Chantry is the English term for a fund established to pay for a priest to celebrate sung Masses for a specified purpose, generally for the soul of the deceased donor. Chantries were endowed with lands given by donors, the income from which maintained the chantry priest. A chantry chapel is a building on private land or a dedicated area within a greater church, set aside or built especially for and dedicated to the performance of the chantry duties by the priest. A chantry may have only an altar, rather than a chapel, within a larger church, generally dedicated to the donor's favourite saint. Many altars became richly endowed, often with gold furnishings and valuable vestments.

Mass for the dead[link]

The practice of saying Christian masses to benefit the soul of a deceased person is attested as early as the 8th century. The most common form was the anniversarium or missa annualis, a mass said annually on the date of the person's death. People believed that more numerous masses increased their efficacy. At the Council of Attigny (765), about 40 abbots and bishops agreed to say masses and recite the psalter for the souls of deceased members of their 'confraternity'. Ninth-century France and England had records of numerous confraternity agreements between monasteries or greater churches, by which each would offer prayers for the dead members of the other's communities. Before the year 1000 in Italy, France and England, great churches extended the benefits of such associations to lay folk. Kings and great magnates asked that prayers for their souls be said in the monasteries they founded on their estates.

Etymology[link]

The word derives, via Old French chanter, from the Latin cantare (to sing)^[1] and its mediaeval derivative, cantaria (meaning "licence to sing mass"). The French term for this commemorative institution is chapellenie (chaplaincy).^[2]

Origin of chantries[link]

Current theories (Colvin) locate the origins of the chantry in the rapid expansion of regular monasteries in the 11th century. The abbey of Cluny and its hundreds of daughter houses were central to this. The Cluniac order emphasised an elaborate liturgy as the centre of its common life. It developed an unrivalled liturgy for the dead and offered its benefits to its patrons. By the 1150s, the order had so many demands for multiple masses for the dead that Peter the Venerable placed a moratorium on further endowments. Other monastic orders also benefitted from this movement, but similarly became burdened by commemoration. The history of the Cistercian house of Bordesley (Worcestershire), a royal abbey, demonstrates this. In the mid-12th century, it offered the services of two priest monks, presumably to say mass, for the soul of Robert de Stafford. Between 1162 and 1173, it offered the services of an additional six monks for the souls of Earl Hugh of Chester and his family. This sort of dedication of prayers towards particular individuals was a step towards the institutional chantry.

Another theory (Crouch) points to the parallel development of communities or colleges of secular priests or canons as an influence on the evolution of the chantry. Such communities were not monastic foundations, although members shared a common life. Like the monasteries, they offered dedicated prayers for the dead. An example is the collegiate church of Marwell (Hampshire), founded by Bishop Henry of Winchester in the early 1160s. The priests of the college were to pray for the souls of the bishops of Winchester and kings of England. Gradually perpetual masses for the dead were delegated to one altar and one secular priest within a greater church.

Henry II of England and the chantry[link]

The family of King Henry II of England contributed greatly to religious patronage. Henry founded at least one daily mass for his soul in the endowment of the estate of Lingoed (Gwent) of Dore Abbey (Herefordshire); he endowed the services in perpetuity of four monk-priests. In 1183 the king lost his eldest son, Henry the Young King of England. In 1185 his third son, Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, died in a tournament near Paris. Henry II commemorated his sons by founding what resembled the classic institutional chantry. He endowed altars and priests at Rouen Cathedral in perpetuity for the soul of the Young Henry. Philip II of France endowed priests at the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris for the soul of Duke Geoffrey. John count of Mortain, the youngest son of Henry II, also created chantry-like foundations. In 1192 he granted the collegiate church of Bakewell (Derbyshire) to create a prebend at Lichfield Cathedral. The holder was to celebrate mass perpetually for John's soul. The concept of the institutional chantry thus developed in the 1180s within English and French royal circles, who were wealthy enough to endow them.

Beyond them, the first perpetual mass was endowed by the London sheriff and patrician, Richard fitz Reiner, at the chapel of his manor of Broad Colney (Hertfordshire). He established it by the terms of his last testament in 1191, and the chantry was completed in 1212. In close association with the Angevin court, Richard may have adopted its religious practice.

Chantry provision in later Medieval England[link]

Analysis of later medieval wills has shown that the chantry appeared in many forms. A perpetual chantry might consist of one or several priests, in an independent free-standing chapel (such as the surviving one at Noseley, Leicestershire) or in an aisle of a greater church. If chantries were in religious communities, they were sometimes headed by a warden or archpriest. Such chantries generally had constitutions directing the terms by which priests might be appointed and how they were to be supervised. The perpetual chantry was the most prestigious and expensive option for the wealthy burgess or aristocrat. A lesser option was the endowment of a fixed-term chantry, to fund masses by one or two priests at a side altar. Historians have found terms ranging from one to ten years to be more common than the perpetual sort.

Abolition of Chantries Acts, 1545 and 1547[link]

William Wyggeston's chantry house, built circa 1511, in Leicester: the building housed two priests, who served at a chantry chapel in the nearby St Mary de Castro church. It was sold as a private dwelling after the dissolution of the chantries.

When Henry VIII initiated the Reformation in England, Parliament passed an Act in 1545 that defined chantries as representing misapplied funds and misappropriated lands. The Act stated that all chantries and their properties would belong to the King for as long as he should live. Along with the dispersal of the monasteries, the act was designed to help Henry relieve the monetary pressures of the war with France. Because Henry did not live long after the act's passage, few chantries were closed or given over to him. His successor, Edward VI, had a new Act issued in 1547, which completely suppressed 2,374 chantries and guild chapels; it also authorized inquiries to determine all of their possessions. Although the act called for the monies to go to "charitable" ends and the "public good," most of it appeared to have gone to Edward VI's advisors. The Crown sold many chantries to private citizens; for example, in 1548 Thomas Bell (Mayor of Gloucester) purchased at least five in his city. The Act provided that the Crown had to guarantee a pension to all chantry priests displaced under its implementation.

Historians believe that the most significant effect of the chantries, and the most significant loss resulting from their suppression, was educational. The priests associated with chantries had provided education to their communities. Since they were not ordinaries and did not offer public masses, they could serve their communities in other ways. When Edward VI closed the chantries, priests were displaced who had taught the poor and rural residents; afterward such citizens suffered greatly diminished access to education for their children. Some of the chantries were converted into the grammar schools now called "Edwardian".

Royal Peculiars were not covered by any of the above Acts of Parliament, so were not formally abolished. Most declined over time. The jurisdiction of almost all was abolished in the 19th century. Some royal peculiars survive, including Westminster Abbey and St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

References[link]

• D. Sicard, "La liturgie de la mort dans l'église latine des origines à la réforme carolingienne", in Liturgiewissenschaftliche Quellen und Forschungen, 63 (1978), 174-202
• C. Treffort, L'église carolingienne et la mort (Lyon, 1996)
• H.A. Colvin, "The Origins of the Chantry," Journal of Medieval History, 26 (2000), 163-73
• D. Crouch, "The Origins of the Chantry: Some Further Anglo-Norman Evidence," Journal of Medieval History, 27 (2001), 159-80
• K.L. Wood-Legh, Perpetual Chantries in Britain (Cambridge, 1965)
• C. Burgess, "By Quick and by Dead: Wills and Pious Provision in Late Medieval Bristol," English Historical Review 102 (1987), 837-58
• E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven, 1993)
• N. Chantry, The House of Odsal
• Roffey, S. The Medieval Chantry Chapel: an archaeological approach, (Woodbridge: Boydell 2007)

External links[link]

• "London and Middlesex Chantry Certificate", certificate of the royal commissioners, in preparation for the dissolution; London Record Society; here hosted by British History Online.

The Cab
The Cab performing at Utah's E Center on 10/16/08.
Background information
Origin	Las Vegas, Nevada
Genres	Pop rock, power pop, alternative rock, pop punk
Years active	2004–present
Labels	Z-entertainment
Associated acts	Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Hey Monday, The Academy Is
Website	www.thecabrock.com
Members
Alexander DeLeon Alex Marshall Joey Thunder
Past members
Frank Sidoris Bryan Dawson Charles Henry Cash Colligan Ian Crawford Paul Garcia Andy Pugh Alex Johnson

The Cab is an American Alternative band from Las Vegas, Nevada. Their debut album, Whisper War, was released on April 29, 2008. They have been called "The Band You Need to Know 2008" by Alternative Press magazine. They were also featured in the '100 Bands You Need To Know in 2010' by the magazine and were one of the three bands featured on the cover page, along with Never Shout Never and Hey Monday. Their second album Symphony Soldier was released on August 23, 2011,^[1] with its first single "Bad" released to iTunes July 11, 2011^[2] and announced by the band on July 18. The Cab funded the entire album by themselves and left their Fueled by Ramen/Decaydance label, self-releasing Symphony Soldier. AbsolutePunk gave an extremely positive review with a rating of 95%, calling the album a "masterpiece."^[3] The pre-orders featured eleven packages, ranging from $10 to $9,999 and are now available as packages on the band's webstore.^[4][5] Symphony Soldier is digitally available on iTunes,^[6] and only available as physical CDs from the band's webstore.

Biography[link]

Band members Alexander DeLeon and Cash Colligan first began playing music together at Liberty High School (Henderson, Nevada) and recorded demos as a duo which they put up on their MySpace page.^[7] At this time, future guitarist Ian Crawford went to school in Auburn, WA and started out playing his guitar in talent shows and getting them put on YouTube. DeLeon asked drummer Alex Johnson, who was playing in a local hardcore band, to join The Cab. In late 2005, it became a full band with guitarist Paul Garcia, guitar/pianist Alex Marshall, and drummer Alex Johnson, playing its first show at The Alley in Las Vegas. The band signed to local label Olympus Records in January 2006^[8] but released no material. After giving a demo to Spencer Smith and Jon Walker of Panic! at the Disco at a Cobra Starship/Boys Like Girls/Cartel show,^{[citation needed]} Smith helped them sign to Decaydance Records in May 2007.^[9] Shortly after this, the band's members graduated from high school.^[10] During this time they decided to replace Garcia with Ian Crawford, who moved from Washington to join the band.^[11] In August 2011, The Cab gained a new guitarist, Frank Sidoris, and drummer, Dave Briggs.

Blender named them #420 on their Top 100 Hot Report in September 2007, before they released any official material.^[12] The group has toured with Panic! at the Disco, We the Kings, Metro Station, Cobra Starship, There For Tomorrow, Charlotte Sometimes, Forever the Sickest Kids, Dashboard Confessional, Plain White Tees, The Hush Sound, and others. In February 2008, their touring van turned over in Wisconsin, but none of the members were seriously injured, and they only missed one tour date.^[13] In March 2008, the band played SXSW.^[14]

Their Matt Squire-produced first album, Whisper War, was released on April 29, 2008, featuring Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco and Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy on "One of Those Nights," co-written by Stump and the first single from the CD.^[15][16][17] The video for "One of Those Nights" features members of both Panic! at the Disco and Pete Wentz and Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy. By February 15, 2008, the featured song from the album, "I'll Run", received over 300,000 hits on the band's MySpace page.^[18] On October 30, their third single, "Bounce", was revealed in a new music video on the Fueled by Ramen page on YouTube. This song peaked at #69 on the defunct US Billboard Pop 100 chart.^[19]

On May 7, 2008, Whisper War debuted on the US Billboard 200 at #108,^[20] placing it at #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart for new and developing artists.^[21]

The Cab began the Dance Across the Country Tour with The Hush Sound, Steel Train and The Morning Light on July 7 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The "Why So Serious? Tour" began in September with support from This Providence, Hey Monday and A Rocket to the Moon. In October, they also joined Panic! at the Disco, Dashboard Confessional, and the Plain White T's on the Rock Band Live tour.

Their songs "Bounce" and "One of Those Nights" are featured as downloadable tracks in Rock Band 2, although "One of Those Nights" is an alternate version than that of the one on "Whisper War".

The Cab has appeared on Punk Goes Pop 2, covering Rihanna's "Disturbia". In February and March 2009 the band toured with We the Kings, There for Tomorrow and Versaemerge on the "Secret Valentine Tour". On May 1, 2009, the band performed an entire set dedicated to Queen.^[22]

After a short break, they toured with We the Kings, Forever the Sickest Kids, Nevershoutnever! and Mercy Mercedes on the "Bamboozle Road Show Tour". Shortly after, the band announced their first national headlining tour, called the "What Happens In Vegas..." tour, with the support of The Secret Handshake, A Rocket to the Moon, Eye Alaska, Anarbor, The Summer Set, and My Favorite Highway. The tour began on June 18 and ended on August 9.

On June 1, 2009 lead singer Alex DeLeon announced on his blog^[23] that guitarist Ian Crawford had decided to leave the band. Although DeLeon did say that Crawford had decided to leave due to creative differences, there seemed to be no animosity between him and the band. For their upcoming "What Happens in Vegas..." tour, The Cab announced that their friend Bryan Dawson would be replacing Ian Crawford, who is now the touring guitarist of Panic! at the Disco.

On August 19, 2009, bassist Cash Colligan announced that he would also be leaving the band.^[24] The news of Colligan's split first appeared on The Cab's official MySpace blog. Colligan's departure, like Crawford's, seemed to be amicable as the band wrote, "We wish him the best and I'm sure he'll be no stranger at a Cab show or anytime we're back in town." The same day Colligan posted his own explanation for leaving the band on his official MySpace blog. He wrote, "I'm proud as a founding member of this band to say the things I've done, the people I've met and the friends I've made. After five years it's time for me to take a mental nap. Being home I can collect my thoughts and move forward." Colligan went on to say that he would be settling down in Las Vegas and that now is just not the right time for him to be touring on the road.

In a blog Deleon posted after Cash decided to leave the band he said, "Thank you again to everyone for your unending support, you've made the tour and this summer one we'll never forget. We hope to see everybody again soon. We are happier than ever and have so many songs we are dying to show you guys! Get ready... the best is yet to come."

They announced they will be featured in the Alternative Press Tour 2010 and Warped Tour 2010. On January 16, 2010, Alex DeLeon announced via Twitter that "Bryan is going to be a father!". Bryan later confirmed, and confirmed his leave from the band, saying via his own Twitter that he "wanted to thank everyone for the support and love in this crazy time. Love you all now watch out the guys are gonna do great things, promise." A day later, Alex DeLeon announced that The Cab are looking for a new guitar player: "Anyone know any guitar players? serious submissions only. Here is your chance. We need someone who can really play. Big shoes to fill." They were recently featured on "The Real World".

The Cab was on the "Ap Tour" in March–May 2010. They played songs off Whisper War and are also performed a song, "Locked Up", from their new album.

On March 5, Alex DeLeon posted on his Twitter account "singing on the las vegas house of blues stage tonight. it's been too long. been craving the lights. can anyone guess with who?" Later that night he appeared on stage with former Cab bassist Cash Colligan's new band Play For Keeps. DeLeon sang guest vocals on the Play for Keeps song "Just Like the Movies" live, where normally Travis Clark from We the Kings sings on the recording.

On June 22, 2011, The Cab announced on their website that they were departing from their label Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance Records before finally releasing their new record, Symphony Soldier. The first single from the record is "Bad," which debuted on Sirius XM Radio.

Symphony Soldier was released on August 23, 2011.^[1] with its first single "Bad" released to iTunes early July and announced by the band on July 18. AbsolutePunk gave an extremely positive review, calling the album a "masterpiece."^[3] The Cab guitarist alumnus Ian Crawford played guitar for the album. It features several guest artists co-writing, including Pete Wentz, Bruno Mars and Adam Levine.

The band toured with Simple Plan, Forever The Sickest Kids, and Mariana's Trench in the fall of 2011.

The band co-headlined the "Everything's Fine Symphony Soldier" tour during January and February 2012 with best friends The Summer Set. Supporting acts were He Is We, Days Difference, and Paradise Fears.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Whisper War (2008)
• Symphony Soldier (2011)

Singles[link]

• "One of THOSE Nights"(Feat. Brendon Urie and Patrick Stump) (2008)
• "I'll Run" (2008)
• "Bounce" (2008)
• "Take My Hand" (Remix feat. Cassadee Pope) (2009)
• "Bad" (2011)
• "Angel With A Shotgun" (2011)
• "La La" (2012)

EPs[link]

• Drunk Love (2006)
• Glitz and Glamour (2006)
• The Lady Luck EP (2009)

Members[link]

Current members[link]

• Alexander DeLeon – lead vocals (2004–present)
• Alex Marshall – piano, guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)
• Joey Thunder – bass (2009–present)

Touring members[link]

• Dave Briggs – drums (2011–present)^[25]

Former members[link]

• Ian Crawford – guitar, backing vocals (2007–2009)
• Cash Colligan – bass, backing vocals (2004–2009)
• Alex Johnson – drums (2005–2011)
• Paul Garcia – guitar
• Bryan Dawson – guitar (2009)
• Charles Henry - guitar (2010-2011)
• Frank Sidoris – guitar (2011–2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Friends or Enemies
• Official Site
• Official Street Team
• Brazilian Fansite
• Alex DeLeon's Blog

Chantry (left) with Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, 2007

Arthur S.W. Chantry II (born April 9, 1954 in Seattle) is a graphic designer often associated with the posters and album covers he did for bands from the Pacific Northwest, such as Nirvana, Hole and The Sonics.^[1][2] He is also notable for his work in logo design.^[3][4] Chantry designed the cover for Some People Can't Surf, which was written by Julie Lasky.^[5]

Chantry advocates a low-tech approach to design that is informed by the history of the field. His work has been exhibited at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum of Modern Art, Seattle Art Museum, the Smithsonian and the Louvre.

Chantry received a bachelor's degree from Western Washington University in 1978.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official page
• New York times review

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This biographical article about a graphic designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e