The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce of Paris (now ESCP Europe) is the oldest business school in the world

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. They can also be known by such names as College of Business, College of Business Administration, School of Business, or School of Business Administration. A business school teaches topics such as accounting, administration, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource management, and quantitative methods.

Types[link]

They include schools of business, business administration, and management. There are four principal forms of business school.

1. Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
2. In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate school which offers a Master of Business Administration or equivalent degree.
3. Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degree in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning.
4. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.

Notable firsts[link]

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• 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in Lisbon was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844, when it merged with Instituto Industrial de Lisboa to become Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa. After the division of that organization, and several changes of names, it became the Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão of the Technical University of Lisbon.^[1]
• 1819 – The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce of Paris (now ESCP Europe) was founded. It is the oldest business school in the world.^[2]
• 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is the United Stated first Business School, and the world's first collegiate business school.^[3]
• 1898 – Handelshochschule Leipzig (aka Leipzig Graduate School of Management), the first business school in Germany, was founded.^{[citation needed]}
• 1898 – The University of St. Gallen established, the first university in Switzerland teaching business and economics.^{[citation needed]}
• 1898 – The University of Chicago Booth School of Business (then the Graduate School of Business or Chicago GSB) was the first business school to offer a PhD program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George Stigler won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty.^{[citation needed]}
• 1898 – The College of Commerce at the University of California, Berkeley, later renamed the Haas School of Business, was founded as the first business school at a public university.^{[citation needed]}
• 1889 – The predecessor of Manchester Metropolitan University Business School was founded as the first school teaching commerce in the United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]}
• 1900 – The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College was founded as the first graduate school of business in the US, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science".^{[citation needed]}
• 1902 – The Birmingham Business School was set up as the then University of Birmingham's School of Commerce, the first Business School in the UK.^{[citation needed]}
• 1906 – The Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) was established as the first school of commerce in Poland.^{[citation needed]}
• 1907 – The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, now HEC Montreal, was founded as the first business school in Canada.^{[citation needed]}
• 1909 – Stockholm School of Economics or Handelshögskolan i Stockholm was founded as the first institution dedicated to business and economics in Sweden.^{[citation needed]}
• 1910 – Harvard Business School was the first business school to offer a degree called the "MBA".^{[citation needed]}
• 1911 – Helsinki School of Economics or Helsingin kauppakorkeakoulu was founded as the first Finnish-language institution dedicated to business and economics in Finland.^{[citation needed]}
• 1914 - Tulane University established the Freeman School of Business, the first school of business in the American South.^{[citation needed]}
• 1918 – University of Edinburgh set up the first faculty for the study of business and commerce in Scotland.^{[citation needed]}
• 1921 – Nanjing University (then named National Southeastern University and later renamed National Central University and Nanjing University) moved the Faculty of Business originated in 1917 from Nanjing to Shanghai to establish the university business school, which was the first professional Chinese university business school. Later the school became Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, and Nanjing University Business School was refounded, as well as the School of Management at NCU in Taiwan.^{[citation needed]}
• 1931 – MIT Sloan School of Management The world’s first university-based executive education program — the MIT Sloan Fellows — was created in under the sponsorship of Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., an 1895 MIT graduate who was then chairman of General Motors.^{[citation needed]}
• 1936 – The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) was established as Norway's first business school.^{[citation needed]}
• 1941 – ESAN – Escuela Superior de Administracion de Negocios, the first business school in Latin America and Peru, was founded by Stanford.^{[citation needed]}
• 1946 – The Thunderbird School of Global Management, then called the American Institute for Foreign Trade, was the first graduate management school focused exclusively on global business.^[4][5]
• 1948 – The University of Western Ontario was the first university outside the United States to offer an MBA.^{[citation needed]}
• 1949 – The University of Pretoria in South Africa founded the oldest business school in Africa and was the first university to offer an MBA outside of North America.^[6] In January 2008 the Graduate School of Management was formally replaced by the Gordon Institute of Business Science.^[7]
• 1949 – The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business was founded as the first business school within a liberal arts university.^{[citation needed]}
• 1953 – The first Latin American school of business, Adolfo Ibáñez (see Adolfo Ibáñez University), is created in Valparaíso, Chile.^{[citation needed]}
• 1955 – IBA was established by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The Wharton School provided professors and assistance, to what would become the finest and most prestigious business school in Pakistan.^{[citation needed]}
• 1957 – INSEAD, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program.^{[citation needed]}
• 1958 – Fundação Getúlio Vargas was the first business school founded in Latin America to offer an MBA-type qualification.^{[citation needed]}
• 1964 – IESE launched the first two-year MBA program in Europe under the guidance of the Harvard Business School.^{[citation needed]}
• 1964 – National Chengchi University offered the first Chinese MBA program.^{[citation needed]}
• 1964 – INCAE Business School or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School.^{[citation needed]}
• 1966 – The National Institute of Development Administration or NIDA was the first graduate school that offer an MBA program in Thailand.^{[citation needed]}
• 1973 – The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries.^{[citation needed]}
• 1991 – The IEDC-Bled School of Management was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Eastern Europe.^{[citation needed]}
• 1992 – The Thunderbird School of Global Management was the first business school to have campuses on three continents.^{[citation needed]}
• 1994 – CEIBS (China Europe International Business School) was the first business school in China to have received funding from a foreign government, namely the European Commission.^[8]
• 1999 – Kyiv Mohyla Business School was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Ukraine.^{[citation needed]}
• 2001 – IESE launched the world's first intercontinental, modular Global Executive MBA program.^{[citation needed]}
• 2001 – The Asian Institute of Management was the first graduate school of management in the world to receive ISO 14001 Certification.^{[citation needed]}
• 2010 – Skema Business School, opting for a multi campus strategy all around the world, in Brazil, France, China, Russia, Australia, Morocco and the USA, is the first French Business School to open a campus in the United States in Raleigh, North Carolina among the Research Triangle Park.^[9][10]

Degrees[link]

Common degrees are as follows.

• Associate's degree: AA, AAB, ABA, AS
• Bachelor's Degrees: BA, BS, BBA, BBus, BComm, BSBA, BAcc, BABA, BBS, BMOS and BBusSc
• Master's Degrees: MBA, MBM, MM, MAcc, MMR, MSMR, MPA, MISM, MSM, MHA, MSF, MSc, MST, MMS, EMBA and MComm. At Oxford and Cambridge business schools an MPhil, or Master of Philosophy, is awarded in place of an MA or MSc.
• Post Graduate: Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM), Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management
• Doctoral Degrees: Ph.D., DBA, DHA, DM, Doctor of Commerce (DCOM), FPM, PhD in Management or Business Doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy), Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)

Use of case studies[link]

Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Business schools often obtain case studies published by the Harvard Business School, INSEAD, the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, the Richard Ivey School of Business at The University of Western Ontario, the Darden School at the University of Virginia, IESE, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as European Case Clearing House). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric Co.^[11] and Google, Inc.^[12]

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

1. Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
2. Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations.^[13] This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.

History of business cases[link]

When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method are still present in business school curriculum today.

Other approaches[link]

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.

There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.

Lecture as a method of teaching in business schools has been criticized by experts for reducing the incentive and individualism in the learning experience.^[14]

Global Master of Business Administration ranking[link]

Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week,^[15] The Economist,^[16] U.S. News & World Report,^[17][18] Fortune, Financial Times,^[19] and The Wall Street Journal^[20] publish rankings of selected MBA programs that, while controversial in their methodology, nevertheless can directly influence the prestige of schools that achieve high scores. Academic research is also considered to be an important feature and popular way to gauge the prestige of business schools.^[21][22][23]

[edit] Lists

• List of Ivy League business schools
• List of Big Ten business schools
• Business schools listed by country
• List of business schools in Africa
• List of business schools in Australia
• List of business schools in Asia
• List of business schools in Canada
• List of business schools in Europe
• List of business schools in South Africa
• List of business schools in the United States
• List of business schools in New Zealand
• List of United States graduate business school rankings
• List of business schools in Chile

See also[link]

• Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs
• Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
• Association of MBAs
• Bachelor of Commerce
• Bachelor of Business Administration
• Bachelor of Business Studies
• Bachelor of Business
• Business game
• Case competition
• Case method
• Central and East European Management Development Association
• Decision Sciences Institute
• European Foundation for Management Development
• Executive Education
• International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education
• Master of Business Administration
• Master of Management

References[link]

External links[link]

• Association of Business Schools Represents 110 UK business schools
• South African Business Schools Association Association of Business Schools in South Africa who offer accredited MBA programmes

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007)

The Crisis

First Issue of The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, November 1910. New York: NAACP, 1910
Editor	W.E.B. Du Bois
Staff writers	Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean
Monthly[1]
Publisher	NAACP
First issue	November 1910 (1910-November)
Company	The Crisis Publishing Company
Country	United States
Based in	New York, NY
Language	English
Website	www.thecrisismagazine.com
ISSN	1559-1573

The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was founded in 1910 by W. E. B. Du Bois (editor), Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean.^[2]

The original title of the journal was The Crisis: A Record of The Darker Races. From 1997 to 2003, it appeared as The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas, but the title has since reverted to The Crisis. The title derives from the poem "The Present Crisis" by James Russell Lowell.^[1] Published monthly, by 1920 its circulation had reached 100,000 copies. Du Bois proclaimed his intentions in his first editorial:

The object of this publication is to set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people. It takes its name from the fact that the editors believe that this is a critical time in the history of the advancement of men. …Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals.^[3]

Predominantly a current-affairs journal, The Crisis also included poems, reviews, and essays on culture and history. Du Bois' initial position as editor was in line with the NAACP's liberal programme of social reform and racial equality, but by the 1930s Du Bois was advocating a form of black separatism. This led to disputes between Du Bois and the NAACP resulting in his resignation as editor in 1934. He was replaced by Roy Wilkins.

Although The Crisis was officially an organ of the NAACP, Du Bois had a large degree of control over the periodicals expressed opinion. Du Bois wrote in Dusk of Dawn that he intended for The Crisis to represent his personal opinions:

I determine to make the opinion of the Crisis a personal opinion; because, as I argued, no organization can express definite and clear cut opinions… the Crisis would state openly the opinion of its editor, so long, of course, as that opinion was in general agreement with that of the organization.

Du Bois contends that the periodical suffered during the Great Depression as the "circulation dropped steadily until by 1933 it was scarcely more than ten thousand paid subscriptions." Du Bois left the magazine for both financial and ideological reasons.

Throughout the Du Bois years The Crisis published the work of many young African American writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Its greatest era as a literary journal was between 1919 and 1926, when Jessie Redmon Fauset was literary editor. Fauset encouraged such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen and Jean Toomer.

Following the departure of Fauset and Du Bois, the influence of The Crisis declined. The magazine was unable to sustain the high literary standards it had achieved under Fauset, but it continued to have a powerful political voice.

References[link]

A 1911 copy of The Crisis depicting "Ra-Maat-Neb, one of the black kings of the Upper Nile", a copy of the relief of Nebmaatre I on Meroe pyramid 17.

Du Bois, WEB (1940), Dusk of Dawn, Library of America, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/97809400450332|97809400450332]] .

Partington, Paul, The Moon Illustrated Weekly: Black America's First Weekly Magazine, ISBN 978-0-9602538-2-1 .

External links[link]

• The Crisis, http://www.thecrisismagazine.com/ .
• History, NAACP, http://www.naacp.org/about/history/ .
• The Crisis, Footnote, January 1918, http://www.footnote.com/browsemore/179488128_Boom%20and%20Bust:%201920-1935/ .
• The Crisis, Books, Google, http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&q=The+Crisis+Magazine&btnG=Search+Books#q=The+Crisis+Magazine&hl=en&tbo=1&tbs=bks:1,bkt:m&source=lnt&sa=X&ei=TrrMTILMLJG4sQPMn9CPDg&ved=0CBMQpwU&fp=fd2e97bdff999388 .
• The Crisis, 1, 10–23, The Modernist Journals Project, Nov. 1910 – Apr. 1911, May 1915 – Apr. 1922, http://www.modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=crisiscollection .