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A. J. Ayer
Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer
/ɛər/ (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989) was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
Ayer was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent during the Second World War. He was the Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, when he became Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952. He was knighted in 1970.
Ayer was born in St John's Wood, London, to a wealthy European family. His mother, Reine Citroën, was from the Dutch-Jewish family who founded the Citroën car company in France. His father, Jules Ayer, was a Swiss Calvinist financier who worked for the Rothschild family.
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Alan Ross Anderson
Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
A frequent collaborator with Nuel Belnap, Anderson was instrumental in the development of relevance logic and deontic logic.
Anderson died of cancer in 1973.
Anderson believed that the conclusion of a valid inference ought to have something to do with (i.e. be relevant to) the premises. Formally, he captured this "relevance condition" with the principle that
As simple as this idea appears, implementing it in a formal system requires a radical departure from the semantics of classical logic. Anderson and Belnap (with contributions from J. Michael Dunn, Kit Fine, Alasdair Urquhart, Robert K. Meyer, Anil Gupta (logician), and others) explored the formal consequences of the relevance condition in great detail in their influential Entailment books (see references below), which are the most frequently cited works in the field of relevance logic.
Anderson and Belnap were quick to observe that the concept of relevance had been central to logic since Aristotle, but had been unduly neglected since Gottlob Frege and George Boole laid the foundations for what would come to be known, somewhat ironically, as "classical" logic. (For an example of classical logic's failure to satisfy the relevance condition, see the article on the principle of explosion.)
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ( /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] (
listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics. While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"), he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.
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Alexander Bain
Alexander Bain (11 June 1818 – 18 September 1903) was a Scottish philosopher and educationalist in the British school of empiricism who was a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of psychology, linguistics, logic, moral philosophy and education reform. He founded Mind, the first ever journal of psychology and analytical philosophy, and was the leading figure in establishing and applying applying the scientific method to psychology. Bain was the inaugural Regius Chair in Logic and Professor of Logic at the University of Aberdeen, where he also held Professorships in Moral Philosophy and English Literature and was twice elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen.
Alexander Bain was born in Aberdeen, Scotland to George Bain, a weaver and veteran soldier, and Margaret Paul. At age eleven he left school to work as a weaver hence the description of him as Weevir, rex philosophorum. He also took to lectures at the Mechanics' Institutes of Aberdeen and the Aberdeen Public Library.
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Alfred Tarski
Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a Polish logician and mathematician. Educated at the University of Warsaw and a member of the Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic and the Warsaw School of Mathematics and philosophy, he emigrated to the USA in 1939, and taught and carried out research in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1942 until his death.
A prolific author best known for his work on model theory, metamathematics, and algebraic logic, he also contributed to abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, and analytic philosophy.
His biographers Anita and Solomon Feferman state that, "Along with his contemporary, Kurt Gödel, he changed the face of logic in the twentieth century, especially through his work on the concept of truth and the theory of models."
Alfred Tarski was born Alfred Teitelbaum (Polish spelling: "Tajtelbaum"), to parents who were Polish Jews in comfortable circumstances. He first manifested his mathematical abilities while in secondary school, at Warsaw's Szkoła Mazowiecka. Nevertheless, he entered the University of Warsaw in 1918 intending to study biology.
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Alonzo Church
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church–Turing thesis, solving the Entscheidungsproblem, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem.
Alonzo Church was born on June 14, 1903 in Washington, D.C. where his father, Samuel Robbins Church, was the judge of the Municipal Court for the District of Columbia. The family later moved to Virginia after his father lost this position because of failing eyesight. With help from his uncle, also named Alonzo Church, he was able to attend the Ridgefield School for Boys in Ridgefield, Connecticut. After graduating from Ridgefield in 1920, Church attended Princeton University where he was an exceptional student, publishing his first paper, on Lorentz transformations, and graduating in 1924 with a degree in mathematics. He stayed at Princeton, earning a Ph.D. in mathematics in three years under Oswald Veblen.
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Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born November 15, 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, the emeritus John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame and the inaugural holder of the Jellema Chair in Philosophy at Calvin College.
He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is the author of a number of books including God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and the "warrant" series culminating in Warranted Christian Belief (2000). He has delivered the Gifford Lectures three times, and was described by Time magazine as "America's leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God".
Plantinga was born on November 15, 1932 in Ann Arbor, Michigan to Cornelius A. Plantinga (1908–1994) and Lettie G. Bossenbroek (1908–2007). Plantinga's father was a first generation immigrant, born in the Netherlands. His family is from the Dutch province of Friesland. Plantinga’s father earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from Duke University and a Master's Degree in psychology, and taught several academic subjects at different colleges over the years. One of Plantinga's brothers, Cornelius "Neal" Plantinga, Jr., is a theologian and the former president of Calvin Theological Seminary. Another of his brothers, Leon, is an emeritus professor of musicology at Yale University. His brother Terrell worked for CBS News.
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Andrew Gelman
Andrew Gelman is an American statistician, professor of statistics and political science, and director of the Applied Statistics Center at Columbia University. He earned an S.B. in mathematics and in physics from MIT in 1986 and a Ph.D. in statistics from Harvard in 1990 under the supervision of Donald Rubin.
He has received the Outstanding Statistical Application award from the American Statistical Association three times. He is an elected fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
His sister is the psychologist Susan Gelman.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
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Augustus De Morgan
Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
Augustus De Morgan was born in 1806. His father was Col. Augustus De Morgan, who held various appointments in the service of the East India Company. His mother descended from James Dodson, who computed a table of anti-logarithms, that is, the numbers corresponding to exact logarithms. Augustus De Morgan became blind in one eye a month or two after he was born. The family moved to England when Augustus was seven months old. As his father and grandfather had both been born in India, De Morgan used to say that he was neither English, nor Scottish, nor Irish, but a Briton "unattached", using the technical term applied to an undergraduate of Oxford or Cambridge who is not a member of any one of the Colleges.
When De Morgan was ten years old, his father died. Mrs. De Morgan resided at various places in the southwest of England, and her son received his elementary education at various schools of no great account. His mathematical talents went unnoticed until he was fourteen, when a family-friend discovered him making an elaborate drawing of a figure in Euclid with ruler and compasses. She explained the aim of Euclid to Augustus, and gave him an initiation into demonstration.
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Averroes
ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes ( /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from the influential Islamic theologian Ghazali who attacked philosophy so it would not become an affront to the teachings of Islam.
Averroes' name is also seen as Averroës, Averroès or Averrhoës, indicating that the "o" and the "e" form separate syllables. Averroes is a Latinisation of a Hebrew transcription of the Arab name Ibn Rushd.
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Avicenna
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian پورسينا Pur Sina [ˈpuːr ˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persianpolymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).
His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.
Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his friend Ludwig Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. He co-authored, with A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, an attempt to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy." His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.
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Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς, Chrysippos ho Soleus; c. 279 BC – c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
Chrysippus excelled in logic, the theory of knowledge, ethics and physics. He created an original system of propositional logic in order to better understand the workings of the universe and role of humanity within it. He adhered to a deterministic view of fate, but nevertheless sought a role for personal freedom in thought and action. Ethics, he taught, depended on understanding the nature of the universe, and he taught a therapy of extirpating the unruly passions which depress and crush the soul. He initiated the success of Stoicism as one of the most influential philosophical movements for centuries in the Greek and Roman world.
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He is currently the Co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a firm atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism," along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut. When he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash. His sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert, FRS (German pronunciation: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; January 23, 1862 – February 14, 1943) was a German mathematician. He is recognized as one of the most influential and universal mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas in many areas, including invariant theory and the axiomatization of geometry. He also formulated the theory of Hilbert spaces, one of the foundations of functional analysis.
Hilbert adopted and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. A famous example of his leadership in mathematics is his 1900 presentation of a collection of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.
Hilbert and his students contributed significantly to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. Hilbert is known as one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic, as well as for being among the first to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics.
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David Hume
David Hume (7 May [O.S. 26 April] 1711 – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.
Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour, saying: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." A prominent figure in the sceptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively "impressions" or direct sensations and fainter "ideas", which are copied from impressions. He developed the position that mental behaviour is governed by "custom"; our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the "constant conjunction" of causes and effects. Without direct impressions of a metaphysical "self", he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self.
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Duns Scotus
John (Johannes, Ioannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1256 – November 18, 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was given the medieval accolade Doctor Subtilis (Subtle Doctor) for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
Scotus has had considerable influence on Roman Catholic thought. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being," that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual. Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate conception of Mary.
Little is known of Scotus' life. He was probably born in 1265, probably at Duns, in Berwickshire, Scotland. In 1291 he was ordained as a priest in Northampton, England. A note in Codex 66 of Merton College, Oxford, records that Scotus "flourished at Cambridge, Oxford and Paris. He began lecturing on Peter Lombard's Sentences at the prestigious University of Paris in the Autumn of 1302. Later in that academic year, however, he was expelled from the University of Paris for siding with then Pope Boniface VIII in his feud with Philip the Fair of France, over the taxation of church property.
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Edmund Gettier
Edmund L. Gettier III (born 1927 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, known best for his 1963 paper, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?".
Gettier was educated at Cornell University, where his mentors included Max Black and Norman Malcolm. Gettier, himself, was originally attracted to the views of the later Ludwig Wittgenstein. His first teaching job was at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, where his colleagues included Keith Lehrer, R. C. Sleigh, and Alvin Plantinga. Because he was short on publications, his colleagues urged him to write up any ideas he had just to satisfy the administration. The result was a three-page paper that remains one of the most famous in recent philosophical history. According to anecdotal comments that Plantinga has given in lectures, Gettier was originally so unenthused about the paper that he wrote it, had someone translate it into Spanish, and published in in an obscure South American journal. The paper was later published in the United States. Gettier has since published nothing, but he has invented and taught to his graduate students new methods for finding and illustrating countermodels in modal logic, as well as simplified semantics for various modal logics.
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Ernst Schröder
Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841, Mannheim, Baden, Germany – 16 June 1902, Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic. He is a major figure in the history of mathematical logic (a term he may have invented), by virtue of summarizing and extending the work of George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, Hugh MacColl, and especially Charles Peirce. He is best known for his monumental Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik (Lectures on the algebra of logic), in 3 volumes, which prepared the way for the emergence of mathematical logic as a separate discipline in the twentieth century by systematizing the various systems of formal logic of the day.
Schröder learned mathematics at Heidelberg, Königsberg, and Zürich, under Hesse, Kirchhoff, and Franz Neumann. After teaching school for a few years, he moved to the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt in 1874. Two years later, he took up a chair in mathematics at the Polytechnische Schule in Karlsruhe, where he spent the remainder of his life. He never married.
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G. E. Moore
George Edward Moore OM, (4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher. He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and (before them) Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy. Along with Russell, he led the turn away from idealism in British philosophy, and became well known for his advocacy of common sense concepts, his contributions to ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, and "his exceptional personality and moral character." He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, a highly influential member of the Bloomsbury Group, and the editor of the influential journal Mind.
Moore was educated at Dulwich College, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read Classics and Moral Sciences. He became a Fellow of Trinity in 1898, and went on to hold the University of Cambridge chair of mental philosophy and logic, from 1925 to 1939. He was the brother of the writer and engraver Thomas Sturge Moore.
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G.E. Berrios
German E. Berrios is a Professor of Psychiatry at Cambridge University in the UK.
He was born in Tacna, Peru, and studied medicine and philosophy at the University of San Marcos (Lima, Peru). Subsequently, he read psychology and philosophy at Corpus Christi College, Oxford University, where he was a scholar by examination. He did postgraduate work in the history and philosophy of science at the same university under Charles Webster (medical historian), Alistair Cameron Crombie (historian of science), and Rom Harré (philosopher of science); and trained in neurology and psychiatry at the (then) Oxford United Hospitals.
Between 1973 and 1976 he was a Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of Leeds where he trained in medical statistics under Professor Max Hamilton and received didactic analysis from Harry Guntrip.
Since 1977, he has taught at Cambridge University, UK (Departments of Psychiatry and of History and Philosophy of Science) where he currently holds the Chair of the Epistemology of Psychiatry and is a Consultant Neuropsychiatrist at Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK). He is a Life Fellow of Robinson College, and Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists of the UK, the British Psychological Society, and the Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1989, he founded (with the late Roy Porter) the international journal History of Psychiatry of which he remains the editor.
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Georg Cantor
Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor ( /ˈkæntɔr/ KAN-tor; German: [ɡeˈɔʁk ˈfɛʁdinant ˈluːtvɪç ˈfiːlɪp ˈkantɔʁ]; March 3 [O.S. February 19] 1845 – January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician, best known as the inventor of set theory, which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics. Cantor established the importance of one-to-one correspondence between the members of two sets, defined infinite and well-ordered sets, and proved that the real numbers are "more numerous" than the natural numbers. In fact, Cantor's method of proof of this theorem implies the existence of an "infinity of infinities". He defined the cardinal and ordinal numbers and their arithmetic. Cantor's work is of great philosophical interest, a fact of which he was well aware.
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George Berkeley
George Berkeley ( /ˈbɑrkliː/; 12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753), also known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne), was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others). This theory denies the existence of material substance and instead contends that familiar objects like tables and chairs are only ideas in the minds of perceivers, and as a result cannot exist without being perceived. Thus, as Berkeley famously put it, for physical objects "esse est percipi" ("to be is to be perceived"). Berkeley is also known for his critique of abstraction, an important premise in his argument for immaterialism.
In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work, An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision, in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and color. This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge in 1710 which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous in 1713.
In this book, Berkeley's views were represented by Philonous (Greek: 'lover of mind'), while Hylas (Greek: 'matter') embodies the Irish thinker’s opponents, in particular John Locke. Berkeley argued against Sir Isaac Newton's doctrine of absolute space, time and motion in De Motu (on Motion), published 1721. His arguments were a precursor to the views of Mach and Einstein. In 1732, he published Alciphron, a Christian apologetic against the free-thinkers, and in 1734, he published The Analyst, an empiricist critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, which was influential in the development of mathematics.
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George Boole
George Boole ( /ˈbuːl/; 2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was an English-born mathematician and logician. His work was in the fields of differential equations and algebraic logic, and he is now best known as the author of The Laws of Thought. As the inventor of the prototype of what is now called Boolean logic, which became the basis of the modern digital computer, Boole is regarded in hindsight as a founder of the field of computer science. Boole said,
... no general method for the solution of questions in the theory of probabilities can be established which does not explicitly recognise ... those universal laws of thought which are the basis of all reasoning ...
George Boole's father, John Boole (1779–1848), was a tradesman in Lincoln and gave him lessons. He had an elementary school education, but little further formal and academic teaching. William Brooke, a bookseller in Lincoln, may have helped him with Latin; which he may also have learned at the school of Thomas Bainbridge. He was self-taught in modern languages. At age 16 Boole took up a junior teaching position in Doncaster, at Heigham's School, being at this point the breadwinner for his parents and three younger siblings. He taught also in Liverpool, briefly.
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George Boolos
George Stephen Boolos (September 4, 1940, New York City – May 27, 1996) was a philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Boolos graduated from Princeton University in 1961 with an A.B. in mathematics. Oxford University awarded him the B.Phil in 1963. In 1966, he obtained the first Ph.D. in philosophy ever awarded by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under the direction of Hilary Putnam. After teaching three years at Columbia University, he returned to MIT in 1969, where he spent the rest of his career until his death from cancer.
A charismatic speaker well known for his clarity and wit, he once delivered a lecture (1994b) giving an account of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, employing only words of one syllable. At the end of his viva, Hilary Putnam asked him, "And tell us, Mr. Boolos, what does the analytical hierarchy have to do with the real world?" Without hesitating Boolos replied, "It's part of it".
An expert on puzzles of all kinds, in 1993 Boolos reached the London Regional Final of The Times crossword competition. His score was one of the highest ever recorded by an American. He wrote a paper on "the hardest logic puzzle ever"—one of many puzzles created by Raymond Smullyan.
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Gerhard Gentzen
Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundations of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
Gentzen was a student of Paul Bernays at the University of Göttingen. Bernays was fired as "non-Aryan" in April 1933 and therefore Hermann Weyl formally acted as his supervisor. At great risk to his career Gentzen kept in contact with Bernays until the beginning of the Second World War. In November 1933, he joined the Sturmabteilung to pass the state exam for teachers.[citation needed] In 1935, he corresponded with Abraham Fraenkel from Jerusalem and was implicated by the Nazi teachers' union as one who "keeps contacts to the Chosen People." In 1935 and 1936, Hermann Weyl, head of the Göttingen mathematics department in 1933 until his resignation under Nazi pressure, made strong efforts to bring him to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.
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Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe peˈaːno]; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named the Peano axioms in his honor. As part of this effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
Peano was born and raised on a farm at Spinetta, a hamlet now belonging to Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. He attended the Liceo classico Cavour in Turin, and enrolled at the University of Turin in 1876, graduating in 1880 with high honours, after which the University employed him to assist first Enrico D'Ovidio, and then Angelo Genocchi, the Chair of Infinitesimal calculus. Due to Genocchi's poor health, Peano took over the teaching of the infinitesimal calculus course within 2 years. His first major work, a textbook on calculus, was published in 1884 and was credited to Genocchi. A few years later, Peano published his first book dealing with mathematical logic. Here the modern symbols for the union and intersection of sets appeared for the first time.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925, pronounced [ˈɡɔtloːp ˈfreːɡə ]) was a German mathematician, logician and philosopher. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. While he was mainly ignored by the intellectual world when he published his writings, Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers.
Frege was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the modern German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). His father Carl (Karl) Alexander Frege (3 August 1809 – 30 November 1866) was the co-founder and headmaster of a girls' high school until his death. After Carl's death, the school was led by Frege's mother Auguste Wilhelmine Sophie Frege (née Bialloblotzky, 12 January 1815 – 14 October 1898).
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Haskell Curry
Haskell Brooks Curry (September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic; while the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel, much of the development was done by Curry. Curry is also known for Curry's paradox and the Curry–Howard correspondence. There are three programming languages named after him, Haskell, Brooks and Curry, as well as the concept of currying, a technique used for transforming functions in mathematics and computer science.
Curry was born on September 12, 1900, in Millis, Massachusetts, to Samuel Silas Curry and Anna Baright Curry, who ran a school for elocution. He entered Harvard University in 1916 to study medicine but switched to mathematics before graduating in 1920. After two years of graduate work in electrical engineering at MIT, he returned to Harvard to study physics, earning a MA in 1924. Curry's interest in mathematical logic started during this period when he was introduced to the Principia Mathematica, the attempt by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell to ground mathematics in symbolic logic. Remaining at Harvard, Curry pursued a Ph.D. in mathematics. While he was directed by George Birkhoff to work on differential equations, his interests continued to shift to logic. In 1927, while an instructor at Princeton University, he discovered the work of Moses Schönfinkel in combinatory logic. Schönfinkel's work had anticipated much of Curry's own research, and as a consequence, he moved to Göttingen where he could work with Heinrich Behmann and Paul Bernays, who were familiar with Schönfinkel's work. Curry was supervised by David Hilbert and worked closely with Bernays, receiving a Ph.D. in 1930 with a dissertation on combinatory logic.
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Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist, who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
In philosophy of mind, Putnam is known for his argument against the type-identity of mental and physical states based on his hypothesis of the multiple realizability of the mental, and for the concept of functionalism, an influential theory regarding the mind-body problem. In philosophy of language, along with Saul Kripke and others, he developed the causal theory of reference, and formulated an original theory of meaning, inventing the notion of semantic externalism based on a famous thought experiment called Twin Earth.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (German pronunciation: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant]; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg (today Kaliningrad of Russia), who researched, lectured, and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. At the time, there were major successes and advances in the sciences (for example, Isaac Newton, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Robert Boyle) applying reason and logic.
Kant’s major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), aimed to unite reason with experience to move beyond what he took to be failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He hoped to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the skepticism of thinkers such as Descartes, Berkeley and Hume.
He stated:
Kant proposed a ‘Copernican Revolution’ in reverse, saying that:
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788) and the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics. And the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology. He aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience; the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective without first being processed by pure reason. He also said that using reason without applying it to experience only leads to theoretical illusions. The free and proper exercise of reason by the individual was both a theme of the Enlightenment, and of Kant's approaches to the various problems of philosophy.
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Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (born 1935) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist. He holds the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University and is the author of many works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science, in which he has laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, among other ideas. He is known for his provocative and sometimes polemical style of argumentation.
Fodor argues that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, are relations between individuals and mental representations. He maintains that these representations can only be correctly explained in terms of a language of thought (LOT) in the mind. Furthermore, this language of thought itself is an actually existing thing that is codified in the brain and not just a useful explanatory tool. Fodor adheres to a species of functionalism, maintaining that thinking and other mental processes consist primarily of computations operating on the syntax of the representations that make up the language of thought.
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John Locke
John Locke FRS ( /ˈlɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Hume, Rousseau and Kant. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to pre-existing Cartesian philosophy, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception.
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Jon Barwise
Kenneth Jon Barwise (June 29, 1942 – March 5, 2000) was an American mathematician, philosopher and logician who proposed some fundamental revisions to the way that logic is understood and used.
Born in Independence, Missouri to Kenneth T. and Evelyn, he was a precocious child.
A pupil of Solomon Feferman at Stanford University, Barwise started his research in infinitary logic. After positions as assistant professor at the Universities of Yale and Wisconsin, during which time his interests turned to natural language, he returned to Stanford in 1983 to direct the Center for the Study of Language and Information. He began teaching at Indiana University in 1990. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999.
Barwise contended that, by being explicit about the context in which a proposition is made, the situation, many problems in the application of logic can be eliminated. He sought ... to understand meaning and inference within a general theory of information, one that takes us outside the realm of sentences and relations between sentences of any language, natural or formal. In particular, he claimed that such an approach resolved the liar paradox. He made use of Peter Aczel's non-well-founded set theory in understanding "vicious circles" of reasoning.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (/ˈkɜrt ɡɜrdəl/; German pronunciation: [ˈkʊʁt ˈɡøːdəl] ( listen); April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian/American logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Later in his life he emigrated to the United States to escape the effects of World War II. One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when many, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead and David Hilbert, were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics.
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems, published in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna. The more famous incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (for example Peano arithmetic), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the axioms. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
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Laurence BonJour
Laurence BonJour (born 31 August 1943) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Washington.
He received his bachelor's degrees in Philosophy and Political Science from Macalester College and his doctorate in 1969 from Princeton University with a dissertation directed by Richard Rorty. Before moving to UW he taught at the University of Texas at Austin.
His areas of specialty include epistemology, Kant, and British empiricism.
BonJour's work, along with that of Roderick Chisholm, Keith Lehrer, and Michael Williams, is at the center of current debates in epistemology. Initially defending coherentism in his anti-foundationalist critique The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, BonJour has since moved to defend Cartesian[disambiguation needed
]foundationalism in such works as Epistemology and In Defense of Pure Reason. The latter book is a sustained defense of a priori justification, strongly criticizing empiricists and pragmatists who dismiss it (such as W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty).
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Leopold Löwenheim
Leopold Löwenheim (26 June 1878 in Krefeld, Germany (also the birthplace of Max Zorn) – 5 May 1957 in Berlin) was a German mathematician, known for his work in mathematical logic. The Nazi regime forced him to retire because under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered only three quarters Aryan. In 1943 much of his work was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin. Nevertheless, he survived the Second World War, after which he resumed teaching mathematics.
Löwenheim (1915) gave the first proof of what is now known as the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, often considered the starting point for model theory.
Primary:
Secondary:
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Lewis Carroll
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/ CHARLZ LUDT-wij DOJ-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/ KARR-əl), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand.
Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in Ireland in 1803 when his two sons were hardly more than babies. His mother's name was Frances Jane Lutwidge.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language. He was professor in philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1939 until 1947. In his lifetime, he published just one book review, one article, a children's dictionary, and the 75-page Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921). In 1999, his posthumously published Philosophical Investigations (1953) was ranked as the most important book of 20th-century philosophy, standing out as "...the one crossover masterpiece in twentieth-century philosophy, appealing across diverse specializations and philosophical orientations".Bertrand Russell described him as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating".
Born in Vienna into one of Europe's wealthiest families, he gave away his entire inheritance. Three of his brothers committed suicide, with Ludwig contemplating it too. He left academia several times: serving as an officer on the frontline during World War I, where he was decorated a number of times for his courage; teaching in schools in remote Austrian villages, where he encountered controversy for hitting children when they made mistakes in mathematics; and working during World War II as a hospital porter in London, where he told patients not to take the drugs they were prescribed, and where no-one knew he was one of the world's most famous philosophers. He described philosophy, however, as "the only work that gives me real satisfaction."
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Mazdak
Mazdak (in Persian مزدک) (died c. 524 or 528) was a proto-socialistPersian reformer and religious activist who gained influence under the reign of the Sassanian Shahanshah Kavadh I. He claimed to be a prophet of God, and instituted communal possessions and social welfare programs.
Mazdak was the chief representative of a religious and philosophical teaching called Mazdakism, which he viewed as a reformed and purified version of Zoroastrianism, although his teaching has been argued to display influences from Manichaeism as well. Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion of Sassanid Persia, and Mazdak himself was a Zoroastrian priest, or mobed, but most of the Zoroastrian clergy regarded his teaching as a heresy. Information about it is scarce and little is known beyond what is listed below; some further details may be inferred from the later doctrine of Khurramism, which has been seen as a continuation of Mazdakism.
Some sources claim that the original founders of this sect lived earlier than Mazdak. These were another mobed named Zardusht (of the same name, but not the same person as the founder of Zoroastrianism) and/or a Zoroastrian philosopher known as Mazdak the Elder, who taught a combination of altruism and hedonism: "he directed his followers to enjoy the pleasures of life and satisfy their appetite in the highest degree with regard to eating and drinking in the spirit of equality,to aim at good deeds; to abstain from shedding blood and inflicting harm on others; and to practice hospitality without reservation". This doctrine was further developed by the best known Mazdak, Mazdak the Younger, son of Bāmdād. At later stages the opposition to Mazdak blamed them for heresy and sharing women etc. which is not true. They are considered to be the first real socialists of human history who emphasized the community work and benefits for all.
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Nelson Goodman
Henry Nelson Goodman (7 August 1906, Somerville, Massachusetts – 25 November 1998, Needham, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher, known for his work on counterfactuals, mereology, the problem of induction, irrealism and aesthetics.
Goodman graduated from Harvard University, A.B., magna cum laude (1928). During the 1930s, he ran an art gallery in Boston, Massachusetts while studying for a Harvard Ph.D. in philosophy, which he completed in 1941. His experience as an art dealer helps explain his later turn towards aesthetics, where he became better known than in logic and analytic philosophy. During World War II, he served in the US Army.
He taught at the University of Pennsylvania, 1946–1964, where his students included Noam Chomsky, Sydney Morgenbesser, and Hilary Putnam. He left Penn because he was not granted the control he desired over the philosophy department. He was a research fellow at the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies from 1962 to 1963 and was a Professor at several universities from 1964 to 1967, before being appointed Professor of Philosophy at Harvard in 1968.
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P. F. Strawson
Sir Peter Frederick Strawson FBA (23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that he was appointed as a college lecturer at University College, Oxford in 1947 and became a tutorial fellow the following year until 1968. On his retirement in 1987, he returned to the college and continued working there until shortly before his death.
Peter Strawson was born in Ealing, West London, and brought up in Finchley, Middlesex, by his parents, both of whom were teachers. He was educated at Christ's College, Finchley, followed by St John's College, Oxford, where he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics.
Strawson first became well known with his article "On Referring" (1950), a criticism of Bertrand Russell's Theory of Descriptions (see also Definite descriptions). He was largely responsible for establishing metaphysics as a worthwhile direction in analytic philosophy.[citation needed]
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Patricia Churchland
Patricia Smith Churchland (born July 16, 1943) is a Canadian-American philosopher noted for her contributions to neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. She has been a Professor at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) since 1984. Since 1999 she has been UC President's Professor of Philosophy at UCSD, and has held an adjunct professorship at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies since 1989. Educated at the University of British Columbia, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Oxford, she taught philosophy at the University of Manitoba from 1969 to 1984 and is the wife of philosopher Paul Churchland.
Churchland was born Patricia Smith in Oliver, British Columbia,[citation needed] and raised on a farm there in the South Okanagan valley. Both of her parents lacked a high-school education, her father and mother left school after grades 6 and 8 respectively. Her mother was a nurse and her father worked in newspaper publishing in addition to running the family farm. In spite of their limited education, Churchland has described her parents as interested in the sciences, and the worldview they instilled in her as a secular one. She has also described her parents as eager for her to attend college, and though many farmers in their community thought this "hilarious and a grotesque waste of money", they saw to it that she did so. She took her undergraduate degree at the University of British Columbia, graduating with honors in 1965. She received a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship to study at the University of Pittsburgh, where she took an M.A. in 1966. Thereafter she studied at Oxford University as a British Council and Canada Council Fellow, obtaining a B. Phil in 1969.
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Paul Bernays
Paul Isaac Bernays (17 October 1888, London – 18 September 1977, Zurich) was a Swiss mathematician, who made significant contributions to mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, and the philosophy of mathematics. He was an assistant to, and close collaborator with, David Hilbert.
Bernays spent his childhood in Berlin. Bernays attended the Köllner Gymnasium, 1895-1907. At the University of Berlin, he studied mathematics under Issai Schur, Edmund Landau, Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, and Friedrich Schottky; philosophy under Alois Riehl, Carl Stumpf and Ernst Cassirer; and physics under Max Planck. At the University of Göttingen, he studied mathematics under David Hilbert, Edmund Landau, Hermann Weyl, and Felix Klein; physics under Voigt and Max Born; and philosophy under Leonard Nelson.
In 1912, the University of Berlin awarded him a Ph.D. in mathematics, for a thesis, supervised by Landau, on the analytic number theory of binary quadratic forms. That same year, the University of Zurich awarded him the Habilitation for a thesis on function theory and Picard's theorem. The examiner was Ernst Zermelo. Bernays was Privatdozent at the University of Zurich, 1912-17, where he came to know George Pólya.
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Paul Churchland
Paul Churchland (born Oct. 21, 1942, Vancouver, B.C., Canada) is a philosopher noted for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. He is currently a Professor at the University of California, San Diego, where he holds the Valtz Chair of Philosophy. Churchland holds a joint appointment with the Cognitive Science Faculty and the Institute for Neural Computation. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1969 under the direction of Wilfrid Sellars. Churchland is the husband of philosopher Patricia Churchland. He is also the father of two children, Mark and Anne Churchland, both of whom are neuroscientists.
Churchland began his professional career as an instructor at the University of Pittsburgh in 1969; he also lectured at the University of Toronto from 1967-69. In 1969, Churchland took a position at the University of Manitoba, where he would teach for fifteen years: as an assistant professor (69 - 74) and associate professor (74 - 79), and then as a full professor from 1979 - 1984. Professor Churchland joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1982, staying as a member until 1983. He joined the faculty at the University of California, San Diego in 1983, serving as Department Chair from 1986 - 1990.
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Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England – August 28, 1988, Berkeley, California), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British-educated philosopher of language, who spent the final two decades of his career in the United States.
Born and raised in Harborne (now a suburb of Birmingham), in the United Kingdom, he was educated at Clifton College and then at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After a brief period teaching at Rossall School, he went back to Oxford where he taught until 1967. In that year, he moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught until his death in 1988. He returned to the UK in 1979 to give the John Locke lectures on Aspects of Reason. He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words (1989).
He was married and had two children. He and his wife lived in an old Spanish style house in the Berkeley Hills.[citation needed]
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Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach, MA, FBA ( /ˈɡiːtʃ/; born 29 March 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
Geach was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. He taught at Birmingham University (1951–1966) and from 1966 at the University of Leeds where he was Professor of Logic in the Department of Philosophy. Geach was given the title of Emeritus Professor of Logic on his retirement in 1981.
Geach was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1965.
He has been awarded the papal cross "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" by the Holy See for his philosophical work.
His early work includes the classic texts Mental Acts and Reference and Generality, the latter defending an essentially modern conception of reference against medieval theories of supposition.
His Catholic perspective is integral to his philosophy. He is perhaps the founder of Analytical Thomism (though the current of thought running through his and Elizabeth Anscombe's work to the present day was only ostensibly so named forty years later by John Haldane), the aim of which is to synthesise Thomistic and Analytic approaches. He defends the Thomistic position that human beings are essentially rational animals, each one miraculously created. He dismisses Darwinistic attempts to regard reason as inessential to humanity, as "mere sophistry, laughable, or pitiable." He repudiates any capacity for language in animals as mere "association of manual signs with things or performances."
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Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
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Raymond Smullyan
Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career (like Persi Diaconis a generation later) was stage magic. He then earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959. He is one of many logicians to have studied under Alonzo Church.
Born in Far Rockaway, New York, he showed musical talent, winning a gold medal in a piano competition when he was aged 12. The following year, his family moved to Manhattan and he attended Theodore Roosevelt High School in The Bronx as this school offered courses suited to his musical talents, but he left to study on his own as the school did not offer similar courses in mathematics.
He attended several colleges, studying mathematics and music.
While a Ph.D. student, Smullyan published a paper in the 1957 Journal of Symbolic Logic showing that Gödelian incompleteness held for formal systems considerably more elementary than that of Gödel's 1931 landmark paper. The contemporary understanding of Gödel's theorem dates from this paper. Smullyan later made a compelling case that much of the fascination with Gödel's theorem should be directed at Tarski's theorem, which is much easier to prove and equally disturbing philosophically. The culmination of Smullyan's lifelong reflection on the classic limitative theorems of mathematical logic is quite readable:
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René Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius.
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Robert Audi
Robert Audi (born November 1941) is an American philosopher whose major work has focused on epistemology, ethics – especially on ethical intuitionism – and the theory of action. He is O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and previously held a Chair in the Business School there. His 2005 book, The Good in the Right, updates and strengthens Rossian intuitionism and develops the epistemology of ethics. He has also written important works of political philosophy, particularly on the relationship between church and state.
Audi earned his BA from Colgate University and his MA and PhD from the University of Michigan. He taught briefly at the University of Texas at Austin, and for many years as the Charles J. Mach University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln before moving to University of Notre Dame as Professor of Philosophy, Professor of Management, and the David E. Gallo Chair in Ethics. He has served as General Editor of the First Edition (1995) and Second Edition (1999) of The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. He has also served as the general editor for "Modern Readings in Epistemology", as well as for "Modern readings in Metaphysics".
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Robert Nozick
Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American political philosopher, most prominent in the 1970s and 1980s. He was a professor at Harvard University. He is best known for his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a libertarian answer to John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). His other work involved decision theory and epistemology.
Nozick was born in Brooklyn, the son of a Jewish entrepreneur from the Russian shtetl who had been born with the name of Cohen. Nozick was married to the poet Gjertrud Schnackenberg. He died in 2002 after a prolonged struggle with stomach cancer. He is interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Nozick was educated at Columbia (A.B. 1959, summa cum laude), where he studied with Sidney Morgenbesser, and later at Princeton (Ph.D. 1963), and Oxford as a Fulbright Scholar (1963-1964).
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Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
The discussion concerning the existence of a Romanian philosophy has known three stages.
Between the two World Wars, after the emergence of Greater Romania, Romanian national identity went through a crisis. Since it was not centered anymore on immediate political goals (national rights, independence, national unity etc.), the idea now had a more pronounced cultural character. Therefore, discussions of "national specificity" in historiography, literature and philosophy became very common. The first history of Romanian philosophy was published in 1922 by Marin Ştefănescu, proving that philosophical thinking in Romania had reached the level of self-reflexivity; in other words, it had become conscious of itself. The general conclusion of interbellum discussions, which involved almost every notable philosopher, was that there is a Romanian philosophy proper, with a distinct profile among other national philosophies. Constantin Noica, who became one of the most prominent Romanian philosophers, thought early on that Romanian philosophy is characterized by paganism, cosmicism (i.e. no acute separation of the world of the man from, transcendence) and determinism (or rather, "fatalism").
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.
Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In it he makes the clear distinction between formal, physical and perceptual (e.g., visual) spaces.
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Russian philosophy
Russian philosophy includes a variety of philosophical movements. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement.
While most authors listed below are primarily philosophers, also included here are some Russian fiction writers, like Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, who are also known as philosophers.
Russian philosophy as a separate entity started its development in the 19th century, defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group included Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy.
In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; cosmos and religion were other notable subjects.
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Saul Kripke
Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts. Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
Kripke has made influential and original contributions to logic, especially modal logic, since he was a teenager. Unusual for a professional philosopher, his only degree is an undergraduate degree from Harvard, in mathematics. His work has profoundly influenced analytic philosophy, with his principal contribution being a semantics for modal logic, involving possible worlds as described in a system now called Kripke semantics. Another of his most important contributions is his argument that necessity is a 'metaphysical' notion, which should be separated from the epistemic notion of a priori, and that there are necessary a posteriori truths, such as "Water is H2O." He has also contributed an original reading of Wittgenstein, referred to as "Kripkenstein." His most famous work is Naming and Necessity (1980).
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Stephen Cole Kleene
Stephen Cole Kleene (January 5, 1909, Hartford, Connecticut, United States – January 25, 1994, Madison, Wisconsin) was an American mathematician who helped lay the foundations for theoretical computer science. One of many distinguished students of Alonzo Church, Kleene, along with Alan Turing, Emil Post, and others, is best known as a founder of the branch of mathematical logic known as recursion theory. Kleene's work grounds the study of which functions are computable. A number of mathematical concepts are named after him: Kleene hierarchy, Kleene algebra, the Kleene star (Kleene closure), Kleene's recursion theorem and the Kleene fixpoint theorem. He also invented regular expressions, and was a leading American advocate of mathematical intuitionism.
Kleene pronounced his last name /ˈkleɪniː/ KLAY-nee. Commonplace mispronunciations include /ˈkliːniː/ and /ˈkliːn/. (His son, Ken Kleene, wrote: "As far as I am aware this pronunciation is incorrect in all known languages. I believe that this novel pronunciation was invented by my father.")[citation needed]
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Stephen Stich
Stephen Stich (born May 9, 1943) is a professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He is also currently an Honorary Professor of the department of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. Stich's main philosophical interests are in the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, epistemology, and moral psychology. He is arguably best known for his contributions to philosophy of mind. His 1983 book, From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief, received much attention as he argued for a form of eliminative materialism about the mind. However, he has since modified his position, especially in his 1996 book Deconstructing the Mind.
Stephen Stich attended the University of Pennsylvania from 1960-1964 where he was a member of the Philomathean Society. He received his B.A. in 1964 (Summa Cum Laude with distinction in Philosophy). After attending Princeton University from 1964–1968, he received his Ph.D. in 1968.
Stich has taught at several universities, including University of Michigan, University of Maryland, College Park, University of California, San Diego, University of Sheffield, and Rutgers University.
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Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ] ( listen)) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian and religious author. He was a critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. He was also critical of the state and practice of Christianity, primarily that of the Church of Denmark. He is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.
Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.
His theological work focuses on Christian ethics, on the institution of the Church, and on the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity. He wrote of the individual's subjective relationship to Jesus Christ, the God-Man, which came through faith. Much of his work deals with the art of Christian love.
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Thoralf Skolem
Thoralf Albert Skolem (23 May 1887 – 23 March 1963) (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtuːɾɑlf ˈskuːləm]) was a Norwegian mathematician known mainly for his work on mathematical logic and set theory.
Although Skolem's father was a primary school teacher, most of his extended family were farmers. Skolem attended secondary school in Kristiania (later renamed Oslo), passing the university entrance examinations in 1905. He then entered Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet to study mathematics, also taking courses in physics, chemistry, zoology and botany.
In 1909, he began working as an assistant to the physicist Kristian Birkeland, known for bombarding magnetized spheres with electrons and obtaining aurora-like effects; thus Skolem's first publications were physics papers written jointly with Birkeland. In 1913, Skolem passed the state examinations with distinction, and completed a dissertation titled Investigations on the Algebra of Logic. He also traveled with Birkeland to the Sudan to observe the zodiacal light. He spent the winter semester of 1915 at the University of Göttingen, at the time the leading research center in mathematical logic, metamathematics, and abstract algebra, fields in which Skolem eventually excelled. In 1916 he was appointed a research fellow at Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet. In 1918, he became a Docent in Mathematics and was elected to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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William James
William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher who was trained as a physician. He was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the U.S. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism. He was the brother of novelist Henry James and of diarist Alice James. In the summer of 1878, James married Alice Gibbens.
William James was born at the Astor House in New York City. He was the son of Henry James Sr., a noted and independently wealthy Swedenborgian theologian well acquainted with the literary and intellectual elites of his day. The intellectual brilliance of the James family milieu and the remarkable epistolary talents of several of its members have made them a subject of continuing interest to historians, biographers, and critics.
James interacted with a wide array of writers and scholars throughout his life, including his godfather Ralph Waldo Emerson, his godson William James Sidis, as well as Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, Josiah Royce, Ernst Mach, John Dewey, Macedonio Fernández, Walter Lippmann, Mark Twain, Horatio Alger, Jr., Henri Bergson and Sigmund Freud.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham ( /ˈɒkəm/; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings; c. 1288 – c. 1348) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. Although he is commonly known for Ockham's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April.
William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age. It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master's degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). He was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher."
wn.com/William_of_Ockham
karaoke
Trying to stand clear of the scent of dogs
In a sweat 'til I, wave of extinction, scatter seed
All that is growing, clear energy
All that is growing, clear energy
Within our vision a hover wasps
Air and glower fill our veins
Heavy mining under the fall
Figures forming, stretching on
It was a dream it was a different state
To reach a place - unfamiliar & clear to this day
Just a face of you & light, no body
No belief required to receive
Want to hold on to you now
Want to smell your skin when I breathe in
Belief is one thing
I want you here now
Just one experience, that touches everything
Somehow opening & letting it all in
I shone it back to you & how good was the truth
My mind's okay with it but my body yearns
Want to hold on to you now
Want to smell your skin when I breathe in
Belief is one thing
I want you here now
I shone it back to you &
I shone it back to you &
Want to hold on to you now
Want to hold on...
It was a dream it was a different state
To reach a place - unfamiliar & clear to this day
Just a face of you & light, no body
No belief required to receive
Want to hold on to you now
Want to smell your skin when I breathe in
Belief is one thing
I want you here now
Want to hold on to you now (Want to hold on to you now)
Want to smell your skin when I breathe in (Want to hold
on to you now)
Belief is one thing
I want you here now
touches everything
touches everything
hold on to you now
hold on to you now
touches everything
touches everything
Is there anyone who
Ever remembers changing their mind from
The paint on a sign?
Is there anyone who really recalls
Ever breaking rank at all
For something someone yelled real loud one time
Everyone believes
In how they think it ought to be
Everyone believes
And they're not going easily
Belief is a beautiful armor
But makes for the heaviest sword
Like punching under water
You never can hit who you're trying for
Some need the exhibition
And some have to know they tried
It's the chemical weapon
For the war that's raging on inside
Everyone believes
From emptiness to everything
Everyone believes
And no ones going quietly
We're never gonna win the world
We're never gonna stop the war
We're never gonna beat this
If belief is what we're fighting for
What puts a hundred thousand children in the sand
Belief can
Belief can
What puts the folded flag inside his mother's hand
Belief can
Belief, makes things real
Makes things feel, feel alright
Belief, makes things true
Things like you, you and I
Tonight, you arrested my mind
When you came to my defense
With a knife in the shape of your mouth
In the form of your body, with the wrath of a God
Oh, you stood by me
Belief builds from scratch
Doesn't have to relax, it doesn't need space
Long live the queen and I'll be the king
In the color of grace
Oh, tonight, you arrested my mind
When you came to my defense
With a knife in the shape of your mouth
In the form of your body, with the wrath of a God
Oh, you stood by me, belief
I'm gonna yell it from the rooftops
I'll wear a sign on my chest
That's the least I can do, it's the least I can do
Tonight, you arrested my mind
When you came to my defense
With a knife, in the shape of your mouth
In the form of your body, with the wrath of a God
Oh, you stood by me
Tonight, you arrested my mind
When you came to my defense
With a knife, in the shape of your mouth
In the form of your body, with the wrath of a God
Oh, you stood by me and I'll stand by my belief
I will stand by my belief
I will stand by my belief, belief
Like you stood by me
Now I know
Nothing's ever what it seems
Money talks
Now I see Religion screams
I believe
What I hear and what I see
And in myself
The king of my own destiny
The angles of heavens, the demons of hell
The creatures we had to create
Why are you scared to see who you are
Be in control of your life
And fate
I can't see
Why you choose to dedicate
All your life
to assure you went to heaven's gate
The angles of heavens, the demons of hell
The creatures we had to create
Why are you scared to see who you are
Be in control of your life
And fate
I can't say
That I am right and you are wrong
But common sense can tell a truth or two
All those lives
Lost in battle of belief
An it's all because
You were pull to believe
In different lies
The angles of heavens, the demons of hell
The creatures we had to create
Why are you scared to see who you are
Be in control of your life
If god is above and the devil beneath
Then we all belong here on earth
Cause no one is good or evil to the core
All I ever need is the truth but I all ever want is affection
Masquerade as Jesus Christ and suffer the crucifixion
Lips that speak of love eternal come heal my savaged skin
Cast aside all thought of revenge searching for Nirvana within
And God only knows my belief holds strong
The wisdom comes when the heart suffers long
And I'm shedding tears for Judas a kiss may betray
And I'm on the side of angels on the heels of a dream a ghost to lay
A hard reign may fall and a cruel wind may blow
The moon may be pale and I may never know
The need for silence but I can see hope in the wind in the rain
Lay belief on me my angel child
The actor and the poet martyr castles carved in sand
Delight and the promise of Eden lay in the touch of your hand
As sweet as sin sweeter still the taste
The way of all flesh lay me to waste
And heaven knows that the meek shall inherit the earth
Lay belief on me my angel child
Behold a silent ocean in a precious grain of sand
And if I have to explain then you'll never understand
My petals are strewn scattered by the breeze
It's whispered in the wind echoes through the trees
Love's a disease and it rips me apart
Come heal my ravaged heart
can't stretch much farther lest my legs are torn away seems so much harder physically being in this place my ego is large though, I can't let them see me hurt those people seem evil, rooting in shit and breathing dirt just in time allowed for consumption you bow to what is handed your way true, victimless crime so everyone is breaking me well I tore myself on broken knees well I can't wait for us to collapse that would be fair but I don't want you back it's no wonder, you live under customs bear down on you can't change what's raised, first things learned kept whole way through is your tongue the one that controls what you do? comes from the lungs that's part of the cycle that breathes for you true, victimless crime unmake your mind so everyone is breaking up, my hope is dying, and I want it shut well I can't wait for us to collapse that would be fair our own weight snaps our back so everyone is breaking me well I tore myself on broken knees well I can't wait for us to collapse that would be fair but I don't want you back but I don't want you back (I don't want you back)
Is it love that you're after?
Don't ever tell you anything?
That's not love, that's confusion
Don't you ever find out anything?
Is it honesty that you're after?
Don't you have it questioning?
That's not honesty, that's delusion
Will you ever find out anything?
Believe me
Believe everything
Believe me
Believe anything (reapeat)
Is it love that you're wanting?
Don't ever tell you anything?
That's not love, that's confusion
Will you ever learn anything?
Is it answers that you're wanting?
Don't you ever find out anything?
Is it anything that you're wanting?
Oh everything
Believe me
Believe everything
Believe me
Believe anything (x8)
Belief
Belief
Belief
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Big Bang (feat. Vordul Mega, C-Rayz Walz, Murs & Wordsworth)
- Hot Nights (feat. Wordsworth & Vordul Mega)
- Justice (feat. Vordul Mega & C-Rayz Walz)
- Runs the World (feat. Wordsworth)
- Let's Go (feat. Murs & C-Rayz Walz)
- Worker B
- Goin Hard (feat. C-Rayz Walz)
- Dedication
- Passion Aggressive
- The Fountainhead (I Know '06) (feat. Murs)
- Getyourmindright (feat. Murs & A.G.)
- Say Yes (feat. Vordul Mega, C-Rayz Walz, Murs & Wordsworth)
- Pastlight
- The Scared
- Drowning
- No Truth
- World Within You
- The 7th Day
- Judas
- Waiting
- Cold and Silent Place
- Waiting
- Ghosts of Yesterday
- Say It Again
- The Truth Is Out THere
- Do You Remember Me
- Carry Me
- With Knees Bowed
- At Your Mercy
- Remind Me Of Grace
- Job's Song
- Shall We Sin
- Next Time
- For The Asking
- Until That Day
- Only A Mystery
- Up Again
- Speak To Me
- Rise And Shine
- As We Speak
- Who Will Worship
- Constant Need Of Grace
- I Am With You
- Rest
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John Mayer - Belief
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
John Mayer - Belief - From Channel 4's "Live From Abbey Road" programme broadcast in March 2007.
http://wn.com/John_Mayer_Belief
John Mayer - Belief - From Channel 4's "Live From Abbey Road" programme broadcast in March 2007.
John Mayer - Belief (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
i love this john mayer song! ^^ hes so awesome. (C) All Rights Reserved For The Artist And Producing Company of This song. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THE CONTENT IN THIS VIDEO.
http://wn.com/John_Mayer_Belief_HQ
i love this john mayer song! ^^ hes so awesome. (C) All Rights Reserved For The Artist And Producing Company of This song. I DO NOT OWN ANY OF THE CONTENT IN THIS VIDEO.
- published: 21 Dec 2007
- views: 1220280
- author: gollygal
adidas Basketball: The Return of D Rose: Episode 1- BELIEF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
*SUBTITLES AVAILABLE* The Return of D Rose has begun. What's inside him, can't be stopped. See his Belief in himself, family, team and fans. Join his rise. all in for D Rose. Get inside access and join #TheReturn: www.adidasbasketball.com/thereturn D Rose Twitter: www.twitter.com/drose adidas Basketball Twitter: www.twitter.com/adidashoops
http://wn.com/adidas_Basketball_The_Return_of_D_Rose_Episode_1_BELIEF
*SUBTITLES AVAILABLE* The Return of D Rose has begun. What's inside him, can't be stopped. See his Belief in himself, family, team and fans. Join his rise. all in for D Rose. Get inside access and join #TheReturn: www.adidasbasketball.com/thereturn D Rose Twitter: www.twitter.com/drose adidas Basketball Twitter: www.twitter.com/adidashoops
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 1464336
- author: adidasbasketball
CID - Game Of Blind Belief - Episode 803 - 17th February 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:47
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
The first thrilling investigative series on Indian Television, is today one of the most popular shows on Sony Entertainment Television. Dramatic and absolutely unpredictable, CID has captivated viewers over the last eleven years and continues to keep audiences glued to their television sets with its thrilling plots and excitement. Also interwoven in its fast paced plots are the personal challenges that the CID team faces with non-stop adventure, tremendous pressure and risk, all in the name of duty.The series consists of hard-core police procedural stories dealing with investigation, detection and suspense. The protagonists of the serial are an elite group of police officers belonging to the Crime Investigation Department of the police force, led by ACP Pradyuman [played by the dynamic Shivaji Satam]. While the stories are plausible, there is an emphasis on dramatic plotting and technical complexities faced by the police. At every stage, the plot throws up intriguing twists and turns keeping the officers on the move as they track criminals, led by the smallest of clues.
http://wn.com/CID_Game_Of_Blind_Belief_Episode_803_17th_February_2012
The first thrilling investigative series on Indian Television, is today one of the most popular shows on Sony Entertainment Television. Dramatic and absolutely unpredictable, CID has captivated viewers over the last eleven years and continues to keep audiences glued to their television sets with its thrilling plots and excitement. Also interwoven in its fast paced plots are the personal challenges that the CID team faces with non-stop adventure, tremendous pressure and risk, all in the name of duty.The series consists of hard-core police procedural stories dealing with investigation, detection and suspense. The protagonists of the serial are an elite group of police officers belonging to the Crime Investigation Department of the police force, led by ACP Pradyuman [played by the dynamic Shivaji Satam]. While the stories are plausible, there is an emphasis on dramatic plotting and technical complexities faced by the police. At every stage, the plot throws up intriguing twists and turns keeping the officers on the move as they track criminals, led by the smallest of clues.
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 324573
- author: setindia
Motivation - Myth of Limiting Beliefs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:56
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Get Brendon's new book, our compliments: www.TheChargeBook.com #1 New York Times bestselling author Brendon Burchard discusses why limiting beliefs get too much focus in self-help. The truly motivated, the truly great, rise above such insecurities to serve a grander vision. You are a lion, not a mouse. Focusing on what makes you small or holds you back will do little in comparison to recognizing and amplifying a greater strength and calling within. Follow Brendon: www.facebook.com Website: www.BrendonBurchard.com Brendon's book is "THE CHARGE Activating the 10 Human Drives That Make You Feel Alive." Brendon Burchard is the founder of High Performance Academy, the legendary seminar and online video training series on the topics of motivation and personal effectiveness. He is also the #1 New York Times bestselling author of "The Millionaire Messenger," and founder of Experts Academy.
http://wn.com/Motivation_Myth_of_Limiting_Beliefs
Get Brendon's new book, our compliments: www.TheChargeBook.com #1 New York Times bestselling author Brendon Burchard discusses why limiting beliefs get too much focus in self-help. The truly motivated, the truly great, rise above such insecurities to serve a grander vision. You are a lion, not a mouse. Focusing on what makes you small or holds you back will do little in comparison to recognizing and amplifying a greater strength and calling within. Follow Brendon: www.facebook.com Website: www.BrendonBurchard.com Brendon's book is "THE CHARGE Activating the 10 Human Drives That Make You Feel Alive." Brendon Burchard is the founder of High Performance Academy, the legendary seminar and online video training series on the topics of motivation and personal effectiveness. He is also the #1 New York Times bestselling author of "The Millionaire Messenger," and founder of Experts Academy.
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 11697
- author: Brendon Burchard
Profound Podcasts - Faith - my religious beliefs & my grandparents @PaNiiKzZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:34
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Hey guys, I did a little stream designing my tattoo as a tribute to my grandparents and people said that they were interested in my beliefs and hearing a bit about my family so here it is :) Please remember that these are my own opinions and that you CAN NOT use the comments to persecute anyone elses views, feel free to post your own, but anything even bordering on controversial or confrontational will be removed! MY SERIES — Want to hire me? - bit.ly — Want to learn? - bit.ly — Want to learn web design? - bit.ly — Want my resources? - bit.ly CONNECT — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - fb.com — Online - PaNiiKzZ.co.uk — Non-YouTube Twitter - http MY GRAPHIC PARTNERS — SpitfireDesigns - youtube.com — Chudleigh - youtube.com THE FUZE TEAM — YouTube - youtube.com — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - facebook.com YEOUSCH — Yeousch Graphics - youtube.com — Yeousch - youtube.com — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - facebook.com
http://wn.com/Profound_Podcasts_Faith_my_religious_beliefs_my_grandparents_@PaNiiKzZ
Hey guys, I did a little stream designing my tattoo as a tribute to my grandparents and people said that they were interested in my beliefs and hearing a bit about my family so here it is :) Please remember that these are my own opinions and that you CAN NOT use the comments to persecute anyone elses views, feel free to post your own, but anything even bordering on controversial or confrontational will be removed! MY SERIES — Want to hire me? - bit.ly — Want to learn? - bit.ly — Want to learn web design? - bit.ly — Want my resources? - bit.ly CONNECT — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - fb.com — Online - PaNiiKzZ.co.uk — Non-YouTube Twitter - http MY GRAPHIC PARTNERS — SpitfireDesigns - youtube.com — Chudleigh - youtube.com THE FUZE TEAM — YouTube - youtube.com — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - facebook.com YEOUSCH — Yeousch Graphics - youtube.com — Yeousch - youtube.com — Twitter - twitter.com — Facebook - facebook.com
- published: 28 Aug 2012
- views: 1215
- author: Rob Sterlini
Crocodile bites head
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
I dont understand why someone would want to try this. Anyway, here is it!
http://wn.com/Crocodile_bites_head
I dont understand why someone would want to try this. Anyway, here is it!
- published: 06 Mar 2011
- views: 1117029
- author: TheMediaExposed
★ Richard Garriott - Belief system behind ethical moral dilemmas?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
See the live 2-hour Richard Garriott interview! ➜ youtu.be Talk to Richard Garriott aka Lord British on Stratics! ➜ stratics.com Join Stratics! ➜ stratics.com Partner with TGN! ➜ tgn.tv - Click the "Partnership" button Outro uses music from A New Beginning by Jedborg, used with permission ➜ http
http://wn.com/★_Richard_Garriott_Belief_system_behind_ethical_moral_dilemmas?
See the live 2-hour Richard Garriott interview! ➜ youtu.be Talk to Richard Garriott aka Lord British on Stratics! ➜ stratics.com Join Stratics! ➜ stratics.com Partner with TGN! ➜ tgn.tv - Click the "Partnership" button Outro uses music from A New Beginning by Jedborg, used with permission ➜ http
- published: 02 Sep 2012
- views: 84
- author: tgnStratics
Beyond Belief - Season 4, Episode 8 (Part 1/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:02
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 1 (2002) "Caitlin's Candle"
http://wn.com/Beyond_Belief_Season_4,_Episode_8_Part_1_6
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 1 (2002) "Caitlin's Candle"
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 3083
- author: beyondbelieffan
Beyond Belief - Season 4, Episode 8 (Part 2/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:14
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 2 (2002) "The Flower Jury"
http://wn.com/Beyond_Belief_Season_4,_Episode_8_Part_2_6
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 2 (2002) "The Flower Jury"
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 2416
- author: beyondbelieffan
Testing Some Beliefs - Gregg Bordowitz - MOCA U - MOCAtv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:01
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Artist and writer Gregg Bordowitz delivers an excerpt from his lecture "Testing Some Beliefs" a piece about the belief that art is capable of changing the world. In this lecture, Bordowitz confronts his doubts and the possible sources of his beliefs. Filmed and edited by Dylan Steinberg and Nick Vannucci for Dream Machine Creative www.dreammachinecreative.com Like MOCA on Facebook bit.ly Follow MOCA on Twitter: bit.ly +1 MOCA on Google+: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Testing_Some_Beliefs_Gregg_Bordowitz_MOCA_U_MOCAtv
Artist and writer Gregg Bordowitz delivers an excerpt from his lecture "Testing Some Beliefs" a piece about the belief that art is capable of changing the world. In this lecture, Bordowitz confronts his doubts and the possible sources of his beliefs. Filmed and edited by Dylan Steinberg and Nick Vannucci for Dream Machine Creative www.dreammachinecreative.com Like MOCA on Facebook bit.ly Follow MOCA on Twitter: bit.ly +1 MOCA on Google+: bit.ly
- published: 19 Dec 2012
- views: 110
- author: MOCATV
Beyond Belief - Season 4, Episode 8 (Part 3/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 3 (2002) "The Mentor"
http://wn.com/Beyond_Belief_Season_4,_Episode_8_Part_3_6
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 3 (2002) "The Mentor"
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 2387
- author: beyondbelieffan
Beyond Belief - Season 4, Episode 8 (Part 5/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 4 (2002) "The Music Teacher"
http://wn.com/Beyond_Belief_Season_4,_Episode_8_Part_5_6
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 4 (2002) "The Music Teacher"
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 2498
- author: beyondbelieffan
Sleep Lost and Divinity Stolen at Gamescom - Inside Gaming Daily 8/16/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
www.youtube.com Watch Day 1 of Inside Gaming from Gamescom! Sleep Lost and Divinity Stolen at Gamescom - Inside Gaming Daily 8/16/2012 It's day 2 of jet-lag week, I mean Gamescom. And we are more than awake and full of energy to bring you the most exciting rip-roaring news imaginable! And in German!!! Catch all of our Inside Gaming coverage of Gamescom featuring Sark, Kovic & Hundar: www.youtube.com Best Link Ever: youtu.be Trailers: bit.ly C&C; Generals 2: bit.ly Divinity stolen: bit.ly Humble Bundle: bit.ly ME3 DLC Leviathan: bit.ly Rayman Legends: bit.ly Subscribe: bit.ly IG Blog: www.insidegamingdaily.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lost and Schlaf Divinity auf der Gamescom gestohlen - Inside Gaming Täglich 2012.08.16 Es ist Tag 2 von Jet-Lag Woche, ich meine Gamescom. Und wir sind mehr als wach und voller Energie, um Ihnen die spannendsten Neuigkeiten sagenhaften sich vorstellen kann! Und in Deutsch! Lassen Sie sich von unserem Inside Gaming Abdeckung der Gamescom mit Sark, Kovic & Hundar www.youtube.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This video will show you: HOW TO stay awake HOW TO live like a king HOW TO steal a dev kit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FOR MACHINIMA'S BEST HIGH QUALITY SERIES, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO ...
http://wn.com/Sleep_Lost_and_Divinity_Stolen_at_Gamescom_Inside_Gaming_Daily_8_16_2012
www.youtube.com Watch Day 1 of Inside Gaming from Gamescom! Sleep Lost and Divinity Stolen at Gamescom - Inside Gaming Daily 8/16/2012 It's day 2 of jet-lag week, I mean Gamescom. And we are more than awake and full of energy to bring you the most exciting rip-roaring news imaginable! And in German!!! Catch all of our Inside Gaming coverage of Gamescom featuring Sark, Kovic & Hundar: www.youtube.com Best Link Ever: youtu.be Trailers: bit.ly C&C; Generals 2: bit.ly Divinity stolen: bit.ly Humble Bundle: bit.ly ME3 DLC Leviathan: bit.ly Rayman Legends: bit.ly Subscribe: bit.ly IG Blog: www.insidegamingdaily.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lost and Schlaf Divinity auf der Gamescom gestohlen - Inside Gaming Täglich 2012.08.16 Es ist Tag 2 von Jet-Lag Woche, ich meine Gamescom. Und wir sind mehr als wach und voller Energie, um Ihnen die spannendsten Neuigkeiten sagenhaften sich vorstellen kann! Und in Deutsch! Lassen Sie sich von unserem Inside Gaming Abdeckung der Gamescom mit Sark, Kovic & Hundar www.youtube.com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - This video will show you: HOW TO stay awake HOW TO live like a king HOW TO steal a dev kit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FOR MACHINIMA'S BEST HIGH QUALITY SERIES, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO ...
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 35327
- author: machinima
Assassin's Creed 3 - Walkthrough - Part 80 "Baffled Beyond Belief!" (Completionist Playthrough)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:21
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Join me in this complete Assassin's Creed 3 Gameplay Playthrough as we take on the role of Connor in the biggest AC game so far! Rating, Commenting & Subscribing is always appreciated. Do it... LIKE A BOSS! Assassin's Creed 3 Playlist: bitly.com Assassin's Creed 3 Show: www.youtube.com It has been a long road and Assassin's Creed 3 is finally here. First we played as the stead fast and determined Altair, next we took control of the revenge hungry Ezio, and now we find ourselves in the boots of Connor. All controlled by Desmond Miles! What fate will befoul the world before this tale is through? There's only one way to find out! Minecraft & More: www.youtube.com Like on Facebook? www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter? twitter.com Catch up on the series thus far with my Gameplay Playthrough Walkthroughs of all the previous Assassin's Creed games: Assassin's Creed: bit.ly Assassin's Creed 2: bit.ly Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood: bit.ly Assassin's Creed: Revelations: bit.ly Much Love & Peace Out! Thank you for watching! Your support is always appreciated!
http://wn.com/Assassin's_Creed_3_Walkthrough_Part_80_Baffled_Beyond_Belief!_Completionist_Playthrough
Join me in this complete Assassin's Creed 3 Gameplay Playthrough as we take on the role of Connor in the biggest AC game so far! Rating, Commenting & Subscribing is always appreciated. Do it... LIKE A BOSS! Assassin's Creed 3 Playlist: bitly.com Assassin's Creed 3 Show: www.youtube.com It has been a long road and Assassin's Creed 3 is finally here. First we played as the stead fast and determined Altair, next we took control of the revenge hungry Ezio, and now we find ourselves in the boots of Connor. All controlled by Desmond Miles! What fate will befoul the world before this tale is through? There's only one way to find out! Minecraft & More: www.youtube.com Like on Facebook? www.facebook.com Follow on Twitter? twitter.com Catch up on the series thus far with my Gameplay Playthrough Walkthroughs of all the previous Assassin's Creed games: Assassin's Creed: bit.ly Assassin's Creed 2: bit.ly Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood: bit.ly Assassin's Creed: Revelations: bit.ly Much Love & Peace Out! Thank you for watching! Your support is always appreciated!
- published: 19 Dec 2012
- views: 249
- author: AntastiqGames
Demarcii Tha Don - Pure Belief
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
""""""""Pure Belief ''''''''''''''' """"""""Pure Belief """"""" """"" Pure Belief """""
http://wn.com/Demarcii_Tha_Don_Pure_Belief
""""""""Pure Belief ''''''''''''''' """"""""Pure Belief """"""" """"" Pure Belief """""
- published: 15 Feb 2012
- views: 31
- author: Demarcii Tha Don
Beyond Belief - Season 4, Episode 8 (Part 6/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 5 (2002) "The Answers"
http://wn.com/Beyond_Belief_Season_4,_Episode_8_Part_6_6
beyond belief: fact or fiction season 4 episode 8 part 5 (2002) "The Answers"
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 2078
- author: beyondbelieffan
راہ نجات-Way of Salvation-Islamic beliefs-Dec 19 2012-Islam the Only Way-Urdu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:25
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Dec 19 2012-عقائد اسلامی Islam, Deen o Mazhab, Belief in Allah is the only way of Salvation...Different Scholars speak about different Topics
http://wn.com/راہ_نجات-Way_of_Salvation-Islamic_beliefs-Dec_19_2012-Islam_the_Only_Way-Urdu
Dec 19 2012-عقائد اسلامی Islam, Deen o Mazhab, Belief in Allah is the only way of Salvation...Different Scholars speak about different Topics
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 18
- author: Sahar UrduTv
Top 10 reasons scientists should stop attacking religious beliefs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:44
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
I have the greatest of respect for the likes of Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, AC Grayling, etcetera, but I think they may be making a mistake. They may be doing science a disservice in their attacks on religious belief. Hence, my top ten reasons why scientists (and scienceophiles) should stop attacking religious belief. For sources (because I refer to a number of scientific studies) and/or a slightly more detailed text version, feel free to visit wrrmunro.com
http://wn.com/Top_10_reasons_scientists_should_stop_attacking_religious_beliefs
I have the greatest of respect for the likes of Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, AC Grayling, etcetera, but I think they may be making a mistake. They may be doing science a disservice in their attacks on religious belief. Hence, my top ten reasons why scientists (and scienceophiles) should stop attacking religious belief. For sources (because I refer to a number of scientific studies) and/or a slightly more detailed text version, feel free to visit wrrmunro.com
- published: 17 Dec 2012
- views: 36
- author: Walter Munro
Ambition RMX feat. Xzakt, Dista, Relevance, Chile Chillz, Beni Bjah, Bitter Belief and Dribbles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:23
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
From Cortext's 'Streaming Consciousness 2.0' mixtape.
http://wn.com/Ambition_RMX_feat_Xzakt,_Dista,_Relevance,_Chile_Chillz,_Beni_Bjah,_Bitter_Belief_and_Dribbles
From Cortext's 'Streaming Consciousness 2.0' mixtape.
- published: 21 Dec 2012
- views: 24
- author: DownSouthCreww
Belief #2 Living Our Slogan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
At Miles Technologies, we live by a set of company beliefs which guide our employees and set the tone for our great customer service. Each week we choose one to highlight one of our beliefs. This week the belief is living our slogan! Check out the video to learn more about how Miles employees utilize our slogan "you request, we respond, it gets done," to make our work environment better, more productive, and more customer friendly.
http://wn.com/Belief_2_Living_Our_Slogan
At Miles Technologies, we live by a set of company beliefs which guide our employees and set the tone for our great customer service. Each week we choose one to highlight one of our beliefs. This week the belief is living our slogan! Check out the video to learn more about how Miles employees utilize our slogan "you request, we respond, it gets done," to make our work environment better, more productive, and more customer friendly.
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 24
- author: MilesTechnologies
Overcoming YOUR Limiting Beliefs.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:08
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
UNDER A TON OF PRESSURE LATELY? In today's world stress and pressure are every day hobbies. Living like this we often limit ourselves feeling not good enough or having a fear of failure when it comes to expanding or taking risk. The truth is we are much more capable than we give our selves credit for. Success is just a choice away! COME SEE US LIVE! Call: 778-240-1006 or Email: dannyk@mymsuccess.com
http://wn.com/Overcoming_YOUR_Limiting_Beliefsmp4
UNDER A TON OF PRESSURE LATELY? In today's world stress and pressure are every day hobbies. Living like this we often limit ourselves feeling not good enough or having a fear of failure when it comes to expanding or taking risk. The truth is we are much more capable than we give our selves credit for. Success is just a choice away! COME SEE US LIVE! Call: 778-240-1006 or Email: dannyk@mymsuccess.com
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 65
- author: Danny Kerr
The Gift of belief
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
The Gift of belief What are the best Christmas gifts? Chocolates? Toys? Ipad? We all love gifts, don't we? But what's more precious are the thoughts wrapped up in every gift. Thoughts that tell us we are special, that we are somebody. Not that we dream to be the president someday Or to land on the moon, be a superstar But deep within our hearts Is the longing for others to believe in us. That's why we studied hard when we were young Because we want our parents to be proud of us. That's also why we fight with a loved one Because they say things that make us feel like nobody. Or why we stay away from people we love Because we stop believing we matter to them. So if there is someone special to you this Christmas, The best gift you can give is the gift of belief. Tell your child "I know you will be somebody" Tell your wife "I can never be who I am without you" Tell your husband "I will be lost without you" Tell your father "I always look up to you" Tell your mother "I am forever grateful to you" Tell your staff "You are someone important here" Tell your boss "You are a good boss" Tell a friend "Thank you for believing in me when others doubt me" Give them the gift of belief Touch them with love and kindness. And when this Christmas is over how you have lighted up your world By your generous gift of belief. This will be your best year ever, when you feel you are truly somebody. This video is dedicated to all our customers. Thank you for believing in us Healing Touch
http://wn.com/The_Gift_of_belief
The Gift of belief What are the best Christmas gifts? Chocolates? Toys? Ipad? We all love gifts, don't we? But what's more precious are the thoughts wrapped up in every gift. Thoughts that tell us we are special, that we are somebody. Not that we dream to be the president someday Or to land on the moon, be a superstar But deep within our hearts Is the longing for others to believe in us. That's why we studied hard when we were young Because we want our parents to be proud of us. That's also why we fight with a loved one Because they say things that make us feel like nobody. Or why we stay away from people we love Because we stop believing we matter to them. So if there is someone special to you this Christmas, The best gift you can give is the gift of belief. Tell your child "I know you will be somebody" Tell your wife "I can never be who I am without you" Tell your husband "I will be lost without you" Tell your father "I always look up to you" Tell your mother "I am forever grateful to you" Tell your staff "You are someone important here" Tell your boss "You are a good boss" Tell a friend "Thank you for believing in me when others doubt me" Give them the gift of belief Touch them with love and kindness. And when this Christmas is over how you have lighted up your world By your generous gift of belief. This will be your best year ever, when you feel you are truly somebody. This video is dedicated to all our customers. Thank you for believing in us Healing Touch
- published: 21 Dec 2012
- views: 8
- author: HealingTouch2001
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Joachim Huber
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When a Stanford geneticist, Gerald Crabtree, published a provocative and controversial new view on evolutionary change, namely that humans are actually getting dumber, he should have also added that humans are still developing an extermination gene ... Paleontologist Tim Flannery would more than likely agree with Crabtree ... Strange strings of gravel also overlaid some bones ... (1) Kane, Alex ... 195....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: AP / Fahd al-Bakoush
20 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Three senior U.S. State Department officials were asked to resign after an official inquiry harshly criticized their offices for failing to provide adequate security at the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, before it came under attack in September, a U.S. official said on Wednesday ... State Department officials declined to comment on the matter, saying it was a personnel issue ... Joint Chiefs of Staff ... facilities....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
19 Dec 2012
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said she accepts the findings of an independent panel that faulted the State Department over the deadly September attack on the US mission in Benghazi, Libya. An inquiry into the attack on the US mission, which saw the US ambassador and three other US citizens killed, found that the State Department security arrangements there were "grossly inadequate" ... 390 Source. ... Share ... Jaws ... Anaheim....(size: 19.2Kb)
Houston Chronicle
21 Dec 2012
With Belief in the Face of Doubt ($16.99, paperback, 978-1-62419-745-1; $8.49, e-book, 978-1-62419-746-8), Dr. Howe deals with claims of modern society that weaken Christian beliefs and lead to questioning instead of faith ... Howe shares the fruit of three years of studying the spiritual insights of great Christian thinkers, specifically concerning twelve issues central to Christian belief....(size: 11.5Kb)
The Examiner
21 Dec 2012
Twenty-one states allow parents to exempt their children from required immunizations based on some form of philosophical or personal belief ... Of the ten states reporting over 1,000 cases, 8 are personal belief exemption (PBE) states ... Only two of the 18 deaths are from states that do not allow a personal belief exemption. California is a state that allows a personal belief exemption....(size: 3.4Kb)
BBC News
21 Dec 2012
It may stem from an interpretation of the Mayan calendar, but the 2012 "end of the world" phenomenon tells us more about our own fears, hopes, and beliefs than about ancient culture ... Such thoughts come from the foundation of a belief that the world is corrupt, evil, and in need of cleansing ... The 2012 phenomenon is just the latest twist in this long-standing belief....(size: 3.1Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
SPPI), a biotechnology company with fully integrated commercial and drug development operations with a primary focus in hematology and oncology, today announced surpassing the primary endpoint in the pivotal, registrational Phase 2 BELIEF trial of belinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ... About Belinostat and the BELIEF Trial ... These statements are based on management's current beliefs and expectations....(size: 7.7Kb)
StreetInsider
21 Dec 2012
SPPI) announced surpassing the primary endpoint in the pivotal, registrational Phase 2 BELIEF trial of belinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The BELIEF trial is evaluating the efficacy and safety of intravenous belinostat for the treatment of patients with ......(size: 1.5Kb)
Jakarta Post
21 Dec 2012
Paper Edition . Page. 4 ... The government officially recognizes only six religions; Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Confucianism, in spite of hundreds of native beliefs ... 26, 1952 ... We only want our constitutional rights,” said Dewi Kanti, an adherent of local belief Sunda Wiwitan ... Currently, subscribers to Sunda Wiwitan and various other native beliefs are treated as minorities and their numbers are dwindling ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or are not statements of historical fact and should be viewed as "forward-looking statements" ... Forward-looking statements are made based on management's beliefs, estimates and opinions on ......(size: 3.8Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, assumptions or future events or are not statements of historical fact and should be viewed as "forward-looking statements" ... Forward-looking statements are made based on management's beliefs, estimates and opinions on ......(size: 3.8Kb)
Star Telegram
21 Dec 2012
He wrote, "wishing someone 'Happy holidays' waters down my Christian beliefs."...(size: 0.4Kb)
The Examiner
21 Dec 2012
In Sacramento, there is a contrast in belief of doomsday amidst the belief that the calendar merely represents a dawn of a new era ... Suggested by the author. ... Doomsday pods for riding out apocalypse ready to go. ....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Wichita Eagle
21 Dec 2012
Hobby Lobby's lawsuit says the mandate violates the religious beliefs of its Christian founder and CEO David Green and his family ... religious beliefs or face hefty fines....(size: 0.9Kb)
Star Tribune
21 Dec 2012
Hobby Lobby's lawsuit says the mandate violates the religious beliefs of its Christian founder and CEO David Green and his family ... forces them to either violate their religious beliefs or face hefty fines....(size: 1.0Kb)
Seattle Post
21 Dec 2012
Hobby Lobby's lawsuit says the mandate violates the religious beliefs of its Christian founder and CEO David Green and his family ... religious beliefs or face hefty fines....(size: 0.9Kb)
This article is about the general concept. For other uses, see Belief (disambiguation).
| Certainty series |
|---|
| Agnosticism Belief Certainty Doubt Determinism Epistemology Estimation Fallibilism Fatalism Justification Nihilism Probability Skepticism Solipsism Truth Uncertainty |
Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.[1]
Contents |
Belief, knowledge and epistemology[link]
The terms belief and knowledge are used differently in philosophy.
Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge and belief. The primary problem in epistemology is to understand exactly what is needed in order for us to have true knowledge. In a notion derived from Plato's dialogue Theaetetus, philosophy has traditionally defined knowledge as "justified true belief". The relationship between belief and knowledge is that a belief is knowledge if the belief is true, and if the believer has a justification (reasonable and necessarily plausible assertions/evidence/guidance) for believing it is true.
A false belief is not considered to be knowledge, even if it is sincere. A sincere believer in the flat earth theory does not know that the Earth is flat. Later epistemologists, for instance Gettier (1963)[2] and Goldman (1967),[3] have questioned the "justified true belief" definition.
Belief as a psychological theory[link]
Mainstream psychology and related disciplines have traditionally treated belief as if it were the simplest form of mental representation and therefore one of the building blocks of conscious thought. Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.
The concept of belief presumes a subject (the believer) and an object of belief (the proposition). So, like other propositional attitudes, belief implies the existence of mental states and intentionality, both of which are hotly debated topics in the philosophy of mind, whose foundations and relation to brain states are still controversial.
Beliefs are sometimes divided into core beliefs (that are actively thought about) and dispositional beliefs (that may be ascribed to someone who has not thought about the issue). For example, if asked "do you believe tigers wear pink pajamas?" a person might answer that they do not, despite the fact they may never have thought about this situation before.[4]
That a belief is a mental state has been seen by some as contentious. While some[citation needed] have argued that beliefs are represented in the mind as sentence-like constructs, others[citation needed] have gone as far as arguing that there is no consistent or coherent mental representation that underlies our common use of the belief concept and that it is therefore obsolete and should be rejected.
This has important implications for understanding the neuropsychology and neuroscience of belief. If the concept of belief is incoherent, then any attempt to find the underlying neural processes that support it will fail.
Philosopher Lynne Rudder Baker has outlined four main contemporary approaches to belief in her controversial book Saving Belief:[5]
- Our common-sense understanding of belief is correct - Sometimes called the "mental sentence theory", in this conception, beliefs exist as coherent entities and the way we talk about them in everyday life is a valid basis for scientific endeavour. Jerry Fodor is one of the principal defenders of this point of view.
- Our common-sense understanding of belief may not be entirely correct, but it is close enough to make some useful predictions - This view argues that we will eventually reject the idea of belief as we use it now, but that there may be a correlation between what we take to be a belief when someone says "I believe that snow is white" and how a future theory of psychology will explain this behaviour. Most notably, philosopher Stephen Stich has argued for this particular understanding of belief.
- Our common-sense understanding of belief is entirely wrong and will be completely superseded by a radically different theory that will have no use for the concept of belief as we know it - Known as eliminativism, this view, (most notably proposed by Paul and Patricia Churchland), argues that the concept of belief is like obsolete theories of times past such as the four humours theory of medicine, or the phlogiston theory of combustion. In these cases science hasn't provided us with a more detailed account of these theories, but completely rejected them as valid scientific concepts to be replaced by entirely different accounts. The Churchlands argue that our common-sense concept of belief is similar in that as we discover more about neuroscience and the brain, the inevitable conclusion will be to reject the belief hypothesis in its entirety.
- Our common-sense understanding of belief is entirely wrong; however, treating people, animals, and even computers as if they had beliefs is often a successful strategy - The major proponents of this view, Daniel Dennett and Lynne Rudder Baker, are both eliminativists in that they believe that beliefs are not a scientifically valid concept, but they don't go as far as rejecting the concept of belief as a predictive device. Dennett gives the example of playing a computer at chess. While few people would agree that the computer held beliefs, treating the computer as if it did (e.g. that the computer believes that taking the opposition's queen will give it a considerable advantage) is likely to be a successful and predictive strategy. In this understanding of belief, named by Dennett the intentional stance, belief-based explanations of mind and behaviour are at a different level of explanation and are not reducible to those based on fundamental neuroscience, although both may be explanatory at their own level.
How beliefs are formed[link]
Psychologists study belief formation and the relationship between beliefs and actions. Beliefs form in a variety of ways:
- We tend to internalise the beliefs of the people around us during childhood. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said that "Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen." Political beliefs depend most strongly on the political beliefs most common in the community where we live.[6] Most individuals believe the religion they were taught in childhood.[7]
- People may adopt the beliefs of a charismatic leader, even if those beliefs fly in the face of all previous beliefs, and produce actions that are clearly not in their own self-interest.[8] Is belief voluntary? Rational individuals need to reconcile their direct reality with any said belief; therefore, if belief is not present or possible, it reflects the fact that contradictions were necessarily overcome using cognitive dissonance.
- The primary thrust of the advertising industry is that repetition forms beliefs, as do associations of beliefs with images of sex, love, and other strong positive emotions.[9][unreliable source?]
- Physical trauma, especially to the head, can radically alter a person's beliefs.[10]
However, even educated people, well aware of the process by which beliefs form, still strongly cling to their beliefs, and act on those beliefs even against their own self-interest. In Anna Rowley's Leadership Theory, she states "You want your beliefs to change. It's proof that you are keeping your eyes open, living fully, and welcoming everything that the world and people around you can teach you." This means that peoples' beliefs should evolve as they gain new experiences.[11]
Belief-in[link]
To "believe in" someone or something is a distinct concept from "believe-that". There are two types of belief-in:[12]
- Commendatory - an expression of confidence in a person or entity, as in, "I believe in his abililty to do the job".
- Existential claim - to claim belief in the existence of an entity or phenomenon with the implied need to justify its claim to existence. It is often used when the entity is not real, or its existence is in doubt. "He believes in witches and ghosts" or "many children believe in fairies" are typical examples.[13]
Delusional beliefs[link]
Delusions are defined as beliefs in psychiatric diagnostic criteria[citation needed] (for example in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Psychiatrist and historian G.E. Berrios has challenged the view that delusions are genuine beliefs and instead labels them as "empty speech acts", where affected persons are motivated to express false or bizarre belief statements due to an underlying psychological disturbance. However, the majority of mental health professionals and researchers treat delusions as if they were genuine beliefs.
In Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass the White Queen says, "Why, sometimes I've believed as many as six impossible things before breakfast." This is often quoted in mockery of the common ability of people to entertain beliefs contrary to fact.
Notes[link]
- ^ Schwitzgebel, Eric (2006), "Belief", in Zalta, Edward, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/, retrieved 2008-09-19
- ^ Gettier, EL 1963, 'Is justified true belief knowledge?', Analysis, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 121-123
- ^ Goldman, AI 1967, 'A causal theory of knowing', The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 64, no. 12, pp. 357-372
- ^ Bell, V., Halligan, P.W. & Ellis, H.D. (2006) A Cognitive Neuroscience of Belief. In Peter W. Halligan & Mansel Aylward (eds.) The Power of Belief: Psychological Influence on Illness, Disability, and Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853010-2
- ^ Lynne Rudder Baker, Saving Belief, Princeton University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-691-02050-1
- ^ Andrew Gelman, David Park, Boris Shor, Joseph Bafumi, Jeronimo Cortina, Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do, Princeton University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-13927-2
- ^ Michael Argyle, The Psychology of Religious Behaviour, Belief and Experience, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 978-0-415-12331-0, p.25 "Religion, in most cultures, is ascribed, not chosen."
- ^ Eric Hoffer, The True Believer, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2002, ISBN 978-0-06-050591-2
- ^ Jane Kilbourne, Mary Pipher, Can't Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel, Free Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-684-86600-0
- ^ Babette Rothschild, The Body Remembers: The Psychophysiology of Trauma and Trauma Treatment, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, ISBN 978-0-393-70327-6
- ^ Rowley, Anna. Leadership Therapy: Inside the Mind of Microsoft. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pg 69 ISBN 1-4039-8403-4
- ^ MacIntosh, J. J. 1994. "Belief-in Revisited: A Reply to Williams". Religious Studies, 30, no. 4: 487-503. doi:10.1017/S0034412500023131
- ^ Macintosh, Jack. "Belief-in", The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7
See also[link]
 |
Book: Epistemology |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Charm
- Cognitive dissonance
- Collective belief
- Culture-specific syndrome
- Doxastic logic
- Evil eye
- Frankenstein
- Expectation (epistemic)
- Faith
- Folk psychology
- Gettier problem
- Idea
- Life stance
- Moore's paradox
- Nocebo
- Observer-expectancy effect
- Opinion
- Placebo
- Propositional attitude
- Propositional knowledge
- Psychosomatic illness
- Self-deception
- Spell (paranormal)
- Spirituality
- Subject-expectancy effect
- Sugar pill
- Suggestibility
- Suggestion
- Subjective validation
- Thomas theorem
- Truth
- Ultimate importance
- Unintended consequence
- Value (personal and cultural)
External links[link]
 |
Look up belief in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Belief entry by Eric Schwitzgebel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- William Kingdon Clifford. Ethics of Belief Classic essay that belief by its nature is not ethical, with counterpoint by "The Will to Believe" of William James
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http://id.wn.com/Kepercayaan
http://es.wn.com/Creencia
http://nl.wn.com/Geloven (gedrag)
http://fr.wn.com/Croyance
http://de.wn.com/Glauben
http://pt.wn.com/Crença
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Wiki Summary
Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.
The terms belief and knowledge are used differently in philosophy.
Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge and belief. The primary problem in epistemology is to understand exactly what is needed in order for us to have true knowledge. In a notion derived from Plato's dialogue Theaetetus, philosophy has traditionally defined knowledge as "justified true belief". The relationship between belief and knowledge is that a belief is knowledge if the belief is true, and if the believer has a justification (reasonable and necessarily plausible assertions/evidence/guidance) for believing it is true.
A false belief is not considered to be knowledge, even if it is sincere. A sincere believer in the flat earth theory does not know that the Earth is flat. Later epistemologists, for instance Gettier (1963) and Goldman (1967), have questioned the "justified true belief" definition.
Mainstream psychology and related disciplines have traditionally treated belief as if it were the simplest form of mental representation and therefore one of the building blocks of conscious thought. Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.
