Breast". It provides access to the nearby Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons National Park. The Offa's Dyke Path is close by and the Marches Way, the Beacons Way and Usk Valley Walk all pass through the town.
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Akeman Street
Akeman Street was a major Roman road in England that linked Watling Street with the Fosse Way. Its junction with Watling Steet was just north of Verulamium (near modern St Albans) and that with the Fosse Way was at Corinium Dobunnorum (now Cirencester). Its course passes through towns and villages including Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted, Tring, Aylesbury, Alchester (outside modern Bicester), Chesterton, Kirtlington, Ramsden and Asthall.
Parts of the A41 road between Tring and Bicester use the course of the former Roman road. A minor road between Chesterton and Kirtlington also uses its course. Other parts are in use as public footpaths, including a 6-mile (9.7 km) stretch between Tackley and Stonesfield that is part of the Oxfordshire Way.
The origins of the road's name are uncertain but certainly date back to the Early Middle Ages. Some have suggested that "Akeman" derives from the Anglo-Saxon words for "oak-man". Others have suggested a connection with Bath, which the Anglo-Saxons called Acemannesceastre (Acemannes apparently being derived from the Roman name Aquae Sulis). It is unclear how this might have become associated with the road, but one possibility is that the name was originally used for the longer stretch of road from Bath.
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Ammanford
Coordinates: 51°48′00″N 3°59′35″W / 51.800°N 3.993°W / 51.800; -3.993
Ammanford (Welsh: Rhydaman) is a town and community in the county of Carmarthenshire, Wales, with a population 5,293 according to the Office of National Statistics (2001). Located at the end of the Amman Valley, Ammanford is an ex-mining town and serves as the main shopping centre for many villages in the surrounding area.
According to the 2001 census, 75.88% of the population are competent in the Welsh language, compared to roughly 55% in Carmarthenshire as a whole and 21.8% in Wales as a whole.
Ammanford is served by the A483 and A474 roads and the local railway station is a stop on the Heart of Wales Line with trains to Swansea to the south and Shrewsbury to the north.
Ammanford is twinned with Breuillet, Essonne.
Ammanford took its current name on 20 November 1880. The community that existed then and now known as Ammanford dates back to around the early 19th century. At that time the main highways went through the area, not to it. The north-south road from Llandeilo and Llandybïe went to Betws, and the east-west road from the Amman Valley went to Penybanc and Tycroes, and further afield, both converging at a crossroads (now Ammanford Square). This in turn led to the development of coaching inns or staging inns and taverns catering for the needs of the traveller. The area eventually became identified by the name of one of these hostelries — Cross Inn.
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Avonmouth
Coordinates: 51°30′04″N 2°41′56″W / 51.501°N 2.699°W / 51.501; -2.699
Avonmouth is a port and suburb of Bristol, England, located on the Severn Estuary, at the mouth of the River Avon. The council ward of Avonmouth also includes Shirehampton and the western end of Lawrence Weston.
Historically part of Gloucestershire, Avonmouth is located at the mouth of the River Avon, on its north bank and on the Severn Estuary. It is the location of a large port, Avonmouth Docks. The Royal Portbury Dock, under the same management, is on the other side of the Avon. Avonmouth is home to several large chemical manufacturing plants and a gas-fired power station. There is also a significant residential area in Avonmouth between the industrialised zone and the M5 motorway. Avonmouth is sometimes considered a satellite town of Bristol as opposed to a suburb.[citation needed]
The M5 motorway runs through Avonmouth, and crosses the Avon by the Avonmouth Bridge. The M49 motorway runs between the M5 near Avonmouth and the M4 motorway at the Second Severn Crossing. The old Severn Bridge and the M48 motorway are linked to Avonmouth by the A403. The Portway, part of the A4, connects Avonmouth to the centre of Bristol. Avonmouth is also is served by a usually hourly train service to Bristol from Avonmouth railway station on the Severn Beach Line.
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Avonmouth Bridge
Coordinates: 51°29′19″N 2°41′34″W / 51.4887°N 2.6928°W / 51.4887; -2.6928
The Avonmouth Bridge is a road bridge that carries the M5 motorway over the River Avon into Somerset near Bristol, England. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). It also has a separate footpath and cycleway.
The bridge was built with three lanes each way, with full hard shoulders. In 2002-04, it was widened to four lanes each way, with the result that the hard shoulders are no longer of full width.
The bridge was built to allow tall ships underneath. This gave the bridge steep gradients that cause heavy vehicles to slow down, resulting in congestion during rush hour and the summer tourist season: traffic can back up both on the bridge and on the approaches.
The approach and initial climb up the bridge have a smooth asphalt surface; however, on the top of the bridge the surface was uneven and bumpy when it was built. In September 2006, it was announced that the entire bridge would be resurfaced, only five years after the last resurfacing. This was completed in November 2009 by the construction firm Stirling Lloyd. However, the surfacing was carried out by the Swiss firm Aeschlimann using its own workforce and also importing all the plant used. A new type of asphalt called Gussasphalt was used on the bridge deck. In addition to having a smooth, skid-resistant finish, it requires no compaction and can be applied in very thin layers, thus reducing the weight added to the bridge. It is also flexible and as a result should last longer than the previous resurfacing.
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Avonmouth Docks
Coordinates: 51°30′18″N 2°42′25″W / 51.505°N 2.707°W / 51.505; -2.707
The Avonmouth Docks are part of the Port of Bristol, in England. They are situated on the northern side of the mouth of the River Avon, opposite the Royal Portbury Dock on the southern side, where the river joins the Severn estuary, within Avonmouth.
Avonmouth Docks are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables.
The docks are on the rail network, served by Avonmouth railway station on the Severn Beach Line. The M5 motorway is nearby.
The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877. It was acquired by the Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1908, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened.
The docks were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part of Bristol City Council, until 1991, when the council granted a 150 year lease to the Bristol Port Company, who now operate the docks together with Royal Portbury Dock.
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B4058 road
The B4058 is a minor road in southwest England. It starts in Eastville, a suburb of Bristol and ends at Nailsworth in the Cotswolds, passing through the counties of Bristol, South Gloucestershire and Gloucestershire.
The B4058's southern terminus is with the A432 in Eastville, a suburb of Bristol (51°28′13″N 2°33′50″W / 51.4703°N 2.5638°W / 51.4703; -2.5638 (B4058 road (southwestern end))). From there it heads north to where it meets the M32 motorway at junction 2, whence it continues north, through Stapleton, Broomhill and Frenchay before meeting the A4174 ring road, on the outskirts of Frenchay.
North of the ring road the B4058, called Winterbourne Hill, passes through Hambrook, then into Winterbourne, where it becomes High Street. After Winterbourne, the road is known as Bristol Road; it passes through Frampton Cotterell and Iron Acton. After Iron Acton the road becomes the B4059 on towards Yate and Engine Common. The B4058 turns right and heads north, through Rangeworthy, Bagstone, Cromhall and Charfield, where it passes into Gloucestershire. From there it continues to Wotton under Edge. After Wotton the road continues through the Cotswolds to its northern terminus at Nailsworth (51°41′34″N 2°13′09″W / 51.6929°N 2.2191°W / 51.6929; -2.2191 (B4058 road (northeastern end))).
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Basingstoke
Coordinates: 51°16′00″N 1°05′15″W / 51.2667°N 1.0876°W / 51.2667; -1.0876
Basingstoke is a town in northeast Hampshire, in south central England. It lies across a valley at the source of the River Loddon. It is 48 miles (77 km) southwest of London, 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Southampton, 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Reading and 19 miles (31 km) northeast of the county town, Winchester. In 2008 it had an estimated population of 82,913. It is part of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane and part of the parliamentary constituency of Basingstoke. Basingstoke is often nicknamed "Doughnut City" or "Roundabout City" because of the number of roundabouts.
Often mistaken for a new town, Basingstoke is an old market town expanded in the 1960s as part of a tripartite agreement between London County Council, Hampshire County Council and Basingstoke Borough Council. It was developed rapidly, along with Andover and Tadley, to accommodate part of the London 'overspill' as perceived under the Greater London Plan, 1944. Basingstoke market was mentioned in the Domesday Book and Basingstoke remained a small market town until the 1950s. It still has a regular market, but is now bigger than Hampshire County Council's definition of a market town.
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Berkshire
Berkshire ( /ˈbɑrkʃər/ or /ˈbɑrkʃɪər/, abbreviated Berks) is both a ceremonial county and a historic county of England. The administrative county of Berkshire including the Berkshire County Council were abolished in 1998. The county is often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1957, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
The ceremonial county has the same boundaries as the former administrative county, but historically the county was not co-terminous with this. The county borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Historically the county included several towns to the northwest of the county (including Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage) that were moved into Oxfordshire in 1974 boundary changes. At the same time the town of Slough was moved into Berkshire from Buckinghamshire.
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Blackfriars station
Blackfriars station, also known as London Blackfriars, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground complex in the City of London. Its platforms span the River Thames a short distance downstream from Blackfriars Bridge. The north bank entrance is on the south side of Queen Victoria Street close to the junction with New Bridge Street. A new entrance on the south bank opened on 5 December 2011. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1. The Underground station was closed for major engineering for nearly three years from March 2009. It reopened on 20 February 2012.
The mainline railway station was opened as St Paul's by the London Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) on 10 May 1886 when it opened the St Pauls Railway Bridge across the River Thames.
The St Paul's bridge was constructed to supplement the LC&DR's existing Blackfriars railway bridge, which had opened in 1864. This carried trains on the LC&DR's busy City Line from south London into the LC&DR stations at Ludgate Hill, Holborn Viaduct and, via the Snow Hill tunnel and a connection to the Metropolitan Railway near Farringdon, on to London King's Cross and St Pancras stations.
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Bletchley TMD
Bletchley TMD is a (limited service) railway traction maintenance depot situated in Bletchley, (ceremonial) Buckinghamshire to the north of Bletchley Station on the West Coast Main Line (and the Marston Vale Line). The depot is operated by London Midland. The depot code is now BY but, in steam days, the shed code was 1E.
Bletchley TMD was downgraded from a full service depot on 30 May 2008 and now undertakes limited workloads. Bletchley had won awards for the reliability of its trains as recently as March 2007.
The local press has expressed concern that diesel trains used on the Marston Vale Line, which were previously serviced here, now have to come from Tyseley TMD in Birmingham, with consequent long delays to service resumption in the event of train failure.
Coordinates: 52°00′03″N 0°43′53″W / 52.000828°N 0.731331°W / 52.000828; -0.731331
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Bracknell
Coordinates: 51°24′58″N 0°44′56″W / 51.416°N 0.749°W / 51.416; -0.749
Bracknell is a town and civil parish in the Borough of Bracknell Forest in Berkshire, England. It lies 11 miles (18 km) to the southeast of Reading, 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Windsor and 30 miles (48 km) west of central London. The town has a population of 50,131.
The name Bracknell is first recorded in a Winkfield Boundary Charter of AD 942 as Braccan heal, and may mean "Nook of land belonging to a man called Bracca", from the Old English Braccan (genitive singular of a personal name) + heal, healh (a corner, nook or secret place). An early form of the town's name, Brakenhale, still survives as the name of one of its schools.
The town is surrounded, on the east and south, by the vast expanse of Swinley Woods and Crowthorne Woods. The urban area has absorbed parts of many local outlying areas including Warfield, Winkfield and Binfield.
The town covers all of the old village of Easthampstead (though not all of the old parish) and the hamlet of Ramslade. Easthampstead has a very long history. There is a Bronze Age round barrow at Bill Hill. Easthampstead Park was a favoured royal hunting lodge in Windsor Forest and Catherine of Aragon was banished there until her divorce was finalised. It was later the home of the Trumbulls who were patrons of Alexander Pope from Binfield.
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Brentford
Coordinates: 51°29′10″N 0°18′36″W / 51.4861°N 0.3101°W / 51.4861; -0.3101
Brentford is a suburban town in west London, England, and part of the London Borough of Hounslow. It is located at the confluence of the River Thames and the River Brent, 8 miles (13 km) west-southwest of Charing Cross. Its former ceremonial county was Middlesex.
The name is recorded as Breguntford in 705 in an Anglo-Saxon charter and means 'ford over the River Brent'. The name of the river is Celtic and means 'holy one' and the '-ford' suffix is Old English. The ford was most likely located where the main road crossed the river. New Brentford is recorded as Newe Braynford in 1521 and was previously known as Westbraynford. Old Brentford is recorded as Old Braynford in 1476 and was previously known as Estbraynford.
The settlement pre-dates the Roman occupation of Britain, and thus pre-dates the founding of London itself. Many pre-Roman artifacts have been excavated in and around the area in Brentford known as 'Old England'. Bronze Age pottery and burnt flints have been found in separate sites in Brentford. The quality and quantity of the artefacts suggests that Brentford was a meeting point for pre-Romanic tribes. One well known Iron Age piece from about 100 BC - AD 50 is the Brentford horn-cap - a ceremonial chariot fitting that formed part of local antiquarian Thomas Layton's collection, now held by the Museum of London. The Celtic knot pattern (the 'Brentford Knot') on this item has been copied for use on modern jewellery.
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Bridgend
Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 3°34′42″W / 51.5072°N 3.5784°W / 51.5072; -03.5784
Bridgend (English pronunciation: /brɨˈdʒɛnd/; Welsh: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, meaning "Top of the Bridge on the Ogmore") is a town in the Bridgend County Borough in Wales, 22-mile (35 km) west of the capital, Cardiff. The river crossed by the original bridge, which gave the town its name, is the River Ogmore but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town. Historically a part of Glamorgan, Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s and had a population of 39,429 in 2001.
Several prehistoric burial mounds have been found in the vicinity of Bridgend suggesting that the area was settled before Roman times. The A48 between Bridgend and Cowbridge has a portion, known locally as "Crack Hill", a Roman road. The Vale of Glamorgan would have been a natural low-level route west to the Roman fort and harbour at Neath (Nidum) from settlements in the east like Cardiff and Caerleon (Isca).
After the Norman conquest of Anglo Saxon England in 1066, the new establishment looked westwards in the following decades to create new seats for lords loyal to William The Conqueror. Groups of Norman barons arrived in Wales and in the south and east created what would later become the Welsh Marches, while the north and west remained largely unconquered due to the harsh terrain.
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Bridgend bus station
Bridgend bus station is an 11-stand bus station situated in the town centre of Bridgend, South Wales.
After a £2.3 million redevelopment, it opened in November 2004.
The terminal is single-storey structure powered by solar rooftop panels. The exterior features bays, room for buses to manoeuvre and a simple entrance and exit system. Facilities include emergency help points, touch screen public information, toilets and baby changing area.
Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 3°34′43″W / 51.508192°N 3.578501°W / 51.508192; -3.578501
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Bridgwater
Coordinates: 51°07′41″N 2°59′35″W / 51.128°N 2.993°W / 51.128; -2.993
Bridgwater is a market town and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is the administrative centre of the Sedgemoor district, and a major industrial centre. Bridgwater is located on the major communication routes through South West England. According to the 2001 census, the town had a population of 33,698.
Bridgwater is situated, on the edge of the Somerset Levels, in level and well-wooded country, having to the north the Mendip range and on the west the Quantock hills. The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett, 10 miles (16 km) from its mouth, has been a major port and trading centre and maintains a large industrial base. It is linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal. Bridgwater is located between two junctions of the M5 motorway and Bridgwater railway station is on the main railway line between Bristol and Taunton.
Historically, the town had a politically radical tendency, being involved in several events of note on the national stage, and was defended by its own castle. The battlefield of the Battle of Sedgemoor, where the Monmouth Rebellion was finally crushed in 1685 is nearby. Among several places of worship the chief is the Church of St Mary. A house in Blake Street, largely restored, was the birthplace of Admiral Blake in 1598, and is now the Blake Museum. The town has its own arts centre and plays host to the annual Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival.
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Bristol
Bristoli/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
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Bristol Airport
Bristol Airport (IATA: BRS, ICAO: EGGD), located at Lulsgate Bottom in North Somerset, is the commercial airport serving the city of Bristol, England, and the surrounding area. Originally named Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport in 1955, from March 1997 to March 2010 it became known as Bristol International Airport. In 2003, the airport drew 45% of its passengers from the former county of Avon area, 13% from Devon, 10% from Somerset. In 2011 it was the ninth busiest airport in the United Kingdom, handling 5,780,746 passengers, a 0.6% increase compared with 2010.
The airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (number P432) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers and for flying instruction.
In 1927 a group of local businessmen raised £6,000 through public subscription to start a flying club at Filton Aerodrome. By 1929 the club had become a success and it was decided that a farm located in Whitchurch near Bristol would be developed into an airport. In 1930, Prince George, son of King George V opened Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport — becoming the third such airport in the United Kingdom. Passenger numbers grew from 935 in 1930 to over 4,000 in 1939.
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Bristol Bridge
Bristol Bridge is an old bridge over the floating harbour in Bristol, England, the original course of the River Avon.
Bristol's name is derived from the Saxon 'Brigstowe' or 'place of the bridge', but it is unclear when the first bridge over the Avon was built. The Avon has a high tidal range, so the river could have been forded twice a day. The name may therefore refer to the many smaller bridges over the lesser known River Frome, in the marshy surrounding area, which is now largely built over. The first stone bridge was built in the 13th century, and houses with shopfronts were built on it to pay for its maintenance. A chapel with gate crossed the roadway in the centre. [Adam's Chronicles of Bristol]
A seventeenth century illustration shows that these bridge houses were five stories high, including the attic rooms, and that they overhung the river much as Tudor houses would overhang the street. At the time of the Civil War the bridge was noted for its community of goldsmiths. Houses on the bridge were attractive and charged high rents as they had so much passing traffic, and had plenty of fresh air and waste could be dropped into the river. Its population was also perceived to be strongly parliamentarian.
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Bristol Bus Station
Coordinates: 51°27′33″N 2°35′36″W / 51.4592°N 2.5932°W / 51.4592; -2.5932
Bristol Bus and Coach Station serves the city of Bristol in the west of England. It is situated at Marlborough Street, near the Broadmead shopping area. It was opened in 1958 by the Bristol Omnibus Company, and redeveloped in 2006.
Before 1958 Bristol had no bus station; most country and long distance coach services departed from Prince Street, and others used street stops in the Centre, Canon's Road and Old Market.
The station is managed by First Somerset & Avon. There are 19 bays. The station has a First Travel Shop, National Express Coaches shop, National Express information desk, Pumpkin Café, Amigo News, a security office and toilets.
The bus station is used by the Bristol International Flyer service to Bristol Airport (routes A1 & A2), most First Somerset & Avon limited stop and country services, National Express services, and Eurotaxis services 672 and 674 to Cheddar.
Bay 1: National Express
Bay 2: National Express
Bay 3: National Express
Bay 4: National Express
Bay 5: National Express
Bay 6: National Express
Bay 7: National Express
Bay 8: A1/A2
Bay 9: X1
Bay 10: 352/353/354
Bay 11: 357/358/359 Bristol - Portishead
Bay 12: 178/361/362/363
Bay 13: 332/376/379 Bristol - Bath/Wells and Shepton Mallet
Bay 14: X10/X11/X14 Bristol - South Wales
Bay 15: X39/339/649 Bristol - Bath
Bay 16: 327 Bristol - Yate
Bay 17: 309/310 Bristol - Thornbury
Bay 18: 342/X42 Bristol - Chipping Sodbury
Bay 19: 121 Bristol - Weston-super-Mare (Via Bristol Airport)
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Bristol Harbour
Bristol Harbour is the harbour in the city of Bristol, England. The harbour covers an area of 70 acres (28.3 ha). It has existed since the 13th century but was developed into its current form in the early 19th century by installing lock gates on a tidal stretch of the River Avon in the centre of the city and providing a tidal by-pass for the river. It is called a floating harbour as the water level remains constant and it is not affected by the state of the tide on the river.
Netham Lock in east Bristol is the upstream limit of the harbour. Beyond the lock is a junction: on one arm the navigable River Avon continues upstream to Bath, and on the other arm is the tidal River Avon. The first 1 mile (1.6 km) of the floating harbour, downstream from Netham Lock, is an artificial channel known as the Feeder Canal, while the tidal River Avon follows its original route. Between Bristol Temple Meads railway station and Hotwells, the harbour and the River Avon run parallel at a distance of no more than 0.65 miles (1.0 km) apart. At Bristol Temple Meads railway station, the floating harbour occupies the original bed of the River Avon and meanders through Bristol city centre, Canon's Marsh and Hotwells. To the south, the tidal River Avon flows through an artificial channel known as the New Cut. This separation of the floating harbour and the tidal River Avon reduces currents and silting in the harbour and prevents flooding. At Hotwells, the floating harbour rejoins the tidal River Avon, via a series of locks, and flows into the Avon Gorge.
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Bristol Marina
Coordinates: 51°27′00″N 2°36′28″W / 51.4499°N 2.6079°W / 51.4499; -2.6079
The Bristol Marina is located in Bristol Harbour, Bristol, England. The marina has been in operation since 1980. It is situated adjacent to the SS Great Britain on the south side of the harbour on the site of the former Charles Hill & Sons Ltd's Albion Dockyard, which it shares with Abels Shipbuilders.
Facilities include 100 pontoon berths, 70 shore berths, a 30 tonne lift, showers, water, electric points, telephone points, fuel berth, chandlers and a sail-maker.
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Briton Ferry
Coordinates: 51°38′N 3°50′W / 51.64°N 3.83°W / 51.64; -3.83
Briton Ferry (Welsh: Llansawel) is a town and community in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot, Wales. The town encompasses the electoral wards of Briton Ferry East and Briton Ferry West.
Briton Ferry is on the mouth of the River Neath where it enters Swansea Bay and was the first river crossing along the Roman road that followed the coastline along that part of South Wales. The river crossing was by ferry boat some 2 miles (3.2 km) from the bridge across the River Neath at Neath. At certain low tides it was possible to walk across the river via a ford close to the ferry route using stepping stones.
The town is served by Briton Ferry railway station.
There are remains of ancient stone age settlements on the hills above Briton Ferry. The town was part of the Briton Ferry Estate.
The Industrial Revolution brought factories such as the Albion Steel Works, the English Crown Spelter Works and the Baglan Bay Tinplate Works were built on land close to the River Neath and the new South Wales Railway, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In 1840 an area of about 750 acres (3.0 km2) of land in Cwmafan was leased for 99 years to John Vigurs and subsequently passed to Wright, Butler & Co. Ltd, then to Baldwins Ltd. The terraces of houses built on this land were sublet for the remainder of the term of this lease in 1897 and 1898 - but many were declared unfit for habitation in the 1930s and resultantly demolished.
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Brynglas Tunnels
The Brynglas Tunnels carry the M4 motorway under Brynglas Hill in Newport. The 1,200-foot-long (370 m) twin-bored tunnels were the first tunnels in the British motorway network and are still the only bored tunnels.
The tunnels and adjacent Usk bridge were originally planned by Newport Corporation in August 1959 in a plan submitted to the Ministry of Transport. Work started on 10 September 1962 and both structures were complete and open to traffic during the first week in May 1967. During the construction several houses on Brynglas Road (where the modern Newport Lodge Hotel now stands) had to be demolished due to structural weaknesses caused by the tunnelling.
Almost as soon as the M4 Newport bypass (junctions 24-28) had opened, the traffic levels had grown to such a degree that the road had to be widened to three lanes in each direction. This was finished in 1982 but with the exception of the tunnels and Usk bridge which remained as dual two-lane sections (Junctions 25-26).
The tunnels remain a bottleneck on the motorway. Partly due to regular tailbacks at the tunnels, a variable speed limit is in place between junctions 24 and 28.
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Brynmawr
Coordinates: 51°47′46″N 3°10′59″W / 51.796°N 3.183°W / 51.796; -3.183
Brynmawr (pronounced /brɪnˈmaʊər/ brin-MOWR, Welsh: [brɨnˈmaur], sometimes hyphenated to Bryn-mawr, from Welsh: Brynmawr meaning "big hill") is a market town in Blaenau Gwent, south Wales. The town, sometimes cited as the highest town in Wales, is situated at 1,250 to 1,500 feet above sea level and nestled at the head of the South Wales Valleys. It grew during the arrival of the coal mining and iron industries in the early 19th century.
It was originally a small village settlement called Gwaen Helygen, and lay in the former county of Brecknockshire. With the expansion of the Nantyglo (meaning stream of coal) Ironworks housing was required for the workers and Brynmawr turned into a prosperous town. Although coal mining has declined, a large mining museum is nearby at Big Pit.
Today Brynmawr has an estimated population of over 6,000 people. At the 2001 Census 5.75% of the 16-65 age group spoke Welsh, but the proportion of children (ages 3–15) able to speak Welsh was much higher at 30.54%. The town had the only Welsh-medium primary school, Ysgol Gymraeg Brynmawr, in Blaenau Gwent with 310 pupils ranging from nursery to year 6 until 2010, when the school re-located to Blaina and moving into a brand new, purpose built school.
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Caerleon
Coordinates: 51°36′54″N 2°57′32″W / 51.615°N 2.959°W / 51.615; -2.959
Caerleon ( /kərˈliːən/; Welsh: Caerllion) is a suburban village and community, situated on the River Usk in the northern outskirts of the city of Newport, South Wales. Caerleon is a site of archaeological importance, being the site of a notable Roman legionary fortress, Isca Augusta, and an Iron Age hill fort. The Wales National Roman Legion Museum and Roman Baths Museum are in Caerleon close to the remains of Isca Augusta. Caerleon also has strong literary associations, as Geoffrey of Monmouth makes Caerleon one of the most important cities in Britain in his Historia Regum Britanniæ, and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote Idylls of the King while staying in Caerleon.
Caerleon is a site of considerable archaeological importance, being the location of a Roman legionary fortress or Castra (it was the headquarters for Legio II Augusta from about 75 to 300 AD) and an Iron Age hill fort. The name Caerleon is derived from the Welsh for "fortress of the legion"; the Romans themselves called it Isca which itself comes from the Welsh name for the river: "Wysg". Substantial excavated Roman remains can be seen, including the military amphitheatre, thermae (baths) and barracks occupied by the Roman Legion. In August 2011 it was announced that the remains of a Roman harbour had been discovered in Caerleon.
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Calne
Coordinates: 51°26′07″N 2°00′15″W / 51.4353°N 2.00427°W / 51.4353; -2.00427
Calne ( /ˈkəln/) is a town in Wiltshire, southwestern England. It is situated at the northwestern extremity of the North Wessex Downs hill range, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The town lies on the River Marden, the Wilts & Berks Canal and the A4 road 19 miles (31 km) east of Bath (the closest city), 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Chippenham and 13 miles (21 km) west of Marlborough. Wiltshire's county town of Trowbridge is 15 miles (24 km) to the southwest, with London some 91 miles (146 km) to the east. According to the 2001 Census, Calne's population numbered 13,606 inhabitants.
In AD 978 Anglo Saxon Calne was the site of a two-storey building with a hall on the first floor. It was here that St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury met the Witenagemot in order to justify his controversial Church reforms, which involved the secular priests being replaced by Benedictine monks and the influence of landowners over churches on their lands being taken away. According to legend, at one point Dunstan called upon God to support his cause, at which point the floor collapsed killing most of his opponents, whilst Dunstan and his supporters were in the part that remained standing. This was claimed as a miracle by Dunstan's supporters.
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Cardiff
Cardiff (i/ˈkɑrdɪf/; Welsh: Caerdydd (info) Welsh pronunciation: [kairˈdiːð, kaˑɨrˈdɨːð]) is the capital and largest city in Wales and the 10th largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. The unitary authority area's mid 2010 population was estimated to be 341,054, while the population of the Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 861,400 in 2009. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked 6th in the world in National Geographic's alternative tourist destinations.
The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan (and later South Glamorgan). Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. The Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside of the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city.
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Cardiff Airport
Cardiff Airport (Welsh: Maes Awyr Caerdydd) (IATA: CWL, ICAO: EGFF) is an international airport serving Cardiff, and the rest of South, Mid and West Wales. Around 1.2 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011, a 13% annual reduction. It is located in the village of Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan, 12 mi (19 km) west of the city centre of Cardiff, the country's largest city and capital.
Cardiff Airport is owned by TBI plc. It is the only airport in Wales offering international scheduled flights; is served by scheduled, low-fare, business and charter carriers; and also supports corporate and general aviation. The majority of international flights are to Spain, Ireland and the Netherlands.
The airport is a base for Manx2, Thomson Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines with Flybe being the largest carrier at Cardiff Airport.
The history of the airport extends back to the early 1940s, when the Air Ministry requisitioned land in the rural Vale of Glamorgan to set up a wartime satellite aerodrome and training base, named RAF Rhoose, for Royal Air Force (RAF) Spitfire pilots. Construction work commenced in 1941, and the airfield officially began life on 7 April 1942 when it was taken over by No 53 Operational Training Unit.
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Cardiff Bay Barrage
The Cardiff Bay Barrage lies across the mouth of Cardiff Bay, Wales between Queen Alexandra Dock and Penarth Head. It was one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe during construction in the 1990s.
The concept of a barrage was first suggested in the 1980s as a way to help regenerate Cardiff's largely disused docklands. The barrage would create a large freshwater lake intended to attract investment into the docklands. The bay was part of the Bristol Channel which has the second largest tidal range in the world. As a result, for half of the day, the bay was empty of water, leaving large unappealing mudflats exposed. The barrage was consequently seen as central to the regeneration project. The government established the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation to build the barrage, and to redevelop the area as a whole.
Opposition to the project came from many quarters. Some local politicians (including the area's MP, Rhodri Morgan, also the recently retired First Minister of the Welsh Assembly) said the scheme would cost too much money. Local residents feared that their homes would be damaged by the permanently raised water level. Environmental groups strongly opposed construction because the bay was an important feeding ground for birds, which would be lost following impoundment. Concerns were also raised over groundwater levels in low lying areas of Cardiff possibly affecting cellars and underground electrical junctions.
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Cardiff Gate
Cardiff Gate is a business park development, located on the junction 30 of the M4 motorway and the A4232 north east of Cardiff, South Wales.
In light of the development of famland into housing at Pontprennau in the east of Cardiff in the late 1980s, an area was allocated within the development for commercial office use.
Cardiff Gate International Business Park is a 100-acre (0.40 km2) commercial development site. Presently 60% developed, existing tennants including:
Hospitality is provided by a Hotel Ibis, and a public house/restaurant owned by Toby Carvery.
Cardiff Gate services is the motorway service station, located closest to the M4 motorway. Previously owned by Granada Ltd., it is owned and operated by Welcome Break. Within the relatively small services building there are shops, toilets and a cash machine. The fuel franchise is operated by Total S. A..
Cardiff Gate Retail Park is actually located within the residential development of Pontrennau, accessed via the A4232. Retaillers include a 24/7 Asda supermarket, which also has a petrol station providing Liquefied petroleum gas; B&Q and several home furniture stores. There is also a McDonald's fast food restaurant.
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Cardiff Heliport
Cardiff Heliport (ICAO: EGFC) is a heliport located in Tremorfa, Cardiff, Wales, approximately 2 miles (3.22 km) from the city centre.
The heliport is owned by Cardiff Council, but Veritair Ltd (trading as British International, subsequently changed to Veritair Aviation) have a long term lease on the facility. The heliport cost £3.8 million to build and was the operating base for the South Wales Police helicopter. But the heliport can also handle considerable passenger traffic too, especially during major sporting events at the Millennium Stadium. It can handle over 180 movements in a single day with up to 40 aircraft parked at any one time.
The South Wales Police contract involving two Twin Squirrel AS355F2 aircraft ended on 31 January 2008, when the contract transferred to Bond Helicopters operating EC135 aircraft at a new base at St Athan, Vale of Glamorgan.
In May 2008 the business of British International at Cardiff was sold to the management team led by Captain Julian Verity, the new company is called Veritair Aviation
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Carmarthen
Coordinates: 51°51′22″N 4°18′58″W / 51.856°N 4.316°W / 51.856; -4.316
Carmarthen ( /ˌkɑrˈmɑrðən/ kar-MAR-dhən; Welsh: Caerfyrddin pronounced [kɑːɨrˈvərðɪn]) is a community in, and the county town of, Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is sited on the River Towy 8 miles (13 km) north of its mouth at Carmarthen Bay. In 2001, the population was 14,648.
Carmarthen lays claim to being the oldest town in Wales but the two settlements of Old and New Carmarthen were only united into a single borough in 1546. Carmarthen was the most populous borough in Wales between the 16th and 18th centuries and was described by William Camden as "the chief citie of the country". However, population growth stagnated by the mid 19th century as more dynamic economic centres developed in the South Wales coalfield. Currently, Carmarthen is the location of the headquarters of Dyfed-Powys Police, the Carmarthen campus of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David and the West Wales General Hospital.
When Britannia was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas capital of the Demetae tribe, known as Moridunum (meaning sea fort). Carmarthen is possibly the oldest town in Wales and was recorded by Ptolemy and in the Antonine Itinerary. The Roman fort is believed to date from AD75-77. A coin hoard of Roman currency was found nearby in 2006. Near the fort is one of seven surviving Roman amphitheatres in the United Kingdom and one of only two in Roman Wales (the other being at Isca Augusta or Roman Caerleon). It was excavated in 1968. The arena itself is 46 by 27 meters; the circumference of the cavea seating area is 92 by 67 meters.
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Carmarthenshire
Carmarthenshire (Welsh: Sir Gaerfyrddin or Sir Gâr) is a unitary authority in the south west of Wales and one of thirteen historic counties. It is the third largest in Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. The county town and administrative centre of Carmarthenshire is Carmarthen and the most populous settlement is the area in and around the town of Llanelli.
With its fertile land and agricultural produce, Carmarthenshire is known as the "Garden of Wales".
Carmarthenshire has its early roots in the region formerly known as Ystrad Tywi (Vale of [the river] Tywi) and part of the Principality of Deheubarth during the High Middle Ages, with the court at Dinefwr.
Following the Edwardian Conquest of Wales, the region was reorganized by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 into Carmarthenshire.
Carmarthenshire has been spelt in other ways in the past, including:
Carmarthenshire became an administrative county with a county council taking over functions from the Quarter Sessions under the Local Government Act 1888. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county of Carmarthenshire was abolished on 1 April 1974 and the area of Carmarthenshire became three districts within the new county of Dyfed : Carmarthen, Dinefwr and Llanelli. Under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Dyfed was abolished on 1 April 1996 and the three districts united to form a unitary authority which had the same boundaries as the original Carmarthenshire. In 2003, following a local campaign, the Clunderwen community council area was transferred to Pembrokeshire.
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Chepstow
Coordinates: 51°38′31″N 2°40′30″W / 51.642°N 2.675°W / 51.642; -2.675
Chepstow (Welsh: Cas-gwent) is a town in Monmouthshire, Wales, adjoining the border with Gloucestershire, England. It is located on the River Wye, about 2 miles (3.2 km) above its confluence with the River Severn, and adjoining the western end of the Severn Bridge. It is 16 miles (26 km) east of Newport and 110 miles (180 km) west of London.
Chepstow Castle, situated on a clifftop above the Wye and its bridge, is often cited as the oldest surviving stone castle in Britain. The castle was established by William fitzOsbern immediately after the Norman conquest, and was extended in later centuries before becoming ruined after the Civil War. A Benedictine priory was also established within the walled town, which was the centre of the Marcher lordship of Striguil. The port of Chepstow became noted in the Middle Ages for its imports of wine, and also became a major centre for the export of timber and bark, from nearby woodland in the Wye valley and Forest of Dean. In the late eighteenth century the town was a focus of early tourism as part of the "Wye Tour", and the tourist industry remains important. Other important industries included shipbuilding - one of the First World War National Shipyards was established in the town - and heavy engineering, including the prefabrication of bridges and, now, wind turbine towers. Chepstow is also well known for its racecourse, which has hosted the Welsh National each year since 1949.
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Chiswick
Coordinates: 51°29′33″N 0°15′48″W / 51.4925°N 0.2633°W / 51.4925; -0.2633
Chiswicki/ˈtʃɪzɨk/ is a large suburb of west London, England and part of the London Borough of Hounslow. It is located on a meander of the River Thames, 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Charing Cross and is one of 35 major centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex, with an agrarian and fishing economy. Having good communications with London from an early time the area became a popular country retreat, and as part of the suburban growth of London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the population of Chiswick significantly expanded. With neighbouring Brentford, it became a municipal borough in 1932 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965.
The name "Chiswick" is of Old English origin meaning "Cheese Farm" and originates from the riverside meadows and farms that are thought to have supported an annual cheese fair on Dukes Meadows up until the 18th century. Chiswick was first recorded c.1000 as Ceswican.
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Cirencester
Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
Cirencester (i/ˈsaɪərənsɛstər/, occasionally i/sɪstər/; see below for more variations) is a market town in east Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles (150 km) west northwest of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames, and is the largest town in the Cotswold District. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural College, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world founded in 1840. The town's Corinium Museum is well known for its extensive Roman collection. The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British Dobunni tribe, having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150.
Cirencester is twinned with Itzehoe, Germany
Cirencester lies on the lower dip slopes of the Cotswold Hills, an outcrop of oolitic limestone. Natural drainage is into the River Churn, which flows roughly north to south through the eastern side of the town and joins the Thames near Cricklade a little to the south. The Thames itself rises just a few miles west of Cirencester.
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Colnbrook
Coordinates: 51°29′01″N 0°31′20″W / 51.4835°N 0.5221°W / 51.4835; -0.5221
Colnbrook is a large village in the unitary authority of Slough, in Berkshire, England. It is situated 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of central Slough, 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Windsor and 19 miles (31 km) west of central London.
Colnbrook is in the Windsor constituency and its Member of Parliament is Adam Afriyie (Conservative). The town's mayor is Warren Johnson.
Mentioned in William the Conqueror's Domesday Book, Colnbrook is on the Colne Brook, a tributary to the River Colne, hence Colnbrook.Coaching inns were the village's main industry. In 1106 the first one was founded by Milo Crispin, named the Hospice (now the Ostrich Inn). By 1577 Colnbrook had no fewer than ten coaching inns. Colnbrook's High Street was on the main London to Bath road and turn off point for Windsor and was used as a resting point for travellers.
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Cwmbran
Coordinates: 51°39′11″N 3°01′16″W / 51.653°N 3.021°W / 51.653; -03.021
Cwmbrân ( /kʊmˈbrɑːn/, also spelled Cwmbran and Cwm Bran according to Enwau Cymru) is a new town in Wales. Today forming part of the county borough of Torfaen and lying within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire, Cwmbrân was established in 1949 to provide new employment opportunities in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield. Cwmbrân means Crow Valley and refers to a local stream named Y Brân (The Crow). Cwmbrân is twinned with Bruchsal in Germany and Carbonne in France.
Based around the villages of Old Cwmbrân, Pontnewydd, Upper Cwmbrân,Croesyceiliog, Llantarnam and Llanyrafon, its population had grown to 47,254 by 2001. This makes it the sixth largest urban area in Wales.
Cwmbrân is a new town established in 1949 to provide new employment opportunities in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield; though there is evidence that Neolithic and Bronze Age people used the area, with the Iron Age Silures tribe also occupying the region before being subdued by the Roman legions based at nearby Usk and Caerleon.
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Dartford Crossing
The Dartford - Thurrock River Crossing, Dartford River Crossing (DRC) (or simply the Dartford Crossing) is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, connecting Dartford in the south to Thurrock in the north, via two road tunnels and the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. It opened in stages, the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980, and the bridge in 1991. Until the opening of the bridge, built to the east of the two tunnels, the crossing was known as the Dartford Tunnel.
The two tunnels are 1,430 m (1,560 yd) long, while the cable-stayed bridge is 137 metres (449 ft) high with a main span of 450 metres (490 yd). The crossing carries nearly 150,000 vehicles a day and forms part of London's orbital route, the M25—although the crossing and its approach road are actually the A282, allowing traffic prohibited from motorways to use the crossing. Southbound traffic crosses the four lane bridge; northbound traffic uses both of the two lane road tunnels. However, in bad weather or high winds, the bridge is closed and the crossing reverts to using the tunnels for both directions.
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Datchet
Coordinates: 51°29′03″N 0°34′34″W / 51.4841°N 0.5762°W / 51.4841; -0.5762
Datchet is an English Thameside village and civil parish situated in the unitary authority of Windsor and Maidenhead in the county of Berkshire. It was transferred to Berkshire from Buckinghamshire in 1974.
The village developed particularly because of its close proximity to Windsor and the ferry service which connected the main London road to Windsor across the River Thames. The service was eventually replaced with numerous bridges across the river.
The name "Datchet" is thought to be Celtic in origin, and the last part may be related to cet (meaning wood). In the Domesday Book it was called "Daceta".
The story of Datchet starts at the end of the ice-age. Between 1000 and 6500 years ago there was evidence of people living in the area which was to become Datchet. They did not settle but travelled through the area. First evidence of settled village was 440–2700 years ago (Bronze Age).
Datchet is first mentioned between 990 and 994, when King Ethelred made small grants of land here. Datchet Manor is in the Domesday Book (1085–86) when it was held by Giles de Pinkney. In 1150 the church already existed in Datchet and was given to the abbey of St Albans, Hertfordshire. The Abbot was rector of the parish and had the right to appoint vicars.
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Denham Aerodrome
Denham Aerodrome (ICAO: EGLD) is an airfield located 1.5 NM (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) east of Gerrards Cross, near Denham, Buckinghamshire, England. It lies beneath London's Class A airspace. VFR entry/exit points are at Maple Cross (CHT) and St Giles Church. Entry lanes and circuit height are at 750 ft (230 m) AGL. It has one paved runway, aligned 06/24, a grass runway also aligned 06/24 which is referred to as the northside grass and one grass runway aligned 12/30. It also has plus substantial hangarage.
Denham Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P646) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Bickertons Aerodromes Limited).
There are a number of charter and flight instruction operators based at Denham Aerodrome. Those include the Denham School of Flying, (part of the Cabair Group) in partnership with Buckinghamshire New University (BNU), The Pilot Centre flying school, HeliAir, PremiAir, TAA UK, the London Air Ambulance unit, and other corporate and private firms. A restaurant near the control tower is named Biggles, after the fictional airman of that name.
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Denham Roundabout
The Denham Roundabout is a large road intersection to the west of London, at junction 1 (J1) on the M40 motorway.
When Western Avenue was originally built, it ended at a point west of Uxbridge at the intersection of the road from Uxbridge towards Gerrards Cross and High Wycombe (the old Oxford Road) with the road from Slough; a conventional roundabout was constructed to replace the former tee-junction where the older roads joined. When the M40 towards High Wycombe was built, Western Avenue was extended at high level to make an end-on join with the motorway, and a larger roundabout was built below the bridges carrying the motorway. When first laid out, the roundabout had the traffic going round it clockwise in the usual way, but as traffic volumes built up the layout was altered so that the traffic moved round the roundabout in both directions (so as to make the roundabout a kind of very small ring road) with mini-roundabouts at the points where other roads join the main roundabout.
More recently an access road to a golf club has had its own mini-roundabout created on the north side of the main roundabout.
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Ealing
Coordinates: 51°30′40″N 0°18′21″W / 51.5111°N 0.3058°W / 51.5111; -0.3058
Ealing is a suburban area of west London, England and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Ealing. It is located 7.9 miles (12.7 km) west of Charing Cross and around 12 miles (19.3 km) from the City of London. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It was historically a rural village in the county of Middlesex and formed an ancient parish. Improvement in communications with London, culminating with the opening of the railway station in 1838, shifted the local economy to market garden supply and eventually to suburban development. As part of the growth of London in the 20th century, Ealing significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1901 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. It now forms a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed night time economy.
The Saxon name for Ealing was recorded c.700 as 'Gillingas', meaning 'place of the people associated with Gilla', from the personal name Gilla and the Old English suffix '-ingas', meaning 'people of'. Over the centuries, the name has changed, and has been known as 'Illing', 1130; 'Gilling', 1243; and 'Ylling', 1254, until 'Ealing' became the standard spelling in the 19th century.
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East Cross Route
East Cross Route (ECR) is a dual-carriageway road constructed in east London as part of the uncompleted Ringway 1 as part of the London Ringways plan drawn up the 1960s to create a series of high speed roads circling and radiating out from central London. The road was constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s and runs from Hackney Wick in north-east London, through the Blackwall Tunnel, to Kidbrooke in south-east London. The ECR was initially designated as part of the A102 but has, subsequently, been partially renumbered so that sections of it are now the A2 and A12.
At its northern end, the ECR (A12) follows part of the route of the former North London Railway between the closed Victoria Park and Old Ford stations. The railway junction at Victoria Park, where the still open section of the North London Line to Stratford station diverged, was reconstructed to permit the construction of the junction with the non-dual carriageway section of the A102 and the A106 and A115 roads, above which the line passes. The branch track to the docks that ran alongside the ECR to Old Ford, which had been used only for freight since the 1940s, was subsequently closed and lifted in the early 1980s.
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East Croydon station
East Croydon station is a railway station and tram stop in Croydon, 10.35 miles (16.56 km) south of London Bridge in Travelcard Zone 5. It is the largest and busiest station in Croydon and the busiest in London outside Travelcard Zone 1 in terms of the number of passengers entering and exiting. It is one of three railway stations in the London Borough of Croydon with Croydon in their name, the others being West Croydon and South Croydon. Along with Kensington Olympia, East Croydon was until 13 December 2008 one of two stations in the London area to be served by CrossCountry.
The population of Croydon increased 14-fold (from 16,700 to 233,000) between the opening of the station in 1841 and 1921. As a result the station has been enlarged and rebuilt on several occasions.
On 12 July 1841 the London & Brighton Railway (L&BR) began its passenger services through its Croydon station (now East Croydon) on the Brighton Line from London Bridge to Haywards Heath. The station was designed by the architect David Mocatta. This was the second station in the town since the London and Croydon Railway (L&CR) had opened its Croydon station (now West Croydon) in June 1839.
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Ebbw Valley Railway
The Ebbw Valley Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Cwm Ebwy) is a branch line of the Great Western Main Line in South Wales. Arriva Trains Wales provide an hourly passenger service each way, between Ebbw Vale Parkway and Cardiff Central.
The Great Western Railway (GWR) operated a passenger service on the line from the 1850s between Newport and Ebbw Vale. The line became part of British Railways' Western Region in 1948, following the nationalisation of the railways. Passenger services ceased on the line in 1962 – part of the Beeching Axe. However, the route continued to be used to carry freight to and from the Corus steelworks in Ebbw Vale, until its closure in 2002. Proposals to re-open the existing freight railway line to passenger services were first mooted in 1998. The Welsh Assembly Government announced their commitment to the project in 2002, as part of a package of measures to help the steel communities.
Passenger services were restored to the line in February 2008, after a gap of 46 years, using Class 150 diesel multiple units. Predominantly single track north of Newport, the Ebbw Valley Railway runs 18 miles (29 km) along the Ebbw River valley from Ebbw Vale, before joining the South Wales Main Line at a triangular set of junctions in Newport – the line splitting at Park Junction with the eastbound section joining at Gaer Junction and the westbound section joining at Ebbw Junction. The line's stations and services are managed by Arriva Trains Wales. Findings of a Network Rail feasibility study into an additional service between Ebbw Vale Parkway and Newport are expected after March 2011.
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Exeter
Exeter (i/ˈɛksɨtər/ EK-si-tər) is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about 37 miles (60 km) northeast of Plymouth, and 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076, while the mid-2010 estimate was 119,600.
Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain. Its Exeter Cathedral, founded in the early 12th century, became Anglican at the time of the 16th century Reformation.
Exeter has been identified as one of the top ten most profitable locations for a business to be based. The city has good transport links, with Exeter St David's railway station, Exeter Central railway station, the M5 motorway and Exeter International Airport connecting the city both nationally and internationally. Although a popular tourist destination, the city is not dominated by tourism.
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Farringdon station
Farringdon station is a London Underground and National Rail station in Clerkenwell, just north of the City of London in the London Borough of Islington. It is currently one of the less important central London stations with mainline services but this will significantly change as it will become an important interchange station on the two largest transport infrastructure programmes currently underway in London - the Thameslink Programme and Crossrail, both of which are scheduled for completion in 2018.
The station was opened on 10 January 1863 as the terminus of the original Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground metro line. The station, initially named Farringdon Street, was originally located a short distance from today's building. The line ran from Farringdon to Paddington, a distance of 4 miles (6 km). The station was relocated on 23 December 1865 when the Metropolitan Railway opened an extension to Moorgate. It was renamed Farringdon and High Holborn on 26 January 1922, and its present name on 21 April 1936.
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
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Gloucester
Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Bristol, and 45 miles (72 km) south-southwest of Birmingham.
Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.
The existence of a British settlement at Gloucester (Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any direct evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, founded in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. Evidence for some civic life after the end of Roman Britain includes the mention in the Historia Brittonum that Vortigern's grandfather ruled Gloucester. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester was part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia.
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Gorseinon
Coordinates: 51°40′N 4°02′W / 51.66°N 4.03°W / 51.66; -4.03
Gorseinon is a town in southwest Wales, near the Loughor estuary. It was a small village until the late 19th century when it grew around the coal mining and tinplate industries. It is situated in the north west of Swansea, around 6 miles (9.7 km) north west of the city centre. Gorseinon is also a local government community with its own elected town council.
The population of the Gorseinon town council area in the 2001 Census is 7,874. However, the ONS defines an area called the Gorseinon Urban Area which comprises all of the continuous built up area in and around Gorseinon. This area includes Gorseinon, Loughor, Garden Village Nomis: Map of Gorseinon Urban Area</ref> and has a population of 19,273.
In the year 991, there were two princes – the Prince of South Wales, Prince Ithol and the Prince of Glamorgan, Prince Meredith. They fought a bloody battle on Garngoch Common and the Prince of South Wales, who was a brutal man, was defeated. Amongst those who took up arms against the Prince of South Wales was a man called Einon Hywell, Einon meaning “leader”. After the battle Einon Hywell camped his men on the Gorse, near Penllergaer. The name of Gorseynon was then created, later changed to Gorseinon.
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Grand Union Canal
The Grand Union Canal in England is part of the British canal system. Its main line starts in London and ends in Birmingham, stretching for 137 miles (220 km) with 166 locks. It has arms to places including Leicester, Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Northampton.
The Grand Union Canal was also the original name for part of what is now part of the Leicester Line of the modern Grand Union: this latter is now generally referred to as the Old Grand Union Canal in order to avoid ambiguity.
With competition from the railways having taken a large share of traffic in the second half of the 19th century, improvements in roads and vehicle technology in the early part of the 20th century meant that the lorry was also becoming a threat to the canals. Tolls had been reduced to compete with the railways, but there was little scope for further reduction. The Regent's Canal and the Grand Junction Canal agreed that amalgamation and modernisation were the only way to remain competitive.
The (present) Grand Union Canal came into being on 1 January 1929, extended in 1932. It was formed from the amalgamation of several different canals:
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H10 Bletcham Way
The H10 Bletcham Way is a major local road in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. Its formal name is simply "Bletcham Way": the "H10" designation is an urban planning name that indicates that it is the tenth east-west grid road in the Milton Keynes grid road system.
Bletcham Way starts as a dual carriageway at the three-way Granby Roundabout with the V6 Grafton Street and V4 Watling Street at Denbigh. A short distance after this point it reduces to single carriageway as it passes the industrial estates of Mount Farm and Fenny Lock. At the end of this one-kilometre stretch the road crosses the A5 at an unusual bi-graded triple roundabout. From here it reverts to being dual carriageway and takes on the designation of A4146. It remains like this for two grid stretches before the A4146 turns off onto the V11 Tongwell Street 1. The H10 then continues east, again as a single carriageway for a short distance before finishing as a local distributor in the district of Old Farm Park on the very south eastern edge of Milton Keynes.
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H6 Childs Way
Coordinates: 52°00′15″N 0°48′17″W / 52.0043°N 0.8048°W / 52.0043; -0.8048
The H6 Childs Way is a major local road in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It runs for 6 miles (10 kilometres) from the western boundary of Milton Keynes at Kingsmead to a point near its eastern edge, just short of Junction 14 of the M1 Motorway. The formal name of the road is simply Childs Way; the H6 is a number that signifies that the road is the sixth east-west road in the Milton Keynes grid system.
The H6 starts as a 30 mph (48 km/h) local distributor road between the districts of Kingsmead and Whitney. After crossing Whitney Roundabout the road becomes 60 mph (97 km/h) but remains as a single carriageway. After bridging Powis Lane in between Westcroft and Oxley Park the road becomes a dual carriageway at Shenley Roundabout. It then passes very close to the Grove Independent School and subsequently bridges both the A5 and the West Coast Main Line. The road then crosses the V6 Grafton Street and runs along the southern edge of Central Milton Keynes and Campbell Park before passing Willen Lake. After this it passes the original Milton Keynes village and then curves up to meet the A509, briefly becoming the A4146.
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Hammersmith
Coordinates: 51°29′34″N 0°13′22″W / 51.4928°N 0.2229°W / 51.4928; -0.2229
Hammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London, England, in the United Kingdom, approximately five miles (eight kilometres) west of Charing Cross on the north bank of the River Thames. One of west London's key transport hubs and commercial and employment centres, and home to several multinational company offices, it is focused on the two London Underground stations, bus station and road network node at Hammersmith Broadway.
It is bordered by Shepherds Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Fulham to the south and Chiswick to the west, and is linked by Hammersmith Bridge to Barnes in the southwest.
It has for some decades been the main centre of London's Polish minority.
See also: List of districts in Hammersmith and Fulham
Acton, Barnes, Chiswick, Fulham, Shepherds Bush, Kensington, West Kensington
House construction and industrial development flourished.[when?] Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, the J. Lyons factory (which at one time employed 30,000 people) and the largest municipal power station in Britain, built near the gasworks in Sands End.
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High Wycombe
Coordinates: 51°37′43″N 0°44′54″W / 51.628661°N 0.748238°W / 51.628661; -0.748238
High Wycombe ( /ˌhaɪ ˈwɪkəm/), commonly known as Wycombe and formally called Chepping Wycombe or Chipping Wycombe until 1946, is a large town in Buckinghamshire, England. It is 29 miles (47 km) west-north-west of Charing Cross in London; this information is also engraved on the Corn Market building in the centre of the town. According to the 2001 census High Wycombe had a population of 92,300, making it the largest town in the non-metropolitan county of Buckinghamshire now that the Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority area, and the second largest in the ceremonial county. The High Wycombe Urban Area, the conurbation of which the town is the largest component has a population of 118,219.
High Wycombe is mostly an unparished area in the Wycombe district. Part of the urban area constitutes a civil parish of Chepping Wycombe, which had a population of 14,455 according to the 2001 census – this parish represents that part of the ancient parish of Chepping Wycombe which was outside the former municipal borough of Wycombe.
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Hounslow
Coordinates: 51°28′00″N 0°21′03″W / 51.4668°N 0.3507°W / 51.4668; -0.3507
Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow. It is a suburban development situated 10.6 miles (17 km) west south-west of Charing Cross. It forms a post town in the TW postcode area.
The origin of the name Hounslow is uncertain. It may derive from the Anglo-Saxon Honeslaw (meaning an area of land suitable for hunting), or from a name or description for a mound or hill associated with the pagan Hundi, of Anglo-Saxon times.
Positioned on the Great Western Road, Hounslow was centred around Holy Trinity Priory founded in 1211. The priory developed what had been a small village into a town with regular markets and other facilities for travellers heading to and from London. Although the priory was dissolved in 1539 the town remained an important staging post on the Great Western Road. The adjacent Hounslow Heath that had been used as a military encampment by both Oliver Cromwell and James II developed a reputation as the haunt of highwaymen and footpad.
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Hungerford
Coordinates: 51°24′52″N 1°30′53″W / 51.4144°N 1.5146°W / 51.4144; -1.5146
Hungerford is a market town and civil parish in Berkshire, England, 9 miles (14.5 km) west of Newbury. It covers an area of 5,372 acres (22 km2) and, according to the 2001 census, has a population of 5,559 (2006 estimated at 6,789).
Hungerford is on the River Dun in the Kennet Valley at grid reference SU337685. It is the westernmost town in Berkshire, situated on the border with Wiltshire, and lies within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the entire South East England region is the 297 m (974 ft) summit of Walbury Hill, situated only 4 miles (7 km) from the town. The Kennet and Avon Canal separates Hungerford from what might be described as the town's only suburb, the hamlet of Eddington.
The town marks the border of the South East England and South West England regions (it is situated only 3 km within South East England), being some 68 miles (109 km) west of central London and 55 miles (88 km) east of Bristol on the A4 national trunk route. It is almost equidistant from the towns of Newbury and Marlborough, and lies 2.5 miles (4 km) south of junction 14 of the M4 motorway.
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Icknield Way
Coordinates: 51°50′40″N 0°36′12″W / 51.8445°N 0.6034°W / 51.8445; -0.6034
The Icknield Way is an ancient trackway in southern England. It follows the chalk escarpment that includes the Berkshire Downs and Chiltern Hills.
It is generally said to be one of the oldest roads in Great Britain, being one of the few long-distance trackways to have existed before the Romans occupied the country, of which the route can still be traced. However, this has been disputed, and the evidence for it being a prehistoric route has been questioned.
The name is Celto-British in derivation, and may be named after the Iceni tribe, who may have established this route to permit trade with other parts of the country from their base in East Anglia. It has also been suggested that the road has older prehistoric origins. However, the name is also said to have been initially used for the part to the west and south (i.e. south of the River Thames) but now refers usually to the track or traces north of the Thames.
From ancient times, at least early as the Iron Age period (before the Roman invasion of 43 AD) and through Anglo-Saxon times, it stretched from Berkshire through Oxfordshire and crossed the River Thames at Cholsey, near Wallingford.
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Llandeilo
Coordinates: 51°53′03″N 3°59′57″W / 51.884055°N 3.999183°W / 51.884055; -3.999183
Llandeilo is a town in Carmarthenshire, Wales, situated at the crossing of the River Towy by the A483 on a 19th century stone bridge. Its population is 1,731. It is adjacent to the westernmost point of the Brecon Beacons National Park.
The town is served by Llandeilo railway station on the Heart of Wales Line.
Llandeilo is named after one of the better-known Celtic saints of the 6th century, Saint Teilo. The Welsh word 'llan' signified a religious enclosure, normally one dedicated to a particular saint (this corresponds, today, to 'church of'). Saint Teilo, who was a contemporary of Saint David the patron Saint of Wales, established a small monastic settlement or 'clas' on the site of the present-day church.
Although there is very little factual detail about the life of Saint Teilo, the fact that he was highly respected in his lifetime, and revered after his death, is shown by the forty-five places dedicated to him, some as far afield as Brittany.
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Llanelli
Coordinates: 51°41′00″N 4°09′41″W / 51.683471°N 4.161369°W / 51.683471; -4.161369
Llanelli (English: Church of St. Elli; Welsh pronunciation: [ɬaˈnɛɬi], see below), the largest town in both the county of Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed, Wales, sits on the Loughor estuary on the West Wales coast, approximately 10 miles (16 km) west-north-west of Swansea and 12 miles (19 km) south-east of the county town, Carmarthen. The town is famous for its proud rugby tradition and is a centre of tinplate production. In the mid 20th century, Llanelli was the largest town in the world where more than half the population spoke a Celtic language. It is ranked the 7th largest urban area in Wales. According to the 2001 UK Census returns 29.69% of Llanelli town residents could speak the Welsh language. Llanelli is also surrounded by a number of villages and communities in the Llanelli Rural district. Some of these communities, more notably those that immediately surround the town, are often unofficially referred to as Llanelli.
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Llangyfelach
Coordinates: 51°40′20″N 3°57′30″W / 51.67209°N 3.95826°W / 51.67209; -3.95826
The village of Llangyfelach is located in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, UK. Llangyfelach is situated about 4 miles north of the centre of Swansea, just west of Morriston. It falls within the Llangyfelach ward. To the west is open moorland.
Llangyfelach was once the name of a parish that covered much of the former Lordship of Gower. Today's community covers a smaller area including the site of the former Felindre tinplate works, which hosted the National Eisteddfod in 2006.
Bordering the village to the north is the M4 motorway Junction 46. The village has its own primary school, crematorium, a former post office, The 'Plough and Harrow' pub, and a Scout hall.
At the centre of the village is the Parish Church of St David and Cyfelach. The site dates back to the 6th Century: St. David the Patron Saint of Wales founded an early Celtic monastery there. The present church has a 12th Century detached tower and a converted tithe barn as the present church. Contained within the church is the Llangyfelach Cross, a 9th Century Celtic stone.
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Llantrisant
Coordinates: 51°32′32″N 3°22′43″W / 51.54229°N 3.37849°W / 51.54229; -3.37849
Llantrisant is a town in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf in Wales, within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan, Wales, lying on the River Ely and the Afon Clun. The town's name translates as The Parish of the Three Saints. The three saints in question are St Illtyd, St Gwynno and St Dyfodwg. Llantrisant is a hilltop settlement, at an altitude of 174 m (565 ft) above sea level.
A settlement has existed on this site from at least the beginning of the 6th century, when the poet Aneurin wrote of 'the white houses of Glamorgan' when referring to Llantrisant. It was seized around 1246 by Richard de Clare who built Llantrisant Castle. It is thought that de Clare established the borough of Llantrisant though the exact charter occurred in 1346.
In 1346, Llantrisant was granted a Royal Charter months before the archers from the town helped Edward, the Black Prince, win a victory against the French army at the Battle of Crecy. The Llantrisant longbow men were pivotal in the adoption of the English longbow as the missile weapon of choice for the English crown during the Middle Ages.
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London City Airport
London City Airport (IATA: LCY, ICAO: EGLC) is an airport in London. It is located on a former Docklands site in the London Borough of Newham, some 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) east of the City of London and a rather smaller distance east of Canary Wharf. These are the twin centres of London's financial industry, which is a major user of the airport. The airport was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986–87 and is now owned by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).
London City Airport has a single 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) long runway, and a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flight training. Only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special aircraft and aircrew certification to fly 5.5 degree approaches are allowed to conduct operations at London City Airport.
In 2011, London City Airport served nearly 3 million passengers, a 7.6% increase compared with 2010. It was the fifth busiest airport in terms of passengers and aircraft movements serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton and the 15th busiest in the UK.
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London Luton Airport
London Luton Airport (IATA: LTN, ICAO: EGGW) (previously called Luton International Airport) is an international airport located 1.5 NM (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) east of the town centre in the Borough of Luton in Bedfordshire, England and is 30.5 NM (56.5 km; 35.1 mi) north of Central London. The airport is 2 mi (3.2 km) from Junction 10a of the M1 motorway. It is the fourth-largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted, and is one of London's six international airports along with London City and Southend.
In 2008, over 10 million passengers passed through the airport in a single year for the first time. However, passenger numbers were slightly lower during 2011 at 9.5 million, making Luton the fifth-busiest airport in the UK. The airport serves as a base for EasyJet, Monarch Airlines, Thomson Airways and Ryanair. The vast majority of the routes served are within Europe, although there are some charter and scheduled routes to destinations in Northern Africa and Asia.
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Lydd Airport
Lydd Airport (IATA: LYX, ICAO: EGMD) is located 1.2 NM (2.2 km; 1.4 mi) northeast of the town of Lydd and 12 NM (22 km; 14 mi) south of Ashford in the District of Shepway within Kent, England. It is also known as London Ashford Airport, which officially only refers to its operator.
Lydd Airport has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P858) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (London Ashford Airport Limited).
Lydd Air is based at the airport, offering regular flights to Le Touquet in northern France.
Lydd Airport was the first airport built in the UK after the Second World War, in 1956. It was used initially for air ferry services, and was known as Lydd Ferryfield. The airlines operating at that time included Silver City Airways (operating Douglas Dakotas) and British United Air Ferries (BUAF) – later becoming British United Airways, (BUA) – which flew Bristol Freighters, Superfreighters and Aviation Traders Carvair aircraft, the latter three types being used for transporting cars and their occupants across the English Channel. One common destination was Le Touquet.
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M1 motorway
The M1 is a north–south motorway in England connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom; the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.
The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968 but the southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13.
The first motorways (autostrades) were built in Italy on the order of Benito Mussolini in the 1920s, with other countries subsequently following, notably Germany with the first 'autobahn' in 1931 and then developed by the Nazis under Adolf Hitler. There had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom. Lord Montagu formed a company to build a 'motorway like road' from London to Birmingham in 1923, however it was a further 26 years before the Special Roads Act 1949 was passed which allowed for the construction of roads limited to a limited vehicle classifications and the 1950s when the country's first motorways were given the government go-ahead. The first section of motorway was the Preston Bypass in Lancashire, which opened in 1958 (now part of the M6 motorway). The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway and opened in 1959.
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M11 motorway
The M11 motorway in England is a major road running approximately north from the North Circular Road (A406) in South Woodford in north-east London to the A14, north-west of Cambridge.
The M11 starts in north-east London at the North Circular (A406), heading northwards east of Loughton to the M25 and then passing to the east of Harlow and Bishop's Stortford and to the west of Stansted Airport, ending at a junction with the A14 to the west of Cambridge.
The motorway has three lanes both ways from shortly after junction 4 up until junction 8, except for a brief two lane section at J6 beneath the M25. From junction 8 the road is two lanes both ways to junction 14 where it ends.
The motorway is illuminated at the southern terminus near junction 4, at junction 6 (M25 interchange), junction 8 (Stansted Airport/Bishop's Stortford), and the northern terminus at junction 14(A14). All four of these sections use modern high pressure sodium (SON) lighting. The older yellow low pressure sodium (SOX) lighting originally used at junctions 4 and 6 was replaced in 2005.
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M16 motorway
The M16 motorway was the designation planned in the late 1960s and early 1970s for use on Ringway 3, a new motorway planned as part of the London Ringways Plan to run a circular route around London.
Construction of the first section of the M16 began in 1973 between South Mimms and Potters Bar in Hertfordshire and opened in September 1975 with the temporary general purpose road designation A1178. During construction of the first section of the motorway, the majority of the Ringways plan was cancelled and, in 1975 the plans for Ringway 3 were modified to combine it with parts of another motorway, Ringway 4, the outermost Ringway.
The M16 designation was dropped and the combined motorway was given the designation M25 which had originally been intended for the southern and western part of Ringway 4. The section of Ringway 3 west of South Mimms anti-clockwise around London to Swanley in Kent was cancelled and the section clockwise from Potters Bar to the Dartford Tunnel was constructed between 1979 and 1982. The section of Ringway 3 south of the river between Dartford and Swanley was constructed between 1974 and 1977.
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M180 motorway
The M180 motorway is a short but major (25 miles (40 km)) motorway in England from junction 5 on the M18 motorway in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster to a point close to Humberside Airport some 5 miles (8 km) from the ports of Immingham and Grimsby and the east coast and provides access for major routes to Cleethorpes, Grimsby, Hull (via the Humber Bridge), Immingham, Lincoln, Scunthorpe and also provides major access for Humberside Airport and the Killingholme Oil Refineries. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E22 and is the main route along the south bank of the Humber Estuary. It is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom to carry a three digit number.
The motorway bypass around Brigg was discussed for many years, but the Flixborough explosion gave it more importance, and was built three years later in 1977 as the second section of the motorway. At this time the A15 ran through Hibaldstow and Redbourne to Brigg, and the junction with the motorway was at Castlethorpe Corner, about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the current A15 junction on the line of the Roman Ermine Street. The initial, and somewhat diminutive section of the motorway was the short-lived A18(M) also known as the Tudworth Link, which connected the roundabout junction with the M18 to the A18/A614. The easterly A18(M) sliproad is still used, though the original roundabout at junction 1 has now been replaced by a bridge close to Tudworth Hall Farm. The last section to be built was the Trent viaduct, opened in October 1979 by Kenneth Clarke, despite being 43 weeks late on account of strikes and bad weather.
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M181 motorway
The M181 motorway links the town of Scunthorpe, England, to the M180 motorway. A spur of the M180, the road is virtually straight through its entire 2-mile (3.2 km) length. It was opened in December 1978, at the same time as the section of M180 from junction 3 (A15) to the east side of the River Trent (the bridge was not opened until late 1979).
It begins just outside Scunthorpe, at the junction of the A1077 and A18. There is an out-of-town retail park, known locally as Gallagher Retail Park, which offers a wide variety of food and retail outlets, and Glanford Park, the home of Scunthorpe United Football Club at this junction. At the other end, the road has a junction for the M180 east, while the main carriageway merges with the M180 west. It has no intermediate junctions. It is built to typical British motorway standards, being two lanes in each direction, plus a hard shoulder for its entire length.
Coordinates: 53°34′24″N 0°42′04″W / 53.5734°N 0.7012°W / 53.5734; -0.7012 (M181, approximate mid-point)
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M20 motorway
The M20 is a motorway in Kent, England. It runs from the M25 motorway to Folkestone, providing a link to the Channel Tunnel and the ports at Dover. It is 50.6 miles (81.4 km) long. Although not signposted in England, this road is part of the European route E15.
The road starts at its junction with the M25 motorway and A20 road just east of Swanley, then continues south east across the River Darent, north of Farningham through the North Downs, past West Kingsdown and Wrotham to meet the M26. It then strikes east, running north of Addington. When it reaches junction 4 it passes south of New Hythe and runs parallel to the Medway Valley railway line before crossing it close to junction 5. This next section is the Maidstone bypass. High Speed 1 then runs parallel to the motorway as it continues to the north of Bearsted, crosses the Swanley to Ashford (via Maidstone East) Line then out into the countryside alongside Leeds Castle. Proceeding south of Lenham and Charing it is crossed by the Ashford and CTRL railway lines before becoming the Ashford bypass. Travelling past Brabourne Lees it is once again joined by the CTRL and the East Stour.
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M23 motorway
The M23 motorway is a motorway in the United Kingdom. The motorway runs from south of Hooley in Surrey, where it splits from the A23, to Pease Pottage, south of Crawley in West Sussex where it rejoins the A23. The northern end of the motorway starts at junction 7 on what is effectively a 2-mile (3.2 km) spur north from junction 7 of the M25 motorway (junction 8 on the M23). From Hooley it runs for 17 miles (27 km) past Redhill, Gatwick Airport and Crawley. A spur runs from junction 9 to Gatwick Airport.
The M23 was planned to relieve congestion on the A23 through Streatham, Thornton Heath, Purley and Coulsdon in south London and was originally intended to terminate in Streatham Vale at a junction with the controversial London Ringways Plan's Ringway 2 (the intended replacement of the South Circular Road (A205)).
In an earlier version of the Ringways Plan it would have continued into central London where it would have met the Balham Loop spur from Ringway 1 (the London Motorway Box) at Tooting. This was dropped in 1967 when the northern terminus was changed to Ringway 2.
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M25 motorway
The M25 motorway, London Ring Motorway, or London Orbital motorway is a 117-mile (188 km) motorway that almost encircles Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. The motorway was first mooted early in the 20th century. A few sections, based on the now abandoned London Ringways plan, were constructed in the early 1970s and it was completed in 1986. The M25 is one of the world's longest orbital roads and one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network. 196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport. Plans to widen additional sections to eight lanes (four each way) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs.
Originally built mainly as a dual three-lane motorway, much of the motorway has subsequently been widened to dual four-lanes in places and to a dual five-lane section between junctions 12 and 14 and a dual six-lane between junctions 14 and 15. Further widening is in progress with plans for managed motorways on other sections.
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M26 motorway
The M26 is a motorway in Kent, England. It provides a short link between the M25/A21 at Sevenoaks and the M20 near Wrotham.
The motorway starts at junction 3 of the M20 and heads west, encountering almost immediately the single junction along its length where it has an interchange with the A20. This junction is numbered 2a to reflect its proximity to the M20's nearby junction 2 (also connecting with the A20) a short distance to the north-west.
8 miles (13 km) to the west the M26 merges with the M25 at junction 5. There is no exit from the M26 at junction 5 and all traffic must join the clockwise (westbound) M25. The next M25 junction, number 6, is 10 miles (16 km) west at Godstone, thus traffic joining the M26 at Junction 2a cannot leave the motorway for 18 miles (29 km) – the longest distance between motorway exits in Britain.
Travelling in the anti-clockwise direction from the M25, the main carriageway continues directly on to the M26 at junction 5. To remain on the M25, traffic must turn on to the slip road which connects to the M25 spur coming north from Sevenoaks (Which is the same with the A21). The awkwardness of junction 5 is a result of the history of the two motorways' planning and construction.
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M27 motorway
The M27 is a motorway in Hampshire, England. It is 25 miles (40 km) long and runs west-east from Cadnam to Portsmouth. It was opened in stages between 1975 and 1983. It is unfinished, as an extension to the east was planned. A number of smaller motorways were proposed, connecting the city centres of Southampton and Portsmouth to the motorway; of these only the M271 and M275 were built.
Two sections of the M27 near Southampton and Portsmouth have been widened to four lanes each way.
Running approximately parallel both to the coast of the Solent and to the A27, the M27 starts as an eastwards continuation of the A31 from Bournemouth and Poole, meets the A36 from Salisbury, crosses the Wessex Main Line railway, and then meets the M271 to central Southampton. After the M271, the road becomes a dual four lane motorway and passes Rownhams services, it then meets the M3, becoming a dual three lane motorway as it passes to the north of Southampton, passes Southampton Airport, meeting Junction 7 and becoming dual four lanes again, then becoming dual three lanes after Junction 8, it then runs alongside the West Coastway Line as it heads south-east towards Fareham. It then runs alongside the northern outskirts of Fareham, briefly with a fourth climbing lane in either direction, before its junction with the M275 to Portsmouth. At this point the motorway ends, becoming the A27.
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M271 motorway
The M271 is a motorway near Southampton in Hampshire, England. It is 3 miles (4.8 km) long. Construction began in 1973 and it opened in 1975. It provides part of the route to Southampton Docks from the M27.
The motorway begins at Redbridge near Totton at a grade separated roundabout with the A35, heading north, briefly as a dual 3 lane motorway. At its first junction, it reduces to 2 lanes and continues east of Hillyfields. After a further 1 mile (1.6 km) it reaches a junction with the M27 at a signal controlled roundabout. North of the M27 it enters the countryside and terminates after a further 1 mile (1.6 km) of dual 2 lane road at another roundabout, this time with the A3057 near Upton.
The route has several features that are inconsistent with UK motorway standards, including a sharp bend at its southern terminus, and an at-grade roundabout at its junction with the M27. Hampshire County Council's LTTP to 2026 (Long Term Transport Plan) identifies the need for an 'M271 Spur' at the southern end to connect it to the A33 towards the docks in a free-flow interchange.
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M275 motorway
The M275 is a 2-mile (3.2 km) long, dual three-lane motorway in Hampshire, southern England. It is the principal route for entering and leaving Portsmouth. It continues as the A3 into Portsmouth, and meets the M27 at its northern terminus. From the motorway, there are scenic views over Portsmouth harbour, and the Sails of the South between the two carriageways.
The M275 is one of few motorways in England which is not the responsibility of the Highways Agency. It is managed by Portsmouth City Council from the point where the slip roads to the M27 end. The M275 was not built with a full hard shoulder. For its entire length, a narrow verge is maintained, although there is space available for a full width shoulder. Instead, drivers are warned on entry from the A3 and M27 of the lack of hard shoulder, with signs saying "no hard shoulder for 2 miles".
The motorway was opened throughout its entire length in 1976. A junction was originally planned for a new development in the Tipner area of Portsmouth, known as the Gateway Project, which was shelved at the time. The junction's construction was abandoned primarily because planners realised that it would breach regulations that there must be a minimum of 1.25 miles (2.01 km) between motorway junctions. Before construction was halted, significant work had been carried out, including four incomplete slip roads with no road surfacing, two bridges above the site for the main roundabout, and realignment of Tipner Lane so that it served the roundabout. In 2001 the Sails of the South was unveiled close to the site of the missing junction.
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M31 motorway
The M31 motorway was planned as a Reading to M3 motorway which was dubbed the 'M3 – M4 link motorway'. It would have provided a direct high speed route between the two motorways. The motorway was planned at the same time as the largely unrealised London Ringways scheme and an additional section was planned that would have taken the M31 south and east from the M3 to connect to the scheme's Ringway 4 (now the M25) providing a shorter route for traffic travelling between the west and Surrey and Kent.
Only part of the planned route was built; it bears the designations A329(M) and A3290. Had the motorway been constructed it would have provided an alternative to the south-west section of the M25, reducing the motorway journey between Reading and Byfleet by approximately 10 miles (16 km) and alleviating traffic on what is the M25's busiest section.
Coordinates: 51°24′58″N 0°48′15″W / 51.41602°N 0.80423°W / 51.41602; -0.80423
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M32 motorway
The M32 is a motorway in South Gloucestershire and Bristol, England. It provides a link from Bristol city centre to the M4 and is part of the Bristol Parkway. At about 5 miles (8.0 km), it is one of Britain's shortest motorways. Most of the road has four lanes, though there is a climbing lane for 400 metres (440 yd) north of Junction 2, and the short section between Junction 1 and the M4 has six lanes.
The northern end of the M32 is at junction 19 of the M4, near Winterbourne Down. This was originally a grade separated roundabout junction, but has been modified in such a way that traffic joining the M4 need no longer give way at the roundabout. However any M4 traffic wishing to U-turn must now do so at junction 1, M32. The road then runs south between Filton in the west and Frenchay in the east. After meeting junction 1 it passes to the east of Horfield, Lockleaze and Easton. Junction 2 is located by Eastville Park. South of here, the road has a 60 mph (97 km/h) speed limit. It then continues further south and terminates at junction 3 north of St Pauls. The road continues as the A4032 into the centre of Bristol.
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M4 corridor
The M4 corridor is the area in the United Kingdom adjacent to the M4 motorway, which runs from London to South Wales. The area is a major hub for high-technology companies. Technology companies with major operations located in the area include Citrix Systems, Dell, Huawei, Lexmark, LG, Novell, Nvidia, Panasonic, SAP and Symantec.
Important cities and towns in the area include Bath, Bracknell, Bristol, Cardiff, Maidenhead, Reading, Newbury, Newport, Slough, Swansea and Swindon. The area is served by the M4 Motorway, the Great Western Main Line, including the South Wales Main Line, and London Heathrow Airport.
The eastern end of the English M4 corridor is home to a large number of technology companies, particularly in Berkshire, Swindon and the Thames Valley. For this reason this part of the M4 Corridor is sometimes described as England's "Silicon Valley".Slough, Windsor, Maidenhead, Reading, Bracknell and Newbury are the main towns in the Berkshire stretch of the M4.
Reading is home to many information technology and financial services businesses, including Cisco, Microsoft, ING Direct, Oracle, Prudential, Yell Group and Ericsson. Vodafone is located in Newbury, O2 plc is in Slough and the headquarters of Hutchison 3G UK are in Maidenhead.
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M4 motorway
The M4 motorway links London with South Wales. It is part of the unsigned European route E30. Other major places along the route include Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. Originally referred to as the London-South Wales Motorway, the English section was constructed between 1965 and 1971, the Welsh section was completed in 1993 and the Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996.
The M4 runs close to the A4 from London to Bristol. After crossing the River Severn it follows the A48 through South Wales, using the Brynglas Tunnels at Junction 25a, Newport and terminates just north of Pontarddulais. The route of the M4 is known as the M4 corridor.
A new road from London to South Wales was first proposed in the 1930s, and the Ministry of Transport announced plans for the M4 as one of the first major post-war trunk road improvement projects in 1956.
The Chiswick Flyover opened in 1959. However it was not originally classed as a motorway. The Maidenhead bypass opened in 1961 whilst J1-J5 opened in 1965. From J18 to the west of Newport was opened in 1966 and included the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48). The Port Talbot by-pass, also built in the 1960s and now part of the M4, was originally the A48(M) motorway, a number now allocated to a short section of motorway near Cardiff. The Ministry of Transport originally intended that the M4 would terminate at Tredegar Park west of Newport, and it was only following the creation of the Welsh Office that the Government became committed to a high-standard dual carriageway to Pont Abraham in Carmarthenshire.
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M45 motorway
The M45 is a motorway in Northamptonshire and Warwickshire, England and is 7.9 miles (12.7 km) long. It runs from junction 17 of the M1 motorway south east of Rugby and ends with a junction with the A45 road southwest of Rugby. It has one of the lowest traffic volumes of the United Kingdom motorway system.
Built in 1959 when the M1 (as part of a link from London to Birmingham) went as far as Junction 18, the M45 was designed to dissipate some of the motorway traffic before the M1 terminated. Its equivalent at the southern end of the M1 is the former M10, which was downgraded on 1 May 2009 to become part of the A414.
As the signposted route to Birmingham in the 1960s it was one of the busiest roads in Britain, with motorists having to make the final 30 miles (48 km) or so of the journey along the predominantly dual carriageway A45.
In 1972, the opening of the M6 provided a much faster route through to the West Midlands from London. Most traffic diverted to this route, leaving the M45 with only a fraction of its previous traffic.
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M48 motorway
The M48 is a motorway in Great Britain joining Gloucestershire, England and Monmouthshire, Wales over the original Severn Bridge. The M48 is anomalously numbered, as it is entirely to the west of the M5 motorway and its number should really therefore begin with 5.
Travelling east to west, after leaving the M4 near Olveston in England, the M48 heads north-west towards Junction 1 near Aust. It then passes through a toll booth westbound only and crosses the Severn Bridge. On the Wye Bridge it crosses into Wales immediately to the south of Chepstow. It then heads south-west after Junction 2 past Crick and to the north of Caldicot. The motorway merges into the M4 near Magor. Junction 2 also gives access to the Wye Valley. Junction 1 is home to Severn View services, and can be accessed by the A403, from Avonmouth. Junction 2 for Chepstow can be accessed by the A466, which leads to the A48.
For Chepstow, travelling both east and west on the M4, the M48 is the most direct route.
The M48 was opened as part of the M4 in 1966. Before this date traffic between South West England and South Wales was either taken through on a motorail service through the Severn Tunnel, used the Aust Ferry (which was unsuitable for large goods vehicles) or travelled through Gloucester to pass north of the Severn Estuary.
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M49 motorway
The M49 motorway is a 5-mile (8.05 km) motorway west of Bristol, England, that forms a shortcut between the M5 motorway and the Second Severn Crossing on the M4 motorway. It was constructed in 1996, at the same time as the bridge and is unique as it is only accessible from other motorways. The original plans provided for an intermediate junction with the A403 to serve an expanded industrial area, but neither this nor the junction came to fruition.
The M49 is anomalously numbered, as it is entirely to the south of the M4 and should therefore begin with a 3.
It begins at junction 18A of the M5 and then heads roughly north and north west before it reaches its terminal junction with the M4 at junction 22, just before the Second Severn Crossing. It cuts journey times for traffic to and from Avonmouth docks, Central and southern Bristol and South West England. Having a two-way grade separated roundabout junction with the M4, it also fulfils the dual role of providing a bypass for the busy stretch of the M5 between the Avonmouth Bridge and the M4 in case of that route being shut.
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M53 motorway
The M53 is a 18.9-mile (30.4 km) motorway in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral and Cheshire on the Wirral Peninsula in England. It can also be referred to as the Mid Wirral Motorway. It runs between the Kingsway Tunnel, at Wallasey in the north, and the A55 at Chester.
The main reason for the motorway was to provide a through route to the new Mersey Road Tunnel, Kingsway, which was built at the same time. Part of this motorway was originally the M531.
Starting at the northern end, the motorway starts in Wallasey at the exit slip roads from the Kingsway Tunnel from Liverpool. It loops round the north west of Birkenhead and then runs south as a dual 3-lane route between Upton, Woodchurch in the west and Prenton. From junctions 1 to 3 it runs parallel to the Borderlands railway line. It crosses this line south of junction 3. From this junction it proceeds south to the west of Bebington through junction 4 and then further south for 4 miles (6.4 km) (where it crosses the Wirral railway line), before narrowing to dual 2 lanes and turning sharply to the east. At junction 5, traffic for Wales can take the A41, A550 & A494 to join the A55 near Ewloe. The road passes north and then east of Hooton, then to the east of Overpool and Wolverham and with Ellesmere Port to the west.
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M55 motorway
The M55 is a motorway in Lancashire, England, which can also be referred to as the Preston Northern Bypass. It connects the seaside resort of Blackpool to the M6 at Preston. It is 11.4 miles (18.4 km) in length.
The M55 has three lanes in both directions for most of its length. After leaving the M6 at junction 32, the road immediately interchanges with the A6. It then crosses the West Coast Main Line and Lancaster Canal before passing north of Wesham to meet junction 3. It then continues west in a rural setting to meet junction 4, where the motorway ends and becomes the A5230. The western part of the M55, and the first few hundred metres of the A5230, occupy the route of the old Blackpool Branch railway line.
The first motorway constructed in Great Britain was the M6 Preston Bypass, opened in 1958. This ran from the current M6 junction 29 to the M55 junction 1. It was built as a 2 lane route. In 1965 the M6 was extended north from what is the current day junction 32 to meet the Lancaster Bypass, and the M6 junction was rebuilt to its current design to connect the A6 at the now M55 junction 1. Due to increasing traffic, it was decided to provide a motorway link to Blackpool and this road was opened in 1975.
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M56 motorway
The M56 motorway, also known as the North Cheshire motorway, is in Cheshire and Greater Manchester, England. It runs from junction 4 of the M60 to Dunkirk, Cheshire and is 33.3 miles (53.6 km) in length. It is often busy with long-distance commuter traffic towards North Wales. It serves commuters heading to Manchester particularly those from the wider Cheshire area and gives access to Manchester Airport from the national motorway network.
The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E22.
Although the main line of the motorway starts as a continuation of the A5103 Princess Parkway, the M56 begins on Sharston Spur. After passing through junctions 1 and 2, the spur joins the main line at junction 3, increasing from two lanes to four to accommodate Manchester Airport traffic.
The road then heads south to the west of Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport until it reaches junction 6, where it turns west. It runs to the south of Hale, reducing to three lanes. It passes junctions 7 and 8 which are part of the same complex. Junction 8 was planned to be used by the proposed A556(M)). The current proposals are to upgrade the A556 to a dual carriageway. Traffic for the southbound M6 leaves here and this junction can suffer from congestion. The motorway then enters a more rural setting between Broomedge and High Legh.
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M57 motorway
The M57 motorway, also known as the Liverpool Outer Ring Road, is a road in England. Designed as a bypass road for Liverpool, it is 14 miles (23 km) long and links various towns east of the city, as well as the M62 and M58 motorways.
Starting at the Tarbock Interchange in Tarbock, at the end of the A5300, the motorway heads north to the east of Huyton and west of Prescot and crosses the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It then runs across the north east of Huyton before running west of Knowsley Village. After meeting the A580 at a split junction (numbered 4 & 5), it continues north west between Fazakerley and Kirkby, passes under the Kirkby and Ormskirk branches of the Merseyrail Northern Line before ending on Switch Island near Aintree. The motorway provides one of the main access routes to Aintree Racecourse.
The M57 was planned to be a complete bypass of Liverpool, meeting each of the main roads out of the city. As is normal in the United Kingdom, the M57 was to be built in stages. The first two opened were:
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M58 motorway
The M58 is a motorway passing through Merseyside and Lancashire, terminating in Greater Manchester, England. It is 12 miles (19 km) long and provides a link between the M6 motorway and the area north of Liverpool.
Apart from the approaches to its terminal roundabouts, the motorway is three lanes throughout. It starts at Switch Island in Merseyside and passes directly underneath the Merseyrail Northern Line. before striking out across open countryside and into Lancashire south of Maghull and Bickerstaffe. It then curves south westerly south of Skelmersdale before reaching the M6 at Orrell in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester.
Since 1949 an upgrade of the Wigan to Ormskirk route had been proposed to improve traffic flows, yet with the decision in 1961 to develop Skelmersdale as a new town, the proposals were revised to provide a link to the M6 at one end and Liverpool at the other.
The first part of the road was opened in March 1968 as the Skelmersdale Regional Road between what is now junctions 4 & 5. It was originally a two lane single carriageway road that was upgraded to 2 lane plus with hard shoulders in 1973.
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M60 motorway
Coordinates: 53°24′32″N 2°10′28″W / 53.40902°N 2.174349°W / 53.40902; -2.174349
The M60 motorway, Manchester Ring Motorway, or Manchester Orbital, is an orbital motorway circling Greater Manchester, a metropolitan county in North West England. It passes through all Greater Manchester's metropolitan boroughs except for Wigan and Bolton. Most of the City of Manchester is encompassed within the motorway, except for the southern-most part of the city (primarily the Wythenshawe area and Manchester Airport). The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E20 and E22.
The M60 is 36.1 miles long and was renamed the M60 in 2000, with the M62 and M63 being amalgamated into the new route. During 2008, the M60 was proposed as a cordon for congestion charging in Greater Manchester, although this was rejected in a referendum relating to the Greater Manchester Transport Innovation Fund. The M60 the only orbital motorway in the United Kingdom, as the M25 motorway in London is not, due to the Dartford Crossing being designated the A282.
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M602 motorway
The M602 motorway is a relatively short motorway, leading traffic into Manchester and Salford by-passing the suburban town of Eccles.
The motorway itself was meant to be a part of a bigger scheme, the South Lancashire Motorway. To be designated M52, the route would link Liverpool and Manchester, and would be built to provide links to the growing UK motorway network.
However, at the same time, the M62 was being extended north and east of Worsley, around the north of Manchester, and on to Yorkshire, to form part of the Trans-Pennine Motorway route. This would be an upgraded version to the original plan of the East Lancashire Road, the A580, but would link onto the existing route at Worsley. It was decided that the Trans-Pennine Motorway be extended to Liverpool too, to provide a cross-country trunk route. The M62 was re-coursed to run via the route of the M52 between Worsley and Liverpool. This would leave a short stump of motorway between the M62 and Salford - this was first renumbered M64 then M602, whilst the southern end of the M62 between Worsley and Stretford became the M63.
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M61 motorway
The M61 motorway is a motorway in North West England. It runs from the M60 motorway northwest of Manchester and heads northwest past Bolton and Chorley to join the M6 just north of the junction between the M6 and M65 motorways to the south of Preston.
Perhaps the most distinguishing section of the M61 is to be found at the southern end at the Worsley Braided Interchange between junctions 1 and 3. This stretch of the road on the approach to the terminus with the M60 ring road is a collection of sliproads and overpass tunnels providing free-flowing access to and from the following:
This complicated junction earns a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most traffic lanes side by side (17), spread across several parallel carriageways at Linnyshaw. The Google Maps location of this incidence is [1]
The M61 has one service station: Rivington services (formerly Bolton West services), located between Junctions 6 and 8 (as Junction 7 was never built). This motorway service area was used in the filming of The Services, a pilot episode for the Farnworth-born comedian Peter Kay series That Peter Kay Thing, a spoof documentary of a day in the life of the services staff.
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M62 motorway
The M62 motorway is a west–east trans-Pennine motorway in Northern England, connecting Liverpool and Hull via Manchester and Leeds. The road also forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E20 (Shannon to Saint Petersburg) and E22 (Holyhead to Ishim). The road is 107 miles (172 km) long; for 7 miles (11 km), it shares its route with the M60 motorway around Manchester. The motorway, which was first proposed in the 1930s, and originally conceived as two separate routes, was built in stages between 1971 and 1976, with construction beginning at Pole Moor and finishing in Tarbock on the outskirts of Liverpool. The motorway also absorbed the northern end of the Stretford-Eccles bypass, which was built between 1957 and 1960. Adjusted for inflation to 2007, the motorway cost approximately £765 million to build. The motorway is relatively busy, with an average daily traffic flow of 100,000 cars in Yorkshire, and has several areas prone to gridlock, in particular, between Leeds and Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.
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M621 motorway
The M621 motorway is a short loop of motorway in England that takes traffic into central Leeds between the M1 and M62 motorways.
The first section of the M621 to open, known at the time as the 'South West Urban Motorway', extends from the M62 to Junction 3 in central Leeds where it used to terminate at a roundabout which was also the terminus of the M1 motorway. This section opened in stages, from the M62 to Junction 1 in 1971, and from Junction 1 to Junction 3 in 1973.
When the M1 was diverted away from Leeds when the 'M1 - A1 Lofthouse to Bramham' extension opened in 1999 adjustments were made to Junction 3 and the Leeds section of the M1 was re-designated as M621 (Junctions 3-7).
Coordinates: 53°46′42″N 1°34′36″W / 53.7783°N 1.5768°W / 53.7783; -1.5768 (M621, approximate mid-point)
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M64 motorway
The United Kingdom's M64 motorway was planned during the 1970s to link the M6 at Stoke-on-Trent with the M1 near Castle Donington, by way of Uttoxeter and Derby.
Its purpose would have been to allow traffic travelling from the south-east to the north-west to avoid the busy M6 around Birmingham. It was cancelled in 1976.
The A50 was built during the 1990s instead, following roughly the same route.
Meanwhile the traffic congestion north of Birmingham was relieved by the M6 toll motorway.
Coordinates: 52°53′49″N 1°47′16″W / 52.89701°N 1.78764°W / 52.89701; -1.78764
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M65 motorway
The M65 is a motorway in Lancashire, England. It runs from just south of Preston through the major junction of the M6 and M61 motorways, east past Darwen, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Nelson and ends at Colne.
The M65 was opened in the following sections:
The first section of the motorway was opened in 1981, connecting Burnley to Brierfield. Over the years, several extensions were made, the largest being the link from Whitebirk to the M6 and M61 motorways in 1997. This extension was the scene of a standoff between construction security workers and protesters (often known as 'eco-warriors').
Junctions 1a to 6 were opened 18 December 1997 by Jack Straw, Home Secretary and Member of Parliament for Blackburn. The opening ceremony took place on the westbound carriageway beneath junction 5 at Guide with a heavy police presence as protesters threatened to bring a halt to the proceedings.
Much of the 1997 extension was relaid shortly after it opened with a new, quieter tarmac because the amount of road noise had been so great that it prevented birds of prey (mainly owls) from foraging effectively.
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M66 motorway
The M66 is a motorway in Lancashire and Greater Manchester, England. It is 8 miles (13 km) long and provides part of the route between the M62 and M60 motorways and the M65, with the rest being provided by the A56.
The M66 starts at the Simister Island, and heads north as a continuation of the M60 as a 3 lane dual carriageway. It passes the eastern edge of Whitefield, through junction 3, goes underneath the East Lancashire Railway and enters the suburbs of Bury. It reduces to 2 lanes at junction 2 and then climbs onto an elevated section, passing through a post war housing estate. At the end of the elevated road a third climbing lane is added to the summit of the hill. The road then runs to the east of Ramsbottom and the East Lancashire Railway and ends near Edenfield.
In 1949 a report, the Road Plan for Lancashire, proposed the construction of Route 9 which would link north east Manchester with Burnley and Blackburn via Route 8. Originally planned to be an all purpose road. the route was redesignated as a motorway prior to construction. The first section (the so called Middleton Link) was opened in 1971. Construction then began on the southern section of the Bury bypass (Junctions 4 to 3) in February 1973 with this opening in August 1975. Immediately after construction began on the northern section (junctions 3 to terminus) with this opening in 1978.
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M67 motorway
The M67 is a 5-mile (8.0 km) urban motorway in Greater Manchester, England which heads east from the M60 motorway passing through Denton and Hyde before ending near Mottram. It was originally conceived as the first part of a trans-Pennine motorway between Manchester and Sheffield connecting the A57(M) motorway to the M1 motorway. Plans for a £180m improvement to the route by bypassing Mottram and Tintwistle, the A57/A628 Mottram in Longdendale, Hollingworth and Tintwistle Bypass, and the 'Glossop spur' linking to the A57 road are currently at the public inquiry stage but were 'suspended indefinitely' in January 2008.
The M67 heads east from the M60 motorway, passing through Denton and Hyde before ending near Mottram. From the end of the motorway traffic can either follow the A628 road or the A57 road further east to the M1 motorway and Sheffield.
Before the motorway reaches its eastern terminal at Hattersley/Mottram roundabout (where traffic continues along the A57 into Longdendale), there are the stub 'ski ramps' where the motorway would have continued eastwards, as there are at the western end.
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M69 motorway
The M69 is a lightly used 15.7-mile (25.3 km) dual three lane dual carriageway motorway in Leicestershire and Warwickshire, England connecting Leicester and Coventry. It opened in 1977.
The motorway, also known at the time as the 'Coventry – Leicester Motorway' was completed in 1977 following a public inquiry in 1972. It replaced the A46 road, which was subsequently downgraded.
Starting at the northeastern suburbs of Coventry at junction 2 of the M6, the motorway crosses the Coventry Canal and then continues northeast past Bulkington and west of Wolvey before turning more easterly to run south of Hinckley. It then crosses the Birmingham to Peterborough railway line before ending on the southwestern edge of Leicester.
The motorway has no services.
There is an aspiration to construct a new slip road and road bridge for traffic travelling southbound on the M1 south to join the M69. The M1 would also be widened to dual 4 lane or dual 5 lane between junctions 21 and 21a.
Since the completion of the M69 motorway linking Coventry and Leicester, the motorway's number has given its name to the derby between the two football clubs playing in each city - Coventry City and Leicester City. These two clubs are rivals in the M69 derby.
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M73 motorway
The M73 is a motorway in Glasgow and North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is 7 miles (11 km) long and connects the M74 motorway with the M80 motorway, providing an eastern bypass for Glasgow. The short stretch between Junctions 1 and 2 is part of unsigned international E-road network E05, where it continues along the M8 through Glasgow. To the south, the M74 motorway is also part of the E05.
Starting at the M74 junction 4 (M73 junction 1) by the River Clyde, it proceeds north with Birkenshaw to the east and crosses the Whifflet railway line before meeting the M8 and A8 at a three-level interchange, west of Swinton. Immediately afterwards the North Clyde railway line and then passes alongside Woodend Loch before reaching junction 2A at Gartcosh. There is then a further 2 miles (3.2 km) of motorway, before traffic exits onto the M80 westbound.
The road is a dual 3 lane road between junctions 1 and 2, and a dual 2 lane road between junctions 2 and 3. It is subject to the national speed limit.
Construction began in 1969 with the motorway opening between May 1971 and April 1972. Junction 2A was added at a later date.
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M80 motorway
The M80 is a motorway in central Scotland, running through Glasgow, North Lanarkshire, Falkirk and Stirling and links the M8, the M73 and M9 motorways. Following completion in 2011, this road is 25 miles (40 km) long. From 1992 - 2011, the road was in two sections; the southern section, Glasgow to Stepps and the northern section Haggs to Stirling. A connecting Stepps to Haggs section was completed in September 2011. The new section partially opened in February 2011 when the Moodiesburn bypass opened to traffic, extending the southern section to Mollinsburn. The A80 between Mollinsburn and Auchenkilns was widened to three-lane carriageway in each direction, and the section from Auchenkilns to Haggs remains 2 lane, now with hard shoulders.
The M80 was constructed in 3 stages: M8 to Stepps (opened 1992), Stepps to Haggs (opened 2011), and Haggs to the Pirnhall (opened 1974).
This section of road was originally envisioned during the M8's construction in the 1960s, but was not realised until 1992), also known as the 'Stepps Bypass' begins at M8 Junction 13 in the Glasgow suburb of Blochairn. It runs to the north of Stepps, under the Cumbernauld Railway Line with exits for Bishopbriggs, Lenzie and Kirkintilloch, where it continues onto the new section, completed in 2011.
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M876 motorway
The M876 motorway is a motorway in Scotland. The motorway runs from Denny to Airth in the Falkirk council area, forming an approach road to the Kincardine Bridge. It was opened in 1980.
The road is 8 miles (13 km) long. It begins by turning off the M80 and bypasses Falkirk and Stenhousemuir. It is one of only three motorways in the UK which form a concurrency with another motorway, the M9 which it then leaves again and continues for 1 mile (1.6 km) before becoming the A876.
The original Kincardine Bridge was supplemented in 2008 by a second bridge, (the Clackmannanshire Bridge) for traffic towards Alloa. As part of the works, the terminal roundabout Bowtrees Roundabout was replaced with a grade separated junction, and the A876 beyond the junction has been upgraded to dual carriageway standard .
Coordinates: 56°02′17″N 3°49′55″W / 56.038°N 3.832°W / 56.038; -3.832
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M898 motorway
The M898 motorway is a 1⁄2-mile (0.80 km) motorway in Renfrewshire, Scotland. It is a spur route from the M8 motorway towards the Erskine Bridge. It is the highest numbered motorway in the United Kingdom, and one of the shortest. It lacks hard shoulders along its length. Its northern terminus comes at the junction with the A726 road, the former location of the toll booths for the Erskine Bridge, which were removed on 1 April 2006.
Coordinates: 55°54′14″N 4°28′35″W / 55.9040°N 4.4764°W / 55.9040; -4.4764
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M90 motorway
The M90 is a motorway in Scotland. It runs from Inverkeithing, at the north end of the Forth Road Bridge, to Perth, passing Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath and Kinross on the way. It is the most northerly motorway in the United Kingdom; the northernmost point being a spur into the western suburbs of Perth at Broxden.
The M90's most substantial engineering feature is the Friarton Bridge in Perth, a tall concrete pillared structure which traverses the River Tay. The bridge carries eastbound traffic from Broxden towards Dundee and along the Firth of Tay.
The road constitutes most of the southerly part of the A90 corridor from Edinburgh, through Perth, Dundee and Aberdeen to Peterhead along Scotland's North Sea coast.
The M90 is considered one of the UK's most sub-standard motorways of significant distance. Junctions 1 and 2 share a tiny common sliproad, forcing a conflict between entering and leaving traffic at the junction with the A823(M). It lacks hard shoulders for an 8-mile (13 km) section. In this section there are emergency lay-bys at 1⁄4-mile (400 m) intervals instead. The M90 also has one of the tightest corners on the UK motorway network, for which some traffic is forced to slow down. The corner cuts through the northern side of the Ochil Hills and has a curve radius of 694.5 m (a minimum of 914 m was standard practice at the time of construction). This corner also coincides with one of the steepest sections of the motorway, for which north-bound heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are sign-posted to stay in a low gear and often brake continuously through the turn. South-bound HGVs are normally substantially reduced in speed as they make the incline.
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Maesteg
Coordinates: 51°37′N 3°39′W / 51.61°N 3.65°W / 51.61; -3.65
Maesteg (English: Fairfield) is a town and community in Bridgend County Borough, Wales. Maesteg lies at the northernmost end of the Llynfi Valley, close to the border with Neath Port Talbot. In 2001, Maesteg had a population of 20,702.
Historically a part of Glamorgan, the growth of the town started with the opening of ironworks in the 1820s and 1830s. Once a coal mining area, the last pit closed in 1985. With the decline of the coal industry and, more recently, the closure of one large factory producing cosmetics and another manufacturing vehicle components, the valley has become a residential/dormitory area for the Port Talbot, Bridgend and Cardiff journey-to-work areas. Despite being historically a Welsh-speaking area, the majority of the town's population is now English-speaking, however there is a significant Welsh-speaking minority. Maesteg is designated by the European Union as part of the Cardiff and South Wales valleys metropolitan area, the 11th biggest metropolitan area of the United Kingdom with over 1,097,000 inhabitants.
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Maidenhead
Coordinates: 51°31′18″N 0°43′04″W / 51.5217°N 0.7177°W / 51.5217; -0.7177
Maidenhead is a town and unparished area within the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, in Berkshire, England. It lies on the River Thames and is situated 25.7 miles (41.4 km) west of Charing Cross in London.
Maidenhead's name, strictly speaking, refers to the busy riverside area where the "New wharf" or "Maiden Hythe" was built, perhaps as early as Saxon times. It has been suggested that the nearby Great Hill of Taplow was called the "Mai Dun" by the Iron Age Brythons. The area of the town centre was originally known as "South Ellington" and is recorded in the Domesday Book as Ellington in the hundred of Beynhurst.
In 1280, a bridge was erected across the river to replace a ferry in what was then the hamlet of South Ellington. The Great West Road to Reading, Gloucester and Bristol was diverted over the new bridge - previously it kept to the north bank crossed the Thames by ford at Cookham—and mediaeval Maidenhead grew up around it. Within a few years a wharf was constructed next to the bridge and the South Ellington name was dropped with the area becoming known as Maidenhythe (literally meaning "new wharf"). The earliest record of this name change is in the Bray Court manorial rolls of 1296. The bridge led to the growth of Maidenhead: a stopping point for coaches on the journeys between London and Bath and the High Street became populated with inns. The current Maidenhead Bridge, a local landmark, dates from 1777 and was built at a cost of £19,000.
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Maidstone
Coordinates: 51°16′19″N 0°31′44″E / 51.272°N 0.529°E / 51.272; 0.529
Maidstone is the county town of Kent, England, 32 miles (51 km) south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town linking Maidstone to Rochester and the Thames Estuary. Historically, the river was a source and route for much of the town's trade. Maidstone was the centre of the agricultural county of Kent, known as the Garden of England. There is evidence of a settlement in the area dating back to beyond the Stone Age.
The town is within the borough of Maidstone. In 2001, the town had a population of 75,070.
Maidstone's economy has changed over the years from being involved in heavy industry, to more light and service industries.
Saxon charters (c975) show the first recorded instances of the town's name; de maeides stana and maegdan stane with the possible meaning of either stone of the maidens, or possibly stone of the people. The latter meaning may refer to the nearby megalith around which gatherings would take place. The name evolved through medestan/meddestane as reported in the Domesday Book until, in 1610, the modern name appeared. It has also been suggested that the name derives from stones set into the river to allow clothes to be rinsed in the cleaner water away from the banks of the river.[citation needed]
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Margam Knuckle Yard
Coordinates: 51°33′58″N 3°46′06″W / 51.56613°N 3.76831°W / 51.56613; -3.76831
Margam Knuckle Yard (MG) is a railway yard in Margam, South Wales, on the South Wales Main Line, operated by DB Schenker Rail (UK). The yard is the major freight yard of the region, handling all of the rail freight movements from Port Talbot Steelworks, and most of the railfreight traffic around South Wales.
The development of Port Talbot as an industrial centre started from the turn of the 20th century. The need for iron and steel producers to now import both ore and fuel, brought about the development of Port Talbot Steelworks, Margam Steelworks and associated expansion of the Port of Port Talbot.
In 1894, the Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company had been formed to directly link the port to the various competitive railways, particularly the South Wales Mineral Railway and the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway; and the coal mines and ironworks in the surrounding Llynfi and Garw valley areas, via the Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway. This facilitated a further extension to the dock facilities in 1898.
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Marston Vale Line
The Marston Vale Line (Network Rail route MD 140) is the railway line from Bletchley to Bedford in England. It is one of two surviving passenger-carrying sections of the "Varsity Line" between Oxford and Cambridge.
It was designated by the Department for Transport as a community rail line in November 2006.
The line was opened in 1845 by the London and Birmingham Railway.
In 1977 the Parliamentary Select Committee on Nationalised Industries recommmended considering electrification of more of Britain's rail network. By 1979 BR presented a range of options to do so by 2000, some of which included the Marston Vale Line. Under the 1979–90 Conservative governments that succeeded the 1976–79 Labour government, the proposal was not implemented.
The line is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 18, SRS 18.12 and is classified as a Rural line.
Silverlink operated the link from privatisation in 1996 until the franchise renewal in 2007. Services were initially in the hands of a mixture of heritage slam-door diesel multiple units formed of 2-car Class 117 and single-car Class 121 units until replacement with Class 150/1 trains inherited from Central Trains.
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Marylebone station
Marylebone station (i/ˈmɑrlɨbən/ MAR-li-bən), also known as London Marylebone, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground complex. It stands midway between the mainline stations at Euston and Paddington, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from each. Originally the London terminus of the ill-fated Great Central Main Line, it now serves as the terminus of the Chiltern Main Line route.
Opened in 1899, it is the youngest of London's mainline terminal stations, and also one of the smallest, having opened with half the number of platforms originally planned. It is also the only terminal station in London to host only diesel trains, having no electrified lines. From 1967 for many years it was served only by diesel multiple-unit trains (DMUs). Occasionally special trains hauled by diesel or steam locomotives also visit Marylebone.
Two new platforms have been added recently to cope with an increase in services and a growing number of passengers. Marylebone is in Travelcard Zone 1.
The station stands just off Marylebone Road, a major thoroughfare in the Marylebone area of central London. Nearby attractions include Regents Park, Lord's Cricket Ground, Baker Street and Madame Tussauds.
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Merthyr Line
The Merthyr Line is a commuter railway line in South Wales from central Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare. The line is part of the Cardiff urban rail network, known as the Valley Lines. It is historically the Taff Vale Railway, the first rail development in the Valleys in the 1840s and associated with the notorious Taff Vale Judgment in 1901 when the courts penalised trade unions for losses caused by strikes.
The line follows the Rhondda Line as far as Pontypridd, serving Cathays, Llandaf, Radyr, Taff's Well, Treforest and Pontypridd. It then divides at Abercynon with separate branches to Merthyr and Aberdare up diverging valleys.
The Merthyr branch serves Merthyr Vale, Troed-y-rhiw, Pentre-bach and Merthyr Tydfil. The Welsh Assembly Government confirmed in February 2007 that it is grant funding, in conjunction with European Union Objective 1 assistance, a scheme to upgrade the line north of Abercynon, including reinstatement of 2 miles of double track, to enable the introduction of a half hourly train service, the revenue costs of which the Welsh Assembly Government will also meet. The enhanced service is said to commence sometime in 2008 (since postponed to May 2009 ).
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Merthyr Tydfil
Merthyr Tydfil (/ˈmɜrθər ˈtɪdvɪl/; Welsh: Merthyr Tudful [ˈmɛrθər ˈtɨːdvɨ̞l]) is a town in Wales, with a population of about 30,000. Although once the largest town in Wales, it is now ranked as the 15th largest urban area in Wales. It also gives its name to a county borough, which has a population of around 55,000. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan. It is often referred to simply as 'Merthyr'. The current administrative area of the Merthyr County Borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley.
According to legend, the town is named after Saint Tydfil, a daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog. According to her legend she was slain at Merthyr by pagans around 480; the place was subsequently named Merthyr Tydfil in her honour. Although the usual meaning of the word merthyr (from the Latin martyrium) in modern Welsh is 'martyr', it is probable that the meaning here is "church (in memory of a saint or on his/her grave)." Similar examples, all from south Wales, include Merthyr Cynog, Merthyr Dyfan and Merthyr Mawr. The Cornish and Breton language equivalents, in place names, are merther and merzher.
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Midshires Way
The Midshires Way is a long distance footpath and bridleway that runs for 230 miles (370 km) through Middle England from Bledlow in Buckinghamshire to Stockport, Greater Manchester.
Between Northampton and Market Harborough it follows the route of a disused railway line, passing through two tunnels. The Midshires Way starts from Pulpit Hill, near Little Kimble and runs to Stockport, a total length of 230 miles, with 46 miles in Northamptonshire. One section within Northampton runs closely to the Grand Union Canal at Blisworth Junction in Rothersthorpe, Northampton.
The route was opened in 1994 as a collaboration between numerous Local Authorities and user groups. It is intended as a multi-user trail but there are places where the recommended route for walkers differs from the route for horse riders and cyclists.
Media related to Midshires Way at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 52°18′N 00°56′W / 52.3°N 0.933°W / 52.3; -0.933
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Milton Keynes
Coordinates: 52°02′10″N 0°46′12″W / 52.036°N 0.770°W / 52.036; -0.770
Milton Keynes (i/ˌmɪltən ˈkiːnz/ mil-tən-KEENZ), sometimes abbreviated MK, is a large town in Buckinghamshire, about 45 miles (72 km) south-east of Leicester and 49 miles (79 km) north-west of London. It is the administrative centre of the Borough of Milton Keynes. It was formally designated as a new town on 23 January 1967, with the design brief to become a 'city' in scale.
At designation, its 89 km2 (34 sq mi) area incorporated the existing towns of Bletchley, Wolverton and Stony Stratford along with another fifteen villages and farmland in between. It took its name from the existing village of Milton Keynes, a few miles east of the planned centre.
At the 2001 census the population of the Milton Keynes urban area, including the adjacent Newport Pagnell, was 184,506, and that of the wider borough, which has been a unitary authority independent of Buckinghamshire County Council since 1997, was 207,063 (compared with a population of around 53,000 for the same area in 1961). The Borough’s population in 2009 is estimated to be nearly 241,000, with almost all the increase arising in the urban area.
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Monmouth
Coordinates: 51°49′N 2°43′W / 51.81°N 2.72°W / 51.81; -2.72
Monmouth ( /ˈmɒnməθ/ MON-məth; Welsh: Trefynwy meaning "town on the Monnow") is a traditional county town in southeast Wales. It is situated where the River Monnow meets the River Wye, within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the border with England. The town is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Cardiff, and 127 miles (204 km) west of London. It is within the Monmouthshire local authority, and the parliamentary constituency of Monmouth. According to the 2001 census, its population was 8,877.
The town was the site of a small Roman fort, Blestium, and became established after the Normans built a castle here after 1067. Its mediaeval stone gated bridge is the only one of its type remaining in Britain. The castle later came into the possession of the House of Lancaster, and was the birthplace of King Henry V in 1387. In 1536, it became the county town of Monmouthshire.
Monmouth later became a tourist centre at the heart of the Wye Valley, as well as a market town. It now acts as a shopping and service centre, and as a focus of educational and cultural activities, for its surrounding rural area, and is linked by the A40 road to the M4 motorway at Newport and the M50 at Ross-on-Wye.
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Monmouthshire
Monmouthshire (Welsh: Sir Fynwy) is a county in south east Wales. The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern 60%. The largest town is Abergavenny. Other major towns include Caldicot, Chepstow and Monmouth.
The historic county of Monmouthshire was formed from the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535, bordering Gloucestershire to the east, Herefordshire to the northeast, Brecknockshire to the north, and Glamorgan to the west. The second Laws in Wales Act of 1542 enumerated the counties of Wales and excluded Monmouthshire – This led to ambiguity as to whether the county was part of Wales or England. Since local government changes in April 1974 the area has been placed definitively in Wales. The eastern and southern boundaries of the historic county and the current principal area are the same, along the River Wye and Severn estuary; however, the western two-fifths of the historic county are now administered by the other unitary authorities of Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen, Caerphilly and Newport. The administrative county of Monmouthshire, and associated lieutenancy were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The area largely became part of the new local government and ceremonial county of Gwent.
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Moorgate station
Moorgate station (formerly Moorgate Street) is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station on Moorgate in the City of London; it provides National Rail services by First Capital Connect for Hertford, Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth and also serves the Circle, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan Lines and the Bank branch of the Northern Line. It was the terminus for the Moorgate branch of the Thameslink line until March 2009 and was the site of the Moorgate tube crash of 1975 when 46 people were killed and 74 were injured.
While the public entrances from the street give access to all the train services at the station, at platform level there are three distinct sections.
The Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines of the Underground system all use platforms in the sub-surface station, which has platforms 1 and 2, which are through platforms. Platforms 3 and 4 are west-facing bays used for turning trains back at busy times. Platforms 5 and 6 also exist in this part of the station, but are disused following discontinuation of the former Thameslink trains from Bedford.
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Morriston
Coordinates: 51°40′N 3°56′W / 51.67°N 3.93°W / 51.67; -03.93
Morriston (Welsh: Treforys) is a community in the City and County of Swansea, Wales and falls within the Morriston ward. Morriston is sometimes referred to as a distinct town (e.g. the local football club is named Morriston Town A.F.C.), however Morriston never had a town charter, and is now part of the continuous urban area around Swansea, the centre of which lies three miles to the south-west. Morriston is the most populous of Swansea's electoral divisions. Morriston's Orpheus Choir has been described as one of the leading Welsh choirs.
Morriston has unofficially claimed many surrounding villages and communities as suburban districts of the town over the years, these areas include Parc Gwernfadog, Cwmrhydyceirw, Caemawr, Ynystawe, Ynysforgan and a considerable amount of other surrounding areas. This is due to the gradual centralisation of Morriston as an Electoral ward over the years which has gained intensity in the last decade due to the fast amount of services, organisations and commercial outlets available in the main town area of Morriston.
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Neath
Coordinates: 51°40′N 3°49′W / 51.66°N 3.81°W / 51.66; -3.81
Neath (Welsh: Castell-nedd) is a town and community situated in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot, Wales, UK with a population of approximately 45,898 in 2001.Historically within Glamorgan, the town is located on the river of the same name, 7 miles (11 km) east northeast of Swansea.
Historically, Neath was the crossing place of the River Neath and has existed as a settlement since the Romans established the fort of Nido or Nidum in the AD 70s. The Roman fort took its name from the River Nedd; the meaning is obscure but 'shining' or simply 'river' have been suggested. Neath is the Anglicised form. The Antonine Itinerary (c. 2nd century) names only nine places in Roman Wales, one of them being Neath. There is evidence of undated prehistoric settlements on the hills surrounding the town, which were probably Celtic. The fort covered a large area which now lies under the playing fields of Dŵr-y-Felin Comprehensive School. In the late 1960s, there were reports in the local media of a massive Roman marching camp being found above Llantwit which would have accommodated many thousands of troops.
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Neath bus station
Neath bus station is a bus station serving the town of Neath, Wales, UK.
It is located on Orchard Street on the west side of Victoria Gardens in the centre of the town.
Coordinates: 51°39′44″N 3°48′12″W / 51.66213°N 3.80338°W / 51.66213; -3.80338
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Neath Port Talbot
Neath Port Talbot (Welsh: Castell-nedd Port Talbot) is a county borough and one of the unitary authority areas of Wales. Neath Port Talbot is the 8th most populous county in Wales and the third most populous county borough.
The county borough borders the other principal areas of Bridgend and Rhondda Cynon Taff to the east, Powys and Carmarthenshire to the north and Swansea to the west. Its principal towns are Neath, Port Talbot and Pontardawe.
The local authority area stretches from the coast to the borders of the Brecon Beacons National Park. The majority of land is upland or semi-upland in character, and 43% is covered by forestry with major conifer plantations in upland areas. Most of the lower lying flat land is near the coast around Port Talbot. An extensive dune system stretches along much of the coast, broken by river mouths and areas of development. The upland areas are cut by five valleys: Vale of Neath, Dulais Valley, Afan Valley, Swansea Valley, Upper Amman Valley.
Modern settlement patterns reflect the industrial history of the area, with urban development along the flatter areas of the valleys and some parts of the coast. The largest town is Neath with a population of 47,020, followed by Port Talbot (35,633), Briton Ferry (7,186), Pontardawe (5,035), and Glynneath (4,368). The majority of the population live in the coastal plane around Port Talbot and the land around the River Neath in the vicinity of Neath.
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Netham Lock
Netham lock (grid reference ST616727) is the point at Netham in Bristol at which boats from the River Avon, acting as part of the Kennet and Avon Canal, gain access to Bristol's Floating Harbour.
Construction started in 1804 to build the tidal New Cut and divert the River Avon along the Feeder Canal to the harbour; a system designed and built by William Jessop and later improved by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. High tides often pass over the weir, and the river is effectively tidal to the next lock upstream at Hanham. Some spring tides can also pass over the weir at Hanham, making the river tidal as far as Keynsham lock.
Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.
The maximum dimensions of a vessel which can pass through Netham Lock are:
The lock-keeper's cottage, built in the early nineteenth century, is a grade II listed building and has a plaque listing it as Bristol Docks building number 1. The floral displays around the cottage and on the banking have attracted praise.
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Newport
Newport (Welsh: Casnewydd) is a city and unitary authority in south east Wales. It is located on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn estuary, about 12 miles (19 km) east of Cardiff. It is the third largest city in Wales, with a population of 141,300 (2007 estimate).
Newport has been a port since medieval times, when a castle was built by the Normans. The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon, immediately upstream, and gained its first charter in 1314. It grew significantly in the 19th century, when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern valleys of South Wales. Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s, Newport was Wales' largest coal-exporting port. It was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain, the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists.
During the 20th century, the docks declined in importance, but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre. It was granted city status in 2002. It is the home of the University of Wales, Newport, and the Newport Gwent Dragons rugby union regional team, and hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010.
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Newport bus station
Newport bus station is a bus terminus and interchange located in the city centre, Newport, South Wales. It is the largest road transport hub for public services in the county.
The bus station is set on a large and open forecourt with 31 bays for buses to stop at, making it the second-largest bus station in Wales after Cardiff Central but ahead of Swansea bus station. With the present configuration the buses park facing the bay on arrival and reverse out on departure. The pedestrian area is completely undercover, although not strictly 'inside' as with other bus stations (such as Bristol).
Facilities include public toilets, a café and a newsagent. Newport Transport has customer service offices at the station.
Newport is the terminus for most bus services coming in from Torfaen, Caerphilly and Monmouthshire, as well as services from in and around the city. As well as giving the valleys of southeast Wales access to the city, the bus station also has services that run to Cardiff and Bristol. National Express services run from bays 1 to 3 to destinations throughout the UK.
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Newport Docks
Newport Docks is the collective name for a series of docks in the city of Newport, south-east Wales.
Newport was a small fishing port and market town until the coming of the industrial age at the beginning of the 19th century. The Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal, opened around 1800, was used to bring down coal from the coal mining operations and iron from ironworks in the South Wales valleys for shipment abroad and around the UK, and soon Newport's docks were doing more business than almost any other port in the United Kingdom. .
The Town Dock, which opened in 1842 and continued in use until it was filled in 1930, was the first floating dock facility in Newport. The construction of the dock played an important part in the town's growth in the mid-nineteenth century. A rapid expansion of trade caused by the development of the canal system in South East Wales had led to the need to improve the port's berthing facilities. Particularly for large American export vessels which risked damage when beached at the wharves for unloading. If the town was to continue to prosper and compete with the growing port of Cardiff a dock needed to be constructed.
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North Circular Road
The A406 or the North Circular Road is a road which crosses North London, UK, linking West and East London. The speed limit is either 30 or 50 mph depending on the stretch of the road, including the sections with multiple carriageways. It, together with the South Circular Road, forms a ring road through the inner part of Outer London. This ring road does not make a complete circuit of the city; being C-shaped rather than a complete loop as the crossing of the River Thames in the east is made on the Woolwich Ferry.
In the west, the A406 begins at junction 1 of the M4 Motorway at Gunnersbury, from which the South Circular Road (A205) heads South over Kew Bridge. The A406 runs North under the name "Gunnersbury Avenue". Whereas most of the South Circular goes by the names of the roads widened to accommodate it, the North Circular is typically called "North Circular Road". This is because the A406 has been subject to much more road improvement, often coupled with demolition of existing houses and urban infrastructure, hence the link with the old roads has been lost. In the West where the road made slowest progress and is now unlikely ever to be further widened, the original names are preserved.
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Norwood Green
Coordinates: 51°29′38″N 0°21′51″W / 51.4939°N 0.3641°W / 51.4939; -0.3641
Norwood Green is a place in the London Borough of Ealing in London, England. It is a suburban development situated 10.7 miles (17.2 km) west of Charing Cross and 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Heathrow Airport. It lends its name to a much larger electoral ward within Ealing, which has a population of 12,500.
Norwood Green is the modern name for the old hamlet called Norwood in the manor of Norwood, this name in turn derives from the Saxon settlement name of Northuuda.
The manor of Norwood was in the parish of Hounslow until 1859 when the church of St Mary became the parish church for a new parish that also took the name Norwood. This new parish encompassed also the hamlets of Southall and Northcotte.
In 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, Norwood Green formed part of the Southall Norwood Urban District of Middlesex. The urban district gained further status as a municipal borough in 1936 and was renamed Southall. When the municipal borough was abolished in 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, the area became part of the London Borough of Ealing.
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Ouse Valley Way
The Ouse Valley Way is a 150-mile footpath in England, following the River Great Ouse from its source near Brackley in Northamptonshire to its mouth in The Wash near King's Lynn. The path begins outside the King's Head pub in Syresham (52°04′06″N 1°04′51″W / 52.0683°N 1.0807°W / 52.0683; -1.0807 (Ouse Valley Way (Syresham trailhead))) and ends on the Green Quay in King's Lynn (52°45′04″N 0°23′37″E / 52.7512°N 0.3935°E / 52.7512; 0.3935 (Ouse Valley Way (King's Lynn trailhead))).
There is a long-term plan to complete remaining gaps in the path, meanwhile it is possible to walk the entire route, although in places the footpath and river temporarily part company.
The route passes many interesting places and there is much to see, including attractive countryside, pretty villages, ancient English market towns, churches and a cathedral, and abundant wildlife.
Towns from source to mouth include Buckingham, Milton Keynes, Olney, Bedford, St Neots, Huntingdon, St Ives, Ely, Downham Market, and King's Lynn.
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Oxford
Oxfordi/ˈɒksfəd/ is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
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Pembrey Airport
Pembrey West Wales International Airport (ICAO: EGFP) is located 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) west northwest of Llanelli (9 NM (17 km; 10 mi) south of Carmarthen) in Pembrey, Carmarthenshire, in Wales. It is the home of numerous flying schools.
The airfield is situated within a designated danger area, the nearby Royal Air Force range. It is active during the daytime on weekdays. Pembrey Airport has a LOA with the Royal Air Force to operate commercial flights during their operational hours with prior permission
Pembrey Airport has a CAA Ordinary License (Number P836) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorized by the licensee (Pembrey West Wales Airport Limited). Full Runway and Taxiway lighting to be installed later this year, APAPI lighting already in place on both Runway 22L and 04R. Pembrey Airport is currently undergoing its first runway extension from 805 m (2,641 ft) to 1,200 m (3,937 ft), the extension is currently asphalt and not recommended for official use, the final surface to the extension will be completed by the end of 2010/2011.
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Penarth
Coordinates: 51°26′N 3°10′W / 51.43°N 3.17°W / 51.43; -3.17
Penarth is a town and seaside resort in the Vale of Glamorgan (Welsh: Bro Morgannwg), Wales, 5.2 miles (8.4 km) south west from the city centre of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff and lying on the north shore of the Severn Estuary at the southern end of Cardiff Bay. Penarth is the second largest town in the Vale of Glamorgan, next only to the administrative centre of Barry.
During the Victorian era Penarth was a highly popular holiday destination, promoted nationally as "The Garden by the Sea" and was packed by visitors from the Midlands and the West Country as well as day trippers from the South Wales valleys mostly arriving by train. Today the town and its traditional seafront continues to be a regular summer holiday destination for predominantly older visitors, but in much lower numbers that were common from Victorian times until the 1960s when cheap overseas package holidays were introduced.
Although the number of holiday visitors has greatly declined, the town retains a substantial retired population, representing over 25% of residents, but Penarth is now predominantly a dormitory town for Cardiff commuters. The town’s population was recorded as 20,396 in the United Kingdom Census 2001.
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Pencoed
Coordinates: 51°31′22″N 3°30′17″W / 51.52275°N 3.50474°W / 51.52275; -3.50474
Pencoed (pronounced "Pen-coyd", in English meaning 'end or head of the wood'), is a town in the county borough of Bridgend, Wales, United Kingdom, mid-way between Wales's two largest cities of Cardiff and Swansea.
Lying on the Ewenny River it has a population of around 11,000 (latest figures show 11,832). It is believed that there was a Norman castle in what is now the town, but Pencoed did not develop until the late nineteenth century, around the coal mining industry. The coal mines have now closed.
The town nestles in the Ewenny valley, straddling the M4 motorway at junction 35. About a mile to the north of the town, lies the comparatively different relief of the South Wales Valleys. To the south lies the rolling countryside of the Vale of Glamorgan and the rugged north coast of the Bristol Channel.
The town consists of three distinct areas, which were once four small hamlets. To the north is Penprysg ('end of the brush wood'), a hilly region backing on to the low ridge (100 m) of Cefn Hirgoed ('long wooded ridge'). To the west is Hendre ('old town') which rises from the railway line in the centre of the town to the common land at Ystadwaun ('flat moorland'). The central part of the town, which lies on the flat valley floor east of the railway, consists of Pencoed itself and Felindre (Mill Town). There are numerous streams rising and running through the town and two main rivers the Ewenny Fawr (the Big Ewenny) and the Ewenny Fach (the Small Ewenny). At the centre of the town, close to Pencoed railway station, is the war memorial (known locally as the Monument), the shopping centre and the local Community Hall (Pencoed Miners' Welfare Hall). The town is well provided with sports facilities, schools, pubs and clubs. A new development 'Earlswood Parc' was announced in 2002 and now has been completed, incorporating various 'Westbury' built homes and Bocam business park.
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Penllergaer
Penllergaer (Welsh: Penlle'r-gaer) is a village in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, UK, falling within the Penllergaer ward. Penllergaer is situated about 6 miles north west of Swansea city centre, near the M4 Motorway at Junction 47.
Penllergaer woods was once part of the Penllergare estate of John Dillwyn Llewelyn. The woods are located at the edge of the Parc Penllergaer Estate, around the former home of Dillwyn Llewelyn.
The first photographs of the moon were taken at Penllergaer; the observatory still stands. During the time of World War II the Penllergaer Estate was purchased by the great missionery Rees Howells and the mansion in the estate was offered as residence to Emperor "Haile Selassie" of Ethiopia who spent his exile in Briton.(source : "Rees Howells Intercessor" by Norman Grubb [chapter 31])
Penllergaer Primary School was built in 1881, and moved to its present site, on Pontardulais Road, in 1976.
Coordinates: 51°40′12″N 4°00′26″W / 51.66990°N 4.00709°W / 51.66990; -4.00709
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Pill railway station
Pill railway station was a railway station near Bristol, England, on the Portishead Railway. It opened in 1867 and closed in 1964. A goods yard just north of the station opened in 1912 and closed in 1963.
Campaigners for the railway line to be reopened for passenger traffic have suggested the re-instatement of a passing loop here and the reopening of the station. However the latest proposals suggest reopening the station, and most of the line, without a passing loop.
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Pontardawe
Coordinates: 51°43′13″N 3°51′12″W / 51.7203°N 3.8534°W / 51.7203; -3.8534
Pontardawe (Welsh pronunciation: [pɔntarˈdawɛ] – "bridge on the Tawe") is a town of some 5,000 inhabitants in the Swansea Valley (Welsh: Cwmtawe) in south Wales. The community of Pontardawe, comprising the electoral wards of Pontardawe and Trebanos, is served by an elected Town Council and forms part of the county borough of Neath Port Talbot.
Pontardawe first came into existence as a settlement at the crossroads of two drovers' tracks, one from Swansea to Brecon, and the other from Neath to Llandeilo. Its best known landmark today is the tall spire of St Peter's church which sits on a high point of the valley floor overlooking the Swansea Canal close to the centre of the town.
During the latter part of the 19th century and up to the middle of the 20th century the main industry in Pontardawe was steel and tinplate, with a number of steelworks and tinplate works exporting all over the world. None of the heavy industry remains; on the site of the Alloy works there is now a small industrial estate of a number of small engineering firms, motor maintenance, building supplies and a health centre for the area.
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Pontarddulais
Coordinates: 51°43′N 4°02′W / 51.71°N 4.04°W / 51.71; -04.04
Pontarddulais (Welsh pronunciation: [pɔntarˈðɨːlais]) is a community and town in the City and County of Swansea, Wales. It is situated 16 km (9.9 mi) north west of Swansea city centre. It falls within the Pontarddulais ward.
A literal English translation of the name Pontarddulais is "Bridge on the Dulais", with Dulais meaning "black stream", probably due to its journey through coal measures. The earlier name of Pontaberdulais is in reference to a dismantled 14th century road bridge over the Loughor River (Afon Llwchwr) which formed part of the main highway between Swansea and Carmarthen. The Bridge was so named because of its position upstream of the mouth of the Dulais stream, and not as many believe, because of it spanning the Dulais stream. The Pontaberdulais bridge spanned the River Loughor. This bridge was also known as "Y Bont Fawr". The village that developed around this bridge took the shortened form of Pontardulais as its name, also written as Pontarddulais because of the assumption that the bridge was "over Dulais". The bridge also gave the town its nickname "Y Bont" ("The Bont").
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Port of Bristol
The Port of Bristol comprises the commercial, and former commercial, docks situated in and near the city of Bristol in England. The Port of Bristol Authority was the commercial title of the Bristol City, Avonmouth, Portishead and Royal Portbury Docks when they were operated by Bristol City Council, which ceased trade when the Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Docks were leased to The Bristol Port Company in 1991.
For more information on the history of the different dock complexes, see Bristol Harbour, Avonmouth Docks, Portishead and Royal Portbury Dock.
The Port of Bristol grew up on the banks of the Rivers Avon and Frome, at their confluence upstream of the Avon Gorge which connects the city with the Bristol Channel. This part of the port was known as the Bristol City Docks, and is now more usually known as Bristol Harbour. The Avon and Frome are small, shallow rivers incapable in themselves of accommodating ocean-going ships, even those of the age of sail, as can still be seen by inspecting the branch of the Avon known as the New Cut at low tide. The harbour depended on the extreme tides (14 metres) experienced in the Bristol Channel. Ships that wished to enter the harbour waited for the tide to begin to rise and floated up the river, through the Avon Gorge, and into the harbour on the tide. Ships leaving the harbour set out at the high tide, and floated down to the sea with the ebbing tide. In the 1800s the harbour was enclosed by locks, together with a diversion of the River Avon, resulting in its alternative name of the Floating Harbour, taken from the fact that the ships were able to float at all times, rather than resting in the mud at low tide, as had previously been the case.
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Port Talbot
Coordinates: 51°35′26″N 3°47′55″W / 51.59055°N 3.79859°W / 51.59055; -3.79859
Port Talbot ( /pərˈtɔːlbət/ or /pərˈtælbət/) is a town in Neath Port Talbot, Wales. It had a population of 35,633 in 2001.
Port Talbot grew out of the original small port and market town of Aberafan (English: Aberavon), which belonged to the medieval Lords of Afan. The area of the parish of Margam lying on the west bank of the lower Afan became industrialised following the establishment of a copperworks in 1770. The Afan was diverted and a dock was opened in 1839 named for the Talbot family, local landowners who were related to the pioneer photographer, William Henry Fox Talbot. The Talbots were patrons of Margam Abbey, an ancient Cistercian foundation, and also built Margam Castle. Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot (1803–1890) (Liberal Member of Parliament for Glamorgan from 1830 until his death) saw the potential of his property as a site for an extensive ironworks, which opened in early 1831.
CRM Talbot's daughter Emily Charlotte Talbot (1840–1918) inherited her father's fortune and became just as notable in the development of ports and railways. With assistance from engineers Charles Meik and Patrick Meik, she set about creating a port and railway system to attract business away from Cardiff and Swansea. The Port Talbot Railway and Docks Company opened a dock at Port Talbot and the Llyfni Railway in 1897, followed by the Ogmore Valley Extension and the South Wales Mineral Junction Railway (almost all these lines were closed as part of the Beeching Axe cuts in the mid 1960s, but some bridges and viaducts remain and many of these railway routes have re-emerged as recreational cycle tracks). By 1900, the dock was exporting over 500,000 tons of coal; it reached a peak of over three million tons in 1923. In the same year, the borough of Port Talbot was created, incorporating Margam, Cwmafan and the older town of Aberavon.
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Porthcawl
Coordinates: 51°29′N 3°41′W / 51.48°N 3.69°W / 51.48; -3.69
Porthcawl is a town and community on the south coast of Wales in the county borough of Bridgend, 25 miles (40 kilometres) west of the capital city, Cardiff and 19 miles (30.5 kilometres) southeast of Swansea. Situated on a low limestone headland on the South Wales coast, overlooking the Bristol Channel, Porthcawl developed as a coal port during the 19th century, but its trade was soon taken over by more rapidly developing ports such as Barry. Northwest of the town, in the dunes known as Kenfig Burrows, are hidden the last remnants of the town and Kenfig Castle, which were overwhelmed by sand about 1400.
Porthcawl is a holiday resort in South Wales and is home to a large static caravan park known as Trecco Bay. It has an extensive promenade and several beaches, two of which are Blue Flag beaches: a tourist-oriented beach at Trecco Bay, at the east end of the town; a sandy beach at Rest Bay, which lies to the northwest of the town; and the quiet and sandy Pink Bay leading out towards Sker Point where a tarmac-covered car park serves a sandy beach.
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Pyle
Coordinates: 51°31′45″N 3°41′43″W / 51.529146°N 3.695252°W / 51.529146; -3.695252
Pyle (Welsh: Y Pîl ) is a village and community in Bridgend county borough, Wales.
This large village is served by the A48 road, and lies less than one mile from Junction 37 of the M4 motorway, and is therefore only a half-hour journey from the capital city of Wales, Cardiff; in fact it lies approximately equidistant between the capital (Cardiff) and the second city (Swansea).
The nearest town is the seaside resort of Porthcawl. Pyle contains a medieval parish church whose walls are reputed to contain stones from the ancient borough of Kenfig which was abandoned after being buried in sandstorms. The village also has its own leisure centre, swimming pool, supermarket, library and petrol station. There is also a large industrial estate which hosts some notable names and a garden centre.
The street of Longlands Close in Pyle was the site of a coaching inn which was used by passing travelers using the west Wales to London turnpike. Lord Nelson stayed at Pyle Inn on his way to visit to naval installations in Pembrokeshire, as did Isambard Kingdom Brunel during the construction of the Great Western Railway line through South Wales. Pyle railway station is on the Cardiff - Swansea section of the London - South Wales Main Line.
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Pyle railway station
Pyle railway station is a minor railway station in Pyle (Welsh: Y Pîl) in Bridgend county borough, South Wales. The station is located at street level at Beach Road in Pyle. It is a stop on the South Wales Main Line, served by the Arriva Trains Wales Swanline Swansea to Cardiff Central regional train. These services are generally every 2 Hours during the day, with additional trains during the morning and evening peak.
The station has 2 platforms:
The station is unmanned - there is no ticket office nor are there any platform entry barriers. Passengers must purchase tickets on board trains.
The original station at Pyle was opened by the South Wales Railway in 1850. It was relocated in 1876 and amalgamated with the former Llynvi and Ogmore Railway station of 1865, which served the branch lines to Tondu and Porthcawl. In the days of steam Pyle Junction, together with its extensive sidings, was quite an important strategic point on the South Wales railway system, not only for passengers, commuting from or visiting the resort of Porthcawl, but also for freight and bulk traffic, particularly the limestone from local quarries essential for the iron and steel industries. This is evidenced by the fact that during World War II there were two military 'pill-boxes' overlooking its approaches. This station was closed by the Western Region of British Railways in 1964 as part of the notorious Beeching Axe.
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RAF Lyneham
RAF Lyneham (IATA: LYE, ICAO: EGDL) is a Royal Air Force station in Wiltshire, England. It was the home of all the Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft of the Royal Air Force before they were relocated to RAF Brize Norton. The station was also home to No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing.
RAF Lyneham was the Royal Air Force's principal Transport hub, operating the modern C-130J Hercules, and the aging, but very adaptable, C-130K Hercules. The base was designated as a Master Diversion Airfield. It is one of the primary airfields to which aircraft divert in the eventuality of their home bases being closed due to weather, or other unforeseen events (such as aircraft crashes), having occurred.
RAF Lyneham is also renowned for being the "gateway" between the United Kingdom and Afghanistan; the base was also where repatriation of British personnel killed in Afghanistan takes place. The bodies were transported through the nearby town of Royal Wootton Bassett, with crowds lining the streets to pay tribute to the fallen.
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RAF Northolt
RAF Northolt (IATA: NHT, ICAO: EGWU) is a Royal Air Force station situated in South Ruislip, 2 NM (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east by northeast of Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon, West London. Approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) north of London Heathrow Airport, the station also handles a large number of private civil flights. Northolt has one runway in operation, spanning 1,687 × 46 m (5,535 × 151 ft), with a grooved asphalt surface.
Northolt pre-dates the establishment of the Royal Air Force by almost three years, having opened in May 1915. Originally established for the Royal Flying Corps, it has the longest history of continuous use of any RAF airfield. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, the station was the first to take delivery of the Hawker Hurricane. The station played a key role during the Battle of Britain, when fighters from several of its units, including No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron, engaged enemy aircraft as part of the defence of London. It became the first base to have squadrons operating Supermarine Spitfire aircraft within German airspace.
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Rhondda
Coordinates: 51°36′57″N 3°25′03″W / 51.615938°N 3.417521°W / 51.615938; -3.417521
Rhondda ( /ˈrɒnðə/), or the Rhondda Valley (Welsh: Cwm Rhondda), is a former coal mining valley in Wales, formerly a local government district, consisting of 16 communities built around the River Rhondda. The valley is made up of two valleys, the larger Rhondda Fawr valley (mawr large) and the smaller Rhondda Fach valley (bach small). Both the singular term 'Rhondda Valley' and the plural 'Rhondda Valleys' are commonly used. In 2001 the Rhondda constituency of the National Assembly for Wales had a population of 72,443; while the National Office of Statistics described the Rhondda urban area as having a population of 59,602. Rhondda is part of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough and is part of the South Wales Valleys.
The Rhondda Valley is most notable for its historical link to the coal mining industry which was at its peak between 1840-1925 AD. The Rhondda Valleys were home to a strong early nonconformist Christian movement which manifested itself in the baptist chapels which moulded Rhondda values in the 19th and early 20th century. Rhondda is also famous for strong masculine cultural ties within a social community which expressed itself outside industry in the form of male voice choirs, sport and politics.
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Rhondda Cynon Taf
Rhondda Cynon Taf (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈr̥ɔnða ˈkənɔn ˈtaːv]), or RCT, is a county borough in the South Wales Valleys of Wales. It consists of 3 valleys: the Rhondda Valley, Cynon Valley and Taff-Ely Valley. Results from the 2001 census showed 21.1% of its 233,700 residents were able to speak, read, write or understand the Welsh language.
The county borough borders Merthyr Tydfil and Caerphilly to the east, Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan to the south, Bridgend and Neath Port Talbot to the west and Powys to the north. Its principal towns are - Aberdare, Llantrisant with Talbot Green and Pontypridd, with other key settlements/towns being - Ferndale, Hirwaun, Llanharan, Mountain Ash, Porth, Tonypandy, Tonyrefail and Treorchy. Rhondda Cynon Taf is the second-most populous local authority area in Wales.
See List of places in Rhondda Cynon Taf for a list of towns and villages. The most populous town in Rhondda Cynon Taf is Aberdare (Welsh: Aberdâr) with a population of 31,705 (2001 Census), followed by Pontypridd with 29,781.
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Rhondda Line
The Rhondda Line is a commuter railway line in South Wales from Cardiff to Treherbert. The line follows the Merthyr Line as far as Pontypridd, where it then diverges to continue along the Rhondda Valley.
The places served by the line are listed below:
The line is currently operated by Arriva Trains Wales (ATW) as part of the Valley Lines network. ATW replaced the previous franchise, Wales & Borders Trains in December 2003.
The first section of the line, as far as Pontypridd, is historically, part of the Taff Vale Railway, from Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil. At Pontypridd the Rhondda branch diverges and follows the course of the Rhondda Valley. Now single track beyond Porth, the branch suffered from being singled in the early 1980s, just prior to the commencement of the revival of the Valley Lines network. By 1986 a passing loop was constructed at Ystrad Rhondda station (itself newly built, with the original station of that name renamed Ton Pentre), to enable a half hourly service to be introduced. Another new station was opened at Ynyswen on the same day.
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Risca
Coordinates: 51°36′29″N 3°05′28″W / 51.608°N 3.091°W / 51.608; -3.091
Risca [1] (Welsh: Rhisga) is a town of approximately 11,500 people in South Wales, within the Caerphilly County Borough and the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. It is today part of the Newport conurbation (which as a whole has a population of 140,200), though it is not a Ward of Newport City Council. Risca had a railway station opened on the Ebbw Valley Railway in February 2008, after a gap of 46 years.
The town lies at the south-eastern edge of the South Wales Coalfield, and a coal mine used to operate in the town with terraced housing nearby for workers. On 1 December 1860, an explosion at the Black Vein Colliery at Risca killed more than 140 men and boys as well as 28 pit ponies.
Risca is home to Ty-Sign, which is a large housing estate; built in the early sixties as a satellite village for the (then) new steel works at Llanwern. It[clarification needed] has a rural aspect, and is surrounded to the east and west by several extensively wooded hills [2] including Mynydd Machen [3] (1,188 ft/362m) and Twmbarlwm [4] (1,375 ft/419m) which attract tourists for the hillwalking and mountain bikers to Cwmcarn Forest Drive.
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River Ely
The River Ely (Welsh: Afon Elai) is a river in South Wales flowing generally south east, from Tonyrefail to the capital city of Cardiff.
The river is about 24 miles, or 39 kilometres, long. Its source lies in the mountains to the south of Tonypandy, near the town of Tonyrefail. The river's numerous sources rise in the eastern slopes of Mynydd Penygraig (Penygraig) and Mynydd y Gilfach (Penrhiwfer), and the western slopes of Mynydd Dinas (Williamstown), whose eastern slopes feed the Rhondda by Porth. The source of the Ogwr Fach lies just to the west.
The Ely flows through Tonyrefail, and then through the grounds of the Royal Glamorgan Hospital at Ynysmaerdy, following the main A4119 (Tonypandy to Cardiff Bay route through the valley pass formed between Mynydd Garthmaetwg (Llantrisant Forest), to the west and Llantrisant, to the east. Flowing through Talbot Green, the Ely is joined by the Afon Clun at Pontyclun, before heading east to Miskin. Although numerous smaller streams join the river, the Clun is its only large tributary.
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River Neath
River Neath (Welsh: Afon Nedd) is a river in south Wales running south west from its source in the Brecon Beacons National Park to its mouth at Baglan Bay below Briton Ferry on the east side of Swansea Bay.
Several minor rivers rise on the southern slopes of Fforest Fawr. These include the Afon Hepste, Afon Sychryd, Afon Pyrddin, Nedd Fechan and Afon Mellte, the latter two converging at Pontneddfechan to form the River Neath. Upstream from these confluences is the area known as Waterfall Country (Welsh: Coed y Rhaeadr), where the rivers plunge over a series of spectacular cataracts.
The river flows through the Vale of Neath, a long straight valley developed along the Neath Disturbance and which carried a major glacier during the ice ages. Downstream of Pontneddfechan the river has few significant tributaries. Those that do join include the Melincwrt Brook and the Clydach Brook. The only major tributary to join is the River Dulais which has its source north of Seven Sisters. As the Dulais nears the Neath it descends a spectacular waterfall: the Dulais Falls, a popular tourist attraction owned and managed by the National Trust and the site of old iron workings. Close by the river flows past the once grand estate of Ynysygerwn. A smaller tributary, the River Clydach, flows southward through the village of Bryn-coch to join the Neath in Neath town centre.
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River Taff
The River Taff (Welsh: Afon Taf) is a large river in Wales. It rises as two rivers in the Brecon Beacons — the Taf Fechan (Little Taff) and the Taf Fawr (Big Taff) — before joining to form the Taff north of Merthyr Tydfil. The river supports a number of migratory fish, including salmon, sea trout, and eel.
From its confluence at Cefn-Coed-y-Cymer, the river flows south, passing several towns. It picks up a few tributaries, such as the River Cynon, River Rhondda, Bargoed Taf and Nant Clydach. It flows underneath the M4 Motorway, before turning southeastward and flowing through the Cardiff suburbs of Radyr, Whitchurch, Llandaff, Pontcanna, the city centre and Grangetown, before emptying into Cardiff Bay, near to the mouth of the River Ely.
In the early 1840s the South Wales Railway was trying to find a suitable site for a railway station, but the area that is now Cardiff Central railway station was prone to flooding. At this point the main route of the Taff was around Cardiff Castle and down what is now Westgate Street, with the lands where Cardiff Arms Park and the Millennium Stadium are now sited tidal flats which were prone to flood.
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River Tawe
The River Tawe (Afon Tawe in Welsh) is a river in South Wales. It flows in a principally south-westerly direction for some 48 km (30 mi) from its source below Moel Feity in the Old Red Sandstone hills of the western Brecon Beacons to the Bristol Channel at Swansea. Its main tributaries are the right bank Upper and Lower Clydach Rivers and the Afon Twrch. The Tawe passes through a number of towns and villages including Ystradgynlais, Ystalyfera, Pontardawe, and Clydach and meets the sea at Swansea Bay below Swansea. The Tawe Valley (Cwm Tawe in Welsh) is more commonly known as the Swansea Valley.
The lower part of the valley was intensely industrialised in the 18th and 19th centuries and was especially impacted by metal refining and working and to a much lesser extent by porcelain manufacture. Large areas of the lower valley remain contaminated by industrial spoil containing copper, lead, nickel and zinc. The only significant extant relic of those times is a major nickel refinery at Clydach which is part of the Canadian company Vale Inco. The quality of the river has now greatly improved. Large salmon and trout swim up the river to spawn.
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River Wye
The River Wye (Welsh: Afon Gwy) is the fifth-longest river in the UK and for parts of its length forms part of the border between England and Wales. It is important for nature conservation and recreation.
The Roman name for the River Wye was the "Vaga", which stems from vagus meaning to roam (vagor) or the wanderer.[citation needed] The Tithe map references a Vagas Field in both Whitchurch and Chepstow. . The modern Welsh name "Gwy" may have entitled from the old Welsh "Gwybiol" or "Gwyr" (crooked wandering hills).
The source of the Wye is in the Welsh mountains at Plynlimon. It flows through or past several towns and villages including Rhayader, Builth Wells, Hay-on-Wye, Hereford (the only city on the River Wye), Ross-on-Wye, Symonds Yat, Monmouth and Tintern, meeting the Severn estuary just below Chepstow. The total length is 215 km.
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Sarn railway station
Sarn railway station is a railway station serving the village of Sarn, South Wales. It located on the Maesteg Line from Cardiff via Bridgend.
The station was opened by British Rail on 28 September 1992.
Passenger services are operated by Arriva Trains Wales as part of the Valley Lines network for local services.
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Severn Beach Line
The Severn Beach Line is a local railway in Bristol, UK. It runs from Narroways Hill Junction to Severn Beach, and is the successor to the Bristol Port Railway and Pier, which ran from a Bristol terminus in the Avon Gorge to a station and pier on the Severn Estuary.
Passenger trains run from Bristol Temple Meads to Severn Beach via nine local stations. The line carries little freight traffic, with most of the heavy freight traffic to Avonmouth Docks being routed via the Henbury Loop through Filton. The line has been highlighted by Thomas Cook as one of the scenic lines of Europe.
Work began on the 'Bristol Port Railway and Pier' (BPRP) in 1863 and the line was opened on 6 March 1865 with six trains each way on weekdays and four on Sundays.
It ran from Hotwells railway station, originally known as Clifton, west of Bristol city centre between the Clifton Suspension Bridge and Bridge Valley Road, to Avonmouth, via Sea Mills and Shirehampton.
As built the railway was isolated from the rest of the national network, and because of poor finances of the company, plans to extend the railway into the city centre and Temple Meads station were not realised for several more years.
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Silverstone Heliport
Silverstone Heliport (ICAO: EGBV) is located 5 NM (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) north of Buckingham,Buckinghamshire, England and within Silverstone Circuit, formerly RAF Silverstone.
Silverstone Northern Heliport has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P874) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Silverstone Circuits Limited). The aerodrome is not licensed for night use.
The world record for the worlds busiest airport for one day, was the heliport at the Silverstone during the 1999 British Grand Prix. There were 4,200 documented aircraft movements (1 movement being a landing or a takeoff) in one day from dawn till dusk. The airfield was fully licensed and used a sophisticated air traffic control service, using six full air traffic control radio frequencies and a continuous message broadcast (ATIS) service, operated by a team of 24 air traffic controllers. This achievement was even more remarkable as it was coordinated completely on a VFR (Visual Flight Rules) basis without the assistance of radar or any other electronic navigation aids.
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Slough
Coordinates: 51°30′36″N 0°35′35″W / 51.51°N 0.593056°W / 51.51; -0.593056
Sloughi/ˈslaʊ/ is a borough and unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Royal Berkshire, England. The town straddles the A4 Bath Road (it becomes the Great West Road closer to London) and the Great Western Main Line, 22 miles (35 km) west of central London. At the 2001 census, the population of Slough was 119,070 (est. 122,000 in 2006) and the borough area was the most ethnically diverse local authority area outside London in the United Kingdom. Slough has the highest proportion of religious adherents in England.
Historically, the larger part of the present-day Slough area was formerly in Buckinghamshire with a small part of the borough originally in Middlesex. Slough is home to the Slough Trading Estate, which, coupled with extensive transport links, makes it an important business centre in South East England. It is the largest industrial estate in single private ownership in Europe.
Slough is at grid reference SU978797, just west of Greater London. Nearby towns are Windsor to the south, Maidenhead to the west, Uxbridge to the northeast and Beaconsfield to the north.
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South Circular Road
The A205 or South Circular Road is a direct route which crosses South London, UK, running from Woolwich in the east to the junction of the A406 (North Circular Road), the M4 and the A4 at Gunnersbury in the west.
Together with the North Circular Road, the South Circular forms a ring road through the inner part of Outer London. This ring road does not make a complete circuit of the city, as the crossing of the River Thames in the east is made on the Woolwich Ferry.
Unlike the North Circular, the South Circular is not a purpose-built route, but a collection of pre-existing suburban roads joined together, which has resulted in a disjointed feel, with totsos at several junctions. This makes it seem little more than a sequence of road signs.
The South Circular Road was first proposed in Sir Patrick Abercrombie's County of London Plan of 1943, as the southern half of one of a number of ring roads around the capital. Abercrombie designated it as the "C Ring" (the third ring out from the city centre); however, the plan for a high-quality road was not realised and the semi-circular route was assigned to existing roads through the southern suburbs; these roads retain their historic names.
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South Wales
South Wales (Welsh: De Cymru) is an area of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the south-west of the United Kingdom, it is home to around 2.1 million people and includes the capital city of Cardiff (population approximately 324,800), as well as Swansea and Newport. The Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia.
The extent of South Wales is loosely defined, but it is generally considered to be the area surrounding the M4 motorway, including the historic counties of Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire and sometimes extending westwards to include south Carmarthenshire and south Pembrokeshire. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people would probably recognise that they lived in both South Wales and in West Wales — there is considerable overlap in these somewhat artificial boundaries. The northern border is particularly ill-defined, but the A40 may be a good approximation whilst others consider the more southerly Heads of the Valleys Road as the boundary.
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South West England
South West England is one of the regions of England defined by the Government of the United Kingdom for statistical and other purposes. It is the largest such region in area, covering 9,200 square miles (23,828 km2) and comprising Bristol, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Dorset, Wiltshire, Devon, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Five million people live there. The region includes the area often known as the West Country, and much of Wessex. The size of the region is shown by the fact that the northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall. The largest city is Bristol. Other major urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester, Exeter, Bath, and the South East Dorset conurbation of Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch.
The region includes two National Parks and four World Heritage Sites, including Stonehenge.
Traditionally, the South West of England has been well known for producing Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, for Devon cream teas, Cornish pasties, and for cider. It is also well known as the home of the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury Festival, the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, trip hop music and also Cornwall's surfing beaches.
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Stratford station
Stratford station is a large multilevel railway station in Stratford, east London. The station is served by National Rail services operated by Greater Anglia, London Overground and c2c, by London Underground's Central and Jubilee lines, and by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Stratford is in London Travelcard Zone 3, and Network Rail owns the station. To distinguish it from Stratford-upon-Avon, this station is called Stratford (London) by National Rail, and is sometimes referred to as Stratford Regional to distinguish it from Stratford International station some 400 yards (370 m) away. The station will be a key arrival point for the London 2012 Summer Olympics.
Stratford station was opened on 20 June 1839 by the Eastern Counties Railway (ECR). The Northern and Eastern Railway opened a section of its authorised line from Broxbourne to join the ECR at Stratford on 15 September 1840. As well as a station, a railway works was built, much of which has since been turned into a freight terminal.
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Swansea
Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ SWONZ-ee; Welsh: Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ], "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea had a population of 169,880 in 2001 and is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula, and include items from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings.
Swansea is thought to have originally developed as a Viking trading post. Some think that its name is derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or perhaps an area of raised ground in marshes. An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy".
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Swansea Airport
Swansea Airport (Welsh: Maes Awyr Abertawe) (IATA: SWS, ICAO: EGFH) is an airport located at Fairwood Common on the Gower Peninsula 5 NM (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west south-west of Swansea, Wales.
Swansea Airport has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P867) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Swansea Airport Limited). The airport is not licensed for night use.
The airport is mainly used to handle light helicopters and private planes. One of the Wales Air Ambulance helicopters is based there. Additionally, it is used by police helicopters.
Cambrian Flying Club is the main flight training facility based at the airport offering PPL (Private Pilot Licence), NPPL (National Private Pilot Licence)training on light aircraft. The flight school has a number of well maintained aircraft including PA38s, PA28s and Cessna 152 which are also used for solo hire for qualified piots as well as trial flight experiences.
A helicopter training company called Heli-air Wales has been based at the airport for the last sixteen years, and is accredited with pioneering Helicopter Training in Wales.
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Swansea bus station
Swansea bus station, or Swansea city bus station, is a bus station serving Swansea, Wales. It lies immediately to the west of the Quadrant Shopping Centre. The bus station also has a taxi rank to the south.
The station has 20 stands for local bus services with 3 stands for national coach services. Coach services operated by National Express depart to Llanelli, Carmarthen and Haverfordwest to the west; and London, Birmingham, Cardiff, Bristol as well as Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport to the east. There is an hourly service, served by First Group's Greyhound subsidiary from the bus station to Bridgend Designer Outlet and Cardiff Central Station or Cardiff Bay.
The bus station opened along with the Quadrant Shopping Centre in 1979, replacing the old bus station opposite (next to the Grand Theatre). The bus station was becoming old and run down by the mid 2000s and plans were put forward by the local council to re-develop the site into a more modern bus facility.
In July 2008, it was announced that funding from the European Convergence programme was approved to help with the £11 million redevelopment of the station. On 1 August 2008 it was confirmed that work on the new bus station would begin in January 2009, but it was headlined in the South Wales Evening Post on 1 December 2008, that work would not start until May 2009. Work started on 13 June 2009 and the newly built bus station opened on 6 December 2010. New retail units were built within the bus station building but openned on a later date. Such as a Greggs bakery, Costa Coffee and Co-operative store.
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Swansea Canal
The Swansea Canal was a canal constructed by the Swansea Canal Navigation Company between 1794 and 1798, running for some 16.5 miles (26.6 km) from Swansea to Hen Neuadd, Abercraf in South Wales. It was steeply graded, and 36 locks were needed to enable it to rise 375 feet (114 m) over its length. The main cargos were coal, iron and steel, and the enterprise was profitable.
Sold to the Great Western Railway in 1873, it continued to make a profit until 1895. A period of decline followed, with the last commercial traffic using the waterway in 1931. Subsequently, parts of it were closed and filled in under a succession of owners, but around 5 miles (8.0 km) remain in water. The Swansea Canal Society, formed in 1981, are actively involved in plans for its restoration.
The canal was constructed to transport coal from the upper Swansea Valley to Swansea docks for export, or for use in the early metallurgical industries in the Lower Swansea Valley. The period 1830-1840 saw the development of towns around the canal: Abercraf, Clydach, Penwyllt, Pontardawe, Ynysmeudwy, Ystalyfera and Ystradgynlais came into being as early industries developed at those locations.
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Swansea docks
Swansea Docks is the collective name for several docks in Swansea, Wales. The Swansea docks are located immediately south east of Swansea city centre. In the mid-19th century the port was exporting 60% of the world's copper from factories situated in the Tawe valley. The working docks area today is owned and operated by Associated British Ports as the Port of Swansea and the northern part around the Prince of Wales Dock is undergoing re-development into a new urban area branded the SA1 Swansea Waterfront.
Docks which have existed or still exist in the complex include::
The North Dock was created to fulfil the increasing shipping demands from the nearby metals industry. The North Dock was created by diverting the River Tawe by cutting a new direct course within a meander section near the estuary. The old course of the River became the new dock and work was completed in 1852. The North Dock closed in 1930 after the development of new larger docks on the east side of the River Tawe made the North Dock obsolete. The north dock has since been filled in and the Parc Tawe retail complex was built on the site in the late 1980s.
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Swansea Marina
Swansea Marina is a marina located behind the Swansea barrage at the mouth of the River Tawe in Swansea, south Wales. Swansea Marina was awarded blue flag status in June 2005[1] and has been awarded five gold anchors by the Yacht Harbour Association.[2] There is a boat yard for building and servicing boats, and a few shops selling boating equipment.
Boating organisations based at Swansea Marina include Swansea Yacht and Sub Aqua club and the Maiden Voyage, which owns a 72 ft ocean racing yacht.[3]
After many years of industrial decline in the Lower Swansea valley, the South Dock of the Swansea Docks complex finally closed in 1969 leaving the area as an industrial wasteland. It was sold to the council for a nominal sum. Initially, a new relief road was proposed to take traffic away from the Oystermouth road. However, there was a government reorganisation in 1974 which decided on a new planning strategy. By 1975, a new planning strategy had been prepared which identified social and economic policy objectives with a new regeneration programme.
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Swindon
Coordinates: 51°34′N 1°47′W / 51.56°N 1.78°W / 51.56; -1.78
Swindon ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a large town within the Borough of Swindon and ceremonial county of Wiltshire, in South West England. It is situated midway between Bristol, 40 miles (64 km) west and Reading, 40 miles (64 km) east. London is 81 miles (130 km) to the east. In the 2001 census, the population of the Swindon urban area was 155,432, while the wider borough of Swindon had a population of 184,000.
Swindon was named an Expanded Town under the Town Development Act 1952 and this led to a major increase in its population.Swindon railway station is on the line from London Paddington to Bristol. Swindon Borough Council, is a unitary authority independent of Wiltshire Council since 1997. Residents of Swindon are known as Swindonians. Swindon is home to the Bodleian Library's book depository, which contains 153 miles (246 km) of bookshelves.
The original Saxon settlement of Swindon sat in a defensible position atop a limestone hill. It is referred to in the Domesday Book as Suindune, believed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon words "swine" and "dun" meaning pig hill or possibly, Sweyn's hill, where Sweyn would be the local landlord.
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Taff Trail
The Taff Trail (Welsh: Taith Taf) is a popular walking and cycle path that runs for 55 miles (89 km) between Cardiff Bay and Brecon in Wales. It is named so because it follows the course of the River Taff. Along much of its length, it follows the National Cycle Network Route 8 (Lôn Las Cymru) that continues to Holyhead, and is substantially off-road.
The trail was launched in September 1988 by Sir Wyn Roberts, Minister of State for the Welsh Office. The project was initiated and co-ordinated by the Merthyr and Cynon Groundwork Trust, with the co-operation of the local councils that the trail passes through. Financial and logistical support has been given by the Welsh Development Agency and Sustrans, a sustainable transport charity.
Before the trail was conceived, several similar and disjointed facilities existed in the area. Taff Ely borough council had created cycling routes within its boundaries, Cardiff city council had provided the Three Castles Cycle Route from Caerphilly into Cardiff, and the Brecon Beacons National Park was developing leisure trails to encourage the use of the park. The Groundwork Trust for Merthyr Tydfil and Rhondda Cynon Taf saw a need for the co-ordination of these efforts, and the Taff Trail was born.
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Thames Path
The Thames Path is a National Trail, opened in 1996, following the length of the River Thames from its source near Kemble in Gloucestershire to the Thames Barrier at Charlton. It is about 184 miles (296 km) long.
The entire length of the path can be walked, and some parts cycled. Most of the path uses the original towpath but in some places this is not possible. The main reason for this is that towpath traffic used to cross the river at several points using ferries, but apart from Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry these no longer operate. This means that in several places such as Shiplake, Whitchurch-on-Thames and Moulsford, there are diversions away from the towpath. At other places, there are replacement connections. An example of this is at Hurley, where the Temple Footbridge was built in 1989.
Some parts of the Thames Path, particularly those west of Oxford, are subject to flooding during the winter months. The river is tidal downstream from Teddington Lock, and parts of the path may be underwater if there is a particularly high tide.
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The Ridgeway
The Ridgeway is a ridgeway or ancient trackway described as Britain's oldest road. The section clearly identified as an ancient trackway extends from Wiltshire along the chalk ridge of the Berkshire Downs to the River Thames at the Goring Gap, part of the Icknield Way which ran, not always on the ridge, from Salisbury Plain to East Anglia. The route was adapted and extended as a National Trail, created in 1972. The Ridgeway National Trail follows the ancient Ridgeway from Overton Hill, near Avebury, to Streatley, then follows footpaths and parts of the ancient Icknield Way through the Chiltern Hills to Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire. The National Trail is 87 miles (139km) long.
For at least 5000 years travellers have used the Ridgeway. Originally connected to the Dorset coast, the Ridgeway provided a reliable trading route to The Wash in Norfolk. The high dry ground made travel easy and provided a measure of protection by giving traders a commanding view, warning against potential attacks.
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Tiger Bay
Coordinates: 51°27′29″N 3°10′12″W / 51.458°N 3.170°W / 51.458; -3.170
Tiger Bay (Welsh: Bae Teigr) was the local name for an area of Cardiff which covered Butetown and Cardiff Docks. It was re-branded as Cardiff Bay following the building of the Cardiff Barrage which dams the tidal rivers Ely and Taff to create a body of water.
The development of the Cardiff Docks played a major part in Cardiff’s development by being the means of exporting coal from the South Wales Valleys to the rest of the world, helping to power the industrial age. The coal mining industry helped fund the growth of Cardiff to become the capital city of Wales and contributed towards making the docks owner, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, the richest man in the world at the time.
In 1794, the Glamorganshire Canal was completed, linking Cardiff with Merthyr, and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the canal to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiff's foremost landowner, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, to promote the construction of the West Bute Dock, opened in October 1839. Just two years later, the Taff Vale Railway was opened. From the 1850s coal supplanted iron as the industrial foundation of South Wales, as the Cynon Valley and Rhondda Valley were mined.
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Tramlink
Tramlink (originally and sometimes still called Croydon Tramlink) is a tramway system in south London in the United Kingdom which began operation in May 2000. The service is operated by London Tramlink, an arm of Transport for London (TfL).
Tramlink serves seven National Rail stations and has one interchange with the London Underground, at Wimbledon station for the District Line, and one with London Overground, at West Croydon for the East London Line; one of the factors leading to its creation was that the area around Croydon has no Underground service.
Tramlink runs on a mixture of street track shared with other traffic, dedicated track in public roads, and off-street track consisting of new rights-of-way, former railway lines, and one section of alignment, though not track, shared with a third rail electrified Network Rail line.
In 1990 Croydon Council with the then London Regional Transport (LRT) put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink.
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Trowbridge
Coordinates: 51°19′01″N 2°13′01″W / 51.317°N 2.217°W / 51.317; -2.217
Trowbridge is the county town of Wiltshire, England, situated on the River Biss in the west of the county, approximately 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Bath, Somerset.
The Kennet and Avon canal runs to the north of Trowbridge and played a large part in the development of the town as it allowed coal to be transported from the Somerset Coalfield. The town was also a major centre in the textile industry in south west England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and was described as "The Manchester of the West".
Trowbridge has a railway station on the Wessex Main Line. The civil parish of Trowbridge had a population of 28,163 at the 2001 census, making it the third largest settlement in the county after the town of Swindon and the city of Salisbury. Neighbouring towns and villages include Bradford on Avon, Westbury, Melksham, Devizes, Hilperton, Southwick and Semington.
The origin of the name Trowbridge is uncertain; one source claims derivation from treow-brycg, meaning "Tree Bridge", referring to the first bridge over the Biss, while another states that the true meaning is the bridge by Trowle, the name of a hamlet and a common to the west of the town. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt Trubridge.
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Turweston Aerodrome
Turweston Aerodrome (ICAO: EGBT) located near the village of Turweston, on the Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire border, is a former Royal Air Force World War II bomber training facility, now a business park and airfield.
Turweston Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P750) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Turweston Flight Centre Limited). The aerodrome is not licensed for night use. The runway direction now commonly being used is 09/27.
Based on 220 acres (89 ha) of land on the Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire border, just off the A43 road and located 2 NM (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of the market town of Brackley, RAF Turweston served as a bomber training school during World War II. Opened on 23 November 1942 it had three concrete runways and one T1 hangar. The three runways were:
It initially housed the Vickers Wellingtons and Avro Ansons of 12 OTU until April 1943, when it began housing the B-25 Mitchells of 13 OTU. In May 1943 they were joined by the A-20 Bostons of No 307 FTU[disambiguation needed
], with both units remaining until closure. No 17 OTU Gunnery Flight began arriving in July 1943 with Wellingtons, and formed fully in November 1943 with a flight of Miles Martinets.
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Underfall Yard
The Underfall Yard is a historic boatyard on Spike Island serving Bristol Harbour, the harbour in the city of Bristol, England.
Underfall Yard was commonly referred to as "The Underfalls" and takes its name from the underfall sluices. The original construction was in the early 19th century with revisions by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in the 1830s.
Following restoration in the 1990s, this Victorian work yard is now a Scheduled Monument that includes several listed buildings. The harbour and its equipment are still actively maintained, and host a cooperative of boat builders.
In the early nineteenth century, the engineer William Jessop was engaged by the Bristol Dock Company to create a non-tidal Floating Harbour to combat continuing problems with ships being grounded at low tide. With his system, which was completed in 1809, water was trapped behind lock gates so ships could remain floating at all times, unaffected by the state of the tide on the river. Part of the project included building a dam at the Underfall Yard with a weir to allow surplus river water to flow into the New Cut, an excavation that by-passed the Floating Harbour and joined the River Avon near Temple Meads.
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Uxbridge
Coordinates: 51°32′25″N 0°28′40″W / 51.5404°N 0.4778°W / 51.5404; -0.4778
Uxbridge ( /ˈʌksbrɪdʒ/) is a large town located in west London, England and is the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon. It forms part of the ceremonial county of Greater London. It is located 15 miles (24.1 km) west-northwest of Charing Cross and is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan. It historically formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex and was a significant local commercial centre from an early time. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1955 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. Uxbridge is a significant retail and commercial centre, and is the location of Brunel University and the Uxbridge campus of Buckinghamshire New University. The town is close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire, which is locally the River Colne.
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V6 Grafton Street
The V6 Grafton Street is a major local road in Milton Keynes. Its formal name is simply "Grafton Street": the "V6" designation is an urban planning name that indicates that it is the sixth north-south grid road in the Milton Keynes grid road system.
It starts beside Wolverton railway station in the north of Milton Keynes (52°04′05″N 0°48′20″W / 52.0680°N 0.8056°W / 52.0680; -0.8056 (V6 Grafton Street (northern end))), between Wolverton and New Bradwell (and extends as an unnumbered local rural road to Haversham and Castlethorpe). Travelling south from here it passes the district and village of Bradwell before becoming a dual carriageway at the point that it crosses the A422. It remains a dual carriageway from here for approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) until it meets the A421. During this time it crosses the A509 and passes through the Central Milton Keynes grid square where, for this short distance, it is named 'V6 Grafton Gate'.
After crossing the A421, Grafton Street acts for one grid square as a spur of the A421, connecting it to the A5. After crossing the A5 at Redmoor Roundabout, Grafton Street until recently reverted to being a single carriageway, although it has been widened during 2005. Shortly after providing access to the stadium:mk, the V6 terminates at Granby in a three-direction roundabout with the H10 Bletcham Way and V4 Watling Street (52°00′24″N 0°44′08″W / 52.0067°N 0.7355°W / 52.0067; -0.7355 (V6 Grafton Street (southern end))).
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Varsity Line
The Varsity Line (or Oxford to Cambridge Line) is an informal name for the railway route that formerly linked the English university cities of Oxford and Cambridge, operated successively by the London and North Western Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, and British Railways. A pun on the railway term main line was sometimes employed by describing the line as the "Brain Line".
Services were withdrawn from the Oxford - Bletchley section and the Bedford - Cambridge section at the end of 1967, even though the line had not been listed for closure as part of the Beeching Axe in 1963.
The only sections still in regular passenger use today are the Oxford to Bicester Line from Oxford to Bicester Town, and the Marston Vale Line operation from Bletchley to Bedford. The Bicester - Calvert section still carries freight traffic but the Calvert - Bletchley section, though still extant, is currently disused. There are well-developed plans to open a short section from Bicester Town to the Chiltern Main Line as part of Project Evergreen 3 and from Bicester to Bedford as part of the East West Rail Link.
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Vauxhall station
Vauxhall station (pronunciation: /ˈvɒksɔːl/, VOK-sawl) is a National Rail, London Underground and London Buses interchange station in central London. It is at the Vauxhall Cross road junction opposite the southern approach to Vauxhall Bridge over the River Thames in the London district of Vauxhall. The station is on the boundary of zones 1 and 2 of the London Travelcard area and, although a through station, it is a central London railway terminus for ticketing purposes.
The bus station, at ground level across the road from the rail station, has a photovoltaic roof supplying much of its electricity. It is the second busiest London bus station, after that at Victoria.
Opened by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) as "Vauxhall Bridge Station" on 11 July 1848 when the main line was extended from Nine Elms to Waterloo, then "Waterloo Bridge Station". It is on a viaduct with eight platforms.
The deep tube London Underground station is on the Victoria line, and opened on 23 July 1971.
Vauxhall was located next to a major creamery and milk bottling plant for United Dairies. The regular daily milk train was from Torrington, but milk trains from all over the West Country would stop at Clapham Junction in the evening, and reduce their length by half so that they did not block Vauxhall station while unloading. They would then proceed to Vauxhall, and pull into the "down" side platform, where a discharge pipe was provided to the creamery on the other side of the road. There was also pedestrian access from below the station, under the road to the depot, in the tunnel where the pipeline ran. Unloaded trains would then proceed to Waterloo, where they would reverse and return to Clapham Junction to pick up the other half of the train. The procedure was then repeated, so that the entire milk train was unloaded between the end of evening peak traffic and the start of the following morning.
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Wantage
Coordinates: 51°35′20″N 1°25′37″W / 51.589°N 1.427°W / 51.589; -1.427
Wantage is a market town and civil parish in the Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England. The town is on Letcombe Brook, about 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Abingdon and a similar distance west of Didcot.
Wantage was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. It is notable as the birthplace of King Alfred the Great in 849.
Wantage was a small Roman settlement but the origin of the toponym is somewhat uncertain. It is generally thought to be from an Old English phrase meaning "decreasing river". King Alfred the Great was born at the royal palace there in the 9th century Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its value was £61 and it was in the king's ownership until Richard I passed it to the Earl of Albemarle in 1190. Weekly trading rights were first granted to the town by Henry III in 1246 Markets are now held twice weekly on Wednesdays and SaturdaysRoyalist troops were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War.
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Watford
Watfordi/ˈwɒtfərd/ is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England, situated 18 miles (29 km) northwest of central London and within the bounds of the M25 motorway. The borough is separated from Greater London to the south by the urbanised parish of Watford Rural in the Three Rivers District.
Watford was created as an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, and became a municipal borough by grant of a charter in 1922. The borough had 79,726 inhabitants at the time of the 2001 Census. The most recent official estimates put the population of Watford at 79,600 at mid-2006.
The nearby areas of Croxley Green, Bushey, Rickmansworth, Chorleywood, Kings Langley, Abbots Langley, Carpenders Park and South Oxhey, located in Three Rivers and Hertsmere districts, also form part of the Watford postcode area. The Watford subdivision of the Greater London Urban Area, which includes much of the neighbouring districts, had a total population of 120,960 in the 2001 census.
Watford stands on a low hill near the point at which the River Colne was forded by travellers between London and the Midlands. This route, originally a pre-Roman trackway, departed from the ancient Roman Watling Street at Stanmore, heading for the Gade valley and thence up the Bulbourne valley to a low and easily traversed section of the Chiltern Hills near Tring. The modern High Street follows the route of this road.
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Watling Street
Coordinates: 52°39′22.5″N 1°55′37.7″W / 52.65625°N 1.927139°W / 52.65625; -1.927139
Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Britons mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans. The Romans later paved the route, part of which is identified on the Antonine Itinerary as Iter III: "Item a Londinio ad portum Dubris" - from London to the port of Dover. Its route is now covered by the A2 road from Dover to London, and the A5 road from London to Wroxeter.
The name derives from the Old English Wæcelinga Stræt. Originally the word "street" simply meant a paved road (Latin: "via strata"), and did not have the modern association with populated areas.
The Roman road followed the broad, grassy trackway already used by the Britons for many hundreds of years, although the newer road was made to follow a more direct course. It led from Richborough in the south-east by way of a ford of the Thames at present-day Westminster to near Wroxeter, where one section went on to Holyhead and another, by way of Chester, on towards Scotland.
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Wembley
Coordinates: 51°33′22″N 0°18′15″W / 51.5560°N 0.3042°W / 51.5560; -0.3042
Wembley is an area of northwest London, England, and part of the London Borough of Brent. It is home to the famous Wembley Stadium and Wembley Arena. Anciently part of the parish of Harrow on the Hill in the county of Middlesex, Wembley formed a separate civil parish from 1894 and was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1937.
Wembley is derived from the Old English proper name "Wemba" and the Old English "Lea" for meadow or clearing. The name was first mentioned in the charter of 825 of King Beornwulf.
The village of Wemba Lea grew up on the hill by the clearing with the Harrow Road south of it. Much of the surrounding area remained wooded. In 1547 there were but six houses in Wembley. Though small, it was one of the wealthiest parts of Harrow. At the dissolution of the monasteries, the manor of Wembley fell to Richard Andrews and Leonard Chamberlayne in 1543, who sold it to Richard Page Esq. of Harrow on the Hill the same year.
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West Coast Main Line
The West Coast Main Line (WCML) is the busiest mixed-traffic railway route in Britain, being the country's most important rail backbone in terms of population served. Fast, long-distance inter-city passenger services are provided between London, the West Midlands, the North West, North Wales and the Central Belt of Scotland. Since an upgrade in recent years, much of the line has trains running at 125 mph (201 km/h), thereby meeting the European Union's definition of an upgraded high-speed line.
The WCML is the most important intercity rail passenger route in the United Kingdom, connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow and many smaller towns and cities. In addition, several sections of the WCML form part of the suburban railway systems in London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow, with many more smaller commuter stations, as well as providing a number of links to more rural towns. In 2008 the WCML handled 75 million passenger journeys.
The WCML is also one of the busiest freight routes in Europe, carrying 43% of all UK rail freight traffic. The line is the principal rail freight corridor linking the European mainland (via the Channel Tunnel) through London and south-east England to the West Midlands, north-west England and Scotland. The line has been declared a strategic European route and designated a priority Trans-European Networks (TENS) route.
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West Cross Route
The West Cross Route (WCR) is a short, 0.75 miles (1.21 km) dual carriageway section of the A3220 route in central London in The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, with a small part being shared with borderlining borough Hammersmith and Fulham. It runs north-south between the northern elevated roundabout junction with the western end of the Westway (A40) and the southern Holland Park Roundabout. It opened in 1970, together with the Westway.
The West Cross Route was formerly the M41 motorway. Its status was downgraded to an A-road in 2000 when responsibility for trunk roads in Greater London was transferred from the Highways Agency to the Greater London Authority.
Approximately half-way along the road's length a new junction was built to serve the Westfield London shopping development.
WCR was originally the designation for the western section of Ringway 1, the innermost circuit of the London Ringways network, a complex and comprehensive plan for a network of high-speed roads circling central London designed to manage and control the flow of traffic within the capital. The road would have run from Battersea to Harlesden and would have paralleled the National Rail West London Line as an elevated road.
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Wimbledon station
Wimbledon station is a National Rail, London Underground, and Tramlink station located in Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton, and is the only London station that provides an interchange between rail, Underground, and Tramlink services. The station serves as a junction for services from London Underground's District line and National Rail operators (South West Trains and First Capital Connect), as well as Tramlink route 3. Some early morning services on the First Capital Connect route are provided by Southern. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.
The station has 10 platforms. Platforms 1-4 are for London Underground, Platforms 5 and 8 are for inner suburban services, Platform 9 is for Thameslink and Platform 10 for the Croydon Tramlink. Platforms 6 and 7 are for express and outer suburban services, but very few express trains call at Wimbledon. In particular, no services to Bristol, Salisbury or Exeter call at Wimbledon.
The first railway station in Wimbledon was opened on 21 May 1838, when the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) opened its line from its terminus at Nine Elms in Battersea to Woking. The original station was to the south of the current station on the opposite side of the Wimbledon Bridge.
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Wokingham
Coordinates: 51°24′36″N 0°50′24″W / 51.410°N 0.840°W / 51.410; -0.840
Wokingham is a market town and civil parish in Berkshire in South East England about 33 miles (53 km) west of central London. It is about 7 miles (11 km) east-southeast of Reading and 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Bracknell. It contains an area of 557 acres (0.9 sq mi) and, according to the 2001 census, has a population of 30,403. It is the seat of the Borough of Wokingham.
Before 1844, the north of the parish of Wokingham was part of a detached portion, or exclave, of the county of Wiltshire, the border of which is some 30 miles (48 km) to the west. The Counties (Detached Parts) Act of that year resulted in its transfer to the county of Berkshire.
Wokingham was a borough before the 1974 reorganisation of local government, when it merged with Wokingham Rural District to form the new Wokingham District. What had been Wokingham Borough became Wokingham Town, but retained its mayor. The District Council applied for borough status, which was granted and came into force on 9 March 2007. As of this date, the District (which stretches from the Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire borders in the north to the Hampshire border in the southwest) has also been able to elect a mayor.
wn.com/Wokingham -
Wycombe Air Park
Wycombe Air Park/Booker Airport (ICAO: EGTB) is located in Booker, Buckinghamshire, 2.4 NM (4.4 km; 2.8 mi) south-west of High Wycombe, England. It was formerly the Royal Air Force base, RAF Booker.
Wycombe Air Park (Booker) Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P523) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Airways Aero Associations Limited).
The lease on the aerodrome is held by Airways Aero Associations, who run the Airways Flying Club from the airfield. They provide Air Traffic Control, Firefighting and other services to all the park users. The shareholding of AAA Ltd was sold in 2007 to Arora Family Trust, of which Surinder Arora, a well known entrepreneur and property developer, and his family are beneficiaries.
Wycombe Air Park is also home to a number of tenant companies, including flight training organisations, engineers and approved medical examiners.
Flight training organisations: Booker Gliding Centre, Wycombe Air Centre, Light Sport Flying Club and School, Helicopter Services and Heli Air Ltd.
wn.com/Wycombe_Air_Park
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
wn.com/Gatwick_Airport -
Philip Hammond
Philip Hammond MP (born 4 December 1955) is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the current Secretary of State for Defence in the Coalition government led by David Cameron, having succeeded Liam Fox on 14 October 2011. He previously served as Secretary of State for Transport from 13 May 2010, when he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runnymede and Weybridge.
Philip Hammond was born in Epping, Essex, the son of a civil engineer, he first attended Brookfield Junior school, further educated at Shenfield School (now Shenfield High School) in Brentwood, Essex, and University College, Oxford, where he was awarded a degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.
He joined the medical equipment manufacturers Speywood Laboratories Ltd in 1977, becoming a director of Speywood Medical Limited in 1981. In 1982, an automatic electrocardiograph electrode manufacturing plant figured among his notable achievements. He left in 1983. From 1984, he was a director in Castlemead Ltd, and from 1993–95 he was a partner in CMA Consultants, and from 1994, a director in Castlemead Homes. He has had many business interests including house building and property, manufacturing, healthcare and oil and gas. He has undertaken various consulting assignments in Latin America for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., and was a consultant to the government of Malawi from 1995 until his election to Parliament.
wn.com/Philip_Hammond
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Severn Bridge - Driving on the motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Driving from Wales on the M4 motorway across the Severn Bridge through the Bristol channel.
http://wn.com/Severn_Bridge_Driving_on_the_motorway
Driving from Wales on the M4 motorway across the Severn Bridge through the Bristol channel.
London streets - Hammersmith - M4 - M25 - Foxhills golf club
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:16
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
London streets - Hammersmith - M4 - M25 - Foxhills golf club
http://wn.com/London_streets_Hammersmith_M4_M25_Foxhills_golf_club
London streets - Hammersmith - M4 - M25 - Foxhills golf club
- published: 22 May 2012
- views: 1971
- author: Duen969
13th August 2011 - Driving on the M4 & M25 motorways England, UK (1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:07
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/13th_August_2011_Driving_on_the_M4_M25_motorways_England,_UK_1
Dangerous tailgaiting, M4 motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
NA08 HTF, WV54 VYH; both being driven by people who should have their licences taken away.
http://wn.com/Dangerous_tailgaiting,_M4_motorway
NA08 HTF, WV54 VYH; both being driven by people who should have their licences taken away.
- published: 23 May 2011
- views: 947
- author: brennigjones
Drive - M4 Motorway to City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Drive from Strathfield to Woolloomooloo
http://wn.com/Drive_M4_Motorway_to_City
UK M4 Motorway J32 near miss
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
A driver not paying attention changes lanes nearly hitting another car. The usual standard of driving on the M4.
http://wn.com/UK_M4_Motorway_J32_near_miss
A driver not paying attention changes lanes nearly hitting another car. The usual standard of driving on the M4.
- published: 06 Oct 2011
- views: 611
- author: TeamYankee2
Brynglas Tunnels M4 Westbound, Newport, 09/09/12.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Passing through the Brynglas Tunnel Westbound on the M4 motorway in Newport, South Wales. The 1200-foot-long (370 m) twin-bored tunnels were the first tunnels in the British motorway network and are still the only bored tunnels. The tunnels and adjacent Usk bridge were originally planned by Newport Corporation in August 1959 in a plan submitted to the Ministry of Transport. Work started on 10 September 1962 and both structures were complete and open to traffic during the first week in May 1967. MM Griffiths Videos 2012 © Greatrailwayjourneys 2012 ©
http://wn.com/Brynglas_Tunnels_M4_Westbound,_Newport,_09_09_12
Passing through the Brynglas Tunnel Westbound on the M4 motorway in Newport, South Wales. The 1200-foot-long (370 m) twin-bored tunnels were the first tunnels in the British motorway network and are still the only bored tunnels. The tunnels and adjacent Usk bridge were originally planned by Newport Corporation in August 1959 in a plan submitted to the Ministry of Transport. Work started on 10 September 1962 and both structures were complete and open to traffic during the first week in May 1967. MM Griffiths Videos 2012 © Greatrailwayjourneys 2012 ©
- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 225
- author: Mark Madhava Griffiths
Traffic Chaos M4 Motorway 13.11.2012.MPG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
what started off was heavy looking traffic seeing lots of people get into the left lane (which ends) so they can get up quicker i thought i would stay in the right however we all ended up at a stand still and stuck there for almost an hour due to an accident between 2 semis a car and a rigid. the accident was at a bad time and it was quite bad and jammed most of the road around it eventually the traffic was diverted to james ruse drive and we were able to go back to that exit
http://wn.com/Traffic_Chaos_M4_Motorway_13112012MPG
what started off was heavy looking traffic seeing lots of people get into the left lane (which ends) so they can get up quicker i thought i would stay in the right however we all ended up at a stand still and stuck there for almost an hour due to an accident between 2 semis a car and a rigid. the accident was at a bad time and it was quite bad and jammed most of the road around it eventually the traffic was diverted to james ruse drive and we were able to go back to that exit
- published: 13 Nov 2012
- views: 181
- author: evl78uc
from liberty grove to M4 motorway Sydney motorway .mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
driving from Home bush bay road, near liberty grove sub urb, going towards auburn via M4. busy road its about mid day time
http://wn.com/from_liberty_grove_to_M4_motorway_Sydney_motorway_mp4
driving from Home bush bay road, near liberty grove sub urb, going towards auburn via M4. busy road its about mid day time
- published: 02 Aug 2012
- views: 115
- author: Siraj Mohammed
Massive Accident On The Sydney M4 Motorway !!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
I GOT IT FOR YOU !! A huge huge accident involving a car and 3 trucks. I was in the left lane all the way until traffic started to build up. I did NOT witness the crash when it happened though. The right side on the freeway was blocked. What happened was that the car was clipped from behind from a semi-trailer then behind there was another accident between 2 trucks. The six wheeled truck slammed into the back of the semi trapping the driver. It took about 30 minutes to free him from the wrecked truck. He suffered severe internal injuries and a broken leg. He's recovering in Westmead hospital. Lucky he didn't get KILLED ! Thought I was witnessing a fatal crash for the first time ! The traffic jam was extremely long stretching 10kms. Everybody was waiting for about 2 hours for the lanes to be re-opened again ! That truck driver is EXTREMELY lucky to survive that kind of impact ! If he WAS driving a car he would've been history ! Always get something good in Merrylands ! © Bad Drivers NSW
http://wn.com/Massive_Accident_On_The_Sydney_M4_Motorway_!!!
I GOT IT FOR YOU !! A huge huge accident involving a car and 3 trucks. I was in the left lane all the way until traffic started to build up. I did NOT witness the crash when it happened though. The right side on the freeway was blocked. What happened was that the car was clipped from behind from a semi-trailer then behind there was another accident between 2 trucks. The six wheeled truck slammed into the back of the semi trapping the driver. It took about 30 minutes to free him from the wrecked truck. He suffered severe internal injuries and a broken leg. He's recovering in Westmead hospital. Lucky he didn't get KILLED ! Thought I was witnessing a fatal crash for the first time ! The traffic jam was extremely long stretching 10kms. Everybody was waiting for about 2 hours for the lanes to be re-opened again ! That truck driver is EXTREMELY lucky to survive that kind of impact ! If he WAS driving a car he would've been history ! Always get something good in Merrylands ! © Bad Drivers NSW
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 449
- author: BadDriversNSW
BRAND NEW 2013 Jaguar F-Type R Loud Exhaust Flyby Spied on British M4 Motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
f-type.jaguar.com
http://wn.com/BRAND_NEW_2013_Jaguar_F-Type_R_Loud_Exhaust_Flyby_Spied_on_British_M4_Motorway
Dashcam #8 M4 Motorway Sydney near car accident unsafe lane change, tailgating, stop sign violations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Dashcam_8_M4_Motorway_Sydney_near_car_accident_unsafe_lane_change,_tailgating,_stop_sign_violations
M4 motorway closed to all traffic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Due to an emergency road repair, the motorway was closed, leading to this eerie experience on a flyover.
http://wn.com/M4_motorway_closed_to_all_traffic
Due to an emergency road repair, the motorway was closed, leading to this eerie experience on a flyover.
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 334
- author: ianvisits
Car Accident on Sydney's M4 Motorway.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
I'm often impressed and surprised at the average persons stupidity.
http://wn.com/Car_Accident_on_Sydney's_M4_Motorway
I'm often impressed and surprised at the average persons stupidity.
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 55
- author: Shannman TheMighty
KEYZA | SYDNEY - 06 M4 Motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 29 Aug 2012
Song from the instrumental album SYDNEY. Download the album for free @ www.sydney.keyza.de Inspired By Max Richter
http://wn.com/KEYZA_|_SYDNEY_06_M4_Motorway
Song from the instrumental album SYDNEY. Download the album for free @ www.sydney.keyza.de Inspired By Max Richter
- published: 07 Jul 2012
- views: 89
- author: TruekingsEnt
Time Lapse Video of Driving west from Five Dock on M4 Motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Time_Lapse_Video_of_Driving_west_from_Five_Dock_on_M4_Motorway
EU Motorbike Protest Brynsadler M4 motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
EU Motorbike Protest Brynsadler Filmed by 22lunarbell, follow her at youtube.com/22lunarbell :)
http://wn.com/EU_Motorbike_Protest_Brynsadler_M4_motorway
EU Motorbike Protest Brynsadler Filmed by 22lunarbell, follow her at youtube.com/22lunarbell :)
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 68
- author: Otarly
Playing football on the M4 motorway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:10
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Playing football in the M4. Traffic at a stand-still following big accident which happened on 17 March 2012.
http://wn.com/Playing_football_on_the_M4_motorway
Playing football in the M4. Traffic at a stand-still following big accident which happened on 17 March 2012.
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 166
- author: Nicole Ferguson
13th August 2011 - Driving on the M4 & M25 motorways England, UK (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:42
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/13th_August_2011_Driving_on_the_M4_M25_motorways_England,_UK_2
Driving down the M4 Motorway Sydney
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Driving down the M4 Motorway Sydney
http://wn.com/Driving_down_the_M4_Motorway_Sydney
M4 Motorway Rear Ender
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
I'm driving along, the cars in front of me hit each other, I stopped in time but the car behind me didn't! The rear looked pretty dented! so did his car ;) Video is from a visiondrive in car camera available at www.visiondrive.net.au
http://wn.com/M4_Motorway_Rear_Ender
I'm driving along, the cars in front of me hit each other, I stopped in time but the car behind me didn't! The rear looked pretty dented! so did his car ;) Video is from a visiondrive in car camera available at www.visiondrive.net.au
- published: 12 Dec 2011
- views: 2854
- author: jaskel555
Car reverses down motorway (m4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
Car reversing down m4 motorway by port talbot, or foes he lol
http://wn.com/Car_reverses_down_motorway_m4
Car reversing down m4 motorway by port talbot, or foes he lol
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 35
- author: drumbag1
Sydney Motorway M4 drive
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Entry from M7, Exit to Paramatta road
http://wn.com/Sydney_Motorway_M4_drive
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra, File
26 Dec 2012
Cairo • The official approval of Egypt’s disputed, Islamist-backed constitution Tuesday held out little hope of stabilizing the country after two years of turmoil and Islamist President Mohammed Morsi may now face a more immediate crisis with the economy falling deeper into distress ... Join the Discussion. The battle over the constitution left Egypt deeply polarized at a time when the government is increasingly cash-strapped ... The U.S ... " ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
The Guardian
23 Dec 2012
Travellers at Paddington station, London, on Saturday, where signs warned of disruption due to flooding. Photograph. Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images. Hundreds of thousands of Christmas commuters will face further misery as their chances of getting home for the festive holiday are hampered by the effects of flooding ... He said ... The A27 near Chichester was flooded, as was the M4 motorway on the westbound slip road to Reading services. ....(size: 8.8Kb)
noodls
20 Dec 2012
(Source. Carmarthenshire County Council). A local development company has opened two new industrial units at Llanelli's business hub with support from the South West Wales Property Development Fund ... The PDF provided funding of £361,000 towards the costs of the development which has accommodated 26 jobs ... The site at Llys Aur has easy access from the M4 motorway and is an ideal base for businesses in the county." ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) has been given the job of identifying and assessing the design and environmental issues associated with retrofitting the M4 Motorway with the latest technology for tackling congestion ... "As well as being good for taxpayers, this technology will deliver faster, safer and less frustrating driving conditions for the 115,000 motorists and truck drivers who use the M4 every day."....(size: 3.0Kb)
BBC News
12 Dec 2012
All the important details have already been teased out of the first big release of census data. But what about the more obscure factlets contained in this massive wodge of information. Here are 10 places that stand out. Blackpool is the divorce capital. Blackpool may be a good place for a fresh start ... "These are not great times across the board" ... It's sandwiched between the M40 and M4 motorways, with the M25 close by....(size: 12.2Kb)
noodls
04 Dec 2012
Monday, 03 December 2012 10.27.07 PM ... The first incident occurred about 2.40pm (Monday 3 December, 2012) where a 17-year-old female was driving her Mitsubishi Lancer east on the M4 Motorway, Westmead, which is a 90kph zone. Police will allege the woman was detected travelling in excess of 140kph ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16826105) ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Newstrack India
26 Nov 2012
Tweet. London, Nov. 26 (ANI). A retired NATO scientist is all set to launch his toy boat on its first unmanned trip across the Atlantic ... The boat has already demonstrated its endurance, having completed more than 5,000 miles during seven months of continuous sailing, albeit on the gentler waters of Bray Lake, just off the M4 motorway near Windsor ... Lovelock is relaxed about some of the hazards and concerned about others ... (ANI) ... ) .. ). ... HOME ....(size: 3.1Kb)
BBC News
22 Nov 2012
A rescue is under way at a primary school in Gwynedd and the A55 is closed in north west Wales as gale force winds and rain batter the country. Winds of 86mph have been recorded at Capel Curig in Conwy and 90mph gales have hit the Gower peninsula, Swansea ... There are reports of flooding on major roads including on the A55 across north Wales, the M4 motorway in south Wales and the A40 Fishguard Road in Pembrokeshire ... Light. Heavy. Frost ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
noodls
21 Nov 2012
NSW Minister for Roads and Ports Duncan Gay MLC and Chair of the NSW Freight Advisory Council Ron Finemore AO have released the draft NSW Freight and Ports Strategy ... "Freight matters to every person in the state ... This project will link Sydney's west with the airport and Port Botany precinct, and will include the M4 motorway extension and duplication of the M5 East to King Georges Road ... Construction on the widening started this year....(size: 6.8Kb)
noodls
16 Nov 2012
... Morning travel times on the M2 also showed slight improvement on all sections. ... The following table summarises significant travel time variations from June 2012 to September 2012. Road AM/ PM Travel time M4 motorway (Clyde to Eastern Creek) AM 6 min decrease Newcastle Link Road AM 7 min decrease Oxford Street PM 7 min decrease Milperra AM 6 min decrease M2 motorway (Carlingford to Nth Ryde) PM 4 min increase ... "....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
15 Nov 2012
12 November 2012. Work has officially started today (12 November 2012) on the next phase of housing at Coed Darcy in Neath, South Wales, marking a significant step forward in the development of the £1.2 billion community. St ... Modwen is also nearing completion on a £3 million programme of advanced infrastructure works, creating a new gateway into the community and a new road linking the homes with the M4 motorway ... Modwen, commented....(size: 5.3Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
13 Nov 2012
... working to cut a trapped truck driver from a wreckage on the M4 Motorway at Merrylands....(size: 0.5Kb)
Canberra Times
08 Nov 2012
WORLD peace is something everyone aspires to and yet the world abounds with conflict. The same can be said about electricity prices, yet there has been a noticeable absence of reform ... However, without the political will of the states, nothing can change ... The final report says ... This would give it oodles of money to fund the North-West Rail Link, the M5 and M4 motorway completions, and the Pacific Highway duplication ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
Gulf News
05 Nov 2012
When they started out they were just a trio of teenage lads making music in the Welsh valleys. More than 20 years on and Stereophonics are still just a bunch of music-making Welsh lads. I mean that in the best possible way ... Related Links ... A luckless few years trekking up and down the M4 motorway back and forth to London until breakthrough in May 1996 when they were the first artists signed to record label V2, created by Richard Branson ... ....(size: 26.9Kb)
For other uses, see M4 motorway (disambiguation).
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|---|---|
 |
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| Route information | |
Part of  E30 |
|
| Length: | 191.9 mi (308.8 km) |
| Existed: | 1961 – present |
| History: | Constructed 1961–1996 |
| Major junctions | |
| From: | Chiswick 51°29′23″N 0°16′41″W / 51.4897°N 0.2781°W / 51.4897; -0.2781 (M4 motorway (eastern end)) |
  M25 motorway  .svg){kind=small} A308(M) motorway .svg){kind=small} A404(M) motorway  .svg){kind=small} A329(M) motorway   M32 motorway   M5 motorway   M48 motorway   M49 motorway  M48 motorway  .svg){kind=small} A48(M) motorway |
|
| To: | Pont Abraham services 51°44′42″N 4°03′54″W / 51.7451°N 4.0651°W / 51.7451; -4.0651 (M4 motorway (western end)) |
| Location | |
| Primary destinations: |
Hounslow, Hammersmith, Heathrow Airport, Ealing, Richmond, Uxbridge, Wembley, Harrow, Slough, Maidenhead, Reading, Newbury, Swindon, Marlborough, Chippenham, Bristol, Newport, Cwmbran, Cardiff, Bridgend, Port Talbot, Swansea, Neath, Llanelli, (Bracknell), (Basingstoke), (Oxford), (Cirencester), (Bath), (Chepstow), (Merthyr Tydfil), (Carmarthen), (Abergavenny), (Llandeilo), (Trowbridge) |
| Road network | |
The M4 motorway links London with South Wales. It is part of the unsigned European route E30. Other major places along the route include Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. Originally referred to as the London-South Wales Motorway, the English section was constructed between 1965 and 1971, the Welsh section was completed in 1993 and the Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996.
The M4 runs close to the A4 from London to Bristol. After crossing the River Severn it follows the A48 through South Wales, using the Brynglas Tunnels at Junction 25a, Newport and terminates just north of Pontarddulais. The route of the M4 is known as the M4 corridor.
Contents |
History[link]
A new road from London to South Wales was first proposed in the 1930s, and the Ministry of Transport announced plans for the M4 as one of the first major post-war trunk road improvement projects in 1956.[1]
The Chiswick Flyover opened in 1959.[2] However it was not originally classed as a motorway.[3] The Maidenhead bypass opened in 1961 whilst J1-J5 opened in 1965. From J18 to the west of Newport was opened in 1966 and included the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48). The Port Talbot by-pass, also built in the 1960s and now part of the M4, was originally the A48(M) motorway, a number now allocated to a short section of motorway near Cardiff. The Ministry of Transport originally intended that the M4 would terminate at Tredegar Park west of Newport, and it was only following the creation of the Welsh Office that the Government became committed to a high-standard dual carriageway to Pont Abraham in Carmarthenshire.[4]
The English section of the motorway was completed on 22 December 1971 when the 50-mile (80 km) stretch between junctions 9 and 15 (Maidenhead and Swindon) was opened to traffic.[5] The Welsh section was completed in 1993, when the Briton Ferry motorway bridge opened. The Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996, together with new link motorways on either side of the estuary to divert the M4 over the new crossing. The existing route over the Severn Bridge was redesignated the M48, and the new M49 was opened to connect the new crossing to the M5.[6]
In June 1999 the section of the third lane (the lane nearest the central reservation) between junctions 2 and 3 was converted to a bus lane and opened as a pilot scheme. The scheme was made permanent in 2001. A lower speed limit was introduced along the bus lane section at the same time.[7] The bus lane was scrapped at the end of 2010 and the third lane was returned to all-traffic use.[8]
In April 2005 speed checks carried out by police camera vans between junction 14 and junction 18 resulted in a public protest, involving a go-slow of several hundred vehicles along the affected sections of the motorway.[9]
Between 2007 and January 2010 the section from Castleton (Junction 29) to and Coryton (Junction 32) was widened to 6 lanes.[10] The scheme was officially opened in 25 January 2010 by the Deputy First Minister. Subsequent to opening there were occasional works with associated lane restrictions.[citation needed]
During 2009 the Newport section of the motorway between junctions 23a and 29 was upgraded with a new concrete central barrier. In February 2010 it was proposed that the M4 in South Wales would become the first hydrogen highway with hydrogen stations provided along the route with an aspiration for further stations to be provided along the M4 into South West England over time.[11] A similar claim was made for a 30-mile (48 km) section of road in Scotland close to Aberdeen in September 2009 with refueling points at Bridge of Don, Ellon and Peterhead.[12]
In October 2010 the new transport secretary, Philip Hammond announced that the bus lane would be suspended for 18 months from 24 December 2010 to be brought back for the 2012 Summer Olympics after which it was likely to be scrapped permanently.[13]
Between 2008 and 2010, Junction 11, near Reading, was extensively remodelled with a new four-lane motorway junction and the construction of two extra road bridges around the existing junction and other works.[14] The £65m scheme included work to the Mereoak roundabout and part of the A33 Swallowfield Bypass in Shinfield conversion, and also the conversion of the two existing bridges, one of which is available only for pedestrians and cyclists and the other for buses.[15] It also involved the movement of the local Highways Agency and Fire Service offices, a long footbridge network being constructed, a special bus-lane and a new gyratory. Sound barriers for nearby residential areas were also installed.[16] In April 2008, the decision to preserve a rare Vickers Machine-gun Pillbox and turn it into a bat roost was announced by the developers.[17]
Opening timeline
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mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:S width:25 shift:(15,0) from:1 till:5 text:1965 color:M4 from:5 till:7 text:1963 color:M4 from:7 till:9 text:1961 color:M4 from:9 till:18 text:1971 color:M4 from:18 till:21 text:1966 color:M4 from:21 till:23 text:1996 color:M4 from:23 till:28 text:1967 color:M4 from:28 till:29 text:1977 color:M4 from:29 till:32 text:1980 color:M4 from:32 till:35 text:1977 color:M4 from:35 till:37 text:1980 color:M4 from:37 till:39 text:1977 color:M4 from:39 till:41 text:1966 color:M4 from:41 till:44 text:1994 color:M4 from:44 till:46 text:1972 color:M4 from:46 till:49 text:1977 color:M4</timeline>
Features[link]
Toll bridge[link]
The M4 crosses the River Severn via a toll bridge, the second of only two on the UK motorway network – the first was the original Severn Bridge, now part of the M48. Tolls in Wales are charged in one direction only - westbound. Drivers therefore have to pay to enter Wales, but not to enter England.
Speed limits[link]
For the majority of its length, the speed limit is the national speed limit. Exceptions include the following:
- 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) on the elevated section within London in both directions.
- 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) between the Heathrow turnoff and the elevated section eastbound only
- 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) when approaching the toll plaza on the Severn Crossing to protect tolling staff moving between the tolling booths,[18]
- 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) on the Port Talbot elevated section between junction 40 and junction 41.
M4 bus lane[link]
Main article: M4 bus lane
There was a controversial 3.5-mile (5.6 km) bus lane on the eastbound (London-bound) carriageway from junction 3 (A312) to the start of the elevated 2-lane section near Brentford, covering part of the 15-mile (24 km) journey between Heathrow Airport and central London. The lane which had no intermediate exits was for use by buses, coaches, motorbikes, emergency vehicles and licensed taxis but not mini-cabs.[19] It was used by 7% of vehicles which carried 21% of the people.[7]
The lane was restored for normal motorway running at the end of 2010 for 18 months[8] using a Experimental Traffic Order[20] and will be re-established for the duration of the 2012 Summer Olympics with the intention that it will then be removed permanently.[8]
Porous road surface[link]
Near Junction 35, there is a stretch of the motorway that has a surfacing of porous asphalt that improves drainage and reduces noise. When driving in heavy rain drivers notice a reduction in road spray from other vehicles and improved visibility. This special surface was publicised in an episode of the BBC's Tomorrow's World programme. This was the site of the first trial of the new road surface when it was laid down in 1993.[21]
Elevated and heated section[link]
The elevated section in West London, built in the 1960s, is mostly directly above the A4 and extends over parts of Brentford's Golden Mile. This section was designed to have a heated road surface to reduce icing in winter, however, due to the high costs in preventing icing by this method the heating is no longer used.[citation needed]
Four level stack interchanges[link]
It has two of only three four-level stack interchanges in the UK, including the first UK example at the junction with the M5 (J20/"Almondsbury Interchange") and the other at the junction with the M25 (J4B). Junction 4B also has to make provision for a railway line passing beneath the M4. Due to the nature of such junctions, it is impossible to make a U-turn at J20 or J4B.
Tunnels[link]
The M4 passes through the Brynglas Tunnels at Junction 25a, Newport.
This is the only two–bored tunnel on the United Kingdom motorway network.
Notable junctions[link]
Junction '8/9' (the only one in the UK with dual-numbers) is the turn off for Maidenhead, Berkshire.
West of junction 13 on the eastbound carriageway there are a set of sliproads signposted "Works Unit Only". The signs have red borders, implying a military exit. It is a back entrance to RAF Welford, a Second World War airfield and now an RAF/USAF military installation mainly used for storing munitions. The M4 entrance allows easier access for the large vehicles used to carry the munitions.
Junction 27 (High Cross) is a normal grade-separated roundabout junction. However the on-bound slip roads point in the opposite direction to the intended direction of travel. Due to the topology of the landscape, both sets of slip roads are conjoined on either side of the roundabout. To travel westbound the driver must use an eastbound-facing slip road before looping around 180 degrees to join the westbound carriageway.
Junctions 30-31 (East Cardiff) were set aside for intermediate additional interchanges at the time on construction. Junction 30 (Cardiff Gate) has since been added but there are no current plans to construct Junction 31 (A469 road).
Junction 39 does actually exist, but can only be used to access the motorway from a single slip road onto the westbound carriageway from the A48 at junction 38. There is no exit from the motorway at this junction.
Junction 41 refers to two different junctions in two different directions, their movements not complementary. In the westbound direction, 41 is indicated as a spur leading to the roundabout in Briton Ferry formerly known as 41A, and the original bridge over the River Neath, which would allow access onto the stretch of the M4 from junction 43 westward. In the eastbound direction, 41 is indicated as an exit-only route to the A48 towards Port Talbot. As a result, it is possible in both directions to travel almost 2 miles (3.2 km) in the same direction having both joined and subsequently left the motorway at "Junction 41".
Junction 44 is unusual in that the eastbound entrance dives under the inside of the junction, effectively a creating a "right-turn" on a roundabout.
Current developments[link]
J19-J20 Managed Motorways[link]
Work is currently taking place to install[22]Hard Shoulder Running on the M4 between junctions 19 and 20, and is estimated for completion in 2014.[23]
Variable speed limit scheme between Junctions 24 and 28[link]
The variable speed limit scheme between junction 24 and junction 29 opened in June 2011.[24] This section of the motorway was originally built in 1967 and has many non-standard gradients and a number of tight bends. It is hoped the flow of traffic will be smoothed and motorway capacity increased for the 8 miles (13 km) between the two junctions. The scheme should also save money through fewer accidents in the long term. Widening this section of the motorway is not possible because of the two-lane Brynglas Tunnels and existing housing close to the motorway.[25]
Proposed developments[link]
M4 Junction 31[link]
Plans for the "missing" Junction 31, also known as the Thornhill interchange, which was originally granted planning permission in September 1991 (but subsequently expired) have been rekindled after proposals for a new business park on a 125 acres (51 ha) site north of the M4 were submitted to Cardiff Council.[26] The developers of the business park, St Modwen Developments, would likely fund the new junction, which would be on the A469.[27]
Other proposals[link]
Plans for an 'M4 Relief Road' around Newport were first announced by the Welsh Office in 1991, but made little progress. The Welsh Assembly Government revived the scheme as the 'New M4' tolled bypass in 2007[28] but later abandoned it for financial reasons. An extension to the Newport Southern Distributor Road through the old Corus steel works is being considered.[29] This road is already a dual carriageway but not open to the public. A public consultation exercise on options for improving the capacity of the M4 corridor around Newport opened on 5 March 2012. Its website states that:[30] "the motorway around Newport does not conform to today’s motorway standards. It lacks continuous hard shoulders, has closely spaced junctions with sub-standard slip road visibility and narrows to a restricted two lane section through the Brynglas Tunnels. Heavy congestion occurs along this stretch and either side of it at peak hours."
There have been calls to close the slip roads at Junction 40 and 41 (at Port Talbot) to improve traffic flow. The motorway is only two lanes in this stretch and is a major traffic congestion blackspot. Junctions 40 and 41 (at Port Talbot) have very short slip roads which are not up to modern standards.[31] The Port Talbot peripheral distributor road is under development, which should divert local traffic away from the M4. In future, it is hoped to extend the M4 to Carmarthen, but this depends on financing.[citation needed] A new Junction, 15A, is being considered by Wiltshire Council and this would give access to South and Central Swindon as well as to Wroughton, Marlborough and Devizes via the existing A4361, as well as a possible Junction 18A which would connect with the A432 and A4174 giving better access to Bristol, via Mangotsfield, and also a direct link with Yate.[citation needed]
Notable events[link]
- In June 1984 a crash near Maidenhead resulted in 13 deaths.[32]
- In March 1991 Ten people died in a series of crashes in 1991 involving 51 vehicles near Hungerford.[32]
- In May 1995 a coach carrying Royal British Legion members left the road close to the Severn Bridge resulting in 10 deaths.[32]
Junctions[link]
- Coordinate list
- ^ 51°29′22″N 0°16′40″W / 51.48944°N 0.27778°W / 51.48944; -0.27778 (Start of M4) Eastern end of M1
- ^ 51°29′41″N 0°29′44″W / 51.49472°N 0.49556°W / 51.49472; -0.49556 (Junction 5b of M4) Intersection of M25 and M4
- ^ 51°27′14″N 1°18′52″W / 51.45389°N 1.31444°W / 51.45389; -1.31444 (Junction 13 of M4) Intersection of M4 and A34(E05)
- ^ 51°33′01″N 2°33′11″W / 51.55028°N 2.55306°W / 51.55028; -2.55306 (J20 of M4) Almondburty Interchange - Intersection of M4 and M5
- ^ 51°34′21″N 2°41′31″W / 51.5725°N 2.69194°W / 51.5725; -2.69194 (M4 Severn Crossing) Second Severn Crossing
- ^ 51°44′42″N 4°03′54″W / 51.745°N 4.065°W / 51.745; -4.065 (End of M4) Western end of M1
See also[link]
Media related to M4 motorway at Wikimedia Commons
- New M4
- M4 Thames Bridge, Maidenhead
- A404(M) motorway
- M4 corridor
- List of motorways in the United Kingdom
- A48(M) motorway
- Transport in Wales
References[link]
- ^ "The M4 London to South Wales Motorway. Holyport to Tormarton". The Motorway Archive Trust. http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/page1.htm. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
- ^ [|Curtis, Nick] (1 October 2009) "The 'sweet little Chiswick Flyover' hits 50" (in English) This Is London http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23751213-the-sweet-little-chiswick-flyover-hits-50.do. Retrieved 3 March 2012 "The showbiz opening on 30 September 1959 was therefore a shrewd publicity stunt by Alderton's managing director, J E Dayton. It worked."
- ^ "THE OLDEST MOTORWAY" The Motorway Archive Trust http://www.ciht.org.uk/motorway/stats.htm. Retrieved 3 March 2012
- ^ "The M4 in Wales". The Motorway Archive Trust. http://www.motorwayarchive.ihtservices.co.uk/m4wales.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ "On the road". The Motor nbr 3625: Page 30. 23 December 1971.
- ^ "The Motorway Archive: M4 Second Severn Crossing". Iht.org. 28 April 1992. http://www.iht.org/motorway/m4sscscheme.htm. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Does this look like a U-turn?". BBC. 18 January 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1119193.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ a b c "Stretch of M4 bus lane opens to all motorists". BBC News. 16 November 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-11763882. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
- ^ "Drivers hold M4 speed camera demo". BBC News. 30 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/4498551.stm.
- ^ ": : M4 Motorway Widening : :". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080115074004/http://www.m4widening29to32.com/overview.htm. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
- ^ "M4 in Wales to be 'hydrogen highway,' ministers to say". BBC News. 12 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8511319.stm. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ Fraser, Douglas (8 September 2009). "'Hydrogen highway' plans backed". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8245093.stm. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ^ "Government to scrap M4 bus lane". BBC News. 1 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-11451350. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "The controversial M4 bus lane is due to be scrapped at the end of the year. Under the plans, all motorists will be able to use the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) lane which operates on the London-bound carriageway from near Heathrow"
- ^ "M4 Junction 11 Improvement Scheme". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/19089.aspx.
- ^ "M4 Junction 11 Improvements". Reading Borough Council. http://www.reading.gov.uk/ltp/General.asp?id=SX9452-A7832CD2.
- ^ "Reading is the fastest-growing economic centre in UK". Reading Chronicle. 10 July 2007. http://icberkshire.icnetwork.co.uk/chronicle/headlines/tm_headline=reading-is-the-fastest-growing-economic-centre-in-uk&method=full&objectid=19433560&siteid=50102-name_page.html.
- ^ "M4 VICKERS MACHINE GUN PILLBOX, PILLBOX STUDY GROUP". Pillbox-study-group.org.uk. 11 April 2008. http://www.pillbox-study-group.org.uk/m4vmgpillboxpage.htm. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ "Speed cameras slow bridge traffic". BBC News. 5 October 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/3714770.stm.
- ^ Edwards, Tom (11 September 2009). "M4 bus lane is 'barely enforced'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8249919.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Work starts to remove M4 Bus Lane". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/news/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=416512. "The suspension of the M4 Bus Lane is being carried out under an Experimental Order under the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984"
- ^ "2006 Fourth quarter foundation magazine - Operations and products". Hanson.biz. 31 May 2011. http://www.hanson.biz/files/pdf/magazine/2006/2006Q4_op.pdf. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ "Managed Motorways implementation guidance – Hard shoulder running". Standards for Highways. http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/ians/pdfs/ian111.pdf.
- ^ "M4 J19-20 and M5 J15-17 Managed Motorways". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/23382.aspx. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "M4 Junctions 24 to 28 - Average Speed Cameras". Traffic Wales. http://www.traffic-wales.com/13837. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ "M4 Variable Speed Limit". Welsh Assembly Government. http://www.traffic-wales.com/vsl.
- ^ "Council will look again at case for M-way link". icwales. 23 June 2007. http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/cardiff-news/2007/06/23/council-will-look-again-at-case-for-m-way-link-91466-19345314/.
- ^ "Business park plan ‘would hit green land’". icwales. 19 December 2007. http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/business-in-wales/business-news/2007/12/19/business-park-plan-would-hit-green-land-91466-20266885/.
- ^ "Plans for the M4 Toll (Newport)". BBC News. 20 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7003690.stm. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "The New M4 Project – Magor to Castleton". Welsh Assembly Government. 13 July 2009. http://wales.gov.uk/publications/accessinfo/drnewhomepage/transportdrs2/transportdrs2009/m4projmagor-castleton/?lang=en.
- ^ M4 corridor enhancement measures: Overview. Accessed 5 March 2012
- ^ "ARE M4 PLANS ON RIGHT TRACK?". South Wales Evening Post. 12 December 2007. http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/displayNode.jsp?nodeId=161818&command=displayContent&sourceNode=161644&contentPK=19049034&folderPk=88499&pNodeId=161375.
- ^ a b c "Death toll on British roads". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-187995/Death-toll-British-roads.html. "13 died in a crash on the M4 near Maidenhead, Berks, in June 1984."
- ^ Area 3 Driver Location Signs (map) - Highway Authority, 2009
- ^ Driver Location Signs, M5 J18-11, M4 J22-15 (map) Highway Authority 2009
- ^ "Traffic England Live Traffic Condition Map (selected Popups)". Highways Agency. http://www.trafficengland.com/map.aspx. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
- ^ "Resources". Traffig Cymru/Traffic Wales. http://www.traffic-wales.com/resources. Retrieved 2011-08-22. "Select Telephone & marker post locations."
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M4 motorway |
| Map of all coordinates from Google |
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| Export all coordinates as KML |
| Export all coordinates as GeoRSS |
| Map of all microformatted coordinates |
| Place data as RDF |
- CBRD Motorway Database - M4
- British Road Database: Motorways - M4 Junction 8/9
- The Motorway Archive
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Coordinates: 51°30′36″N 2°09′45″W / 51.5101°N 2.1624°W / 51.5101; -2.1624 (M4 motorway)
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Related pages:
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http://nl.wn.com/M4 (Groot-Brittannië)
http://de.wn.com/M4 motorway
http://pl.wn.com/Autostrada M4 (Wielka Brytania)
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Wiki Summary
The M4 motorway links London with South Wales. It is part of the unsigned European route E30. Other major places along the route include Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. Originally referred to as the London-South Wales Motorway, the English section was constructed between 1965 and 1971, the Welsh section was completed in 1993 and the Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996.
The M4 runs close to the A4 from London to Bristol. After crossing the River Severn it follows the A48 through South Wales, using the Brynglas Tunnels at Junction 25a, Newport and terminates just north of Pontarddulais. The route of the M4 is known as the M4 corridor.
A new road from London to South Wales was first proposed in the 1930s, and the Ministry of Transport announced plans for the M4 as one of the first major post-war trunk road improvement projects in 1956.
The Chiswick Flyover opened in 1959. However it was not originally classed as a motorway. The Maidenhead bypass opened in 1961 whilst J1-J5 opened in 1965. From J18 to the west of Newport was opened in 1966 and included the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48). The Port Talbot by-pass, also built in the 1960s and now part of the M4, was originally the A48(M) motorway, a number now allocated to a short section of motorway near Cardiff. The Ministry of Transport originally intended that the M4 would terminate at Tredegar Park west of Newport, and it was only following the creation of the Welsh Office that the Government became committed to a high-standard dual carriageway to Pont Abraham in Carmarthenshire.
