Name	Walter Reed
Birth date	September 13, 1851
Birth place	Belroi, Virginia, U.S.
Alma mater	University of VirginiaNew York UniversityJohns Hopkins University
Death date	November 22, 1902
Death place	Washington, DC
Occupation	Military physician
Spouse
Parents	Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White
Children	Walter Lawrence Reed was born at Ft. Apache on December 4th, 1877 and daughter Emilie Reed, called Blossom, was born at Ft. Omaha on July 12th, 1883), one adopted Native American daughter (name unknown) }}

Major Walter Reed, M.D., (September 13, 1851 – November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who in 1900 led the team that postulated and confirmed the theory that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species, rather than by direct contact. This insight gave impetus to the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion of work on the Panama Canal (1904–1914) by the United States. Reed followed work started by Carlos Finlay and directed by George Miller Sternberg ("first U.S. bacteriologist").

Biography

Walter Reed was born in Belroi, Virginia, to Lemuel Sutton Reed (a Methodist minister) and Pharaba White. classes at the University of Virginia, Reed completed the M.D. degree in 1869, two months before he turned 18 (he was the youngest then, and is still today the youngest student of the University of Virginia to receive an MD degree). He then enrolled at the New York University's Bellevue Hospital Medical College in Manhattan, New York, where he obtained a second M.D. in 1870. After interning at several New York City hospitals, he worked for the New York Board of Health until 1875. He married Emilie (born Emily) Lawrence on April 26, 1876 and took her West with him. Later, Emilie would give birth to a son and a daughter and the couple would adopt a Native American girl while posted in frontier camps.

With his youth apparently limiting his influence, Reed joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps, both for its professional opportunities and the modest financial security it could provide. He spent much of his Army career until 1893 at difficult postings in the American West, at one point, looking after several hundred Apache Native Americans, including Geronimo. During one of his last tours, he completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.

Reed joined the faculty of the George Washington University School of Medicine and the newly-opened Army Medical School in Washington, D.C. in 1893, where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy. In addition to his teaching responsibilities, he actively pursued medical research projects and served as the curator of the Army Medical Museum, which later became the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM).

Reed first traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study disease in U.S. Army encampments there. Yellow fever became a problem for the Army during the Spanish-American War, felling thousands of soldiers in Cuba.

In May 1900, Reed, a major, returned to Cuba when he was appointed head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever. Sternberg was one of the founders of bacteriology during this time of great advances in medicine due to widespread acceptance of Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, as well as the methods of studying bacteria developed by Robert Koch.

During Reed's tenure with the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba, the board both confirmed the transmission by mosquitoes and disproved the common belief that yellow fever could be transmitted by clothing and bedding soiled by the body fluids and excrement of yellow fever sufferers – articles known as fomites.

The board conducted many of its dramatic series of experiments at Camp Lazear, named in November 1900 for Reed's assistant and friend Jesse William Lazear, who had died two months earlier of yellow fever while a member of the Commission.

The risky but fruitful research work was done with human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel such as Lazear and Clara Maass who allowed themselves to be deliberately infected. The research work with the disease under Reed's leadership was largely responsible for stemming the mortality rates from yellow fever during the building of the Panama Canal, something that had confounded the French attempts to build in that region only 30 years earlier.

Although Dr. Reed received much of the credit in history books for "beating" yellow fever, Reed himself credited Dr. Carlos Finlay with the discovery of the yellow fever vector, and thus how it might be controlled. Dr. Reed often cited Finlay's papers in his own articles and gave him credit for the discovery, even in his personal correspondence

Following Reed's return from Cuba in 1901, he continued to speak and publish on yellow fever. He received honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.

In November 1902, Reed's appendix ruptured; he died on November 22 , 1902, of the resulting peritonitis, at age 51. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Legacy

Reed's breakthrough in yellow fever research is widely considered a milestone in biomedicine, opening new vistas of research and humanitarianism.

Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH), Washington, D.C. was opened on May 1, 1909, seven years after his death.

Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) opened in 1977 as the successor to WRGH; it is the worldwide tertiary care medical center for the U.S. Army and is utilized by congressmen and presidents.

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), near Washington, DC, is the largest biomedical research facility administered by the DoD.

Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, a new hospital complex to be constructed on the grounds of the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland by 2011.

Riverside Walter Reed Hospital in Gloucester, Virginia (near Reed's birthplace) opened on September 13, 1977.

Walter Reed Medal (1912 to present) was awarded posthumously to Reed for his yellow fever work.

Walter Reed Middle School, North Hollywood, California is named in Reed's honor.

Reed was portrayed dramatically by actor Lewis Stone in a 1938 Hollywood movie, ''Yellow Jack'' (from a 1934 play). The same storyline was again presented in television episodes (both titled "Yellow Jack") of ''Celanese Theatre'' (1952) and of ''Producers' Showcase'' (1955), in the latter of which Reed was portrayed by actor Broderick Crawford.

PBS's ''American Experience'' series broadcast a 2006 episode, ''The Great Fever'', on the Reed yellow fever campaign.

Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library

Walter Reed Army Medical Center Firefighters Washington D.C. IAFF F151

The Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course

See also

Human experimentation in the United States

References

Citations

Other sources

Bean, William B., ''Walter Reed: A Biography'', Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1982.

Bean, William B., "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever," ''JAMA'' 250.5 (August 5, 1983): 659–62.

Pierce J.R., J, Writer. 2005. ''Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered its Deadly Secrets''. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-47261-1

External links

Video: Reed Medical Pioneers Biography on Health.mil – The Military Health System provides a look at the life and work of Walter Reed.

WRAMC Website Reed History

WRAIR Website Reed History

University of Virginia, Philip S. Hench – Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: Walter Reed Biography

Category:1851 births Category:1902 deaths Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:American entomologists Category:American Methodists Category:Military physicians Category:George Washington University Category:University of Virginia alumni Category:New York University alumni Category:Deaths from peritonitis Category:Human experimentation in the United States Category:United States Army Medical Corps officers Category:People from Gloucester County, Virginia

de:Walter Reed es:Walter Reed fr:Walter Reed hi:वाल्टर रीड it:Walter Reed no:Walter Reed pt:Walter Reed sv:Walter Reed tr:Walter Reed uk:Вальтер Рід

birth date	August 18, 1969
birth name	Christian Michael Leonard Slater
birth place	New York City, New York, U.S.
occupation	Actor
years active	1981–present
spouse	Ryan Haddon (2000–2007; divorced; 2 children) }}

Christian Michael Leonard Slater (born August 18, 1969) is an American actor. He made his film debut with a small role in ''The Postman Always Rings Twice'' before playing a leading role in the 1985 film ''The Legend of Billie Jean''. He then played a monk's apprentice alongside Sean Connery in ''The Name of the Rose'' before gaining recognition for his breakthrough role in the cult film ''Heathers''.

In the 1990s Slater featured in many big budget films including ''Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves'', ''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles'', ''Broken Arrow'' and ''Hard Rain''. He was also featured in the cult film ''True Romance''. Since 2000 Slater has combined work in the film business with television, including appearances in ''The West Wing'' and ''Alias'' and starring in ''Breaking In''.

Slater was married to Ryan Haddon between 2000 and 2005; they had two children together. Slater has had widely publicized brushes with the law, including being sentenced to three months in jail for assault in 1997.

Early life

Slater was born in New York City. He is the son of Mary Jo Slater (née Lawton), an acting agent turned casting executive and producer, and Michael Hawkins (né Thomas Knight Slater), an actor who is also known as Michael Gainsborough. Slater has a maternal half-brother, Ryan Slater, who is also an actor. Slater attended the Dalton School, the Professional Children's School and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts.

Career

Early career

Following a run on the ABC soap opera ''Ryan's Hope'', Slater made his Broadway debut as the lisping Winthrop Paroo opposite Dick Van Dyke in the 1980 revival of ''The Music Man''. Additional Broadway credits include ''Copperfield'', ''Merlin'', ''Macbeth'', ''Side Man'', and ''The Glass Menagerie''. In addition he has performed in London's West End in ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' and ''Swimming With Sharks''.

Slater made his big screen debut in 1985's ''The Legend of Billie Jean'' playing Billie Jean’s brother Binx. His first significant role came in The Name of the Rose in 1986 alongside Sean Connery. Slater played Connery's apprentice monk while they investigated a series of murders at a Benedictine abbey. Slater followed this by playing Junior Tucker in Francis Ford Coppola's Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988), Gleaming the Cube (1989) and Beyond the Stars (1989).

Slater's career improved when he played the dark character J.D. in the 1989 film ''Heathers'' alongside Winona Ryder. ''Heathers'' was billed as the teen film of the late '80s, and Slater's performance drew comparison with a young Jack Nicholson. After ''Heathers'', Slater had offers to play more troubled youths, including as a rebellious teen in ''Pump Up the Volume'' (1990) and a wild gunman in ''Young Guns II'' (1990), in which Slater acted alongside Emilio Estevez and Kiefer Sutherland.

Box office success

In 1991 Slater was cast as Will Scarlett in the Hollywood big budget remake of ''Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves'' alongside Kevin Costner, Morgan Freeman and Alan Rickman. The film was a commercial success, taking US$390 million worldwide. With Slater being a big Star Trek fan, he accepted a minor role in ''Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country'', shortly after playing Charlie Luciano in the crime drama ''Mobsters''.

In 1993, Slater tried to expand his film genre, playing opposite Marisa Tomei in ''Untamed Heart'' and playing Clarence Worley in ''True Romance'', which was written by Quentin Tarantino. In review of ''True Romance'' Roger Ebert awarded the movie 3 stars out of 4 and commented, 'the energy and style of the movie are exhilarating. Christian Slater has the kind of cocky recklessness the movie needs.'

The part as the interviewer in ''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles'' (1994) came about after his friend River Phoenix, who originally had the role, died. Slater subsequently donated his earnings from the film to Phoenix's favorite charities. Slater played Riley Hale in the big budget John Woo film ''Broken Arrow'' (1996), which also starred John Travolta, before appearing in ''Hard Rain''.

Since 2000

Since 2000 Slater has mixed TV work with film, appearing in the successful ''The West Wing'' and ''Alias'' TV productions, but also being part of Hollywood films including ''Bobby'' and ''3000 Miles to Graceland''. He has also worked as a voice over artist in productions, including the character of 'Pips' in the successful Australian animated film ''FernGully: The Last Rainforest'', ''The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius'' and TV documentaries including ''Prehistoric Planet'' and ''Dinosaur Planet''. Slater also voiced the character John Watson a.k.a. "Wonko the Sane" in BBC Radio 4's production of ''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''.

Slater appeared in the television crime drama series, ''The Forgotten'' in 2009, and in 2011 starred in the series ''Breaking In''. The first episode achieved good reviews and attracted 9.9 million viewers in the U.S. On May 10, 2011, Fox cancelled ''Breaking In''. On August 24, 2011, The show was officially saved and renewed for a second season.

He starred in the action films ''Soldiers of Fortune'', with Sean Bean, and ''The River Sorrow'', with Ray Liotta. Both films co-star Ving Rhames.

Personal life

In 2000, Slater married Ryan Haddon, the daughter of '70s model Dayle Haddon. The couple have two children, Jaden Christopher (b. 1999) and Eliana Sophia (b. 2001). In 2003, Haddon was arrested for assaulting Slater at a Hard Rock Cafe while on a trip to Las Vegas. Haddon allegedly threw a glass bottle and gashed Slater’s neck open. Haddon was charged with domestic battery, booked at Las Vegas’ Clark County Detention Center, and freed after posting a bond. Afterwards, Slater had to get 20 stitches on his neck. They announced a separation over Christmas 2004 while Slater was performing in a stage version of the film ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' in London's West End. They officially separated in 2005 and divorced in 2007.

In 2007, Slater made news for stating that he is still in love with ''Heathers'' co-star Winona Ryder. He was once quoted as saying "Work is my hobby, staying sober is my job."

He has been erroneously thought to be related to Helen Slater. In addition to their shared surname, the myth is further fueled by their portrayal of siblings in ''The Legend of Billie Jean.''

Arrests and convictions

In 1989, Slater was arrested for drunk driving and assault. He was sentenced to 10 days in jail.

In 1994, he was arrested when he tried to board a commercial plane with a gun in his luggage. He was sentenced to community service.

In 1997, Slater was convicted of assaulting his then-girlfriend, Michelle Jonas, and a police officer while under the influence of drugs and alcohol. He spent over 100 days in a rehabilitation facility while out on bail and then was sentenced to a three-month term in jail followed by three months in a residential rehab center.

On May 24, 2005, Slater was arrested in Manhattan, New York, after he allegedly sexually harassed a woman on the street. A video of Slater being arrested was recorded and shown on television. Slater was charged with third degree sexual abuse and was held at the 19th precinct in Manhattan. However, Slater denied the charge.

Charity work

Slater has been a supporter of several charities, including 21st Century Leaders, Global Green and Whatever It Takes, Slater appeared in an educational video on behalf of Nelson Mandela’s 46664 charity for AIDS awareness. He has also worked to promote humanitarian work in South Africa. In 1994, Slater donated his paycheck from the film ''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles'' to River Phoenix’s favorite charities. Slater had taken a role in the film planned to be filled by Phoenix after the latter died in 1993. In early May 2009, Slater visited wounded and recovering soldiers of Walter Reed Army Medical Center for the USO. On December 10, 2009, Christian Slater visited Hattiesburg, MS where he contributed work for the television show ''Extreme Makeover: Home Edition''. The episode aired on March 21, 2010.

Awards

Slater won the MTV Movie Award in 1993 for most desirable male in the film ''Untamed Heart''. In 2001, he won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for ''The Contender''.

Filmography

+ List of film credits
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1981	''''
1985	''''	Binx
1986		Mark Collins
1986	''''	Adso of Melk
1988	''Tucker: The Man and His Dream''	Preston Tucker, Jr.
1989	''Beyond the Stars''	Eric Michaels
1989	''''	Nick Woods
1989	''Heathers''	J.D.
1989	''Gleaming the Cube''	Brian Kelly
1990	''Tales From The Darkside: The Movie''	Andy	Segment: ''Lot 249''
1990		Mark Hunter
1990	''Young Guns II''	Dave Rudabaugh
1991	''Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves''	Will Scarlett
1991	''Mobsters''
1991	''Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country''	Excelsior Communications Officer
1992	''Kuffs''	George Kuffs
1992	''FernGully: The Last Rainforest''	Pips	Voice
1993	''Untamed Heart''	Adam
1993	''True Romance''	Clarence Worley
1994	''Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles''	Daniel Molloy
1994	''Jimmy Hollywood''	William
1995	''Murder in the First''	James Stamphill
1996		Lewis Farrell
1996		Captain Riley Hale
1997	''Austin Powers: International Man Of Mystery''	Easily Fooled Security Guard	Uncredited
1997	''Julian Po''	Julian Po
1997		John Mannion	Co-Producer
1998		Tom	Co-Producer
1998	''Very Bad Things''	Robert Boyd	Executive Producer
1999		Eddie	Uncredited
2000	''''	Reginald Webster
2001	''Who Is Cletis Tout?''	Trevor Allen Finch
2001	''3000 Miles to Graceland''	Hanson
2002	''Hard Cash''	Thomas Taylor
2002	''Windtalkers''	Sgt. Pete "Ox" Henderson
2002	''Prehistoric Planet''	Narrator	Voice
2003		Narrator	Voice
2003	''''	Jet Fusion	Voice
2003	''Masked and Anonymous''	Crew Guy #1
2004	''Churchill: The Hollywood Years''	Winston Churchill
2004	''''	Daniel Clemens
2004		Vincent Palmer
2005		Edward Carnby
2005	''Mindhunters''	J.D. Reston
2005	''''	Tom Hanson	Executive Producer
2006		Himself	Documentary
2006		Daryl Timmons
2006	''Hollow Man 2''	Michael Griffin/Hollow Man
2007	''He Was a Quiet Man''	Bob Maconel
2007		Ray / Matt Dodds / Patrolman #2
2007	''''	Moses	Voice
2008		Pollen
2008		Doctor Schadenfreude's Igor	Voice
2009		Jimmy Dolan
2009	''Lies & Illusions''	Wes Wilson
2011
2011		Craig Mackenzie
2011	''''	Agent Vuckovitch
2011	''Guns, Girls and Gambling''	John Smith
2011		Delgado
2012	''Bullet to the Head	Slade

+List of television credits	! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1984	''Tales From The Darkside''	Jody Tolliver	Episode: "A Case of the Stubborns"
1985	''Ryan's Hope''	D. J. LaSalle	6 episodes
1986	''''	Michael Winslow	Episode: "Joy Ride"
1988	''L.A. Law''	Andy Prescott	Episode: "Fetus Completus"
1991	''Saturday Night Live''	Himself/Host	1 Episode
1993	''1993 MTV Video Music Awards''	Himself/Host
2002		Neil Caplan	2 episodes
2002	''The West Wing''	Lt. Cmdr. Jack Reese	3 episodes
2003–2005	''''	Jet Fusion	Voice, 2 episodes
2005–2008	''Robot Chicken''	Various	Voice, 4 episodes
2006	''My Name is Earl''	Woody	1 episode
2008		Edward Albright / Henry Spivey	9 episodes
2009	''Un-broke: What You Need To Know About Money''		Television special
2009	''''	Alex Donovan	17 episodes
2009	''Curb Your Enthusiasm''	Himself	1 episode
2010	''The Office''	Himself	1 episode
2011		Oz	main cast
2011	''Entourage''	Himself	1 episode

References

External links

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from New York City Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Dalton School alumni Category:American soap opera actors

bg:Крисчън Слейтър ca:Christian Slater cy:Christian Slater da:Christian Slater de:Christian Slater es:Christian Slater fr:Christian Slater id:Christian Slater it:Christian Slater he:כריסטיאן סלייטר la:Christianus Slater lb:Christian Slater nl:Christian Slater ja:クリスチャン・スレーター no:Christian Slater nn:Christian Slater pl:Christian Slater pt:Christian Slater ru:Слэйтер, Кристиан sr:Кристијан Слејтер fi:Christian Slater sv:Christian Slater th:คริสเตียน สเลเทอร์ tr:Christian Slater uk:Крістіан Слейтер zh:克利斯汀·史萊特