- published: 05 Oct 2009
- views: 32220
- author: Willy Bernardus
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- 1920 Palestine riots
- 1929 Palestine riots
- Abu Snan
- Acre, Israel
- Afula
- Agrippa I
- Agrippa II
- Al-Muqaddasi
- Aleppo Codex
- Anatolia
- Arab Liberation Army
- Arabic language
- Argentina
- Arraba, Galilee
- Ashkenazim
- Basmat Tab'un
- Battle of Cresson
- Battle of Hattin
- Bedouin
- Beit Jann
- Beit She'an
- Benjamin of Tiberias
- Bir al-Maksur
- Book of Joshua
- Bu'eine Nujeidat
- Buq'ata
- Byzantine Empire
- Caesarea
- Caesarea Philippi
- Caesarea Phillippi
- Catholic Monarchs
- Cemetery
- Chaim Abulafia
- China
- Constantinople
- Converso
- Crusaders
- Córdoba, Argentina
- Daburiyya
- Daher el-Omar
- Deir Hanna
- Developing town
- Dhaher al-Omar
- Dhu Nuwas
- Districts of Israel
- Doña Gracia
- Druze
- Dunam
- Egypt
- Eilabun
- Ein Mahil
- Ein Qiniyye
- Emmaus
- Fakhr-al-Din II
- Fassuta
- First Crusade
- Four Holy Cities
- France
- Franks
- Galilee
- Germany
- Ghajar
- Grammatical gender
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- Haaretz
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-
Acre, Israel
Acre (Hebrew: עַכּוֹ, Akko; Arabic: عكّا, ʻAkkā), is a city in the Western Galilee region of northern Israel at the northern extremity of Haifa Bay. Acre is one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the country.
Historically, it was a strategic coastal link to the Levant. Acre is the holiest city of the Bahá'í Faith. In 2009, the population was 46,300. Acre is a mixed city, 72 percent Jewish and 28 percent Arab. The mayor is Shimon Lankri, who was re-elected in 2011.
The source of the name Akko is unknown. The Egyptians used it as long ago as the second millennium BC, but as it appears in the hieroglyphics as merely two consonants, its pronunciation is unknown.
In the Amarna letters, written in Akkadian, the letter "H" is used to signify the guttural Hebrew letters alef-heh-chet-ayin, and therefore it was possible to write the name of the city as if it were "Haca" or "Aca". Had the name not been preserved, we would not have been able to identify it with certainty with the name that appears in hieroglyphics. In Assyrian the name has been preserved with the spelling "AKK".
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Afula
Afula (Hebrew: עֲפוּלָה; Arabic: العفولة, al-ʻAfūlaḧ) is a city in the North District of Israel, often known as the "Capital of the Valley", referring to the Jezreel Valley. The city had a population of 40,500 at the end of 2009.
Located in the Jezreel Valley, Afula is roughly halfway between Jenin and Nazareth. It is mentioned in the Books of Kings (2 Kings 5, 24) in connection with Elisha and the disciple of Elijah, who lived in the vicinity.
The 12th-century sultan Saladin founded an Arab village named al-Fulah on the site. In 1226, Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi mentioned it as being "a town in Jund Filastin," and formerly a Crusader castle between Zir'in and Nazareth. In 1799, during Napoleon's Syrian campaign, the Battle of Mount Tabor was fought around al-Fulah.
In 1909 or 1910, Yehoshua Hankin completed his first major purchase in the Jezreel Valley. He bought some 10,000 dunams (10 km²) of land in Al-Fuleh (now Afula), which became the home of Merhavia and Tel Adashim. This purchase also marked the start of bitter disputes between Arabs and Jews over the rights of tenant farmers who had been evicted, and regarding the employment of Jewish or Arab watchmen for the land.
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Anatolia
Coordinates: 39°N 32°E / 39°N 32°E / 39; 32
Anatolia (from Greek Ἀνατολή Anatolē — "east" or "(sun)rise"; also Asia Minor, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ἀσία Mikrá Asía "small Asia"; in modern Turkish: Anadolu) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Iskenderun and the Black Sea, approximately corresponding to the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Basmat Tab'un
Basmat Tab'un (Arabic: بسمة طبعون; Hebrew: בַּסְמֶת טַבְּעוּן) is a Bedouin local council in the North District of Israel. It was declared as a local council in 1965. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it had a population of 6,300 in 2006, with a growth rate of 3.3%. The majority of the citizens of Basmat Tab'un are Bedouin Muslims.
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Beit Jann
Beit Jann (Hebrew: בֵּיתּ גַ'ן; Arabic: بيت جن) is a Druze village on Mt. Meron, in northern Israel. At 940 meters above sea level, Beit Jann is one of the highest inhabited locations in the country. In 2009, the population was 10,500. The mayor of Beit Jann is Youssef Qabalan.
Until the 13th or 14th century, Druze families in the area lived in scattered colonies in the hills near sources of water. According to local legend, two hunters looking for hyraxes stumbled upon a cave where they found an ancient cistern filled with water. Concluding that this was a good place for permanent settlement, several families settled on the site of what would become Beit Jann.
By the late nineteenth century, Beit Jenn was described as a good village built of stone, with 300 Muslims and 100 Druze, with extensive gardens and vineyards.
At the time of the 1931 census, Beit Jann had 229 occupied houses and a population of 1100 Druze and 1 Muslim.
In July 2006, during the Second Lebanon War, Beit Jann was hit by Katyusha rockets fired by Hezbollah. Illegal logging in the vicinity Beit Jann has led to conflicts with park officials and rangers.
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Beit She'an
Beit She'an (help·info) (Hebrew: בֵּית שְׁאָן Beth Šəān; Arabic: بيسان, Beesān (help·info), Beisan or Bisan) is a city in the North District of Israel which has played an important role historically due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and Jezreel Valley. It has also played an important role in modern times, acting as the regional center for the numerous villages in the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council.
Beit She'an's location has often been strategically significant, as it sits at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, essentially controlling access from the interior to the coast, as well as from Jerusalem to the Galilee.
In 1933, archaeologist G.M. FitzGerald, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, carried out a “deep cut” on Tell el-Hosn, the large mound of Beth Shean in order to determine the earliest occupation of the site. His results suggest that settlement began in the Late Neolithic or Early Chalcolithic periods (sixth to fifth millennia BCE. Occupation continued intermittently up to the late Early Bronze Age I (3200-3000), according to pottery finds, and then resumes in the Early Bronze Age III. A large cemetery on the northern side of the mound was in use from the Bronze Age to Byzantine times.Canaanite graves dating from 2000-1600 BCE were discovered in 1926.
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Bir al-Maksur
Bir al-Maksur or Beer el-Maksura (Arabic: بئر المكسور; Hebrew: בִּיר אל-מַכְּסוּר) is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's North District located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Nazareth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics the town had a population of 7,000 at the end of 2005. The population is entirely made up of Bedouins.
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Bu'eine Nujeidat
Bu'eine Nujeidat is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. Made up of two villages, Bu'eine and Nujeidat, they merged in 1987 and were recognized as one local council in 1996. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the population of 7,900 inhabitants (2006) is majority Muslim with a growth rate of 2.3%.
Bu'eine was an Arab village, its name derived from the nearby ancient village of Beit Anat. Nujeidat was also an Arab village, established by soldiers from Nejd who came to fight with Saladin's army in the 12th century. Known as the Arab al-Nujeidat or the "Arabs of Nejd", they gave their tribal name to the village.
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Buq'ata
Buq'ata (Arabic: بقعاتا; Hebrew: בֻּקְעָאתָא) is a Druze town in the northern Golan Heights, administered by Israel. It covers an area of 7,000 dunams (7 km²), at a height of 1,070 metres above sea level, between Mount Hermonit and Mount Varda. Buq'ata achieved Israeli municipal status as a local council in 1982. The population is 5,700 (2007), with an annual growth rate of 2%.
According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics (2001), the village is ranked just 2 out of 10 on the national socioeconomic index. In 2000, only 72.5 % of Grade 12 students were entitled to a matriculation certificate, and the average income was NIS 2,457 per month, as compared to the national average of NIS 6,835. The local economy is predominantly agricultural, with apples and grapes being the main crops. Many residents works as laborers in the neighboring settlements.
Buq'ata was founded in the 1880s by families from the neighboring town of Majdal Shams. It was destroyed in 1888 during a series of feuds between rival villages in the area, and again in 1925, during the Druze revolt. In 1967, the town was captured by Israel from Syria during the Six-Day War.
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Caesarea
Caesarea (Hebrew: קֵיסָרְיָה; Arabic: قيسارية, Kaysaria; Greek: Καισάρεια) is a town in Israel located mid-way between Tel Aviv and Haifa (45 km), on the Israeli coastal plain near the city of Hadera. Modern Caesarea as of December 2007 has a population of 4,500 people. It is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation, and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council. It lies under the jurisdiction of the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council.
The town was built by Herod the Great about 25-13 BCE as the port city Caesarea Maritima. It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire, and later the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province during the classic period. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, the city fell into obscurity until Crusader renovation, but was again abandoned after the Mamluk conquest. It was populated in 1884 by Muslim Bosnyak immigrants, making it a small fishing village. In 1940, kibbutz Sdot Yam was established on Jewish lands next to the Bosnyak village. During the Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, the town was abandoned by the Bosnyak residents, and in 1952 a Jewish town of Caesarea established near the ruins of the old city, which were made into the national park of Caesarea Maritima.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینیه, Qostantiniyye; and modern Turkish: İstanbul) was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empires. It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The city was the largest and wealthiest European city of the Middle Ages, and shared the glories of the Byzantine Empire, which was eventually reduced to the city and its environs.
Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. An inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the city was surrounded by a triple wall of fortifications, begun during the 5th century by Theodosius II. The city was built on seven hills as well as on the Bosporus, and thus presented an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers. The Church of Hagia Sophia, the sacred palace of the emperors, the hippodrome, and the Golden Gate were among the largest of the many churches, public edifices, and monuments lining the arcaded avenues and squares.
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Córdoba, Argentina
Córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkorðoβa]) is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River, about 700 km (435 mi) northwest of Buenos Aires. It is the capital of Córdoba Province. Córdoba is the second-largest city in Argentina after the federal capital Buenos Aires, with about 1.3 million inhabitants according to the 2001 census. The city was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, who named it after Córdoba, Spain. It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina (the older city was Santiago del Estero, founded in 1553). The Universidad Nacional de Córdoba is the oldest university in Argentina. It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order.
Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from the times of Spanish colonialism, especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church. The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block (Spanish: Manzana Jesuítica), declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century, including the Montserrat School and the colonial university campus (today the historical museum of the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, which since the early 20th century has been the second-largest in the country (after the University of Buenos Aires) in terms of the number of students, faculty, and academic programs.
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Daburiyya
Daburiyya (Arabic: دبورية; Hebrew: דַבּוּרִיָּה) is an Arab and all-Muslim village east of Nazareth that gained local council status in Israel's North District in 1961. Its jurisdiction extends over 7,200 dunams. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Daburiyya is home to approximately 8,500 residents. The town's population is homogeneously fallahen. A fallah is an Arab who lives or descended from the village, as opposed to city dwellers or medinniyin.
Daburiyya is located off of Highway 65 at the foot of Mount Tabor in the Lower Galilee, near the area where the prophetess Deborah judged.
According to the Information on Equality and Social Justice in Israel (ADVA), in 1999 10.5% of Daburiyya's job-ready population are unemployed and 40.4% of the town's university applicants are rejected.
Dabburiya has more than 20 different families that vary in number, some are: Massalha, Azaiza, Yousef, Ibrahem, Najjar, Jejini, Dahood, Mukatren, Dawas, Qanawat, and many others.
Daburiyya is associated with the Biblical city of Dabrath, which in Joshua 21:28 and in the Book of Chronicles is allotted to the tribe of Issachar who gave it to the Levites.
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Deir Hanna
Deir Hanna (Arabic: دير حنا, Hebrew: דֵיר חַנָּא) is a local council in the North District of Israel, located on the hills of the Lower Galilee, 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Acre. At the end of 2005, the town had a population of 8,500 approximately 80% of them being Muslims and the remaining 20% being Christian.
In the 2nd to 4th centuries, the Jewish village of Kfar Yohanna (כפר יוחנה) was known in as the seat of the Cohens of Yakhin, the 21st of the 24 Priestly Courses or Priestly Watches (משמרות הכהונה).[citation needed]
According to one source, in the Crusader times Deir Hanna was a fief known as "Ber Henne", belonging to Phillipe le Rous. However, according to Petersen, there are no traces of Crusader occupation in the village.
Deir Hanna was a base for the az-Zaydānī -family, and as such increased greatly in importance with Dhaher al-Omar rise to power in the 18th century.
In the late 19th century, it was described as: "High walls all around the village, which is built of stone. The walls have round towers, and were built by Dhaher el Amrs son, Sad el Amr. It is situated on the top of a high ridge, and contains about 400 Christians. It is surrounded by olive-groves and arable land. Water is obtained from cisterns and an old paved birkeh to the north of the village."
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Eilabun
Eilabun (Arabic: عيلبون Ailabun, Hebrew: עַילַבּוּן, עֵילַבּוּן) is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's North District, located in the Beit Netofa Valley. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Eilabun had a population of 4,400 inhabitants in 2005. The population is predominantly Christian. In 1973, Eilabun achieved local council status by the Israeli government.
Eilabun is a small town in the Galilee; in Northern Israel, it consists of a Christian and Muslim Arabic population. Christians being the majority and they consist of about 70% of the town's total population.
According to the Survey of Western Palestine, the name Eilabun comes from Arabic, meaning "hard, rocky ground." An Israeli theory is that the place was built on the ancient site of "Ailabu" (Hebrew: עַיְלַבּוּ), a possible variation of the name Ein Levon.
In 1596, the population was recorded as 13 Muslim families. In 1881, it was described as "a stone village, well built, containing about 100 Christian Arab. It is situated on a ridge, surrounded by brushwood, with arable land in the valley. A good spring exsist to the west of the village."
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Ein Mahil
Ein Mahil (Arabic: عين ماهل; Hebrew: עֵין מָהִל) is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel, located about five kilometers north of Nazareth. It was declared a local council in 1964. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 10,800 in 2006, with a growth rate of 2.2%. The majority of the citizens of the village are Muslims.
In 1596, Ein Mahil appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Tabariyya of the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 28 Muslim households, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit trees, and goats or beehives.
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Ein Qiniyye
Ein Qiniyye (Arabic: عين قنية; Hebrew: עֵין קֻנִיֶּה) is a Druze village in the Golan Heights. It was declared a local council in 1982. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it a population of 1,900 in 2006, with a growth rate of 2.4%. The village is located on the footsteps of Mount Hermon, 750 meters above sea level.
Coordinates: 33°14′12.65″N 35°43′50.55″E / 33.2368472°N 35.7307083°E / 33.2368472; 35.7307083
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Fassuta
Fassuta is a Israeli Arab town on the northwestern slopes of Mount Meron in the Northern District of Israel, south of the Lebanese border.In 2005, the population of Fassuta was 2,900.
Fassuta was built on the ruins of the Crusader castle of Fassove, which was built on the ruins of Mifshata (Mafsheta), a Jewish village established after destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.
In 1596, Fassuta appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Akka of the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 12 Muslim households and 3 Muslim bachelors. It paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit trees, and goats or beehives.
In 1881, Conder and Kitchener described Fassuta as "a village, built of stone, containing about 200 Christians, situated on ridge, with gardens of figs, olives, and arable land. There are two cisterns in the village, and a good spring near."
Between 1922 and 1947, the population of Fassuta increased by 120%.In the 1931 census of Palestine, the combined population of Fassuta and Mansura had a population of 507 Palestinian Christians and 81 Muslims living in 129 houses.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Ghajar
Ghajar (Arabic: غجر; Hebrew: ע'ג'ר or רג'ר) is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied portion of the Golan Heights. It has a population of 2,000.
Control over Ghajar has changed hands many times. Three hundred years ago, the village was known as Taranjeh. It was renamed Ghajar under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, when the land was seized from the villagers by Kurds and forcibly sold. According to local legend, the Kurdish governor of Ghajar tried to ride his horse onto the tomb of a local holy man, Sheikh al-Arba'in. The horse refused and the following day a fire broke out, destroying the governor's shield and sword. The Kurds fled and quickly sold it back.
In 1932, the residents of Ghajar, predominantly Alawite, were given the option of choosing their nationality and overwhelmingly chose to be a part of Syria, which has a sizable Alawite minority.[copyright violation?] Prior to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Ghajar was considered part of Syria and its residents were counted in the 1960 census. When Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in 1967, Ghajar remained a no-man's land for two and a half months. The villagers petitioned the Golan's Israeli governor to be annexed to Israel, as part of the Golan Heights, rather than Lebanon, because they saw themselves as Syrians. Israel agreed to include Ghajar in its occupied territory and the residents accepted living under Israeli rule. In 1981, most villagers accepted Israeli citizenship under the Golan Heights Law.
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Hebron
Hebron (Arabic: الخليل (help·info) al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian: Ḥeḇrôn ISO 259-3: Ḥebron), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to an estimated 175,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is also venerated by Muslims for its association with Abraham and was traditionally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, responsible for roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is locally well known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy product manufacturer, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron is characterized by narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.
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Hurfeish
Hurfeish (Arabic: حرفيش; Hebrew: חֻרְפֵישׁ) (lit. "milk thistle") is an Israeli Druze village in the Northern District of Israel.
Hurfeish was declared a local council in 1967. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) it had a total population of 5,200 in 2006, with a growth rate of 1.9%. The majority of residents are Druze, with a small number of Christians and Muslims. A large percentage of the population are police and army officers, serving with the Israel Police and the Israel Defense Forces.
The tomb of Sabalan, a Druze prophet, often identified with the Biblical Zebulon, is located in Hurfeish, on the top of Mount Zvul.
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I'billin
I'billin (Hebrew: אעבלין, Arabic: إعبلين) is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel, near Shfaram. In December 2006, the population was 11,000. 'Ibillin was granted municipal status in 1960. The municipality's area is 18,000 dunams. Most of the residents are Arab Israelis, both Muslim and Palestinian Christian.
The village existed in ancient times. It is mentioned in the Talmud and the Mishna under the name "Avlayim".[citation needed] During the Crusades, the village was named "Beit Abelin".[citation needed]
Nasir Khusraw visited the place in 1047 C.E.: "From Damum we passed south to another village, called A'bilin, where there is the tomb of Hud -peace be upon him! -which I visited. Within the enclosure here is a mulberry tree, and there is likewise the tomb of the prophet Uzair -peace be upon him! -which I also visited."[dead link]
The village is sacred to Catholics as the birthplace of Mariam Baouardy, who was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1983.
Akil Aga, a Bedouin sheikh from Egypt who ruled the area, built a fortress in Ibillin. He is buried in the village, as well as the family of Dhaher el-Omar.
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Ilut
Ilut (Arabic: عيلوط; Hebrew: עִלּוּט) is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It was declared a local council in 1991. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 6,600 in 2006 with a growth rate of 2.5%.
Ilut is located to the northwest of Nazareth.The town is home to the Ilut Stadium, the home ground of Maccabi Ahi Nazareth.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jadeidi-Makr
Jadeidi-Makr or Makr-Jadeidi (Hebrew: גֻ'דֵידָה-מַכְּר; Arabic: مكر جديده) is an Israeli Arab local council formed by the merger of the two Arab towns of Makr and Jadeidi in 1990. It is located a few kilometers east of the city of Acre in the North District.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2008 the local council had a population of 18,200 and is 90% Muslim with a Christian minority of 10%.
The town of Jadeidi translates as the "new one" and Makr translates as "headquarters". The latter is named such since it was used a headquarters for the Roman army during their siege of Acre.
Under the names Makr Harsin and al Hudeidah, Makr and Jadeidi were mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders during the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur (Qalawun) declared in 1283. However, it is also possible that Makr Harsin in the original text referred to separate locations Makr and Harsini, the latter unidentified.
Mahmoud Darwish's family, who originated from the destroyed Arab village of al-Birwa, live in the town and Darwish was educated and raised there.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Jish
Jish (Arabic: الجش; Hebrew: גִ'שׁ, גּוּשׁ חָלָב,Gush Halav) is an Arab town located on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Meron, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of Safed, in Israel's North District. The population is predominantly Maronite Christian and Greek Catholic with a Muslim minority.
Archaeological finds including two synagogues, a unique mausoleum and burial caves. According to Roman historian Josephus, Jish was the last city in the Galilee to fall to the Romans. Sources from the 10th-15th centuries describe Gush Halav (Jish) as a large Jewish village. A small Druze community lived there in the 17th century. It was re-established in the 18th century by farmers from Mt. Lebanon.
In 1945, Jish had a population of 1,090 with an area of 12,602 dunams. It was largely depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, but was resettled by Maronites from Kafr Bir'im.[verification needed] In 2010, the population was 3,000.
The Arabic name el-Jish preserves the site's ancient name Gischala which was used in classical Greek sources, including the Wars of the Jews by Josephus.Gischala is a Greek transcription of the Hebrew name Gush Halav, lit. "abundance of milk", which may be a reference to the production of milk and cheese, for which the village had been famous since the early Middle Ages, or to the fertile surroundings. Other scholars believe the name Gush Halav refers to the light color of the local limestone, which contrasted with the dark reddish rock of the neighboring village, Ras al-Ahmar.
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Julis
Julis (Arabic: جولس, Hebrew: ג'וּלִס) is a Druze village and local council in the Northern District of Israel.
According to local legend, the name is derived from "Julius," the name of a Roman commander who camped in the area. Others say it is from the Arabic word for "sitting" - "jalis", as it is located on lower hills than the surrounding villages, and thus seems to be sitting.
According to the 1596 Ottoman daftar Julis had a predominantly Muslim (Druze?) population, with a total of 79 households. The taxable produce comprised wheat, barley, "summer crops", fruit trees, and "goats and bees". Julis also had a press for olive oil or grape syrup. During the 16th century there was also a small Jewish population.In the early part of the 18th century Julis was one of the major cotton producing villages in the area. Later in the same century it was one of five villages in nahiya ("subdistrict") Sahil Akka (Acre coast), which were owned directly by the governor of Acre, and were exempt from the usual Ottoman taxes.In the late nineteenth century, Julis was described as "a village built of stone containing about 200 Druzes, surrounded by olives and arable land."
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Kabul, Israel
Kabul (Arabic: كابول, Hebrew: כָּבּוּל) is an Arab town in the North District of Israel, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) southeast of Acre and north of Shefa-'Amr.
Kabul is the Biblical Cabul mentioned by Joshua. It was assigned to the Tribe of Asher (Joshua 19:27). King Solomon handed it over to Hiram I, the king of Phoenicia, because he helped Solomon build his temple in Jerusalem. The name "Kabul" derives from the Hebrew word mekubbal which means "clad", as in the inhabitants were "clad" in gold and silver. In Roman times, Josephus calls the town "Chabolo" and camped there. He described it as a post from which incursions were made into the Galilee.
Al-Muqaddasi visited Kabul in 985 CE, while it was under Abbasid rule. He writes that "it is a town in the coastal district. It has fields of sugarcanes, and they make the best sugar — better than in all the rest of Syria." Ali of Herat reports in 1173, that two sons of Jacob are buried in the town, namely Reuben and Simeon. Another tradition states that the tomb of Micah is located here. Kabul was one of the principal cities of Jund al-Urrdun. Its Crusader name was "Cabor". In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it was a place for Jewish pilgrimage for containing the tombs of the Jewish scholars and philosophers Abraham ibn Ezra, Judah Halevi, and Solomon ibn Gabirol.
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Kafr Kanna
Kafr Kanna (Arabic: كفر كنا, kafr kanā; Hebrew: כַּפְר כַּנָּא) is an Arab town in the Galilee region of Israel that is associated with the New Testament village of Cana, where Jesus turned water into wine.
The settlement of Kana was mentioned in the Amarna Letters, and was known in the times of the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus. As with many Jewish towns in the Galilee, the town took in Jewish refugees fleeing Roman persecution in Jerusalem and Judea.[dead link][citation needed]
Nasir-i-Khusraw visited the village in 1047 C.E., and described the place in his diary:
"To the southward [of Kafar Kannah] is a hill, on the top of which they have built a fine monastery. It has a strong gate, and the tomb of the prophet Yunis (Jonas) [..] is shown within. Near the gate of the monastery is a well, and the water thereof is sweet and good. [..] Acre is 4 leagues distant.."
Also Ali of Herat wrote that you could see the Makam of Jonas, and also the grave of his son, at Kafr Kanna. This was repeated by Yaqut, who, however wrote of the tomb as being that of the father of Jonas.
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Karmiel
Karmiel (Hebrew: כַּרְמִיאֵל, lit. "God's vineyards") is a city in northern Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre-Safed road, 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Safed and 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Acre. Karmiel has a population of 44,100, although its municipality claims to have reached 50,000.
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Katzrin
Katzrin (Hebrew: קַצְרִין; also Qatzrin) is an Israeli settlement and local council in the Golan Heights. Known as the "capital of the Golan," it is the second-largest locality there after Majdal Shams, and the largest Jewish locality. At the end of 2010, Katzrin had a population of 6,700. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the Golan Heights illegal under international law, though the Israeli government disputes this. Despite not being part of its jurisdiction, the seat of the Golan Regional Council is located in Katzrin.
To the south of Katzrin is the Sea of Galilee, to the north Mount Hermon, and to the west the hills of the Upper Galilee.
The site was occupied from the Middle Bronze Age, continuing into the Iron, Hellenistic and Roman periods. The most substantial structural remains date from the Late Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods (3rd–4th to mid-8th centuries), when the site was a Jewish village with a synagogue.
The Jewish settlement served as an important trading location in the region, but started to decline with the change of trading routs after the Islamic conquest. The village was destroyed in an earthquake in 746–749. As a result of the earthquake the location was most probably abandoned by the declining Jewish community.
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Kaukab Abu al-Hija
Kaukab Abu al-Hija (Arabic: كوكب أبو الهيجا; Hebrew: כַּוּכַּבּ אַבּוּ אל-הִיגַ'א), often simply Kaukab, (meaning "planet"), is an Arab Muslim village and local council in the North District of Israel, in the Lower Galilee. It is located on Road 784, between Shefa-'Amr and Karmiel, and next to Kafr Manda. Kaukab was historically under the control of the Abu al-Hija family of the Galilee.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Kaukab had a population of 2,800 in 2005, and is ranked low (3/10) on the Israeli socio-economic scale. Its jurisdiction is 2,567 dunams.
Kaukab was founded next to the grave of Husam ad-Din Abu al-Hija, one of Saladin's lieutenants, and is holy to the local Muslims. It is thus named Kaukab Abu al-Hija to differentiate it from several other Arab villages with the same name. It is possible to discern the ruins of Byzantine, Roman and Greek settlements on Kaukab's location, and it is also thought to be the location of the town Kokhva, mentioned in the Talmud.
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Kfar Kama
Kfar Kama (Hebrew: כְּפַר כַּמָא; Arabic: كفر كما; Adyghe: Кфар Кама) is a town located in the lower Galilee, Israel, with a population of 2,900, largely Circassian.
Kfar Kama might be identified with a village Helenoupolis that Constantine established in honor of his mother Helen.
Excavations carried out in 1961 and 1963 revealed 4th century tombs. Two churches dated to the early 6th century, one dedicated to Saint Thecla, were uncovered, with multicolored mosaics of floral, animal and geometric patterns.
In the Crusader period it was known as Kapharchemme or Capharkeme.
In 1596, Kfar Kama appeared in Ottoman tax registers as a village in the Nahiya of Tiberias in the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 34 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, cotton, and goats or beehives.
In the 1870s, it was described as having "basaltic stone houses, containing about 200 Moslems, situated in plain of arable soil."
The current village was founded in 1878 by 1150 Circassian immigrants from the Adyghe tribe Shapsugs who were exiled from the Caucasus by the Russians to the Ottoman Empire due to the Russian-Circassian War. Initially they made their living by raising animals, but later became farmers. The first school was established about 1880.
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Kfar Tavor
Kfar Tavor (Hebrew: כְּפַר תַּבוֹר) is a village in the Lower Galilee region of northern Israel, at the foot of Mount Tabor. Founded in 1901, it was awarded local council status in 1949. In 2008, Kfar Tavor had a population of 2,700.
Kfar Tavor was established in 1901 by pioneers of the First Aliya. Twenty-eight farmers settled in the area with the assistance of the philanthropist Baron Edmond de Rothschild. The new settlement was originally known as Mas'ha, the name of the nearby Arab village. It was renamed in 1903 at the urging of Zionist leader Menachem Ussishkin who visited the site and was surprised to find it had no Hebrew name. At first, there was some debate over whether to use the term kfar ("village"), which some residents thought would bode badly for future growth. Ussishkin responded that he had visited the German town of Düsseldorf, which had also originated as a dorf, or village, but was now a full-fledged city. The Rothschild administration determined that the site was ideal for cultivating grapes. The vineyards of Kfar Tavor became a major supplier of quality grapes to the country's leading wineries. In 1999, after a century of supplying raw materials, four families established the Tabor Winery.
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Kfar Vradim
Kfar Vradim (Hebrew: כְּפַר וְרָדִים) is a town (local council) in northern Israel, with a population of 5800 (2008). It is situated just south of Ma'alot-Tarshiha and about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of the border with Lebanon. Kfar Vradim is close to major cities like Nahariya (20 kilometers) and Karmiel (16 kilometers). Kfar Vradim was established in September 1984. Its founder, Stef Wertheimer, sought to create an industrial town within the midst of nature.
Kfar Vradim started as a town with 50-100 families, and at first had no electricity and running water. The first families to move were mostly workers at ISCAR Metalworking, a successful factory owned by Stef Wertheimer specialising in metal blades and high performance cutting tools. Initially, Kfar Vradim received no support or recognition from the Israeli government, which didn't consider it to be a valid town, resulting in a financial crisis. Eventually, it was recognized and began receiving support.
Kfar Vradim is situated between 550–620 meters (1800–2050 feet) above sea level, providing for a relatively dry and Mediterranean climate. Peak temperatures in Kfar Vradim in summer typically reach about 38 °C (100 °F), while its January and February temperatures can drop to as low as −2 °C (28 °F). Average temperatures range from 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F) in the winter to 28–32 °C (82–90 °F) at summer. Precipitation is mostly between October and March and is mainly made up of rain showers and scarce snowfall.
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Khirbat al-Minya
Khirbat al-Minya (also known as Ayn Minyat Hisham) is an Umayyad-built palace in the eastern Galilee, Israel, located about 200 meters (660 ft) west of the northern end of the Lake Tiberias. It was erected as a qasr complex, with a palace, mosque, and bath built by a single patron.
Khirbat al-Minya was built during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (705-715 CE) and an inscription on a stone found at the site mentions his name. The supposed patron of the palace was al-Walid's son 'Umar ibn al-Walid, who served as the governor of Tiberias during his father's reign, but fell out of favor when his uncle Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik assumed the role of caliph.
Khirbat al-Minya served a number of purposes, including as local administrative center for a subregion of the Jund al-Urdunn ("District of Jordan") and as a contact point for 'Umar and local Arab tribes. It also could have served as a caravanserai for merchants traveling along the Sea of Galilee or northeast from the lake shore to the coast. Another purpose of Khirbat al-Minya was a winter retreat for the governor of Tiberias or an alternative for the traditional summer retreat for the governor at Baysan.
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Kiryat Shmona
Kiryat Shmona (Hebrew: קִרְיַת שְׁמוֹנָה, lit. City of the Eight) is a city located in the North District of Israel on the western slopes of the Hula Valley on the Lebanese border. The city was named for the eight people, including Joseph Trumpeldor, who died in 1920 defending Tel Hai.
Today, about one-third of Kiryat Shmona's population of 23,100 are younger than 19, and the majority of its inhabitants are Jews, particularly of Sephardic descent. Located near the Israel-Lebanon border, Kiryat Shmona is Israel's northernmost city.
The town of Kiryat Shmona was established in May 1949 on the site of the former Bedouin village Al-Khalisa, whose inhabitants evacuated the village after Safed was gained by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Initially it was used as a transit camp for immigrants who worked mainly in farming. In 1953 it was classified as a development town. The town is named after eight members of nearby Tel Hai who were killed in 1920 during the Arab revolt against the French.
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Kisra-Sumei
Kisra-Sumei (Arabic: كسرا-سميع; Hebrew: כִּסְרָא-סֻמֵיע) is a Druze local council in the western Galilee in the North District of Israel.
It was recognised as a local council in 1990.
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Lanham, Maryland
Lanham is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, in the United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 10,157. The terminal of the Washington Metro's Orange Line, as well as an Amtrak station, are across the Capital Beltway in New Carrollton, Maryland. Doctors Community Hospital is located in Lanham.
The Thomas J. Calloway House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Lanham has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.2 km2), of which 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2), or 0.54%, is water.
Lanham is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools system.
Shoppers Food & Pharmacy, software company Vocus, media company Radio One and publisher Rowman & Littlefield are based in Lanham.
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Ma'alot-Tarshiha
Ma'alot-Tarshiha (Hebrew: מַעֲלוֹת-תַּרְשִׁיחָא; Arabic: معالوت ترشيحا) is a mixed city in the North District in Israel, some 20 km east of Nahariya, about 600 meter above sea level. The city was established in 1963 through a municipal merger of the Arab town of Tarshiha and the Jewish town of Ma'alot. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in December 2009 the city had a total population of 20,600.
Tarshiha is believed to have been built on the site of a Canaanite settlement, Haki[citation needed], dating back to the 2nd-3rd millennium BC. Excavations of a 4th century burial cave in the village unearthed a cross and a piece of glass engraved with a menorah.[citation needed]
Crusader sources from the (12th and 13th century) refer to Tarshiha as Terschia, Torsia and Tersigha. During the Crusader period, Tarshiha was the site of battles between Christians and Arabs. According to popular Arabic etymology (no reference), the name may have meant "Artemisia Mountain" in the Canaanite language, where Arabic Tuur for "mountain" and shiiH for "artemisia" (mugwort, or common wormwood) could be identified, or alternatively from Taar shiiHaa ("Shiha flew"), i.e. Shiha Jamaluddin (a legendary hero) rushed to the battlefield to fight the Crusaders.
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Maghar, Israel
Maghar (Arabic: المغار, Hebrew: מַעָ'ר, also al-Maghar or Mghar; lit. the cave) is an Arab town in Israel's North District with an area of 19,810 dunams. Maghar achieved local council status in 1956. There were 19,900 people living in Maghar at the end of 2009.
Maghar was known as "Zar" during the Roman period. Many olive groves and wine presses testify to a long history of agriculture in the area, and numerous hillside caves show signs of ancient habitation. In fact the village's name comes from the Arabic word for "cave".
The town of Maghar is entirely Arab with a Druze majority (57%), Christians (23%), and Muslims (20%). Many of the Druze residents serve in the IDF and Israel Police. A new neighbourhood was recently built for demobilized soldiers.
In 2005, rumours that Christians had uploaded pornographic pictures of Druze girls led to thousands of Druze youth marching through Christian neighbourhoods, torching cars and shops. A police investigation proved the rumors false. They were attributed to a 16-year old Druze boy who initially confessed but later retracted his statement, claiming that the police were searching for a scapegoat.
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Majdal Shams
Majdal Shams (Arabic: مجدل شمس.; Hebrew: מַגְ'דַל שַׁמְס) is a Druze village in the northern part of the Golan Heights, in the southern foothills of Mt. Hermon. Since the June 1967 Six-Day War, the village has been controlled by Israel, first under martial law, but since 1981 under Israeli civil law, and incorporated into the Israeli system of local councils. Majdal Shams is the largest of the four Druze villages in the Golan.
The name Majdal Shams is thought to be of Northwest Semitic origin meaning "tower of sun".
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of September 2005 Majdal Shams's population was 8,800. The population growth rate is 2.5%. The ratio between men and women is 951 women for every 1,000 men. The village is politically and spiritually governed by the Abu-Saleh and Safdie families.
The inhabitants of Majdal Shams are considered Syrian citizens by the Syrian authorities. Since 1981 they have also been considered permanent residents of Israel. While they are entitled to full Israeli citizenship, only 10 percent of the Golan Druze have opted to become Israeli citizens. Those who apply for Israeli citizenship are entitled to vote, run for Knesset and receive an Israeli passport. For foreign travel, non-citizens are issued a laissez passer by the Israeli authorities. As Israel does not recognize their Syrian citizenship, they are defined in Israeli records as "residents of the Golan Heights." Residents of Majdal Shams are not drafted by the Israel Defense Forces.
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Mas'ade
Mas'ade (Arabic: مسعدة, Hebrew: מַסְעַדֶה) is a Druze village in the Golan Heights. It covers an area of 11,985 dunams, and has a population of 3,200. It was given the status of a local council in 1982.
Near Mas'ade are Lake Ram and Odem Forest.
Mas'ade is located at the intersection of Route 99, which leads west to Kiryat Shmona, and Route 98, which leads north to Mount Hermon and south to the Kinneret.
Coordinates: 33°13′59.26″N 35°45′27″E / 33.2331278°N 35.7575°E / 33.2331278; 35.7575
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Mashhad, Israel
Mashhad (Hebrew: מַשְׁהַד, Arabic: مشهد, Mash-hed transliteration, grave of a holy man) is an Arab town located 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of Nazareth in Israel's North District. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 6,700 mostly Muslim inhabitants.
Mashhad became a local council in 1960. The town is said to be the site of Jonah's grave and his birthplace (2 Kings 14:25), called Gath-Hefer in Biblical times, a village in the tribe of Zebulun (Joshua 19:13).
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Mazra'a
Mazra'a (Arabic: المزرعة, Hebrew: מַזְרַעָה) is an Arab town and local council in northern Israel, situated between Acre and Nahariyya on the Mediterranean coast.
The local council was founded in 1896 and was incorporated into the Matte Asher Regional Council in 1982, before proclaiming itself an independent local council again in 1996.
The Arabic al-mazra'a (p. mazari'), meaning "the sown land" or "farm", is a relatively common place name used to refer to cultivated lands outside of and dependent upon a primary settlement. In Crusader times, the village was known as le Mezera, according to Victor Guérin, while to Arabs in medieval times, it was known as al-Mazra'ah.
Mazra'a is mentioned in the 1283 treaty between the Mamluk Sultan Qalaun and the Latin Kingdom of the Crusaders that controlled some territories in the Levant between 1099 and 1291. At the time of the treaty, Mazra'a was said to be still under Crusaders control. A 50 metre long wall at to the west of the village centre, dating from the period, is thought to be the remnants of a fortified structure, mentioned by travel writers.
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Metula
Metula (Hebrew: מְטֻלָּה) is a town in the Northern District of Israel. Metula is located between the sites of the Biblical cities of Dan, Abel Bet Maacah, and Ijon, bordering Lebanon.
Traces of ancient settlement have been found here, including wine presses and a mosaic pavement. A tomb excavated in 1967 contained at least four graves dating from between the late third century and the late sixth century.
In 1816, the traveller Buckingham visited "a large village, called Metully, altogether inhabited by Druses". In 1875, Guérin described Methelleh or Metelleh as a village with a spring, occupied by Druses from the Hauran who cultivated a garden to the east. Soon afterwards, the Survey of Western Palestine recorded "El Mutallah: A small village, built of stone, containing about 100 Druzes, situated on slope of hill, near a large stream, surrounded by arable land."
When the Druse Rebellion of 1895 broke out, the men of Mutallah joined its ranks. Since the women were not able to cope with the work, the owner of the land, a Christian from Sidon named Jabur Bey, sold 12,800 dunams of land to Baron de Rothschild's chief officer Joshua Ossovetski. It had been inhabited and cultivated by more than 600 Druze tenant farmers. When the Druse Rebellion was put down, the men returned and demanded their tenancy rights back. Ossovetski called in the Turkish authorities, who came to arrest the Druse as deserters and rebels, while Ossovetski offered them paltry compensation to leave the land. However many were unsatisfied and eight years of feuds and violent clashes ensued. Eventually an agreement was reached between the villagers and the Jewish Colonization Association in 1904 for an additional payment of 60,000 francs (3,000 Turkish pounds). This episode brought much criticism of the methods of Rothschild's agents, including some from other Zionists such as Ahad Ha'am.
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Mi'ilya
Mi'ilya (Arabic: معليا, Hebrew: מִעִלְיָא) is an Arab local council in the western Galilee in the North District of Israel. Its name during the Kingdom of Jerusalem era in Galilee was Castellum Regis. All of its inhabitants are Christians.
Archaeological excavations in Mi'ilya gives indication of inhabitation from the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, as well as Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.
The Arab geographer, Al-Dimashqi, noted the "fine castle", and that close it was a very pleasant valley, where musk-pears and large citrons were grown.
In 1596, Mi'ilya appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Akka of the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 15 Muslim households and 2 Christian households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, and goats or beehives.
In 1881 Mi'ilya was described as being a large and well-built village of stone, containing 450 Christians, surrounded by olives and arable land.
The King's castle in Mi'ilya dates back at least to 1160, when King Baldwin III of Jerusalem granted title to it to a certain John of Haifa and his heirs. In 1182, Baldwin IV granted it to his uncle, Jocelyn III. At this time it was called "The new castle in the mountains of Acre". By 1187, the castle fell to Saladin. Later, in the early 1200, ownership passed to the Teutonic Knights. However, the importance of the castle of Mi'ilya was by this time superseded by the Montfort Castle.
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Migdal HaEmek
Migdal HaEmek (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל הָעֶמֶק, also officially spelt Migdal HaEmeq, Arabic: مجدال هعيمق) is a city in the North District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 24,800. There is a tower to the north-east, above the town.
Migdal HaEmek began in 1953 as a ma'abara, before becoming a development town. The original site of the ma'abara was west of the current site, at Shimron hill. Migdal HaEmek is built on the land of the depopulated Arab village of Al-Mujaydil.
According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was all Jewish and other non-Arabs, without significant Arab population. There are 147 immigrants.
According to CBS, in 2001 there were 11,900 males and 12,200 females. The population of the city was spread out with 36.3% 19 years of age or younger, 15.6% between 20 and 29, 18.1% between 30 and 44, 15.8% from 45 to 59, 3.4% from 60 to 64, and 10.7% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 0.9%. More recently the Jewish Agency estimated Migdal HaEmek's population at 28,000, almost half of which are foreign born. Residents, both foreign-born and native Israelis, are primarily from Russia, the Caucasus, Ethiopia, Morocco, Iraq and a small group from South America.
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Migdal, Israel
Migdal (Hebrew: מִגְדָּל, lit. Tower) is a town in the Northern District of Israel. It was founded in 1910, and granted local council status in 1949. In 2008 it had a population of 1,627.
Migdal is located near Ginosar, and about 8 km north of Tiberias. It has a shoreline on the Sea of Galilee, including the Tamar, Ilanot and Arbel beaches.
The town is named after the old city of Migdala Nunia (Aramaic: "fish tower"), home town of Mary of Magdala (Luke 8:2), and is situated just west of the Kinneret on Tiberias-Rosh Pina road.
In 1908, a small group of German Catholics who identified the site as the birth place of Mary Magdalene settled there. They left after a year and the land was bought by Russia Zionists who founded a farm, Ahuzat Moskva (Moscow Estate) in 1910. This settlement was adjacent to the Arab village Al-Majdal . A few years later, the land was sold to private investors. An encampment of Gdud HaAvoda workers who built the Tiberias-Rosh Pina road was established there in 1921.
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Nahariya
Nahariya (Hebrew: נַהֲרִיָּה) is the northernmost coastal city in Israel, with an estimated population of 51,200.
Nahariya, takes its name from the river - nahar in Hebrew - that bisects it.
A church from the Byzantine period, dedicated to St. Lazarus, was excavated in the 1970s. It was destroyed by fire, probably at the time of the Persian invasion in 614.
Nahariya was founded by German Jewish immigrants from the Fifth Aliyah in the 1930s. Construction of homes started in 1933, and the first two families permanently settled in Nahariya on February 10, 1935, which is now considered the official founding date of Nahariya.
Nahariya was intended to be an agricultural village, but the residents soon realized that agriculture was impractical and chose to focus on tourism, taking advantage of the natural surroundings and beaches. During the British Mandate of Palestine, many British officers coming from Khartoum stopped in Nahariya.
Nahariya became a development town in the 1950s after the nearby ma'abara was integrated. The town hence become a home to many Jewish refugees from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. During the 1990s, the city absorbed a significant number of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nahariya experienced a construction boom.
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Nahf
Nahf (Arabic: نحف, Naḥf or Nahef; Hebrew: נַחְף) is an Arab town in the North District Israel. It is located in the between the Lower and Upper Galilee, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Acre. In 2011, the population was 7,800.
The village is of considerable age, and it contains Roman and medieval remains. It was known as "Nef" in Crusader period. In 1250 it was mentioned together with Beit Jenn, Jalun and other places in the neighborhood as being among the Casales belonging to the Knights of Teutonic Order.
A map from 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "Nafeh". When Victor Guérin visited Nahf in the 1870s, he described the village as containing 400 Muslims and some Greek Orthodox families, while in 1881 Nafh was described as being built of stone, containing 200 Muslims, with olives and arable land.
Nahf was captured by Israel on July 18, 1948 during Operation Dekel led by the Sheva (Seventh) Brigade. Its defenders included the town's local militia as well as Arab Liberation Army volunteers. The town was left intact and most residents did not flee their homes. In and around Nahf, there are a number of archeological remains dating from the Middle Ages, including mosaics and a cemetery. In a nearby location lies the shrines of Muslim leaders of Sheik Muhammad Rabiah and Sheik Mahmud who fought against the Crusaders. The Auba cave, which dates from the time of the Assyrians is also located here.
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Nazareth
Nazareth ( /ˈnæzərəθ/; Hebrew: נָצְרַת, Natzrat or Natzeret; Arabic: اَلنَّاصِرَة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel"; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, the majority of whom are Muslim. In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.
Nazareth is not mentioned in pre-Christian texts and appears in many different Greek forms in the New Testament. There is no consensus regarding the origin of the name. One theory holds that "Nazareth" is derived from the Hebrew noun ne·ṣer, נֵ֫צֶר, meaning branch.Ne·ṣer is not the common Hebrew word for "branch," but one understood as a messianic title based on a passage in the Book of Isaiah. Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, "watch, guard, keep." The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.
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Nazareth Illit
Nazareth Illit (Hebrew: נָצְרַת עִלִּית) (Upper Nazareth) is a city in the North District of Israel. At the end of 2007 it had a population of 40,800. Nazareth Illit was founded in the 1950s. Foundations were laid in 1954 and the first residents moved in two years later. It was planned as a Jewish town alongside the predominantly Arab city of Nazareth.
The establishment of Nazareth Illit was conceived in the early 1950s when development towns such as Karmiel and Beit She'an were founded. There were economic and security reasons for developing a town in this region, but according to Shimon Landman, director of the Interior Ministry's Department of Minorities, the municipal elections in 1954, in which the Israel communist party Maki became the largest faction, were a source of concern.
A parcel of 1,200 dunams of land, about half within the municipal boundaries, was expropriated in 1954, relying on a law that permitted expropriations for public purposes. Protests at this action reached the Supreme Court of Israel, which in 1955 accepted (HCJ 30/55) the government's word that the sole purpose of the land was to erect government facilities. However, it had already been decided that only 109 dunams would be used for that purpose and planning for residential neighborhoods continued. The first dwellings were completed in September 1956 and the first residents moved in later that year.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Papal States
The Papal State(s), the State(s) of the Church, the Pontifical States, the Ecclesiastical States, or the Roman States (Italian: Stato Pontificio, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; Latin: Status Pontificius, also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
The Papal States comprised territories under direct sovereign rule of the papacy, and at its height it covered most of the modern Italian regions of Romagna, Marche, Umbria and Lazio. This governing power is commonly called the temporal power of the Pope, as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy.
The plural Papal States is usually preferred; the singular Papal State (equally correct since it was not a mere personal union) tends to be used (normally with lower-case letters) for the modern State of Vatican City, an enclave within Italy's national capital, Rome. The Vatican City was founded in 1929, again allowing the Holy See the political benefits of territorial sovereignty.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Ramat Yishai
Ramat Yishai (Hebrew: רָמַת יִשַּׁי, Jesse's Heights) is a local council in the North District of Israel, located on the side of the Haifa–Nazareth road about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) eastern to Kiryat Tivon. It was declared a local council in 1958. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 6,600 in 2010, with a growth rate of 6.3%. The vast majority of the citizens of the village are Jewish.
The land, on the western edge of the Jezreel Valley, which belonged to the village of Jida, was bought by a group of American Zionists in the early 20's. It was renamed Manor and then Yefe Nof, but was almost deserted after a few years. In 1925, the philanthropist Yisrael Yehudah Adler saved it from bankruptcy and it was renamed in his honour shortly thereafter. Among the establishers of the village were 50 families from Lodz and Białystok who built a textile factory in the village. Weaving and textile manufacturing were, therefore, the local trades. After the founding of modern Israel in 1948, families from Yemen joined the village.
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Rameh
Rameh (Arabic: الرامة; Hebrew: רָמָה; also ar-Rame or ar-Rama) is a town in the North District of Israel. It is populated by Arab citizens of Israel and is located five kilometers east of Shaghur and Karmiel.
Edward Robinson identifies Rameh with the ancient Ramah of Asher (Joshua 19,29), citing its location and ancient sarcophagi discovered on a hill outside the village as evidence. Rameh was a major town during the rule of the Crusaders.
According to local tradition, the modern town of Rameh was founded in the 17th century. It was one of the largest villages in the Galilee during the period of Ottoman Empire control. In 1923, Rameh became the first village in Palestine to receive self-governing status granted by the British Mandate and had the largest olive orchards in the area. It was granted permission to self-govern through a village council. It was captured by Haganah forces in 1948, becoming a part of Israel, and later achieving local council status in 1954.
51% of the residents of Rameh are Palestinian Christian, 29% are Druze and 20% are Muslim.
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Reineh
Reineh, or Reine (Arabic: الرينة; Hebrew: רֵינָה) is an Israeli Arab village in the Galilee, located between Nazareth and Qana of Galilee. The village attained Local council status in 1968. As of 2004, Reineh is home to 15,300 residents, of which 80% are Muslim Arab, 19.3% are Christian Arab and the minuscule remainder being Druze Arabs, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
The village is believed to be located on the site of ancient Abel, whence flowed water to Sepphoris. Until 1927 the village was located north of the Nazareth highway, but a destructive earthquake led its inhabitants to resettle south of the road in its present location.
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Rosh Pinna
Rosh Pinna is a town (local council) of approximately 2,500 people located in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'anin, the Northern District of Israel. The town was founded in 1882 by thirty immigrant families from Romania, making it one of the oldest Zionist settlements in Israel. In 2005, Rosh Pinna had a population of 2,400.
Rosh Pinna is located north of the Sea of Galilee, on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'an, approximately 2 km east of the city of Safed, 420 meters above sea level, latitude north 32° 58', longitude east 35° 31'. North of Rosh Pinna is Lake Hula, which was a swamp area drained in the 1950s.
Rosh Pinna (Hebrew: ראש פנה, lit. Cornerstone, alternate spelling: Rosh Pina) was one of the first modern Jewish agricultural settlements in history of the Land of Israel, then part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Rosh Pinna was established near the Arab village of al-Ja'una. In 1883, it became the first Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel to come under the patronage of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild.[citation needed]
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Safed
Safed (Hebrew: צְפַת, Tzfat; Arabic: صفد, Safed, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Biblical: Ṣ'fath, ISO 259-3: Çpat),[dubious – discuss] is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of 900 metres (2,953 ft), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters. Since the sixteenth century, Safed has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias; since that time, the city has remained a center of Kabbalah, also known as Jewish mysticism.
Due to its beautiful setting surrounded by pine forests and its mild climate, Safed has become a summer holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors alike. It has a lot of historic tourist attractions for both religious and secular Jews, as well as foreign tourists.
According to the Book of Judges, the area where Safed is located was assigned to the Tribe of Naphtali. Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the Great Flood.
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Sajur
Sajur (Hebrew: סָג'וּר; Arabic: ساجور) is a Druze town (local council) in the Galilee region of northern Israel, with an area of 3,000 dunams (3 km²). It achieved recognition as an independent local council in 1992. In 2006, the population was 3,600, with an annual growth rate of 2%.
According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a low ranking (3 out of 10) on the country's socioeconomic index (December 2001). The average salary that year was NIS 3,531 per month, whereas the national average was NIS 6,835.
A salvage dig in January 2002 on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority excavated a tomb with 13 loculi that dated to the Roman–Byzantine periods, a tomb with eight or nine loculi dating to the end of the second century CE and a small tomb with a single room dating to the first–second centuries CE. The presence of many finds at the bottom of the stratigraphic sequence is evidence of Iron Age occupation at Sajur.
The tomb of Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen and Simeon Shezuri are located in Sajur.
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Sakhnin
Sakhnin (Arabic: سخنين; Hebrew: סַחְ'נִין or סִכְנִין Sikhnin) is a city in Israel's North District. It is located in the Lower Galilee, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Acre. Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. Its population of 25,100 is Arab, mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority. It is located on the site of the ancient Jewish town Sikhnin, which flourished during the Roman conquest (2nd century CE). Sakhnin is home to the largest population of Sufi Muslims within Israel, with approximately 80 members.
Sakhnin is built over three hills and is located in a valley surrounded by mountains, the highest one being 602 meters high. Its rural landscape is almost entirely covered by olive and fig groves as well as oregano and sesame shrubs.
There are many old houses, caves and graves in the old section of Sakhnin. In the heart of the old town there is a grave called The Sheikh Ibrahim which is one of the 66 graves in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, who was considered a saint by the locals. This grave/shrine used to be visited by many women, light candles inside it the shrine, and hang pieces of cloth on its walls asking for blessing.
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Salonika
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)), also known as Thessalonica ( /ˌθɛsəlɵˈnaɪkə/) and historically known as Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévusa), literally "co-capital", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa), "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.
According to the 2011 census the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824; making it the fifth largest and most populated city in the Balkans and the second most populated city that is not a capital. Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,006,730 inhabitants.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) (pronounced [sǎrajɛʋɔ]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of over 311,161 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has a population of 438,757. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia and Herzegovina's major economic center.
The city is historically famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious and cultural variety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It was, until recently in the 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, cathedral, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Sha'ab, Israel
Sha'ab (Arabic: شعب; Hebrew: שַׁעַבּ; meaning "The spur") is an Israeli-Arab town (a local council) in the North District of Israel. It has 5,442 dunams (6.4 km2 (2.5 sq mi)) of land under its jurisdiction and in 2006 had a population of 6,000.
French scholar Victor Guérin associated Sha'ab with Saab, a place mentioned by 1st-century writer Josephus. In the 14th century, the tax income from the village was given to the wakf of the madrasah and mausoleum of the Shafi'i Manjaq, Egypt.
In 1517, Sha'ab was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine. In 1573 (981 H) Sha'ab was one of several villages in Galilee which rebelled against the Ottomans. In 1596, the village appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Acre, with a population of 139 Muslim households. It paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit trees,"occasional revenues", and "goats and bees".
According to local tradition, the village started to flourish under anti-Ottoman rebel Daher el-Omar (ca. 1768). In 1859, the population was estimated to be 1,500. Some were Catholic, the majority Muslim. The cultivated fields were estimated to be 80 feddans. Guérin visited in the 1870s, and wrote that the village of Sh'aib consisted of four quarters. The inhabitants, he wrote, were for the most part Muslim, about 800, and some 20 "Schismatic Greek" families. The Muslims had two Mosques and two walis. In 1881, Sha'ab was described as being in a valley with fine olive groves, while part of the hill behind it was cultivated in corn.
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Shaghur
Shaghur or Shagor (Hebrew: שגור; Arabic: الشاغور, ash-Shaghur) was an Israeli-Arab city in the North District of Israel located east of the coastal city of Acre (Akka). It was formed in 2003 with the merger of three Arab local councils – Majd al-Krum, Deir al-Asad and Bi'ina. It was declared a city in 2005. The city was dissolved on December 1st, 2008 by Knesset decree and the pre-2003 component villages were given independent standing. It is the third largest Arab locality in the North District after Nazareth and Shefa-'Amr. The name Shaghur comes from the name of the nearby valley which borders the al-Araas mountain in which the city is built upon. The city had a population of 29,900 at the end of 2007.
Shaghur's components, Majd al-Kurum, Deir al-Asad and Bi'ina – like most Arab villages in the Galilee – were largely agricultural. The main crops were olives, figs, citrus and pomegranates. The three villages were captured by Israeli forces on October 30, 1948 in Operation Dekel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1956 about 1,275 acres (5.16 km2) of land from the villages that make up Shaghur were labeled "closed areas" by the Israeli government. In 1961 the restricted area was used to form the nearby city of Karmiel. During the 2006 Lebanon War between Israel and Hezbollah, as many as 43 of the latter's Katyusha rockets landed in or near Shaghur's neighborhoods, killing four civilians. The Jewish city of Karmiel – which is adjacent to Shaghur – and an alleged artillery installment on a nearby hill were Hezbollah's apparent target. The killed were Muhammad Subhi Mana, Baha Karim, Miriam Assadi and Fathi Assadi.
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Shefa-'Amr
Shefa-'Amr, also Shfar'am (Arabic: شفاعمرو, Šafā ʻAmr; Hebrew: שְׁפַרְעָם, Šəfarʻam) is a predominantly Arab city in the North District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 35,300.
In the Roman Era, the town was known as "Shofar Am", Hebrew for "horn of a nation". It is thought that this name is derived from that of the Jewish Sanhedrin, which for a time was located in the city and was considered the nation's horn.[citation needed] Alternatively, the name could be based on the literary Hebrew word shefer שפר, meaning "beauty" or "goodness", i.e. "the beauty of the people". According to a popular Arab legend, the Arab general Amr Ibn Al-Aas was cured of an illness after drinking the local water. Upon seeing their commander's recovery, his soldiers cheered "Shofiya Amr" (Arabic for "Amr was healed"), and that was the source of the name.[citation needed] The spring from which he allegedly drank is located southeast of the city. Others allege that the name "Shfar-am" was changed to an Arabic form "Shefa-'Amr" in the Mamluk period.[citation needed]
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Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam
Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam (Arabic: الشبلي - أم الغنم, Hebrew: שִׁבְּלִי-אֻם אל-עַ'נַם) is an Israeli-Arab Bedouin local council at the base of Mount Tabor in Israel's North District. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Shibli-Umm al-Ghanam had a population of 4,800 inhabitants in 2005.
The town is the result of a municipal merger of Bedouin villages of Shibli and Umm al-Ghanam in 1992. The former town of Shibli became a local council in 1984 and Umm al-Ghanam was established in 1940 as a Bedouin settlement and was recognized by the Israeli government in 1982.
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Smyrna
Smyrna (Ancient Greek: Σμύρνη or Σμύρνα) was an ancient city located at a central and strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Thanks to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. The ancient city is located at two sites within modern İzmir, Turkey. The first site, probably founded indigenously, rose to prominence during the Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia. The second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great, reached metropolitan proportions during the period of the Roman Empire. Most of the present-day remains date from the Roman era, the majority from after a 2nd century AD earthquake.
In practical terms, a distinction is often made between Old Smyrna, the initial settlement founded around the 11th century BC, first as an Aeolian settlement, and later taken over and developed during the Archaic Period by the Ionians, and Smyrna proper, the new city moved into from the older one as of the 4th century BC and whose foundation was inspired, and perhaps also initiated, by Alexander the Great.
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Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Tamra
Tamra (Arabic: طمرة, Hebrew: טַמְרָה or תַמְרָה) is an Israeli Arab city in the North District of Israel located in the Lower Galilee 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the city of Shefa-'Amr and approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Akko (Acre). The name Tamra means date palm in Arabic. It is a common city name throughout the Arab world.
Tamra was captured by Israeli forces from the Arab Liberation Army and the Syrian Army in 1948 Arab-Israeli War as a part of Operation Dekel. The city grew rapidly in the period of Israel's first years as a nation due to the influx of Palestinian refugees from destroyed nearby villages such as al-Birwa or al-Damun. Large percentages of the city's farming land was confiscated by Israeli authorities and allocated to farming cooperatives and nearby Jewish settlement towns such as Mitzpe Aviv. Tamra achieved local council status in 1956 and was declared a city in 1996.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 27,300. In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was almost entirely Arab (99.6% Muslim), with no significant Jewish population. See Population groups in Israel.
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Tiberias
Tiberias ( /taɪˈbɪəriəs/; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya, Tiveria (audio) (help·info); Arabic: طبرية, Ṭabariyyah) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret), Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius.
Tiberias has been venerated in Judaism since the middle of the 2nd century CE and since the 16th century has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed. In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.
Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman Jewish client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antopas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee. Tiberias had a Jewish majority, living alongside a heterogeneous population. It was named in honor of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. There is a legend that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite village of Rakkat, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:35). A discussion of Tiberias as Rakkat appears in the Talmud.[better source needed] In The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus states that Tiberias was located near Emmaus. This location is repeated in The Wars of the Jews.[better source needed]
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Tuba-Zangariyye
Tuba-Zangariyye or Tuba az-Zanghariyya (Arabic: طوبه زنغرية, Hebrew: טוּבָּא-זַנְגָרִיָה) is a Bedouin town in the North District of Israel that achieved local council status in 1988. It was formed by the merger of two villages, Tuba and az-Zangariyye. Populated by the Bedouin tribe of El Heib, Tuba is situated near Kfar Hanassi, overlooking the Jordan River. The town sits 250 meters above sea level. In 2009, the town had a population of 6,000.
The villages were named after the Bedouin tribes 'Arab al-Zanghariyya and 'Arab al-Hayb, who lived in tents near Ein Tuba (Tuba Spring). The nomads first lived in tent encampments and later settled villages, established in 1903[dubious – discuss]. The Bedouins of Tuba had long standing ties with the nearby Jewish communities and helped defend them in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the inhabitants formed an alliance with the Haganah, defending Jewish communities in the Upper Galilee against Syria. Some joined the Pal-Heib unit of the Haganah.
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Tudela, Navarre
Tudela (Basque: Tutera) is a municipality in Spain, the second city of the autonomous community of Navarre. Its population is around 35,000. Tudela is sited in the Ebro valley. Fast trains running on two-track electrified railways serve the city and two freeways (AP 68 and AP 15) join close to it. Tudela is the capital of the "Ribera Navarra", the agricultural region of lower Navarre.
The poet Al-Tutili, the 12th century traveller Benjamin of Tudela, the 13th century writer William of Tudela and the physician and theologian Michael de Villanueva (true name of Servetus) were from the city.
Of note are the city's festivals in honor of Santa Ana (St. Anne, mother of Mary) which begin on 24 July at noon and continue for approximately one week. Street music, bullfights and the running of the bulls are events which exemplify this festival.
Archeological excavations have shown that the area of Tudela has been populated since the lower paleolithic. The town of Tudela was founded by the Romans on Celt-Iberian settlements. Since then the town has been inhabited continuously. The Roman poet Marcus Valerius Martialis (Epigrams Book IV, 55) "recalls in grateful verse" the town of Tutela next to his own native Bilbilis. The city was later taken under the Muslim emirate of Al-Hakam I in 802 by Amrus ibn Yusuf al-Muwalad.
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa ( /ˈtʌlsə/) is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 46th-largest city in the United States. With a population of 391,906 as of the 2010 census, it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 937,478 (2010) residents in the MSA and 988,454 (2010) in the CSA. Tulsa's CSA is projected to reach one million between 2010 and 2012. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, and extends into Osage, Rogers, and Wagoner counties.
Tulsa was first settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe. In 1921, it was the site of the infamous Tulsa Race Riot, one of the largest and most destructive acts of racial violence in the history of the United States. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname "Oil Capital of the World" and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry. Tulsa, along with several other cities, claims to be the birthplace of U.S. Route 66 and is also known for its Western Swing music.
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Tur'an
Tur'an (Arabic: طرعان, Hebrew: תֻּרְעָן) is an Israeli-Arab local council in the North District of Israel. It is located on Mount Tur'an near the main road from Haifa to Tiberias, and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Nazareth. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Tur'an had a population of 11,100 mostly Muslim inhabitants in 2005.
At the time of the 1931 census, Tur'an had 188 occupied houses and a population of 961, of whom 693 were Muslims and 268 Christians.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Wuxi
Wuxi (simplified Chinese: 无锡; traditional Chinese: 無錫; pinyin: Wúxī; former spellings: Wu-shi, Wushi, or Wu-hsi; lit. "Without Tin"; Shanghai dialect: [ɦuɕiɪʔ]) is an old city in Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. Split in half by Lake Tai, Wuxi borders Changzhou to the west and Suzhou to the east. The northern half looks across to Taizhou across the Yangtze River, while the southern half also borders the province of Zhejiang to the south. Wuxi earned its nickname "Pearl of Lake Tai" because it's built on the shore of Lake Tai in a scenic setting.[citation needed] Wuxi was also dubbed "little Shanghai" because of its close proximity to the city, rapid urbanization and booming economy.[citation needed] Wuxi also has a history of business people involved in modern Shanghai commerce since the early 20th century.
Although Wuxi means "No tin", scholars suggest the city name may come from "Wuxu" (吳墟), meaning ruins of the State of Wu, or a Baiyue word which may mean "god bird".
Wuxi was founded 3,000 years ago by two fugitive princes, Taibo and Zhongyong, of the Zhou from Central China, who intended to give their brother Jili (季歷) the throne. The two princes settled down in Meili (梅里), which is believed to be today's Meicun, Wuxi. (some historic records indicate a location somewhere in today's Suzhou). They helped developing local agriculture and waterways. The area soon flourished. After the death of Taibo, who had no heir, the emperor of Zhou enthroned a descendant of his family king of the State of Wu. The king named his kingdom "Gowu". Taibo's shrine was set up in today's Meicun and the original wood structure was destroyed during the wars over the course of history. However, it has been renovated several times and today's architecture dates mostly to the Qing dynasty. A stone carved with sayings by Confucius can still be seen in Taibo Shrine.
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Yafa an-Naseriyye
Yafa an-Naseriyye (Arabic: يافة الناصره, "Jaffa of Nazareth", also Yafa, Yafia or Yafi Arabic: يافا, يفيع, Hebrew: יָפָא, יָפִיעַ) is an Arab local council located in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It forms part of the metropolitan area of Nazareth, also an Arab locality. Declared a local council in 1960, Yafa had a population of 16,200 in 2005, approximately 70% of whom are Muslim and 30% Christian.
Yafa has been identified as the ancient town of Japhia, mentioned in the Book of Joshua as a border town of Zebulun (Joshua 19:12). Local medieval tradition holds that Zebedee and his two sons, James and John lived in Yafa.
At the time of the 1931 census, Yafa, (including Arab el Ghazzalin), had 312 occupied houses and a population of 833, of whom 456 were Muslims and 377 Christians.
A substantial portion of Yafa's population today are the descendents of internally displaced Palestinians from the neighbouring village of Ma'alul which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. People from Ma'alul participated in the local elections in Yafa under the banner of the "Ma'alul refugees' party" with platform also focused on issues of interest or concern to wider population as a way of attracting political support from local parties.
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Yanuh-Jat
Yanuh-Jat is an Arab local council in the North District of Israel. Probably place of the Biblical village of Yanuah (2 Kings 15:29). It was declared as a local council in 1990. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 5,300 in 2006. The rate of growth of the population is 2.6%. The majority of the town's inhabitants are Druze.
Before a municipal merger in 1990, Yanuh-Jat was two villages: Yanuh and Jat. In 2003 the Israeli Government had an economical emergency plan in which Yanuh-Jat was merged with its surrounding neighbors: Julis, Abu Sinan and Yirka. The residents of those villages were against the merge and aimed to undo it. After one year, the merging was canceled and Yanuh-Jat was independent again. In origin, 70% of the citizens are from Yanuh and 30% are from Jat. Druze began arriving in Jat in the 17th century, while they arrived in Yanuh in the 18th century.
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Yavne'el
Yavne'el (Hebrew: יַבְנְאֵל) is a moshava and a local council in the North District of Israel. It is named after a village in the tribe Naphtali (Jos 19:33), which was probably located on the tel north of the moshava. Located south-west of Tiberias, it was declared a local council in 1951. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 3,100 in 2008, with a growth rate of 1.4%. The majority of the citizens of the council are Jewish. The local council includes Yavne'el, Beit Gan, Mishmar HaShlosha and Smadar.
The village was established by the Jewish Colonization Association on lands bought by the Baron Rothschild, by villagers from Horan and Metula. In Yavne'el many organizations were established including the Israeli Farmers Union, the Galilee Squadron and the Golani Brigade.
In 1986, Rabbi Eliezer Shlomo Schik founded a Breslov community largely consisting of baalei teshuvah (newly religious) adherents in Yavne'el. Today this community, which calls itself "Breslov City," numbers 350 residents. It includes a beis medrash, kollel, yeshiva and mikveh. There is also a boys school, girls school, nursery and kindergarten, with enrollment of over 1000 children.
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Yesud HaMa'ala
Yesud (frequently misread as Yesod) HaMa'ala was the first modern Jewish community in the Hula Valley. Built in 1882, the community was among a series of agricultural settlements founded during the First Aliyah. The name of the village was taken from a sentence in the Bible: "He (Ezra) determined to go up." (Ezra 7:9), which was connected to the Zionist Aliyah.
In the late 19th century, the Hulah Valley was mostly swampland and the 15,000 acre (61 km²) shallow Lake Hula. The region was a well-known breeding ground for mosquitoes, and as a result concerns about malaria restricted further Jewish settlement in the region for fifty years. As drainage technology and pesticide use increased in the 1920s, settlement in the area became more feasible.
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the establishment of the state of Israel, the swamp was drained and converted into agricultural land. Recognizing the unique ecosystem of the valley and its importance as a stopover for migrating birds, scientists lobbied for a small portion of the swamp to remain as a nature reserve. In 1964, the 800 acre (3.2 km²) Hula Valley Nature Reserve, the country's first, was opened.
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Yokneam
Yokneam Illit (Hebrew: יָקְנְעָם עילית), also Yoqne'am Illit and Jokneam Illit is a city southeast of Haifa in northern Israel. It is located in a hilly region of the lower Galilee, bordered by Highway 70 and Mount Carmel. Yokneam Illit is at the base of the Carmel Mountains and overlooks the Jezreel Valley, 21 kilometres (13 mi) from Haifa and 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Tel Aviv. Yokneam Illit had a population of 18,600 at the end of 2007. The town has developed as a centre for high tech businesses, due to its proximity to the Technion in eastern Haifa.
Yokneam appears in the list of 119 conquered cities by Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III after the victory in the Megiddo battle (1468BC). Yokenam is mentioned in the Bible as a city of Levites within the Israelite tribe of Zebulun (Joshua 12:1, 12:22, 19:10-11, 21:34). It is located near Megiddo (Armageddon). The Crusaders called Yokneam "Cain Mons", or "Mountain of Cain" in keeping with the tradition that Cain, son of Adam (Genesis 4: 23-24), was murdered at this site. Yokneam was populated throughout the Persian, Hellenistic, Roman/Byzantine, Arab, Crusaders, Mameluk, and Ottoman periods.
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Zarzir
Zarzir (Arabic: زرزير, Hebrew: זַרְזִיר), or Beit Zarzir, is an Israeli-Arab local council located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the city of Nazareth in Israel's North District. It became a local council in 1997 and its population in 2005 was 6,300. Its population consists of five Bedouin tribes.
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Agrippa I
Agrippa I, also known as Herod Agrippa or simply Herod (10 BC – 44 AD), was a King of the Jews during the 1st century AD. The grandson of Herod the Great and son of Aristobulus IV and Berenice. He was born Marcus Julius Agrippa, so named in honour of Roman statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. He is the king named Herod in the Acts of the Apostles, in the Bible, "Herod (Agrippa)" (Ἡρώδης Ἀγρίππας). He was, according to Josephus, known in his time as "Agrippa the Great". Christian and Jewish historiography take different views of this king, with the Christians largely opposing Agrippa and the Jews largely favoring Agrippa.
Agrippa's territory comprised most of Israel, including Iudaea, Galilee, Batanaea and Perea. From Galilee his territory extended east to Trachonitis.
Josephus informs us that, after the murder of his father, young Agrippa was sent by Herod the Great to the imperial court in Rome. There, Tiberius conceived a great affection for him, and had him educated alongside his son Drusus, who also befriended him, and future emperor Claudius. On the death of Drusus, Agrippa, who had been recklessly extravagant and was deeply in debt, was obliged to leave Rome, fleeing to the fortress of Malatha in Idumaea. There, it was said, he contemplated suicide.
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Agrippa II
Agrippa II (born AD 27/28), son of Agrippa I, and like him originally named Marcus Julius Agrippa, was the seventh and last king of the family of Herod the Great, thus last of the Herodians. He was the brother of Berenice, Mariamne, and Drusilla (second wife of the Roman procurator Antonius Felix). He is sometimes also called Herod Agrippa II.
Agrippa was educated at the court of the emperor Claudius, and at the time of his father's death was only seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the Roman province of Judaea. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius, and against the Samaritans and the procurator of Iudaea Province, Ventidius Cumanus, who was lately thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there. On the death of Herod of Chalcis (in 48), his small principality (Chalcis, Syria) was given to Agrippa, with the right of superintending the Temple in Jerusalem and appointing its high priest. In 53, he was deprived of that kingdom by Claudius, who made him governor over the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias. Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters Mariamne and Drusilla. Flavius Josephus, the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Agrippa lived in incestuous carnality with his sister, Berenice.
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Ashkenazim
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.[citation needed]
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.
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Benjamin of Tiberias
According to Jewish sources Benjamin of Tiberias was a man of immense wealth, who enlisted and armed many soldiers during the Jewish revolt against Heraclius in the 7th century Palaestina province of the Byzantine Empire. Benjamin took a place as one of the leaders of the revolt, actively participating in the Persian siege and capture of Jerusalem in 614 and playing a major role in managing the newly established autonomous Jewish community within the Sassanid Empire. However, the autonomy period was brief, and the Jews surrendered to Heraclius, who entered Jerusalem in 628. Despite the surrender, the next year a major massacre by Byzantines and Ghassanids devastated the Jewish communities of Galilee and Jerusalem. The fate of Benjamin is not known for certain.
During an early stage of the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, the Sassanid Persian ruler, Khosrau II, decided as a tactical move to establish a military alliance with the Jewish population of the Sassanid Empire, with a promise to re-establish Jewish rule over the Land of Israel (Palaestina province of Byzantine Empire at that time). Following his pact with Nehemiah ben Hushiel, son of the Jewish Exilarch, a joint Sassanid-Jewish army, commanded by Shahrbaraz, arrived to Palaestina and conquered Caesaria. The Jewish and Persian force was joined by Benjamin of Tiberias, who enlisted and armed additional Jewish soldiers from Tiberias, Nazareth and the mountain cities of Galilee and together they marched on Jerusalem. Later, they were joined by the Jews of the southern parts of the country; and supported by a band of Arabs, the united forces took Jerusalem in July 614 AD.
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Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with consanguinity by Sixtus IV. The title of "Catholic King and Queen" was bestowed on them by the Pope Alexander VI in 1496, for defending Catholic dogmas within their realms. They married on October 19, 1469, in the city of Valladolid; Isabella was eighteen years old and Ferdinand a year younger. Their marriage united both crowns under the same family. John Elliot and many other historians consider that the unification of Spain can essentially be traced back to the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, but newer historical opinions recognize that under their rule Spain was still a composite monarchy. Castile and Aragon remained largely separate entities for decades to come. The court of Ferdinand and Isabella was constantly on the move, in order to bolster local support for the crown from local feudal lords.
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Chaim Abulafia
Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia (b.1660 in Hebron, d.1744 in Tiberias), was a rabbinical authority. He was the grandfather of Hayyim ben David Abulafia and grandson of Isaac Nissim aben Gamil. Abulafia was a rabbi in Smyrna, where he instituted many wholesome regulations. In his old age (1740) he restored the Jewish community in Tiberias.
He is the author of several works:
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Doña Gracia
Gracia Mendes Nasi (Gracia is archaic Portuguese and Spanish for the Hebrew Hannah, also known by her Christianized name Beatrice de Luna, 1510–1569) was one of the wealthiest Jewish women of Renaissance Europe. She married into the eminent international banking and finance company known as the House of Mendes|Benvenisti. She was the aunt and business partner of Joseph Nasi, who became a prominent figure in the politics of the Ottoman Empire. She also developed an escape network that saved hundreds of Conversos - forcibly converted Jews - from the terrors of the Inquisition.
Dona Beatrice de Luna Gracia Micas Nasi Mendes was born in Lisbon. The family was from Aragon Spain and was forcibly converted Jews known as Conversos (also called Crypto-Jews, Marranos and Secret Jews). While still Jewish, they had fled to Portugal when the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, expelled the Jews in 1492. Five years later, in 1497, they were forcibly converted to Catholicism along with all the other Jews in Portugal at that time.
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Fakhr-al-Din II
Emir Fakhr-al-Din ibn Maan (1572–April 13, 1635) (Arabic: الامير فخر الدين بن معن) was the 1st prince of the State of Lebanon which has self-governed under the Ottoman Empire between the 17th and 19th centuries. Son of Prince Qorqmaz ibn Maan (Arabic: الامير قرقماز بن معن) and Sit Nasab (Arabic: الست نسب) of the Tanukhi family, he was given the title "Emir" or Prince in Arabic because the Maan dynasty reigned over Lebanon. His period was characterized by economic and cultural prosperity, and he had fought other Lebanese families to unite the people of Lebanon and seek independence from the Ottoman Empire. He is therefore considered by many to be the first "Man of Lebanon" to seek the sovereignty of modern-day Lebanon. However, the Ottomans had discovered his plot and executed him with three of his children on April 13, 1635.
Born in Baakline to a Druze family, he was raised by Sheikh Ibrahim Abou Sakr, a prominent Maronite from the Khazen family, in the Lebanese village of Ballouneh.
In 1608 Fakhr-al-Din forged an alliance with the Italian Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The alliance contained both a public economic section and a secret military one.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Haim Watzman
Haim Watzman (b. 1956, Cleveland, Ohio), is an American-born, Jerusalem-based writer, journalist, and translator.
Watzman was born in Cleveland, Ohio and grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland. After receiving a B.A. from Duke University, Watzman made aliyah to Israel, where he has lived since 1978 and worked as a freelance translator and journalist. He lives in Jerusalem with his wife, Ilana, and four children.
Watzman is the author of Company C: An American’s Life as a Citizen-Soldier in Israel (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2005), a memoir centered on his service in a reserve infantry unit in the Israel Defense Forces and A Crack in the Earth: A Journey Up Israel’s Rift Valley (Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2007).
Watzman is known for his English translations of recent works by Hebrew-language authors. His translations include Tom Segev’s The Seventh Million, Elvis in Jerusalem, and One Palestine Complete, as well as David Grossman’s The Yellow Wind, Sleeping on a Wire, and Death as a Way of Life.
He served for 25 years as Israel correspondent for The Chronicle of Higher Education, and is now Israel correspondent for the British science journal Nature. His opinion pieces have appeared on the pages of The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Forward.
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Herod Antipas
Herod Antipater (Greek: Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπατρος, Hērǭdēs Antipatros; born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), known by the nickname Antipas, was a 1st-century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.
After inheriting his territories when the kingdom of his father Herod the Great was divided upon his death in 4 BC, Antipas ruled them as a client state of the Roman Empire. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and more important for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Named in honor of his patron, the emperor Tiberius, the city later became a center of rabbinic learning.
Antipas divorced his first wife Phasaelis, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favour of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his brother Herod Philip I. According to the New Testament Gospels, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death. Besides provoking his conflict with the Baptizer, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37 AD. In 39 AD Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the new Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.
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Herod the Great
Herod (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos, Greek: Ἡρῴδης, Hērōdēs), also known as Herod the Great (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho), was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) and the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima. Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
The Romans made Herod's son Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (biblical Edom) from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the Roman emperor Augustus who then combined Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea into Iudaea province under rule of a prefect until 41. Herod's other son Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE – 39 CE.
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Jamie Heaslip
James Peter Richard "Jamie" Heaslip (born 15 December 1983) is a Leinster & Irish rugby union player.
Heaslip was born in Tiberias, Israel, while his father, retired Brigadier General Richard Heaslip, was there on duty with UNIFIL.The youngest of four children, he has two brothers and a sister. He attended Newbridge College before starring at the 2004 U-21 World Cup in Scotland, where Ireland finished as runners-up to New Zealand. Following his performance, Heaslip was nominated for the IRB Under-21 World Player of the Year award..
Heaslip made his Leinster senior debut in the Celtic League in March 2005 where he has since gained 70 official senior games, scoring over 90 points, including 2 tries in the Heineken Cup. He was Ireland’s best player at the Churchill Cup in the summer of 2006[citation needed]. The first Irish cap he received was in an autumn series test of 2006 against the Pacific Islands. He had the honour of being the 1000th player to wear the green of Ireland. He was a member of the victorious Ireland team that won the 2009 Six Nations Championship and Grand Slam Heaslip was a member of the British and Irish Lions squad for the 2009 tour to South Africa. He Started all three tests on the Tour. He also was nominated for the IRB International Player of the Year for 2009. Heaslip was named in the first Celtic League Dream Team in 2007 and along with Ben Blair and Felipe Contepomi retained his place in 2008, in 2009 he became the only player to have been named in all three sides and has retained his unique ever present record in 2010. Heaslip was the only try scorer in the Heineken Cup semi final in which Leinster were defeated 26–16 by the eventual champions Toulouse. Heaslip has recently signed a new 3-year contract with Leinster Rugby which will see him stay at the club until 2014.
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Jasmine
Jasminum (/ˈdʒæzmɨnəm/), commonly known as jasmines, is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.
Jasmines can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne opposite or alternate. They can be simple, trifoliate, or pinnate. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.
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Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Joseph Nasi
Don Joseph Nasi (or Nassi; also known as João Miques/Micas and Don João Migas Mendes in a Portuguese variant, Giuseppe Nasi in Italian, and as Yasef Nassi in Ottoman Turkish; 1524, Portugal–1579, Constantinople) was a Jewish diplomat and administrator, member of the House of Mendes/Benveniste, and a nephew of Dona Gracia Mendes Nasi, and influential figure in the Ottoman Empire during the rules of both Sultan Suleiman I and his son Selim II. He was a great benefactor of the Jewish people.
A Court Jew, he was appointed the Lord of Tiberias, with the expressed aim of resettling Jews in Palestine and encouraging industry there; the attempt failed, and, later, he was appointed the Duke of Naxos and the Seven Islands. Nasi also brought about war with the Republic of Venice, at the end of which Venice lost the island of Cyprus to the Ottomans. After the death of Selim, he lost influence in the Ottoman Court, but was allowed to keep his titles and pension for the remainder of his life.
Joao Micas, Yosef Nasi was born in Spain as a Marrano (practicing Judaism in secret), and was a friend of Maximilian, nephew of the Habsburg King Charles I of Spain. He escaped to Portugal after Charles decided to confiscate the Mendes fortune, and, after the Holy Inquisition began operating against Portuguese Marranos, moved to Antwerp, in the Habsburg Netherlands, with his aunt, Doña Gracia Mendes Nasi. He studied at the University of Louvain, but had to flee the Inquisition in 1547. He then moved to France and later to Venice, before finally leaving for the Ottoman realm in 1554, Where he married Doña Reyna the daughter of his aunt Gracia Mendes Nasi.
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Josephus
Titus Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100), also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in 70.
His most important works were The Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94).The Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66–70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for an ostensibly Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity (See main article Josephus on Jesus).
Josephus introduces himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias, an ethnic Jew, a priest from Jerusalem" in his first book. He was the second-born son of Matthias and his wife, who was an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His older brother, his full-blooded sibling, was also called Matthias. The mother of Josephus was an aristocratic woman who descended from royalty and of the former ruling Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus’ paternal grandparents were Josephus and his wife, an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His paternal grandparents were distant relatives of each other, as they were both direct descendants of Simon Psellus. Josephus came from a wealthy, aristocratic family and through his father, he descended from the priestly order of the Jehoiarib, which was the first of the 24 orders of Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem. Through his father, Josephus was a descendant of the High Priest Jonathon. Jonathon may have been Alexander Jannaeus, the High Priest and Hasmonean ruler who governed Judea from 103 BC-76 BC. Born and raised in Jerusalem, Josephus was educated alongside his brother.
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Josephus Flavius
Titus Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100), also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in 70.
His most important works were The Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94).The Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66–70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for an ostensibly Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity (See main article Josephus on Jesus).
Josephus introduces himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias, an ethnic Jew, a priest from Jerusalem" in his first book. He was the second-born son of Matthias and his wife, who was an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His older brother, his full-blooded sibling, was also called Matthias. The mother of Josephus was an aristocratic woman who descended from royalty and of the former ruling Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus’ paternal grandparents were Josephus and his wife, an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His paternal grandparents were distant relatives of each other, as they were both direct descendants of Simon Psellus. Josephus came from a wealthy, aristocratic family and through his father, he descended from the priestly order of the Jehoiarib, which was the first of the 24 orders of Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem. Through his father, Josephus was a descendant of the High Priest Jonathon. Jonathon may have been Alexander Jannaeus, the High Priest and Hasmonean ruler who governed Judea from 103 BC-76 BC. Born and raised in Jerusalem, Josephus was educated alongside his brother.
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Judah haNasi
Judah the Prince, (Hebrew: יהודה הנשיא, Yehudah HaNasi) or Judah I, also known as Rabbi or Rabbenu HaQadosh (Hebrew: רבנו הקדוש, "Our Sacred Teacher"), was a 2nd-century CE rabbi and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. He was a key leader of the Jewish community during the Roman occupation of Judea . He was of the Davidic line, the royal line of King David, hence the title nasi, meaning prince. The title nasi was also used for presidents of the Sanhedrin. Judah died on 15 Kislev in 188CE or 219CE .[citation needed]
Judah the Prince was born in 135 CE. According to the Midrash, he came into the world on the same day that Rabbi Akiva died a martyr's death. The Talmud suggests that this was a result of Divine Providence: God had granted the Jewish people another leader of great stature to succeed Rabbi Akiva. His place of birth is unknown; nor is it recorded where his father, Shimon ben Gamliel II, sought refuge with his family during the persecutions under Hadrian. He is the only tanna known as "our holy teacher" due to his deep piety.
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Maimonides
Mosheh ben Maimon משה בן מימון, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (Arabic: موسى بن ميمون), or RaMBaM (רמב"ם – Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon"), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. He was a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.
Although his writings on Jewish law and ethics were met with acclaim and gratitude from most Jews even as far off as Spain, Iraq and Yemen, and he rose to be the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, there were also vociferous critics of some of his rulings and other writings particularly in Spain. Nevertheless, he was posthumously acknowledged to be one of the foremost rabbinical arbiters and philosophers in Jewish history, his copious work a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries canonical authority as a codification of Talmudic law. In the Yeshiva world he is known as "haNesher haGadol" (the great eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah.
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Marrano
Marranos (Spanish: [maˈranos]; Portuguese: [mɐˈʁanuʃ], sing. marrano; Catalan: Marrans [məˈrans], sing. marrà) were originally Jews living in the Iberian Peninsula who had been forced to convert to Christianity, some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret. The term came into later use in 1492 with the Castilian Alhambra Decree, reversing protections originally in the Treaty of Granada (1491). The converts were also known as Cristianos nuevos (Spanish) and Cristãos novos (Portuguese), which mean New Christians, and conversos (the converted).
The term Marrano derives from Arabic مُحَرّمٌ muḥarram; meaning "forbidden, anathematized". Marrano in 15th century Spanish first meant pig, from the ritual prohibition against eating pork, practiced by both Jews and Muslims. Marrano in Spanish still means pig and dirty, but it is no longer commonly related to religious beliefs.
Although originally the term was used by common people, the insult was mostly racist, as people associated in a superstitious and prejudiced way to the descendants of forced New Christians as a racially identifiable people by their bad denture, which allegedly proved their sinful soul. In the sixteenth century, marrano was used to refer to both the forced converts from Judaism and the forced converts from Islam, as both religions prohibit eating pork. Over time by scholars, the latter were called Moriscos, and the voice marrano was only to designate the Jews of converso descent. In the sixteenth century sense, marrano was used by rival "Old Christians" to insult Miguel de Cervantes, supposedly of Muslim or Jewish descent, to disparage him as a "New Christian".
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Moshe Peretz
Moshe Peretz (Hebrew: משה פרץ) is an Israeli Mizrahi Pop singer-songwriter and composer. He was born on May 10, 1983 in Tiberias.
Born in Tiberias To a Moroccan-Iraqi Jewish family. Peretz started singing as a poet in a synagogue in his home town of Tiberias at the age of 13 and started writing songs and to compose. At the age of 18 Peretz was inducted into the Israel Defense Forces and served at Military band.
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Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī [also spelled as Nasir Khusrow and Naser Khosrow] (1004 - 1088 AD (Persian: ناصر خسرو قبادیانی,Tajik: Носири Хусрав) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature. He was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria in eastern Iranian province of Khorasan, now present-day in modern Tajikistan and died in Yamagan, Central Asia (now in Afghanistan). He is considered one of the great poets and writers in Persian literature. The Safarnama, an account of his travels, is his most famous work.
Nasir Khusraw was born in 1004 AD, in Qubadyan. He was well versed in the branches of the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology, Greek philosophy, and the writings of al-Kindi, al-Farabi and Ibn Sina; and in the interpretation of the Qur'an. He also studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, the vernacular languages of India and Sindh, and perhaps even Hebrew; and had visited Multan and Lahore, and the splendid Ghaznavid court under Sultan Mahmud, Firdousi's patron. He later chose Merv for his residence, and was the owner of a house and garden there.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
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Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية al-khilāfat ar-Rāshidīyah), (c. 632-661) comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (Year 10 A.H. in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. At its greatest extent it was one of the largest empires in history. It is also known as the Patriarchal Caliphate.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar (a Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraish soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so.
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Richard Pococke
Richard Pococke (19 November 1704 – 25 September 1765) was an English prelate and anthropologist. He was Protestant Bishop of Ossory (1756–65) and Meath (1765), both dioceses of the Church of Ireland. However, he is best known for his travel writings and diaries.
Pococke was born in Southampton and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, receiving a Bachelor of Law degree. His father was Rev. Richard Pococke and his mother was Elizabeth Milles, the daughter of Rev. Isaac Milles. His parents were married on 26 April 1698. Pococke's uncle, Thomas Milles, was a Professor of Greek. He was also distantly related to Edward Pococke, the English Orientalist and biblical scholar.
His family connections meant he advanced rapidly in the church, becoming vicar-general of the diocese of Waterford and Lismore.
He seems to have spent far more time travelling than attending to his duties as a churchman and spent 1733-36 undertaking a series of tours in Europe. Detailed accounts of his first tours (1733–34, 1736–37) survive in a set of letters he wrote to his mother (British Library, Add. Ms. 19939). The unpublished manuscript includes probably the most detailed description of Venice's "Marriage to the Sea" ceremony as well as precious information on contemporary music, especially opera. The manuscript includes From 1737-42 he visited the Near East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Palestine and Greece. These travels were later published in his Description of the East of 1743 and 1745, works which were praised by Edmund Gibbon. Among other things, he was one of the European travellers to give an account of the origins of the medieval Arabic document, the Achtiname of Muhammad, which claims that the Prophet Muhammad had personally confirmed a grant of protection and other privileges to the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai.
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Roman Emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC). The Romans had no single term for the office although at any given time, a given title was associated with the emperor. If a man was "proclaimed emperor" this normally meant he was proclaimed augustus, or (for generals) imperator (from which English emperor ultimately derives). Several other titles and offices were regularly accumulated by emperors, such as caesar, princeps senatus, consul and Pontifex Maximus. The power of emperors was generally based on the accumulation of powers from republican offices and the support of the army.
Roman emperors refused to be considered "kings", instead claiming to be leaders of a republic, however nominal. The first emperor, Augustus, resolutely refused recognition as a monarch. Although Augustus could claim that his power was authentically Republican, his successor, Tiberius, could not convincingly make the same claim. Nonetheless, the Republican institutional framework (senate, consuls, magistracies etc.) was preserved until the very end of the Western Empire.
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Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سهلاحهدین ئهیوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî) (ca. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a KurdishMuslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa.
Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the Siege of Kerak, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.
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Selim I
Selim I, Yavuz Sultân Selim Khan, Hâdim-ül Haramain-ish Sharifain (Servant of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina) (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اوّل, Modern Turkish: I.Selim), nicknamed Yavuz "the Stern" or "the Steadfast", but often rendered in English as "the Grim" (October 10, 1465/1466/1470 – September 22, 1520), was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. His reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516-1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of Sham, Hejaz, and Egypt itself. With the heart of the Arab World now under their control, the Ottomans became the dominant power in the region, and in the Islamic world. Upon conquering Egypt, Selim took the title of Caliph of Islam, being the first Ottoman sultan to do so. He was also granted the title of "Khâdim ül Haramain ish Sharifain" (Servant of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina), by the Sharif of Mecca in 1517.
Selim's reign represented a sudden change in the expansion policy of the empire, which was working mostly against the West and the Beyliks before his reign. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned almost 1 billion acres (trebling during Selim's reign).
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Sephardi
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
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Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
wn.com/Sephardi_Jews -
Shimon bar Yochai
Simeon bar Yochai, (Aramaic: רבן שמעון בר יוחאי, Rabban Shimon bar Yochai), also known by his acronym Rashbi, was a famous 1st-century tannaic sage in ancient Israel, active after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. He was one of the most eminent disciples of Rabbi Akiva, and is attributed with the authorship of the Zohar, the chief work of Kabbalah.
In addition, the important legal homilies called Sifre and Mekhilta are attributed to him. In the Mishnah, he is often referred to as simply "Rabbi Shimon." He is the fourth-most mentioned sage in the Mishnah.
According to popular legend, he and his son, Rabbi Eleazar b. Simeon were noted Kabbalists. Both figures are held in unique reverence by kabbalistic tradition. They were buried in the same tomb in Meron, Israel, which is visited by thousands year round.
According to the Talmud, Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai criticized the Roman government and was forced to go into hiding with his son for thirteen years. They sheltered in a cave (which local tradition places in Peki'in). Next to the mouth of the cave a carob tree sprang up and a spring of fresh water gushed forth. Provided against hunger and thirst they cast off their clothing except during prayers to keep them from wearing out, embedded themselves in the sand up to their necks, and studied the Torah all day long.
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Tiberius
Tiberius (Latin: Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD), was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder (from his marriage to Scribonia) and even later be adopted by Augustus, by which act he officially became a Julian, bearing the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. The subsequent emperors after Tiberius would continue this blended dynasty of both families for the next forty years; historians have named it the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In relations to the other emperors of this dynasty, Tiberius was the stepson of Augustus, great-uncle of Caligula, paternal uncle of Claudius, and great-great uncle of Nero.
Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men." After the death of Tiberius’ son Drusus Julius Caesar in 23 he became more reclusive and aloof. In 26, against better judgement, Tiberius exiled himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefects Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro. Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor upon his death.
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Vespasian
Vespasian (Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 17 November 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Although he attained the standard succession of public offices, holding the consulship in AD 51, Vespasian became more reputed as a successful military commander, participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43, and subjugating Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of AD 66.
While Vespasian was preparing to besiege the city of Jerusalem during the latter campaign, emperor Nero committed suicide, plunging the empire into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After the emperors Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became Emperor in April AD 69. In response, the armies in Egypt and Judaea declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian gained control of Egypt. On 20 December, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared Emperor by the Roman Senate.
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Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yāqūt ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī al-Hamawī) (1179–1229) (Arabic: ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was an Islamic biographer and geographer renowned for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world. "al-Rumi" ("from Rûm") refers to his Greek (Byzantine) descent; "al-Hamawi" is taken, as usual with slaves, from the family name of his master after Hama, Syria, and ibn-Abdullah is a reference to his father's name, Abdullah. This is common among slaves who don't know the name of their fathers, to call him Abdullah. The word yāqūt means ruby or hyacinth.
Yaqut was a Greek sold as a slave to trader, Askar ibn Abi Nasr al-Hamawi, who lived in Baghdad, Iraq. His master taught him accounting and trading and sent him to trade on his behalf. He later freed him and that enabled Yagut to dedicate himself to his scholarly tasks. He was one of the last scholars who accessed to the libraries east of the Caspian Sea before Mongol invasion of Central Asia. He travelled to the peaceful scholarly city of ancient Merv in present-day Turkmenistan. There Yaqut spent two years in libraries, learning much of the knowledge he would later use in his works. Yaqut spend the last few years of life in Aleppo and died there.
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Yochanan bar Nafcha
Rabbi Yochanan (Biblical Hebrew transliteration: Yoḥanan bar Nafḥa); (also known as Rabbi Yochanan bar Nafcha or Johanan bar Nappaha, "Rabbi Yochanan son [of the] blacksmith," Hebrew: יוחנן בר נפחא) (died c. 279) was a rabbi in the early era of the Talmud. He was born in Tzippori in the Land of Israel. His father, a blacksmith, died prior to his birth, and his mother died soon after; he was raised by his grandfather in Tzippori.
Rabbi Yehuda Hanasi took the boy under his wing and taught him Torah. Due to the disparity in ages, though — Yochanan was only fifteen years old when Rabbi Yehuda died — Yochanan was not one of Rabbi Yehuda's prime students; rather, he studied more under Rabbi Yehuda's students. He studied Torah diligently all his life, even selling what he had inherited from his parents in order to be able to devote his time to study; after that was spent, he lived a life of poverty.
When the time came to start teaching Torah, Rabbi Yochanan decided to move from Tzippori to Tiberias, so as not to show disrespect to great rabbis in Tzippori who did not have their own centers of Torah study. He was considered, however, the greatest rabbi in the Land of Israel, and was even esteemed in the other center of Torah Jewry, Babylonia — so much so that after the deaths of Rav and Shmuel in Babylonia, Rabbi Yochanan was considered by Babylonian Jews as the greatest rabbi of the generation. He started a school in Tiberias, and let anybody in if they wanted to learn, a controversial move at the time. He laid the foundations for the Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud). He sites many traditions relating to the destruction of the Second Temple.
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Gereja Tiberias Indonesia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Gereja_Tiberias_Indonesia
Jerame Nelson Tiberias Church Singapore 1 October 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Jerame Nelson Tiberias Church Singapore 1 October 2008
http://wn.com/Jerame_Nelson_Tiberias_Church_Singapore_1_October_2008
Jerame Nelson Tiberias Church Singapore 1 October 2008
- published: 21 Nov 2008
- views: 6207
- author: Fernando Karnagi
13.6.09 Israel toward Tiberias with Samba part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 07 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/13609_Israel_toward_Tiberias_with_Samba_part_1
- published: 13 Jun 2009
- views: 3276
- author: Haim Dror
Tiberias Christmas Celebration 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Tiberias biggest annual Christmas Celebrations which was held on December 5th, 2009 in the national stadium with the growing number of attendees to more than 250000 people. The Christmas Celebration consist of praise and worship from Boanerges Youth Team and special guest Iz Houghton, sermon with holy communion and anointing service by senior pastor Yesaya Pariadji, testimonies, candle light service, fireworks and more.
http://wn.com/Tiberias_Christmas_Celebration_09
Tiberias biggest annual Christmas Celebrations which was held on December 5th, 2009 in the national stadium with the growing number of attendees to more than 250000 people. The Christmas Celebration consist of praise and worship from Boanerges Youth Team and special guest Iz Houghton, sermon with holy communion and anointing service by senior pastor Yesaya Pariadji, testimonies, candle light service, fireworks and more.
- published: 27 Dec 2009
- views: 7746
- author: BOANERGESYOUTH
driving thru tiberias
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
We collected a few crazy drives on video, but most of them are too long to upload. This is Tiberias on the Sea of Galillee.
http://wn.com/driving_thru_tiberias
We collected a few crazy drives on video, but most of them are too long to upload. This is Tiberias on the Sea of Galillee.
- published: 29 Nov 2008
- views: 1362
- author: randallniles
Israel Tiberias
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 16 Nov 2011
Israel Tiberias hilelnoble.session99.hop.clickbank.net To learn great ways on Savings on a trip like This One press for Great Travel Secrets hilelnoble.session99.hop.clickbank.net Israel Tiberias
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Israel Tiberias hilelnoble.session99.hop.clickbank.net To learn great ways on Savings on a trip like This One press for Great Travel Secrets hilelnoble.session99.hop.clickbank.net Israel Tiberias
- published: 29 Jun 2008
- views: 5108
- author: autodidactapr
baptisan tiberias gading indah jakarta#01.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Baptisan selam gereja tiberias indonesia gading indah jakarta, ada jemaat yang dirasuk roh ratu pantai selatan yang mengatakan pendeta yang sudah keluar dari tiberias sebagai pengikut ratu, dan membuat bayi2 meninggal dan membuat kemiskinan. pendeta tersebut dikatakan mencuri uang perpuluhan juga.
http://wn.com/baptisan_tiberias_gading_indah_jakarta_01flv
Baptisan selam gereja tiberias indonesia gading indah jakarta, ada jemaat yang dirasuk roh ratu pantai selatan yang mengatakan pendeta yang sudah keluar dari tiberias sebagai pengikut ratu, dan membuat bayi2 meninggal dan membuat kemiskinan. pendeta tersebut dikatakan mencuri uang perpuluhan juga.
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 8002
- author: GodLoveD3
Tiberias -lagu Tubuh dan Darah Yesus -Natal Istora Senayan 11 Desember 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Gereja Tiberias Indonesia menyelenggarakan Natal besar2an 200000 orang hadir di Stadion Sepak bola Istora Senayan Jakarta 11 Desember 2010, lagu Tubuh dan Darah Yesus berkumandang, www.tiberias.or.id
http://wn.com/Tiberias_-lagu_Tubuh_dan_Darah_Yesus_-Natal_Istora_Senayan_11_Desember_2010
Gereja Tiberias Indonesia menyelenggarakan Natal besar2an 200000 orang hadir di Stadion Sepak bola Istora Senayan Jakarta 11 Desember 2010, lagu Tubuh dan Darah Yesus berkumandang, www.tiberias.or.id
- published: 13 Dec 2010
- views: 5332
- author: stv2858
Tiberias Kinneret 2003 - 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Tiberias ( Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius. Since the 16th century - one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for devout Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years. en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Tiberias_Kinneret_2003_2011
Tiberias ( Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius. Since the 16th century - one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for devout Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years. en.wikipedia.org
- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 1236
- author: zimirina
Leonardo Plaza Hotel Tiberias | Tiberias Hotels | Hotel Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 02 Feb 2011
www.leonardo-hotels.com - Located in the heart of Tiberias and overlooking the Sea of Galilee, the Leonardo Plaza Hotel Tiberias is the perfect starting point to explore the north and its breathtaking nature.
http://wn.com/Leonardo_Plaza_Hotel_Tiberias_|_Tiberias_Hotels_|_Hotel_Video
www.leonardo-hotels.com - Located in the heart of Tiberias and overlooking the Sea of Galilee, the Leonardo Plaza Hotel Tiberias is the perfect starting point to explore the north and its breathtaking nature.
- published: 02 Feb 2011
- views: 6534
- author: leonardohotels
Gereja Tiberias | Minggu, 12 September 2010 | Balai Sarbini
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Kusanjung Kau Ditempat Tinggi
http://wn.com/Gereja_Tiberias_|_Minggu,_12_September_2010_|_Balai_Sarbini
Kusanjung Kau Ditempat Tinggi
- published: 16 Sep 2010
- views: 7496
- author: Richie Susanto
To Tiberias and Beyond
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 31 May 2012
Part 1 of Bethel Biblical's trip to Israel; visiting Tiberias, Dan Eden, Dado Look-out, etc; with the Bethel Worship Team singing: "The Lord Reigns", (by Lindell Cooley, Bethel CCLI #1506703). Fulfillment of Ezekiel 36:35
http://wn.com/To_Tiberias_and_Beyond
Part 1 of Bethel Biblical's trip to Israel; visiting Tiberias, Dan Eden, Dado Look-out, etc; with the Bethel Worship Team singing: "The Lord Reigns", (by Lindell Cooley, Bethel CCLI #1506703). Fulfillment of Ezekiel 36:35
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 88
- author: milehidude
Leonardo Hotel Tiberias | Tiberias Hotels | Hotel Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 02 Jan 2012
www.leonardo-hotels.com - At the shore of the Sea of Galilee, the Leonardo Hotel Tiberias provides the perfect place to stay for full relaxation and recreation. Its amazing and convenient location encourager exciting trips through the beautiful North of Israel.
http://wn.com/Leonardo_Hotel_Tiberias_|_Tiberias_Hotels_|_Hotel_Video
www.leonardo-hotels.com - At the shore of the Sea of Galilee, the Leonardo Hotel Tiberias provides the perfect place to stay for full relaxation and recreation. Its amazing and convenient location encourager exciting trips through the beautiful North of Israel.
- published: 02 Feb 2011
- views: 4357
- author: leonardohotels
Santina Muha @ Tiberias Spa in Lakewood , NJ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:24
- Updated: 06 Jun 2012
santinamuha.com Hello everyone, Santina will be starting new production very soon. Please bookmark her website, it is currently redirection to facebook, but soon you'll have a new experience once her official website takes over. Thank you for your support and tell your friends. santinamuha.com Professir X
http://wn.com/Santina_Muha_@_Tiberias_Spa_in_Lakewood_,_NJ
santinamuha.com Hello everyone, Santina will be starting new production very soon. Please bookmark her website, it is currently redirection to facebook, but soon you'll have a new experience once her official website takes over. Thank you for your support and tell your friends. santinamuha.com Professir X
- published: 13 Aug 2008
- views: 11739
- author: professirx
OFW Diaries in ISRAEL-TIBERIAS TRIP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 26 May 2012
Tiberias (Hebrew Teveriyah טבריה) is a large town located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee/Lake Kinneret in the north of Israel.
http://wn.com/OFW_Diaries_in_ISRAEL-TIBERIAS_TRIP
Tiberias (Hebrew Teveriyah טבריה) is a large town located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee/Lake Kinneret in the north of Israel.
- published: 24 May 2008
- views: 3563
- author: regjun
Golan Hotel Tiberias
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 22 May 2012
www.inisrael.com A warm and cordial welcome greets our guests at the Golan Hotel Tiberias, where the staff's mission is to make you feel at home while away from home. This family oriented hotel offers everything a visitor needs for a perfect and pampering vacation.
http://wn.com/Golan_Hotel_Tiberias
www.inisrael.com A warm and cordial welcome greets our guests at the Golan Hotel Tiberias, where the staff's mission is to make you feel at home while away from home. This family oriented hotel offers everything a visitor needs for a perfect and pampering vacation.
- published: 08 Jun 2009
- views: 1349
- author: hotelsvideo
View from King Solomon hotel, Tiberias
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
The view from our balcony over the sea of Gallileah, Tiberias Israel
http://wn.com/View_from_King_Solomon_hotel,_Tiberias
The view from our balcony over the sea of Gallileah, Tiberias Israel
- published: 24 Jul 2008
- views: 1244
- author: anargeek
La$h Mc ft. Tiberias & Tim Hesse - BROKE (Official HD-Video by Kayef)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
★ Weitere Infos in der Beschreibung! ★ ► ABONNIEREN NICHT VERGESSEN UND EINMAL DEN "GEFÄLLT MIR" BUTTON KLICKEN ! DANKE. Offizielles Musikvideo zu dem Song "Broke" von La$h Mc, Tiberias & Tim Hesse. Video prod. by: KAYEF FILMS Track prod. by: Tiberias / Tim Hesse ► FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Lah_Mc_ft_Tiberias_Tim_Hesse_BROKE_Official_HD-Video_by_Kayef
★ Weitere Infos in der Beschreibung! ★ ► ABONNIEREN NICHT VERGESSEN UND EINMAL DEN "GEFÄLLT MIR" BUTTON KLICKEN ! DANKE. Offizielles Musikvideo zu dem Song "Broke" von La$h Mc, Tiberias & Tim Hesse. Video prod. by: KAYEF FILMS Track prod. by: Tiberias / Tim Hesse ► FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 20524
- author: WirBleibenWir
Nazareth, Tiberias & Sea of Galilee with Bein Harim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
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http://wn.com/Nazareth,_Tiberias_Sea_of_Galilee_with_Bein_Harim
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- published: 17 Aug 2011
- views: 1496
- author: Bein Harim Tourism
Chevy feat Tiberias Moonlight ChevyBeatz prod by Exzact
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Download auf German-Inc.com
http://wn.com/Chevy_feat_Tiberias_Moonlight_ChevyBeatz_prod_by_Exzact
Download auf German-Inc.com
- published: 18 May 2009
- views: 6085
- author: GermanIncInfo
Tiberias Lake View Apartment
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 09 Jun 2012
This is a lovely 4 bedroom apartment in Tiberias with an unobstructed view of the Kinneret. The large Master suite also has a beautiful view of the lake and is separate from the other 3 bedrooms. The open plan is terrific for entertaining. This would be a great vacation home, or a wonderful place for anyone interested in living on one of the nicest streets in Tiberias Near shopping and shuls. Asking NIS 1500000
http://wn.com/Tiberias_Lake_View_Apartment
This is a lovely 4 bedroom apartment in Tiberias with an unobstructed view of the Kinneret. The large Master suite also has a beautiful view of the lake and is separate from the other 3 bedrooms. The open plan is terrific for entertaining. This would be a great vacation home, or a wonderful place for anyone interested in living on one of the nicest streets in Tiberias Near shopping and shuls. Asking NIS 1500000
- published: 05 May 2011
- views: 441
- author: VillageIsrael
Maagan Holiday Village, Tiberias, Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 17 Apr 2012
www.inisrael.com Situated in the north of the Holy Land, near the point of the Jordan River exits the Sea of Galilee, Maagan Holiday Village is surrounded by green countryside and ancient archeological sites.
http://wn.com/Maagan_Holiday_Village,_Tiberias,_Israel
www.inisrael.com Situated in the north of the Holy Land, near the point of the Jordan River exits the Sea of Galilee, Maagan Holiday Village is surrounded by green countryside and ancient archeological sites.
- published: 11 Jan 2010
- views: 674
- author: hotelsvideo
Rochel, Wife of Rabbi Akiva in Tiberias Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 26 Apr 2012
new video torah jewish teachings
http://wn.com/Rochel,_Wife_of_Rabbi_Akiva_in_Tiberias_Israel
new video torah jewish teachings
- published: 29 May 2007
- views: 3211
- author: ilovetorah
photo: AP / Karlos Manlupig
05 Dec 2012
The death toll from a powerful storm that hit the southern Philippines is continuing to rise, as rescue teams headed for affected areas. Typhoon Bopha struck Mindanao island on Tuesday, bringing rain and high winds. Tens of thousands were evacuated ahead of the storm, which is now passing over the western island of Palawan ... Water and mud rushed down mountainous slopes to engulf a school and a village hall serving as evacuation centres ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
04 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (AP) â President Barack Obama warned Syria on Monday that the use of chemical weapons would be "totally unacceptable" and that the country's leaders would be held accountable ... Obama stopped short of detailing those consequences....(size: 6.7Kb)
photo: AP / Nasser Nasser
05 Dec 2012
Police in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, have clashed with protesters angry at what they say is the rushed drafting of a new constitution and by President Morsi's recent extension of his powers. Tens of thousands of people had gathered outside the presidential palace. The police fired tear gas to disperse the crowd, some of whom managed to cut through barbed wire around the palace ... Press action ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: US Navy / Matthew Stroup
05 Dec 2012
ISAF today issued an operational update on combat operations in Afghanistan. It noted, among other things, that Afghan and coalition security forces conducted an operation in Watahpur district yesterday that resulted in the “death of insurgent leader Mohammad Yar Gul.” ... Mohammed Yar Gul coordinated the movement of insurgent fighters throughout Kunar province ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: NATO
05 Dec 2012
BRUSSELS. NATO on Tuesday approved member state Turkey's request for Patriot missiles to defend its border against Syria following a series of blunt warnings to Damascus not to use chemical weapons ... "We say to anyone who would want to attack Turkey -- don't even think about it," he remarked, announcing the decision after the first day of a two-day meeting in Brussels ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
Ha'aretz
29 Nov 2012
A Tiberias court has rejected a woman's request that her ex-husband be solely responsible for their children's support, on the grounds that this would contradict the egalitarian lifestyle the two committed to as kibbutz members. ... The Tiberias Family Court agreed that the change in the kibbutz's status entitled her to sue, but rejected her claim ......(size: 3.5Kb)
WorldNetDaily
27 Nov 2012
Since antiquity, Lebanon has been an especially beautiful country. In modern times, although it’s been defined by civil war and terrorist takeover, Lebanon has been held up as a model of what the Middle East could look like if only given a chance ... Now, a brave journalist – Michael J ... If you’ve ever been to the region, you know that places like Tiberias and Kiryat Shmona are idyllic. Not so in the sweltering summer of 2006....(size: 5.2Kb)
The Examiner
25 Nov 2012
Related topics. ChristmasPope Bendict XVIDATEJesus birthMessiah. Advertisement ... The actual date of Jesus birth was several years before.” But this was not shocking to historians ... Thankfully, we have some information on the death of Christ ... Since Luke places the beginning of Jesus ministry in the fifteenth year of Tiberias Caesar, we can use that to see which Passover(s) landed on a Friday ... Herod died soon after this (around 5 B.C.) ... Tweet ... ....(size: 8.6Kb)
Ha'aretz
22 Nov 2012
Road 65 will take you to Mount Tabor, the archaeological museum at Kibbutz Ein Dor, the pioneering museum of Kfar Tavor or further afield to Tiberias ......(size: 0.8Kb)
Ha'aretz
21 Nov 2012
representatives of the Chief Rabbinate in Jerusalem who came especially to Tiberias bearing with them a "warning before imposing an administrative tax." All because Aharon displays a certificate that declares the restaurant "kosher by conscience" - in other words, she does not have a kashrut certificate from the Chief Rabbinate's Tiberias branch. ... She is a 10th-generation Tiberias native....(size: 5.4Kb)
NZ Herald
21 Nov 2012
The Sea of Galilee is a must for any tourist on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. After all, it is mentioned frequently in the New Testament. After 90 minutes on a creaking, squeaking mountain bike the first doubts start to surface ... The pilgrimage trail starts right behind Tiberias, the largest town on the lake whose modern name is Kinneret ... After a journey lasting five hours it's time for the home stretch towards Tiberias ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Ha'aretz
20 Nov 2012
The committee blamed the low profitability on excessive government regulation and bureaucracy. ... Property tax breaks ... The committee also recommended expediting construction permits for hotels in popular tourist destinations like Jerusalem, Eilat, Tel Aviv and Tiberias and telling the Israel Lands Administration to set minimum bids for land zoned for hotels at 30% of the assessed value rather than the current rate of 50%.. ....(size: 6.9Kb)
Canberra Times
19 Nov 2012
On a spring evening 40 years ago this month Australian viewers, over two consecutive nights, were subject to the highs and the lows of political broadcasting. On a Monday night they saw Gough Whitlam give his immortal ''It's Time'' speech live from Blacktown Civic Centre to rapturous applause. He opened his policy speech with John Curtin's salutation ''men and women of Australia'' ... ''Tiberias with a telephone'' Whitlam called him ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
noodls
16 Nov 2012
His Holiness Patriarch Kirill visits Tiberias in the course of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land ... On 13 November 2012, he visited the Monastery of the Twelve Apostles in Tiberias ... Mary metochion of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission near Tiberias and gave his blessing to mother superior and the sisters ......(size: 1.8Kb)
The Business Review
16 Nov 2012
Plan ahead for buying out business partners. Atlanta Business Chronicle by Martin Sinderman, Contributing Writer. Date. Friday, November 16, 2012, 6.00am EST. Byron E. Small. Solo owners. Jennifer and Anthony Tiberia bought out their business partners to be the sole owners of Sprig Restaurant in the Oak Grove area of Decatur. Experts recommend business partners construct a buyout clause as part of setting up the business ... ... Sign Up Now ... ... ... ....(size: 7.9Kb)
Tulsa World
15 Nov 2012
Kids' World, the biennial international festival presented by Tulsa Global Alliance, will be at the Exchange Center at Expo Square through Saturday. The event began nearly 20 years ago, and this year organizers expect 15,000 attendees ... Tiberias, Israel; San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Celle, Germany; Zelenograd, Russia; Amiens, France; Utsunomiya, Japan; Beihai, China; and Kaohsiung, Taiwan ... Hours are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Thursday and 9 a.m ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
10 Nov 2012
For Ireland's newest captain, honour and humility can be only minutes apart ... âYeah that's right,â he smiles. âThe first thing he said to me, he goes, âcongratulations on your captaincy but I'm still a colonel, so I pull rankâ ... Born in Tiberias, Israel, his father, now retired Brig Gen Richard Heaslip, was there on duty with the United Nations and was possessed of a necessarily nomadic and, at times, dangerous lifestyle....(size: 3.8Kb)
Irish Times
09 Nov 2012
GERRY THORNLEY. As Declan Kidney noted, Jamie Heaslip would be swift to deny it. In truth, he would probably the first to do so ... Beneath the laid-back exterior, he also cares. Profoundly ... His off-pitch demeanour may not always suggest a natural born leader of men, but then again he was born in Tiberias, Israel, while his father, retired Brig Gen Richard Heaslip, was stationed there with Unifil ... ���But he���s led ... No pressure�� ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
| Tiberias | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |||
| • Hebrew | טְבֶרְיָה (help·info) |
||
| • ISO 259 | Ṭberya | ||
| • Also spelled | Tverya (official) | ||
| Arabic transcription(s) | |||
| • Arabic | طبرية | ||
 |
|||
|
|||
 Tiberias
|
|||
| Coordinates: 32°47′47.76″N 35°32′8.58″E / 32.7966°N 35.5357167°E / 32.7966; 35.5357167Coordinates: 32°47′47.76″N 35°32′8.58″E / 32.7966°N 35.5357167°E / 32.7966; 35.5357167 | |||
| District | North | ||
| Founded | c. 20 CE | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | City (from 1948) | ||
| • Mayor | Zohar Oved | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 10,872 dunams (10.872 km2 or 4.198 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009)[1] | |||
| • Total | 41,300 | ||
| Name meaning | City of Tiberius | ||
| Website | www.tiberias.muni.il | ||
Tiberias ( /taɪˈbɪəriəs/; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya, Tiveria (audio) (help·info); Arabic: طبرية, Ṭabariyyah) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret), Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius.[2]
Tiberias has been venerated in Judaism since the middle of the 2nd century CE[3] and since the 16th century has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed.[4] In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for Christians.[5] Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.[5]
Contents |
History[link]
Jewish and Roman period[link]
Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman Jewish client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antopas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee.[6] Tiberias had a Jewish majority, living alongside a heterogeneous population.[6] It was named in honor of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. There is a legend that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite village of Rakkat, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:35).[6] A discussion of Tiberias as Rakkat appears in the Talmud.[7][better source needed] In The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus states that Tiberias was located near Emmaus.[2] This location is repeated in The Wars of the Jews.[8][better source needed]
In the days of Antipas, the more religious (as opposed to Hellenized) Jews refused to settle there; the presence of a cemetery rendered the site ritually unclean. Antipas settled many non-Jews there from rural Galilee and other parts of his domains in order to populate his new capital, and built a palace on the acropolis.[9] The prestige of Tiberias was so great that the sea of Galilee soon came to be named the sea of Tiberias; however, what would now be called Jewish zealots continued to call it 'Yam Ha-Kinerett', its traditional name.[9] The city was governed by a city council of 600 with a committee of 10 until 44 CE when a Roman Procurator was set over the city after the death of Agrippa I.[9]
Under the Roman Empire, the city was known by its Greek name Τιβεριάς (Tiberiás, Modern Greek Τιβεριάδα Tiveriáda), an adaptation of the taw-suffixed Semitic form that preserved its feminine grammatical gender. In 61 CE Agrippa II annexed the city to his kingdom whose capital was Caesarea Phillippi.[10] During the First Jewish–Roman War Josephus Flavius took control of the city and destroyed Herod's palace, but was able to stop the city from being pillaged by his Jewish army.[9][11] Where most other cities in the Province of Iudaea were razed, Tiberias was spared because its inhabitants remained loyal to Rome, after Josephus Flavius had surrendered the city to the Roman emperor Vespasian.[9][12] It became a mixed city after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE; with Judea subdued, the southern Jewish population migrated to Galilee.[13][14]
There is no direct indication Tiberias, as well as the rest of Galilee, took part in the Bar Kokhba Revolt of 132-136 CE, hence continuing to exist despite the economic decline due to the war. Following the expulsion of all Jews from Jerusalem after 135 CE, Tiberias and its neighbor Sepphoris became the major Jewish centres.
In 145 CE, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai "cleansed the city of ritual impurity allowing Jews to settle in the city in numbers."[10] The Sanhedrin, the Jewish court, also fled from Jerusalem during the Great Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire, and after several moves eventually settled in Tiberias in about 150 CE.[9][14] It was to be its final meeting place before its disbanding in the early Byzantine period. From the time when Yochanan bar Nafcha (d. 279) settled in Tiberias, the city became the focus of Jewish religious scholarship in the land. The Mishnah along with the Jerusalem Talmud, (the written discussions of generations of rabbis in the Land of Israel – primarily in the academies of Tiberias and Caesarea), was probably compiled in Tiberias by Rabbi Judah haNasi in around 200 CE.[14] The 13 synagogues served the spiritual needs of a growing Jewish population.[9]
Byzantine rule[link]
In the 6th century Tiberias was still the seat of Jewish religious learning. In light of this, Bishop Simeon of Beth Arsham urged the Christians of Palaestina to seize the leaders of Judaism in Tiberias, to put them to the rack, and to compel them to command the Jewish king, Dhu Nuwas, to desist from persecuting the Christians in Najran.[15]
In 614, Tiberias was the site, where during the final Jewish revolt against the Byzantine Empire, parts of the Jewish population supported the Persian invaders; the Jewish rebels were financed by Benjamin of Tiberias, a man of immense wealth; according to Christian sources, during the revolt Christians were massacred and churches destroyed. In 628, the Byzantine army returned to Tiberias upon the surrender of Jewish rebels. A year later, influenced by radical Christian monks, Emperor Heraclius instigated a wide-scale slaughter of the Jews, which practically emptied Gelilee of most its Jewish population, with survivors fleeing to Egypt.[citation needed]
Arab rule[link]
Tiberias, or Tabariyyah in Arab transcription, was conquered by (the Arab commander) Shurahbil in the "year 13" (634 CE) by capitulation; one half of the houses and churches were to belong to the Muslims, the other half to the Christians."[16] Since 636 CE, Tiberias served as the regional capital, until Bet Shean took its place, following the Rashidun conquest. The Caliphate allowed 70 Jewish families from Tiberias to form the core of a renewed Jewish presence in Jerusalem and the importance of Tiberias to Jewish life declined.[10] The caliphs of the Umayyad Dynasty built one of its square-plan palaces on the waterfront to the north of Tiberias, at Khirbat al-Minya. Tiberias was revitalised in 749, after Bet Shean was destroyed in an earthquake.[10] Jewish scholarship flourished from the beginning of the 8th century to the end of the 10th., when the oral traditions of ancient Hebrew, still in use today, were codified. One of the leading members of the Tiberian masoretic community was Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, who refined the oral tradition now known as Tiberian Hebrew. Ben Asher is also credited with putting the finishing touches on the Aleppo Codex, the oldest existing manuscript of the Hebrew scriptures.
The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi writing in 985, describes Tiberias as "the capital of Jordan Province, and a city in the Valley of Canaan...The town is narrow, hot in summer and unhealthy...There are here eight natural hot baths, where no fuel need be used, and numberless basins besides of boiling water. The mosque is large and fine, and stands in the market-place. Its floor is laid in pebbles, set on stone drums, placed close one to another." According to Muqaddesi, those who suffered from scab or ulcers, and other such diseases came to Tiberias to bath in the hot springs for three days. "Afterwards they dip in another spring which is cold, whereupon...they become cured."[17]
In 1033 Tiberias was again destroyed by an earthquake.[10]
Nasir-i Khusrou visited Tiberias in 1047, and describes a city with a "strong wall" which begins at the border of the lake and goes all around the town except on the water-side. Furthermore, he describes
- "numberless buildings erected in the very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure houses that are supported on columns of marble, rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish. [] The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath. [] On the western side of the town is a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid-i-Yasmin). It is a fine building and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkan), where they have their Mihrabs (or prayer-niches). All round those they have set jasmine-shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name."[18]
Crusader period[link]
During the First Crusade it was occupied by the Franks, soon after the capture of Jerusalem and it was given in fief to Tancred, who made it his capital of the Principality of Galilee in the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the region was sometimes called the Principality of Tiberias, or the Tiberiad.[19] In 1099 the original site of the city was abandoned, and settlement shifted north to the present location.[10] St. Peter's Church, originally built by the Crusaders, is still standing today, although the building has been altered and reconstructed over the years.
At the beginning of the 12th century the Jewish community of Tiberias numbered about 50 families; and at that time the best manuscripts of the Torah were said to be found there.[15] In the 12th-century, the city was the subject of negative undertones in Islamic tradition. A hadith recorded by Ibn Asakir of Damascus (d. 1176) names Tiberias as one of the "four cities of hell."[20] This could have been reflecting the fact that at the time, the town had a notable non-Muslim population.[21]
In 1187, Saladin ordered his son al-Afdal to send an envoy to Count Raymond of Tripoli requesting safe passage through his fiefdom of Galilee and Tiberias. Raymond was obliged to grant the request under the terms of his treaty with Saladin. Saladin's force left Caesarea Philippi to engage the fighting force of the Knights Templar. The Templar force was destroyed in the encounter. Saladin then besieged Tiberias; after six days the town fell. On July 4, 1187 Saladin defeated the Crusaders coming to relieve Tiberias at the Battle of Hattin, 10 km outside the city.[22]
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, (Maimonides), a leading Jewish legal scholar, philosopher and physician of his period, died in 1204 in Egypt and was later buried in Tiberias, now one of the city's important pilgrimage sites.
Yakut, writing in the 1220s, described Tiberias as a small town, long and narrow. He also describes the "hot salt springs, over which they have built Hammams which use no fuel.
Mamluk rule[link]
In 1265 the Crusaders were driven from the city by the Mamluks, who ruled Tiberias until the Ottoman conquest in 1516.[10]
Ottoman era[link]
As the Ottoman Empire expanded along the southern Mediterranean coast under sultan Selim I, the Reyes Católicos (Catholic Monarchs) began establishing Inquisition commissions. Many Conversos, (Marranos and Moriscos) and Sephardi Jews fled in fear to the Ottoman provinces, settling at first in Constantinople, Salonika, Sarajevo, Sofia and Anatolia. The Sultan encouraged them to settle in Palestine.[10][23][24] In 1558, a Portuguese-born marrano, Doña Gracia, was granted tax collecting rights in Tiberias and its surrounding villages by Suleiman the Magnificent. She envisaged the town becoming a refuge for Jews and obtained a permit to establish Jewish autonomy there.[25] In 1561 her nephew Joseph Nasi, Lord of Tiberias,[26] encouraged Jews to settle in Tiberias.[27] Securing a firman from the Sultan, he and Joseph ben Adruth rebuilt the city walls and lay the groundwork for a textile (silk) industry, planting mulberry trees and urging craftsmen to move there.[27] Plans were made for Jews to move from the Papal States, but when the Ottomans and the Republic of Venice went to war, the plan was abandoned.[27] No Christians or Jews were mentioned in the Ottoman registers of 1525, 1533, 1548, 1553 and 1572.[28] The registers in 1596 recorded the population to consist of 50 Muslim families and 4 bachelors.[29]
In 1624, when the Sultan recognized Fakhr-al-Din II as Lord of Arabistan (from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt),[30] the Druze leader made Tiberias his capital.[10] The 1660 destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community,[31][32] Unlike Tiberias, the nearby city of Safed recovered its destruction in 1660,[33] and wasn't entirely abandoned,[34] remaining an important Jewish center in the Galilee.
In the 1720s, the Bedouin ruler Dhaher al-Omar, fortified the town and signed an agreement with the neighboring Bedouin tribes to prevent looting. Accounts from that time tell of the great admiration people had for Dhaher, especially his war against bandits on the roads. Richard Pococke, who visited Tiberias in 1727, witnessed the building of a fort to the north of the city, and the strengthening of the old walls, attributing it to a dispute with the pasha (ruler) of Damascus.[35] In the 1740, Tiberias was under the autonomous rule of Dhaher. Under Dhaher's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias.[36] He invited Chaim Abulafia of Smyrna to rebuild the Jewish community.[37] The synagogue he built still stands.[38][39]
Under instructions from the Ottoman Porte, Suleyman Pasha of Damascus laid siege to Tiberias in 1742, with the intention of eliminating Dhaher. However, the siege was unsuccessful. In the following year, Suleyman set out to repeat the attempt with even greater reinforcements, but he died en route.[40]
In 1775, Ahmed el-Jazzar "the Butcher", brought peace to the region with an iron fist.[10] In 1780, many Polish Jews settled in the town.[37] During the 18th and 19th centuries it received an influx of rabbis who re-established it as a center for Jewish learning.[citation needed]
Six hundred people, including nearly 500 Jews,[37] died when the town was devastated by the 1837 Galilee earthquake.[10] An American expedition found Tiberias still in a state of disrepair in 1847/1848.[41]
In 1842 there were about 4,000 inhabitants, around a third of whom were Jews, the rest being Turks and a few Christians.[42] In 1850 Tiberias contained three synagogues which served the Sephardi community, which consisted of 80 families, and the Ashkenazim, all Poles and Russians, numbering about 100 families. It was reported that the Jewish inhabitants of Tiberias enjoyed more peace and security than those of Safed.[37]
In 1863 it is recorded that the Christian and Muslim elements made up three-quarters of the population (2,000 to 4,000).[43] In 1901, the Jews of Tiberias numbered about 2,000 in a total population of 3,600.[15] By 1912 the population reached 6,500. This included 4,500 Jews, 1,600 Muslims and the rest Christians.[44]
In 1885, a Scottish doctor and minister, David Watt Torrance, opened a mission hospital in Tiberias that accepted patients of all races and religions.[45] In 1894, it moved to larger premises at Beit abu Shamnel abu Hannah. In 1923 his son, Dr. Herbert Watt Torrance, was appointed head of the hospital. After the establishment of the State of Israel, it became a maternity hospital supervised by the Israeli Department of Health. After its closure in 1959, the building became a guesthouse. In 1999, it was renovated and reopened as the Scots Hotel.[46][47]
British Mandate[link]
Initially the relationship between Arabs and Jews in Tiberias was good, with few incidents occurring in the Nebi Musa riots and the disturbances throughout Palestine in 1929.[10]
The landscape of the modern town was shaped by the great flood of Nov. 11, 1934. Deforestation on the slopes above the town combined with the fact that the city had been built as a series of closely packed houses and buildings - usually sharing walls - built in narrow roads paralleling and closely hugging the shore of the lake. Flood waters carrying mud, stones, and boulders rushed down the slopes and filled the streets and buildings with water so rapidly that many people did not have time to escape, The loss of life and property was great. The city rebuilt on the slopes and the British Mandatory government planted the Scottish Forest on the slopes above the town to hold the soil and prevent similar disasters from recurring. A new seawall was constructed, moving the shoreline several yards out form the former shore.[48][49]
In October 1938 Arab militants murdered 20 Jews in Tiberias during the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.[50]
According to British census data, the population of Tiberias was 4427 Jews, 2096 Muslims, 422 Christians, 5 others in 1922[51]; 5381 Jews, 2645 Muslims, 565 Christians, 10 others in 1931[52]; and 6000 Jews, 4540 Muslims, 760 Christians, 10 others in 1945.[53]
Between the April 8–9, 1948, sporadic shooting broke out between the Jewish and Arab neighbourhoods of Tiberias. On April 10, the Haganah launched a mortar barrage, killing some Arab residents.[54] The local National Committee refused the offer of the Arab Liberation Army to take over defense of the city, but a small contingent of outside irregulars moved in.[54] During April 10–17, the Haganah attacked the city and refused to negotiate a truce, while the British refused to intervene.[54] The Arab population (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated under British military protection on 18 April 1948.[54][55] No order to expel the population had been given to the Jewish forces and the evacuation seems to have surprised them.[54] Widespread looting of the Arab areas by the Jewish population had to be suppressed by force by the Haganah and Jewish police, who killed or injured several looters.[54]
Modern Israel[link]
The city of Tiberias became almost entirely Jewish since 1948. Many Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews settled in the city, following the Jewish exodus from Arab countries in late 1940s and the early 1950s. Over time, government housing was built to accommodate much of the new population, like in many other developing towns. Over time, the city came to rely on tourism, becoming a major Galileean center for Christian pilgrims and internal Israeli tourism. The ancient cemetery of Tiberias and its old synagogues are also drawing religious Jewish pilgrims during religious holidays.
Tiberias consists a small port on the shores of the Galilee lake for both fishing and tourist acitivities. Since 1990s, the importance of the port for fishing was gradually decreasing, with the decline of the Tiberias lake level, due to continuing droughts and increased pumping of fresh water from the lake. It is expected that the lake of Tiberias will regain its original level (almost 6 meters higher than today), with the full operational capacity of Israeli desalination facilities since 2014.
Urban renewal and preservation[link]
Ancient and medieval Tiberias was destroyed by a series of devastating earthquakes, and much of what was built after the major earthquake of 1837 was destroyed or badly damaged in the great flood of 1934. Houses in the newer parts of town, uphill from the waterfront, survived. During 1949, 606 houses, comprising almost all of the built-up area of the old quarter other than religious buildings, was demolished over the objections of local Jews who owned about half the houses.[56] Wide-scale development began after the Six-Day War, with the construction of a waterfront promenade, open parkland, shopping streets, restaurants and modern hotels. Carefully preserved were several churches, including one with foundations dating from the Crusader period, the city's two Ottoman-era mosques, and several ancient synagogues.[57] The city's old masonry buildings constructed of local black basalt with white limestone windows and trim have been designated historic landmarks. Also preserved are parts of the ancient wall, the Ottoman-era citadel, historic hotels, Christian pilgrim hostels, convents and schools.
Archaeology[link]
A 2,000 year-old Roman theatre was discovered 15 meters below ground near Mount Bernike in the Tiberias hills. It seated over 7,000 people.[58] Excavations on the shore unearthed a rare coin with the image of Jesus on one side and the Greek words "Jesus the Messiah King of Kings" on the other. It belongs to a series of coins issued in Constantinople to commemorate the First Millennium of Jesus' birth. Such coins have surfaced in neighboring countries, such as Turkey, but this is the first one found in Israel. It is believed to have been brought to Tiberias by Christian pilgrims.[59]
In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin. At the time it was called Beit Hava'ad.[60]
Geography and climate[link]
Tiberias is located between the shore and the slopes of Sea of Galilee, between the elevation of -200 to 200 meters. Tiberias has a climate that borders a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (koppen Csa) and a Hot Semi-arid climate (koppen BSh) with an annual precipitation of about 400 mm (15.75 in) The summers in Tiberias are very hot with an average maximum temperature of 36C (97F) and average minimum temperature of 21C (70F) in July and August. The winters are mild with temperatures ranging from 18C to 8C (65F and 46F). Extremes have ranged from 0 to 46C (32F to 115F).
Earthquakes[link]
Tiberias has been severely damaged by earthquakes since antiquity. Earthquakes are known to have occurred in 30, 33, 115, 306, 363, 419, 447, 631-32 (aftershocks continued for a month), 1033, 1182, 1202, 1546, 1759, 1837, 1927 and 1943.[61] See Galilee earthquake of 1837, Galilee earthquake of 363, and Near East earthquake of 1759.
Sports[link]
Hapoel Tiberias represented the city in the top division of football for several seasons in the 1960s and 1980s, but eventually dropped into the regional leagues and folded due to financial difficulties. Following Hapoel's demise, a new club, Ironi Tiberias, was established, which currently plays in Liga Alef. 6 Nations Championship and Heineken Cup winner Jamie Heaslip was born in Tiberias.
The Tiberias Marathon is an annual road race held along the Sea of Galilee in Israel with a field in recent years of approximately 1000 competitors.The course follows an out-and-back format around the southern tip of the sea, and was run concurrently with a 10k race along an abbreviated version of the same route. In 2010 the 10k race was moved to the afternoon before the marathon. At Approximately 200 metres below sea level, This is the lowest course in the world.
Twin towns — sister cities[link]
Tiberias is twinned with:
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Notable residents[link]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06-30. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ a b Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII.2.3
- ^ The Sunday at home. Religious Tract Society. 1861. p. 805. http://books.google.com/books?id=aqZHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA805. Retrieved 17 October 2010. "Tiberias is esteemed a holy city by Israel’s children, and has been so dignified ever since the middle of the second century."
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Tiberias
- ^ a b Israel Travel: Tiberias, Ha'aretz[dead link]
- ^ a b c Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Megillah 5b
- ^ Josephus, Flavius The Jewish Wars Translator William Whiston, Book 4 chapter 1 para 3
- ^ a b c d e f g Mercer Dictionary of the Bible Edited by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard, Mercer University Press, (1998) ISBN 0-86554-373-9 p 917
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Winter, Dave (1999) Israel Handbook: With the Palestinian Authority Areas Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 1-900949-48-2, pp 660-661
- ^ Crossan, John Dominic (1999) Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Christ Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-567-08668-2 p 232
- ^ The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land By William McClure Thomson Published by Harper & brothers, (1860) p 72
- ^ Safrai Zeev (1994) The Economy of Roman Palestine Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10243-X p 199
- ^ a b c Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 By Edward Robinson, Eli Smith Published by Crocker & Brewster, 1841 p 269
- ^ a b c Jewish Encyclopedia: Tiberias
- ^ Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 340
- ^ Muk. p.161 and 185, quoted in Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890, p. 334-7
- ^ Le Strange, Guy: Palestine under the Moslems. London, 1890. p. 336-7
- ^ Richard, Jean (1999) The Crusades c. 1071-c 1291, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62369-3 p 71
- ^ Angeliki E. Laiou; Roy P. Mottahedeh (2001). The Crusades from the perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim world. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-88402-277-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=YTAhPw3SjxIC&pg=PA63. Retrieved 17 October 2010. "This hadith is also found in the bibliographical work of the Damascene Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 571/1176), although slightly modified: the four cities of paradise are Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Damascus; and the four cities of hell are Constantinople, Tabariyya, Antioch and San'a.""
- ^ Moshe Gil (1997). A history of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. p. 175; ft. 49. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA175. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ Wilson, John Francis. (2004) Caesarea Philippi: Banias, the Lost City of Pan I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-440-9 p 148
- ^ Toby Green (2007) Inquisition; The Reign of Fear Macmillan Press ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2 pp xv-xix
- ^ Alfassa.com Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel, Shelomo Alfassá
- ^ Schaick, Tzvi. Who is Dona Gracia?, The House of Dona Gracia Museum.
- ^ Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman, A Concise History of the Jewish People, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p.163
- ^ a b c Benjamin Lee Gordon, New Judea: Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt, Manchester, New Hampshire, Ayer Publishing, 1977, p.209
- ^ Lewis, Bernard (1954), Studies in the Ottoman archives--I, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 16, pp 469-501.
- ^ Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 188.
- ^ The Druze of the Levant
- ^ Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. 'In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."
- ^ Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7 p. 149
- ^ Sidney Mendelssohn. The Jews of Asia: especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. (1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses..."
- ^ Gershom Gerhard Scholem (1976-01-01). Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah, 1626-1676. Princeton University Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-691-01809-6. "In Safed, too, the [Sabbatai] movement gathered strength during the autumn of 1665. The reports about the utter destruction, in 1662 [sic], of the Jewish settlement there seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false. ... Rosanes' account of the destruction of the Safed community is based on a misunderstanding of his sources; the community declined in numbers but continued to exist."
- ^ Richard Pococke: A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World: Many of which are Now First Translated Into English ; Digested on a New Plan By John Pinkerton by Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1811 A Description of the East and Some other Countries, p. 460
- ^ Moammar, Tawfiq (1990), Zahir Al Omar, Al Hakim Printing Press, Nazareth, page 70
- ^ a b c d Joseph Schwarz. Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine, 1850
- ^ The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine, Y. Barnay, translated by Naomi Goldblum, University of Alabama Press, 1992, p. 15, 16
- ^ The Jews: their history, culture, and religion, Louis Finkelstein, Edition: 3 Harper, New York, 1960, p. 659
- ^ Amnon Cohen (1975). Palestine in the 18th Century. Magnes Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 1-59045-955-5.
- ^ Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea By William Francis Lynch, Lee and Blanchard, (1850) p. 154
- ^ The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: v. 1-27, Volume 23, C. Knight, 1842.
- ^ Smith, William (1863) A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History Little, Brown, p 149
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Tiberias
- ^ Tiberias - Walking with the sages in Tiberias
- ^ "Torrance Collection". Archive Services Online Catalogue. University of Dundee. http://134.36.1.31/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=61&dsqSearch=(Level='Fonds'). Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ "The Scots Hotel- History". The Scots Hotel. http://www.inisrael.com/scotshotels/history.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ Mandated landscape: British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929-1948, Roza El-Eini, Routledge, 2006p. 250
- ^ The Changing Land: Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the Present, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Wayne State University Press, 2000, p. 198
- ^ "United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine" (.JPG). United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1938.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
- ^ 1922 census
- ^ 1931 census
- ^ Village Statistics, 1945
- ^ a b c d e f Benny Morris (2004) p183-185
- ^ Harry Levin, 'Jerusalem Embattled - A diary of a city under siege.' Cassel, 1997. ISBN 0-304-33765-X. Page 81: ' Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April).
- ^ Arnon Golan, The Politics of Wartime Demolition and Human Landscape Transformation, War in History, vol 9 (2002), pp431–445.
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1137820.html Old Tiberias synagogue to regain its former glory Haaretz
- ^ 2,000 year-old amphitheater
- ^ Jesus coins
- ^ Researchers say Tiberias basilica may have housed Sanhedrin
- ^ A crack in the earth: a journey up Israel's Rift Valley By Haim Watzman, Macmillan, 2007, p. 161
- ^ Choose your family, Haaretz
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tiberias |
- City council website (Hebrew) Municipality Site in English
- Place To Visit in Tiberias (English)
- Tiberias - City of Treasures: The official website of the Tiberias Excavation Project
- Hamat Tiberias National Park: description, photo gallery
- Nefesh B'Nefesh Community Guide for Tiveria-Tiberias, Israel
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Solomon (disambiguation).
| King Solomon | |
|---|---|
| King of Israel | |
 Judgment of Solomon Nineteenth-century engraving by Gustave Doré |
|
| Birthplace | Jerusalem |
| Place of death | Jerusalem |
| Predecessor | David |
| Successor | Rehoboam |
| Consort | Naamah, Pharaoh's Daughter, around 1000 other wives and concubines |
| Offspring | Rehoboam |
| Royal House | House of David |
| Father | David |
| Mother | Bathsheba |
Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Modern Shlomo Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Arabic: سليمان Sulaymān, also colloquially: Silimān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), according to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles,[1] a King of Israel and according to the Talmud one of the 48 prophets,[2] is identified as the son of David,[3] also called Jedidiah (Hebrew יְדִידְיָהּ) in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. In the Qur'an, he is considered as a major Prophet, known as Sulaiman, son of David.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem,[3] and portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sin, including idolatry and turning away from Yahweh, leads to the kingdom being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam.[4] Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends.
Contents |
Biblical account[link]
Succession[link]
According to 1 Kings 1:39, Solomon was anointed by Zadok.
Solomon became king during the reign of his father King David, and ruled together with him for 3 years. According to the biblical First Book of Kings, when David was old, "he could not get warm."[5] "So they sought for a beautiful young woman throughout all the territory of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king. The young woman was very beautiful, and she was of service to the king and attended to him, but the king knew her not."[5]
While David was in this state, Adonijah, David's fourth son, acted to have himself declared king, he being heir-apparent to the throne after the death of his elder brothers Amnon and Absalom. But Bathsheba, a wife of David and Solomon's mother, along with the prophet Nathan convinced David to proclaim Solomon king. Adonijah fled and took refuge at the altar, and received pardon for his conduct from Solomon on the condition that he show himself "a worthy man." (1 Kings 1:5-53)
Adonijah asked to marry Abishag the Shunammite, but Solomon disallowed that, although Bathsheba now pleaded on Adonijah's behalf. He was then seized and put to death (1 Kings 2:13-25). As made clear in the earlier story of Absalom's rebellion, to possess the royal harem was in this society tantamount to claiming the throne;[6] this applied even to a woman who had shared the bed of a king advanced in age, though she had no intimate relations with King David.
David's general Joab was killed, in accord with David's deathbed request to Solomon, because he had killed generals Abner and Amasa during a peace (2 Samuel 20:8-13; 1 Kings 2:5). David's priest Abiathar was exiled by Solomon because he had sided with Adonijah. Abiathar is a descendent of Eli, which has important prophetic significance. (1 Kings 2:27)[7] Shimei was confined to Jerusalem and killed three years later, when he went to Gath to retrieve some runaway servants, in part because he had cursed David when David's son Absalom rebelled against David. (1 Kings 2:1-46)[8]
Wisdom[link]
One of the qualities most ascribed to Solomon is his wisdom. The book of 1 Kings recounts how Solomon prays for wisdom:
"And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar. In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. And now, O Lord my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people?"(1 Kings 3:4-9)[9]
"So God said to him, 'Since you have asked for this and not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked for the death of your enemies but for discernment in administering justice, I will do what you have asked...'" (1 Kings 3:11-12)[9] The Hebrew Bible also states that: "The whole world sought audience with Solomon to hear the wisdom God had put in his heart." (1 Kings 10:24)[10]
In one account, known as the Judgment of Solomon, two women came before Solomon to resolve a quarrel over which was the true mother of a baby. When Solomon suggested they should divide the living child in two with a sword, one woman said she would rather give up the child rather than see it killed. Solomon then declares the woman who shows compassion to be the true mother, and gives the baby to her.
Solomon is also noted as one of many authors of Wisdom literature. The apocryphal/deuterocanonical Wisdom of Solomon, along with the Book of Sirach, "are the familiar personalities and the events of Israel's history combined with the wisdom tradition. Much of this literature, however, is attributed to Solomon."[11] Solomon became a favorite author and contributor of different kinds of wisdom literature, "including not only the collections of Proverbs, but also of Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon and the later apocryphal book the Wisdom of Solomon."[12]
Wives[link]
According to the Bible, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines. The wives are described as foreign princesses, including Pharaoh's daughter and women of Moab, Ammon, Sidon and of the Hittites. These wives are depicted as leading Solomon away from the God of Israel toward idolatry.[13] The only wife mentioned by name is Naamah, who is described as the Ammonite.[14] She was the mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam.
Relationship with Queen of Sheba[link]
Main article: Queen of Sheba
In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the Hebrew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon's wisdom and wealth spread far and wide, so much so that the queen of Sheba decided that she should meet him. The queen is described as visiting with a number of gifts including gold, spices and precious stones. When Solomon gave her "all her desire, whatsoever she asked," she left satisfied (1 Kings 10:10).
Whether the passage is simply to provide a brief token, foreign witness of Solomon's wealth and wisdom, or whether there is meant to be something more significant to the queen's visit is unknown; nevertheless the visit of the Queen of Sheba has become the subject of numerous stories.
Sheba is typically identified as Saba, a nation once spanning the Red Sea on the coasts of what are now Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen, in Arabia Felix. In a Rabbinical account (e.g. Targum Sheni), Solomon was accustomed to ordering the living creatures of the world to dance before him (Rabbinical accounts say that Solomon had been given control over all living things by Yahweh), but one day upon discovering that the mountain-cock or hoopoe (the Hebrew name for the creature is Shade) was absent, he summoned it to him, and the bird told him that it had been searching for somewhere new.
The bird had discovered a land in the east, exceedingly rich in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called Kitor and whose ruler was the Queen of Sheba, and the bird, on its own advice, was sent by Solomon to request the queen's immediate attendance at Solomon's court.
An Ethiopian account (Kebra Nagast) maintains that the Queen of Sheba had sexual relations with King Solomon (of which the Biblical and Quranic accounts give no hint) and gave birth by the Mai Bella stream in the province of Hamasien, Eritrea. The Ethiopian tradition has a detailed account of the affair. (See Queen of Sheba)
The child was a son who went on to become Menelik I, King of Axum, and founded a dynasty that would reign what became the Christian Empire of Ethiopia for 2900+ years (less one usurpation episode and interval of ca. 133 years until a legitimate male heir regained the crown) until Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974. Menelik was said to be a practising Jew who was given a replica Ark of the Covenant by King Solomon, but moreover, the original was switched and went to Axum with him and his mother, and is still there, guarded by a single priest charged with caring for the artifact as his life's task.
The claim of such a lineage and of possession of the Ark has been an important source of legitimacy and prestige for the Ethiopian monarchy throughout the many centuries of its existence, and had important and lasting effects on Ethiopian culture as a whole. The Ethiopian government and church deny all requests to view the alleged ark.[15]
Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon's moral character, have claimed instead that the child was an ancestor of Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed Solomon's temple some 300 years later.[16]
Sins and punishment[link]
According to 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon's "wives turned his heart after other gods", their own national deities, to whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger and retribution in the form of the division of the kingdom after Solomon's death. (1 Kings 11:9-13)
1 Kings 11 describes Solomon's descent into idolatry, particularly his turning after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and after Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites. In Deuteronomy 17:16-17, a king is commanded not to multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to himself gold or silver. Solomon sins in all three of these areas. Solomon collects 666 talents of gold each year, (1 Kings 10:14) a huge amount of money for a small nation like Israel. Solomon gathers a large number of horses and chariots and even brings in horses from Egypt. Just as Deuteronomy 17 warns, collecting horses and chariots takes Israel back to Egypt. Finally, Solomon marries foreign women, and these women turn Solomon to other gods.
According to 1 Kings 11:9-13, it was because of these sins that "the Lord punishes Solomon by tearing the kingdom in two":[4]
And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away from the Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the Lord commanded. Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen.
Jewish tradition[link]
In Jewish tradition, King Solomon sinned by acquiring too many wives and horses because he thought he knew why the Bible prohibited this and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great nation of Rome" - the nation that destroyed the Second Temple (Herod's Temple). Solomon gradually lost prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status, while others deny this.[17]
Islam[link]
Main article: Islamic view of Solomon
In Islamic tradition, Solomon was a prophet and a messenger from Allah (God). As in Jewish tradition, he was the youngest son of King David (Dawud), who is also considered a prophet by Islam. Solomon had diverse talents, wisdom and spiritual insight, so his father had made him his heir. The Qur'an says: "And We verily gave knowledge to Dawud and Sulayman and they said: praise be to God (Allah) Who has preferred us above many of his believing servants". (27:15)
Unlike Jewish and Christian traditions, Islam denies that Solomon fell into idolatry or turned away from Allah in any way, and views him as famed throughout the lands for his wisdom and fair judgments.
"And when there came to them a Messenger from Allah confirming what was with them, a party of those who were given the scripture threw away the book of Allah behind their backs as if they did not know. And they followed what the devils gave out falsely of magic of the reign of Solomon; for Solomon did not disbelieve but the devils disbelieved, teaching men magic and such things that came down at Babylon to the two angels Harut and Marut, but neither of these two (angels) taught anyone (such things) until they had said: we are only for trial, so don't disbelieve. And from them (magicians) people learn that through which they would cause separation between a person and his spouse, but they could not thus harm anyone except by Allah's leave; and they learn that which harms them rather than profits them. And indeed they knew that its practitioner would have no share in the Hereafter. And how bad indeed was that for which they sold their own selves if they but knew" (2:101-2).
Enemies[link]
Near the end of his life Solomon was forced to contend with several enemies including Hadad of Edom, Rezon of Zobah, and one of his officials named Jeroboam who was from the tribe of Ephraim.[4]
Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division[link]
According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon died of natural causes[18] at around 80 years of age. Upon Solomon's death, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him as king. However, ten of the Tribes of Israel refused to accept him as king, causing the United Monarchy to split and form the northern Kingdom of Israel ruled by Jeroboam, while Rehoboam continued to reign in the southern Kingdom of Judah.
Building and other works[link]
During Solomon's long reign of 40 years, the Israelite monarchy, according to the Bible, gained its highest splendour and wealth. In a single year, according to 1 Kings 10:14, Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666 talents of gold (39,960 pounds).
Solomon is described as surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the external grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings. For some years before his death, David was engaged in collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent abode for the Ark of the Covenant. Solomon is described as completing its construction, with the help of an architect, also named Hiram, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of Tyre.
After the completion of the temple, Solomon is described as erecting many other buildings of importance in Jerusalem; for the long period of 13 years he was engaged in the building of a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem); Solomon also constructed great works for the purpose of securing a plentiful supply of water for the city, and the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) for the defense of the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have shown a distinct lack of monumental architecture from the era, and remains of neither the Temple nor Solomon's palace have been found. However, a number of significant but politically sensitive areas have not been extensively excavated, including Temple mount, the site where the Temple is traditionally said to have been located.
Solomon is also described as rebuilding cities elsewhere in Israel, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and constructing Tadmor in the wilderness as a commercial depot and military outpost. Solomon is additionally described as having amassed 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen. Though the location of Solomon's port of Ezion-Geber is known, no remains have ever been found. More archaeological success has been achieved with the major cities Solomon is said to have strengthened or rebuilt (for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer — 1 Kings 9:15); these all have substantial ancient remains, including impressive six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces, as well as trough-like structures outside buildings that early archaeologists have identified as the stables for Solomon's horses.
According to the Bible, during Solomon's reign Israel enjoyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic being carried on by land with Tyre, Egypt, and Arabia, and by sea with Tarshish, Ophir, and South India.
Apocryphal texts[link]
Rabbinical tradition attributes the Wisdom of Solomon to Solomon although this book was probably written in the 2nd century BC. In this work Solomon is portrayed as an astronomer. Other books of wisdom poetry such as the Odes of Solomon and the Psalms of Solomon also bear his name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about 157 BC, included copies of apocryphal letters exchanged between Solomon and the kings of Egypt and Tyre.
The Gnostic Apocalypse of Adam, which may date to the 1st or 2nd century, refers to a legend in which Solomon sends out an army of demons to seek a virgin who had fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving mention of the later common tale that Solomon controlled demons and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon's control over demons appears fully elaborated in the early pseudographical work called the Testament of Solomon with its elaborate and grotesque demonology.[19]
Historical figure[link]
Historical evidence of King Solomon other than the biblical accounts is minimal. Josephus, citing Tyrian court records and Menander in Against Apion, gives a specific year during which Hiram I of Tyre sent materials to Solomon for the construction of the temple.[20] However, no material evidence indisputably of Solomon's reign has been found. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that he and others have argued date from his reign,[21] but others, such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, argue that they should be dated to the Omride period, more than a century after Solomon.[22]
Chronology[link]
The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are from circa 970 to 931 BC. They derive from biblical chronology, mostly from the ancient genealogies in the books, Genesis to Second Kings, spanning the creation of the universe as the ancients understood it to the fall of Jerusalem with the destruction of its Temple in year 586 BC. Regarding the Davidic Dynasty to which King Solomon belongs, its chronology can be checked against datable Babylonian and Assyrian records at a few points, and these correspondences have allowed archeologists to date its kings in a modern framework. According to the most widely-used chronology, based on that by Edwin R. Thiele, the death of Solomon and the division of his kingdom occurred in the spring of 931 BC.[23] Thiele does not explicitly date the beginning of Solomon's reign, but according to the First Book of Kings he ruled for 40 years, thus corresponding to 970 BC according to the Thiele system.
Criticism[link]
According to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts,[24] at the time of the kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was populated by only few hundred residents or less, which is insufficient for an empire stretching from the Euphrates to Eilath. According to The Bible Unearthed, archaeological evidence suggests that the kingdom of Israel at the time of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and so it is implausible that Solomon received tribute as large as 666 talents of gold per year. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah about the 10th century BC,[25] they claim that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 BC, and for Judah about 750 BC. They suggest that due to religious prejudice, the authors of the Bible suppressed the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist), and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden age of Judaism and monotheists, and devotees of YHWH. Some Biblical minimalists like Thomas L. Thompson go further, arguing that Jerusalem only became a city and capable of being a state capital in the mid-seventh century.[26] Likewise, Finkelstein and others consider the claimed size of Solomon's temple implausible.
These views are criticized by William G. Dever,[27] Helga Weippert,[citation needed] André Lemaire[citation needed] and Amnon Ben-Tor[citation needed]. Lemaire states in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple[28] that the principal points of the biblical tradition of Solomon are generally trustworthy. So does Kenneth Kitchen, who argues that Solomon ruled over a comparatively wealthy "mini-empire", rather than a small city-state, and considers 666 gold talents a modest amount of money. Mr. Kitchen calculates that over 30 years, such a kingdom might have accumulated up to 500 tons of gold, which is small compared to other examples, such as the 1,180 tons of gold that Alexander the Great took from Susa.[29] Similarly, Mr. Kitchen,[30] and others consider the temple of Solomon a reasonable and typically sized structure for the region at the time. William G. Dever states "that we now have direct Bronze and Iron Age parallels for every feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the Hebrew Bible".[31]
The archaeological remains that are considered to date from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that Canaanite material culture appears to have continued unabated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or cultural development - indeed comparing pottery from areas traditionally assigned to Israel with that of the Philistines points to the Philistines having been significantly more sophisticated. However there is a lack of physical evidence of its existence, despite some archaeological work in the area.[22] This is not unexpected because the area was devastated by the Babylonians, then rebuilt and destroyed several times.[30] Little archaeological excavation has been done around the area known as the Temple Mount, in what is thought to be the foundation of Solomon's Temple, because attempts to do so are met with protest by Muslims.[32]
From a critical point of view, Solomon's building of a temple for YHWH should not be considered an act of particular devotion to YHWH, because Solomon is also described as building places of worship for a number of other deities[16] (1 Kings 11:4). Some scholars historians argue that Solomon's apparent initial devotion to YHWH, described in passages such as his dedication prayer(1 Kings 8:14-66), were written much later, after Jerusalem had become the religious centre of the kingdom, replacing locations such as Shiloh and Bethel. Some scholars believe that passages such as these in the Books of Kings were not written by the same authors who wrote the rest of the text, instead probably by the Deuteronomist.[31] Such views have been challenged by other historians who maintain that there is evidence that these passages in Kings are derived from official court records at the time of Solomon and from other writings of that time that were incorporated into the canonical books of Kings.[33][34][35]
Jewish scriptures[link]
King Solomon is one of the central Biblical figures in Jewish heritage that have lasting religious, national and political aspects. As the constructor of the First Temple in Jerusalem and last ruler of the united Kingdom of Israel before its division into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah, Solomon is associated with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom of Israel as well as a source of judicial and religious wisdom. According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon wrote three books of the Bible:
- Mishlei (Book of Proverbs), a collection of fables and wisdom of life
- Kohelet (Ecclesiastes), a book of contemplation and his self reflection.
- Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs), a chronicle of erotic love (there are contrasting opinions whether its subject is a woman or Yahweh).
The Hebrew word "To Solomon" (which can also be translated as "by Solomon") appears in the title of two hymns in the book of Psalms (Tehillim), suggesting to some that Solomon wrote them.
Religions and Solomon[link]
Judaism[link]
King Solomon sinned by acquiring too many wives and horses because he thought he knew the reason for the Biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great nation of Rome" - the nation that destroyed the Second Temple (Herod's Temple). Solomon gradually lost more and more prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while others say he did not.[17]
Christianity[link]
Christianity has traditionally accepted the historical existence of Solomon, though some modern Christian scholars have also questioned at least his authorship of those biblical texts ascribed to him. Such disputes tend to divide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps.
Of the two genealogies of Jesus given in the Gospels, Matthew mentions Solomon, but Luke does not. Some commentators see this as an issue that can be reconciled while others disagree. For instance, it has been suggested that Luke is using Mary's genealogy and Matthew is using Joseph's, but Darrell Bock states that this would be unprecedented, "especially when no other single woman appears in the line". Other suggestions include the use by one of the royal and the other of the natural line, one using the legal line and the other the physical line, or that Joseph was adopted[36], mentions Solomon's construction of the Temple (Acts 7:47).
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Solomon is commemorated as a saint, with the title of "Righteous Prophet and King". His feast day is celebrated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord).
The staunchly Catholic King Philip II of Spain sought to model himself after King Solomon. Statues of King David and Solomon stand on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial, Philip's palace, and Solomon is also depicted in a great fresco at the center of El Escorial's library. Philip identified the warrior-king David with his own father Charles V, and himself sought to emulate the thoughtful and logical character which he perceived in Solomon. Moreover, Escorial's structure was inspired by that of Solomon's Temple.[37]
Islam[link]
Main article: Islamic view of Solomon
Further information: Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
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Solomon also appears in the Qur'an, where he is called سليمان in Arabic, which is transliterated in English as Sulayman, Suleiman, Sulaimaan etc. The Qur'an refers to Sulayman as the son of David (Arabic: Dawud, Dawood, or Dawoud), a prophet and a great ruler with tremendous wisdom, favor, and special powers (like his father). Sulayman ruled not only people, but also hosts of Jinn, understood the language of the birds and ants, and was some of the hidden glory in the world that was not accessible to most other human beings. He ruled a large kingdom that extended south into Yemen, via the queen of Sheba who accepted Solomon's prophethood and religion. He was famed throughout the lands for his wisdom. The Qur'an denies that Solomon ever turned away from Allah.
And they followed what the Shayatin (devils) chanted of sorcery in the reign of Sulaiman, and Sulaiman was not an unbeliever, but the Shayatin (devils) disbelieved, they teach people sorcery and such things that came down to the two angels at Babel, Harut and Marut, yet they (the two Angels) taught no person until they had said to them, "Surely, we are only a trial, therefore do not be a disbeliever. " So they learn from them (the two Angels) that by which they might cause a separation between a man and his wife; and they cannot hurt with it any one except with Allah's permission, and they learned what harmed them and did not profit them, and certainly they know that he who bought it should have no share of good in the hereafter and evil was the price for which they sold their souls, had they but known this. [Quran 2:102]
Solomon was also given control over various things, such as the wind, and transportation:
And to Solomon (We subjected) the wind, its morning (stride from sunrise till midnoon) was a month's (journey), and its afternoon (stride from the midday decline of the sun to sunset) was a month's (journey i. e. in one day he could travel two months' journey). And We caused a fount of (molten) brass to flow for him, and there were jinn that worked in front of him, by the Leave of his Lord, And whosoever of them turned aside from Our Command, We shall cause him to taste of the torment of the blazing Fire. [Quran 34:12]
And before Sulayman were marshaled his hosts, of Jinns and men and birds, and they were all kept in order and ranks. [Quran 27:17]
And Solomon, accordingly grateful of Allah, says:
"O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed from everything: this is indeed the Grace manifest (from God). " [Quran 27:16]
File:Mausoleum of Nabi Suleman.JPG
Mausoleum of Solomon, Aqsa Mosque compound, Jerusalam
According to Muslim tradition, when Solomon died he was standing watching the work of his Jinn, while leaning on his cane. There he silently died, but did not fall. He remained in this position, and the Jinn, thinking he was still alive watching them work, kept working. But termites were eating the cane, the body fell after 40 days. Thereafter, the Jinn and all humans wished they could know more than Allah had allotted them to know:
Then, when We decreed (Solomon's) death, nothing showed them his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept (slowly) gnawing away at his staff: so when he fell down, the Jinns saw plainly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have tarried in the humiliating Penalty (of their Task). [Quran 34:14]
Legends[link]
One Thousand and One Nights[link]
Main article: One Thousand and One Nights
A well-known story in the collection One Thousand and One Nights describes a genie who had displeased King Solomon and was punished by being locked in a bottle and thrown into the sea. Since the bottle was sealed with Solomon's seal, the genie was helpless to free himself, until freed many centuries later by a fisherman who discovered the bottle. In other stories which are found in One Thousand and One Nights, protagonists who had to leave their homeland and travel to the unknown places of the world saw signs which proved that Solomon had already been there. Sometimes, protagonists discovered Solomon's words which aimed to help those who were lost and unluckily reached those forbidden and deserted places.
Angels and magic[link]
Main article: Rabbinical literature
According to the Rabbinical literature, on account of his modest request for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded with riches and an unprecedentedly glorious realm, which extended over the upper world inhabited by the angels and over the whole of the terrestrial globe with all its inhabitants, including all the beasts, fowl, and reptiles, as well as the demons and spirits. His control over the demons, spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons bringing him precious stones, besides water from distant countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon's palace, so that they might be used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of his 700 wives and 300 concubines, with the thought that perhaps the king would feast that day in her house.
Seal of Solomon[link]
Main article: Seal of Solomon
A magic ring called the "Seal of Solomon" was supposedly given to Solomon and gave him power over demons. The magical symbol said to have been on the Seal of Solomon which made it work is now better known as the Star of David. Asmodeus, king of demons, was one day, according to the classical Rabbis, captured by Benaiah using the ring, and was forced to remain in Solomon's service. In one tale, Asmodeus brought a man with two heads from under the earth to show Solomon; the man, unable to return, married a woman from Jerusalem and had seven sons, six of whom resembled the mother, while one resembled the father in having two heads. After their father's death, the son with two heads claimed two shares of the inheritance, arguing that he was two men; Solomon decided that the son with two heads was only one man. The Seal of Solomon, in some legends known as the Ring of Aandaleeb, was a highly sought after symbol of power. In several legends, different groups or individuals attempted to steal it or attain it in some manner.
Solomon and Asmodeus[link]
Main article: Asmodeus
One legend concerning Asmodeus goes on to state that Solomon one day asked Asmodeus what could make demons powerful over man, and Asmodeus asked to be freed and given the ring so that he could demonstrate; Solomon agreed but Asmodeus threw the ring into the sea and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed the king, stood up fully with one wing touching heaven and the other earth, and spat out Solomon to a distance of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was a divine punishment for Solomon having failed to follow three divine commands, and Solomon was forced to wander from city to city, until he eventually arrived in an Ammonite city where he was forced to work in the king's kitchens. Solomon gained a chance to prepare a meal for the Ammonite king, which the king found so impressive that the previous cook was sacked and Solomon put in his place; the king's daughter, Naamah, subsequently fell in love with Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a commoner) disapproved, so the king decided to kill them both by sending them into the desert. Solomon and the king’s daughter wandered the desert until they reached a coastal city, where they bought a fish to eat, which just happened to be the one which had swallowed the magic ring. Solomon was then able to regain his throne and expel Asmodeus. (The element of a ring thrown into the sea and found back in a fish's belly later appeared in Herodotus' account of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos from c. 538 BC to 522 BC).
In another familiar version of the legend of the Seal of Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. In some myths, he's disguised as King Solomon himself, while in more frequently heard versions he's disguised as a falcon, calling himself Gavyn (Gavinn or Gavin), one of King Solomon’s trusted friends. The concealed Asmodeus tells travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon's grand lofty palace that the Seal of Solomon was thrown into the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and attempt to retrieve it, for if they do they would take the throne as king.
Artifacts[link]
Other magical items attributed to Solomon are his key and his Table. The latter was said to be held in Toledo, Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the title of the Lesser Key of Solomon, a grimoire whose framing tale is Solomon capturing demons using his ring, and forcing them to explain themselves to him.
Other forms of legend describe Solomon as having had a flying carpet that was 60 miles square, and could travel so fast that it could get from Damascus to Medina within a day. One day, due to Solomon exhibiting pride, the wind shook the carpet and caused 40,000 men to fall from it; Solomon on being told by the wind why this had happened, felt ashamed. Another day Solomon was flying over an ant-infested valley and overheard an ant warning its fellow ants to hide lest Solomon destroy them; Solomon desired to ask the ant a question, but was told it was not becoming for the interrogator to be above and the interrogated below. Solomon then lifted the ant above the valley, but the ant said it was not fitting that Solomon should sit on a throne while the ant remained on the ground, so Solomon placed the ant upon his hand, and asked it whether there was any one in the world greater than he. The ant replied that she was much greater as otherwise Yahweh would not have sent him there to place it upon his hand; this offended Solomon and he threw the ant down reminding it who he was, but the ant told him that it knew Solomon was created from a corrupted drop, causing Solomon to feel ashamed.
Angels[link]
Angels also help out Solomon in building the Temple; though not by choice. The edifice was, according to rabbinical legend, throughout miraculously constructed, the large, heavy stones rising to and settling in their respective places of themselves. The general opinion of the Rabbis is that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a shamir, a mythical worm whose mere touch cleft rocks. According to Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from paradise by Solomon's eagle; but most of the rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm's haunts by Asmodeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of the sea to the mountain cock alone, and the cock had sworn to guard it well, but Solomon's men found the bird's nest, and covered it with glass. When the bird returned, it used the shamir to break the glass, whereupon the men scared the bird, causing it to drop the worm, which the men could then bring to Solomon.
In the Kabbalah[link]
Early adherents of the Kabbalah portray Solomon as having sailed through the air on a throne of light placed on an eagle, which brought him near the heavenly gates as well as to the dark mountains behind which the fallen angels Uzza and Azzazel were chained; the eagle would rest on the chains, and Solomon, using the magic ring, would compel the two angels to reveal every mystery he desired to know. Solomon is also portrayed as forcing demons to take Solomon's friends, including Hiram, on day return trips to hell.
The palace without entrance[link]
According to one legend, while traveling magically, Solomon noticed a magnificent palace to which there appeared to be no entrance. He ordered the demons to climb to the roof and see if they could discover any living being within the building but the demons only found an eagle, which said that it was 700 years old, but that it had never seen an entrance. An elder brother of the eagle, 900 years old, was then found, but it also did not know the entrance. The eldest brother of these two birds, which was 1,300 years old, then declared it had been informed by its father that the door was on the west side, but that it had become hidden by sand drifted by the wind. Having discovered the entrance, Solomon found an idol inside that had in its mouth a silver tablet saying in Greek (a language not thought by modern scholars to have existed 1000 years before the time of Solomon) that the statue was of Shaddad, the son of 'Ad, and that it had reigned over a million cities, rode on a million horses, had under it a million vassals and slew a million warriors, yet it could not resist the angel of death.
Throne[link]
Solomon's throne is described at length in Targum Sheni, which is compiled from three different sources, and in two later Midrash. According to these, there were on the steps of the throne twelve golden lions, each facing a golden eagle. There were six steps to the throne, on which animals, all of gold, were arranged in the following order: on the first step a lion opposite an ox; on the second, a wolf opposite a sheep; on the third, a tiger opposite a camel; on the fourth, an eagle opposite a peacock, on the fifth, a cat opposite a cock; on the sixth, a sparrow-hawk opposite a dove. On the top of the throne was a dove holding a sparrow-hawk in its claws, symbolizing the dominion of Israel over the Gentiles. The first midrash claims that six steps were constructed because Solomon foresaw that six kings would sit on the throne, namely, Solomon, Rehoboam, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah. There was also on the top of the throne a golden candelabrum, on the seven branches of the one side of which were engraved the names of the seven patriarchs Adam, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job, and on the seven of the other the names of Levi, Kohath, Amram, Moses, Aaron, Eldad, Medad, and, in addition, Hur (another version has Haggai). Above the candelabrum was a golden jar filled with olive-oil and beneath it a golden basin which supplied the jar with oil and on which the names of Nadab, Abihu, and Eli and his two sons were engraved. Over the throne, twenty-four vines were fixed to cast a shadow on the king's head.
By a mechanical contrivance the throne followed Solomon wherever he wished to go. Supposedly, due to another mechanical trick, when the king reached the first step, the ox stretched forth its leg, on which Solomon leaned, a similar action taking place in the case of the animals on each of the six steps. From the sixth step the eagles raised the king and placed him in his seat, near which a golden serpent lay coiled. When the king was seated the large eagle placed the crown on his head, the serpent uncoiled itself, and the lions and eagles moved upward to form a shade over him. The dove then descended, took the scroll of the Law from the Ark, and placed it on Solomon's knees. When the king sat, surrounded by the Sanhedrin, to judge the people, the wheels began to turn, and the beasts and fowls began to utter their respective cries, which frightened those who had intended to bear false testimony. Moreover, while Solomon was ascending the throne, the lions scattered all kinds of fragrant spices. After Solomon's death, Pharaoh Shishak, when taking away the treasures of the Temple (I Kings xiv. 26), carried off the throne, which remained in Egypt till Sennacherib conquered that country. After Sennacherib's fall Hezekiah gained possession of it, but when Josiah was slain by Pharaoh Necho, the latter took it away. However, according to rabbinical accounts, Necho did not know how the mechanism worked and so accidentally struck himself with one of the lions causing him to become lame; Nebuchadnezzar, into whose possession the throne subsequently came, shared a similar fate. The throne then passed to the Persians, who their king Darius was the first to sit successfully on Solomon's throne since his death, and after that the throne passed into the possession of the Greeks and Ahasuerus.
Contemporary fiction[link]
Literature[link]
- In H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines the protagonists discover multiple settings said to belong to, or having been built at the request of King Solomon, such as 'Solomon's Great Road' and the mines themselves. Also, the two mountains which form the entrance to Kukuana Land (where the mines are located in the novel) are referred to as 'Sheba's Breasts' which could well be an allusion to the Queen of Sheba, who King Solomon had a relationship with, or alternatively Solomon's mother, who was named Bathsheba. When in the mines the characters also contemplate what must have occurred to prevent King Solomon from ever returning to retrieve the massive amounts of diamonds, gold and ivory tusks that were found buried in his great 'Treasure Chamber'.
- In The Divine Comedy the spirit of Solomon appears to Dante Alighieri in the Heaven of the Sun with other exemplars of inspired wisdom.
- In Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Die Physiker, the physicist Möbius claims that Solomon appears to him and dictates the "theory of all possible inventions" (based on Unified Field Theory).
- Solomon appears in Kipling's Just So Stories.
- In Neal Stephenson's three-volume The Baroque Cycle, 17th century alchemists like Isaac Newton believe that Solomon created a kind of "heavier" gold with mystical properties and that it was cached in the Solomon Islands where it was accidentally discovered by the crew of a wayward Spanish galleon. In the third volume of The Baroque Cycle, The System of the World, a mysterious member of the entourage of Czar Peter I of Russia, named "Solomon Kohan" appears in early 18th century London. The czar, traveling incognito to purchase English-made ships for his navy, explains that he added him to his court after the Sack of Azov, where Kohan had been a guest of the Pasha. Solomon Kohan is later revealed as one of the extremely long-lived "Wise" (like Enoch Root), and compares a courtyard full of inventors' workstations to "an operation I used to have in Jerusalem a long time ago," denominating either facility as "a temple."
- In Bartimaeus: The Ring of Solomon, both King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba are featured prominently.
Film[link]
- The Kingdom of Solomon (2009) - Iranian production directed by Shahriar Bahrani
- Solomon (1997, TNT) - directed by Roger Young, starring Ben Cross
- Solomon and Sheba (1959) - Epic film directed by King Vidor, starring Yul Brynner and Gina Lollobrigida
Music[link]
- Händel composed an oratorio entitled Solomon in 1748. The story follows the basic Biblical plot.
- Ernest Bloch composed a Hebraic Rhapsody for cello and orchestra entitled Schelomo, based on King Solomon.
See also[link]
- Goetia
- Solomon and Marcolf
- Solomonic column
- Solomon's Pools
- This too shall pass
- The Judgement of Salomon (Giorgione)
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.jstor.org/pss/1517303
- ^ Rashi to Megillah 14a
- ^ a b Barton, George A.. "Temple of Solomon". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, NY.: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 98–101. DOI:10.1038/2151043a0. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=129&letter=T. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ a b c Peter J. Leithart, A House for My Name, 157, Canon Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1
- ^ a b "1 Kings 1 (ESV)". Biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20kings%201;&version=47;. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Hoerber, Robert G., ed. (1984) "Concordia Self-Study Bible" (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House) p. 473
- ^ Peter J. Leithart, A House for My Name, 164, Canon Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1
- ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=631&letter=S&search=Shimei. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ a b http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1 Kings+3&version=KJV
- ^ "1 Kings 10 - Passage Lookup - New International Version". BibleGateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=11&chapter=10&version=31. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Coogan, Michael D. "A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament", Oxford University Press, 2009, pg. 375.
- ^ Coogan, Michael, Oxford University Press, pg. 375.
- ^ 1 Kings 11:1-3
- ^ 1 Kings 14:21 and 2 Chronicles 12:13
- ^ Confirmed anew in the recent History Channel quasi-promotional production about Indiana Jones's[citation needed] positive impact on archaeology. (released Mid-May 2008, the week before the 22 May 2008 USA release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull) History Channel producers were shown interviewing the guardian priest, and expert discussions about the Ark were part of the fare served up.
- ^ a b
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. - ^ a b Talmud Bavli; tractate Sanhendrin; page 21b
- ^ "The Kingdom of Israel". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Kings.html. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ "Solomon, Testament of:". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=897&letter=S. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Against Apion i:17,18.
- ^ Dever 2001
- ^ a b Finkelstein The Bible Unearthed
- ^ Thiele, Mysterious Numbers p. 78.
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. http://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=finkelstein+israel+and+silberman+neil+asher+%22the+bible+unearthed%22&source=gbs_summary_r.
- ^ David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition pp20
- ^ Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past, Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978-0-224-03977-2 p. 207
- ^ Dever 2001, p. 160
- ^ Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple, by Hershel Shanks, p113
- ^ Kitchen 2003, p. 135
- ^ a b Kitchen 2003, p. 123
- ^ a b Dever 2001, p. 145
- ^ "Temple Mount: Excavation Controversy". Sacred-destinations.com. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/temple-mount-excavation.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
- ^ Harrison, R. K. (1969). Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans) pp. 722–724.
- ^ Archer, G. L. (1964). A Survey of Old Testament Introduction (Chicago: Moody Press) pp. 276–277.
- ^ Thiele, E. R. (1983) The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel) pp. 193–204.
- ^ Bock, Darell (1996). Luke (The NIV Application Commentary). Zondervan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-310-49330-3.
- ^ René Taylor 1. Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower's 1968 festschrift. 2. Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of the Society of Jesus in "Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution" by Rudolf Wittkower & Irma Jaffe
References[link]
- Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4362-5.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86913-1.
- Thomas E. Levy & Thomas Higham (eds.), ed. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London ; Oakville, CT.: Equinox Publishing (UK). ISBN 978-1-84553-056-3. OCLC 60453952.
- Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Pub.. ISBN 978-0-8028-4794-2. OCLC 45487499.
- Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Solomon |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Solomon |
- A collection of King Solomon links on the web
- Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1905)
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Solomon entry by Gabriel Oussani (1913)
- Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Animated depiction of the life of Solomon
- Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Artistic movie about the rise and the reign of King Solomon
- Wars of King Solomon The Wars of King Solomon: Summaries and Studies: www.warsofisrael.com
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Solomon
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by David |
King of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah 971 – 931 BC |
Succeeded by Rehoboam in Judah |
| Succeeded by Jeroboam I in Israel |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Solomon |
| Alternative names | שְׁלֹמֹה ;سليمان; Šəlōmōh |
| Short description | Ruler of Israel and Judah |
| Date of birth | circa 1000 BC |
| Place of birth | Israel |
| Date of death | circa 931 BC |
| Place of death | Jerusalem, United Kingdom of Israel |
http://wn.com/Solomon
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Salomone
http://cs.wn.com/Šalomoun
http://id.wn.com/Salomo
http://es.wn.com/Salomón
http://nl.wn.com/Salomo
http://pl.wn.com/Salomon (król Izraela)
http://fr.wn.com/Salomon (Bible)
http://ru.wn.com/Соломон
http://pt.wn.com/Salomão
http://de.wn.com/Salomo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
