- published: 03 Oct 2010
- views: 37965
- author: Redkrabby
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- Aruba
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Andorra
Andorra (
i/ænˈdɔrə/; Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,082 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft) above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.
The Principality was formed in 1278. The role of monarch is exercised jointly by the two co-princes, the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the President of France (the whole state is a part of Diocese of Urgell).
Andorra is a prosperous country mainly because of its tourism industry, which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually, and also because of its status as a tax haven. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the de facto currency. The people of Andorra have the 4th highest human life expectancy in the world — 82 years at birth.
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Aruba
Aruba (
/əˈruːbə/ ə-ROO-bə, Dutch pronunciation: [aˈruba]) is a 33 km-long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, located 27 km north of the coast of Venezuela and 130 km (approx.) east of Guajira Peninsula (Colombia). Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles.
Aruba is one of the four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, together with the Netherlands, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten whose citizens share a single nationality: Dutch citizen. Aruba has no administrative subdivisions, but for census purposes is divided into 8 regions. Its capital is Oranjestad. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, Aruba has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism as visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather. It has a land area of 179 square kilometres (69 sq mi) and is densely populated with a total of 101,484 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. It lies outside the hurricane belt. It is also home to the endemic Aruba Island Rattlesnake.
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Bretton Woods system
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.
Preparing to rebuild the international economic system as World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates deliberated upon and signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.
Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, the planners at Bretton Woods established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.
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Cook Islands
The Cook Islands (i/ˈkʊk ˈaɪləndz/; Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) is a self-governing parliamentary democracy in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land area of 240 square kilometres (92.7 sq mi), but the Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers 1,800,000 square kilometres (690,000 sq mi) of ocean.
The main population centres are on the island of Rarotonga (14,153 in 2006), where there is an international airport. There is a much larger population of Cook Islanders in New Zealand, particularly the North Island. In the 2006 census, 58,008 self-identified as being of ethnic Cook Island Māori descent.
With about 100,000 visitors travelling to the islands in the 2010-11 financial year,tourism is the country's main industry, and the leading element of the economy, far ahead of offshore banking, pearls, and marine and fruit exports.
Defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with the Cook Islands. In recent times, the Cook Islands have adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy. Although Cook Islanders are citizens of New Zealand, they have the status of Cook Islands nationals, which is not given to other New Zealand citizens.
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Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country located in Middle Africa. It has two parts: a Continental Region (Río Muni), including several small offshore islands including Corisco, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico; and an insular region containing Annobón island and Bioko island (formerly Fernando Po) where the capital Malabo is situated.
Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea and is situated just south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between the two islands and to the east is the mainland region. Equatorial Guinea is bordered by Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west, where the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe is located between Bioko and Annobón. Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name is suggestive of its location near both the equator and the Gulf of Guinea. Besides the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the Mediterranean coast next to Morocco, it is the only territory in mainland Africa with Spanish as the official language.
wn.com/Equatorial_Guinea -
French Polynesia
French Polynesia (i/ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɨˈniːʒə/; French: Polynésie française, pronounced: [pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz]; Tahitian: Pōrīnetia Farāni) is an overseas country of the French Republic (pays d'outre-mer). It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeetē). Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
The island groups that make up French Polynesia were not officially united until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1889. The first of these islands to be settled by indigenous Polynesians were the Marquesas Islands in AD 300 and the Society Islands in AD 800. The Polynesians were organized in loose chieftainships.
European communication began in 1521 when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sighted Pukapuka in the Tuāmotu-Gambier Archipelago. Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen came across Bora Bora in the Society Islands in 1722, and the British explorer Samuel Wallis visited Tahiti in 1767. The French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville visited Tahiti in 1768, while the British explorer James Cook visited in 1769. Christian missions began with Spanish priests who stayed in Tahiti for a year from 1774; Protestants from the London Missionary Society settled permanently in Polynesia in 1797.
wn.com/French_Polynesia -
Grenada
Grenada (
i/ɡrɨˈneɪdə/) is an island country and Commonwealth realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Grenada is also known as the "Island of Spice" because of the production of nutmeg and mace crops of which Grenada is one of the world's largest exporters. Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,000. Its capital is St. George's. The national bird of Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada Dove.
Grenada was first sighted by Europeans in 1498 during the third voyage of Christopher Columbus to the new world. At the time the indigenous Island Caribs (Kalinago) who lived there called it Camahogne. The Spaniards did not permanently settle on Camahogne. The English failed in their attempt at settlement in 1609.
wn.com/Grenada -
Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (i/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ LIK-tən-styn; German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein, German pronunciation: [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world when adjusted by purchasing power parity, and has the world's lowest external debt. Liechtenstein also has the second lowest unemployment rate in the world at 1.5% (Monaco is first).
Liechtenstein is the smallest yet the richest (by measure of GDP per capita) German-speaking country in the world and the only country to lie entirely within the Alps. It is known as a principality as it is a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince. Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities. Much of its terrain is mountainous, making it a winter sports destination. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the south (Oberland, upper land) and in the north (Unterland, lower land). The country has a strong financial sector located in the capital, Vaduz, and has been identified as a tax haven. It is a member of the European Free Trade Association and part of the European Economic Area, the Schengen Area but not of the European Union.
wn.com/Liechtenstein -
Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
wn.com/Macau -
Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ), is an island country located in the northern Pacific Ocean. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the population of around 68,000 people spread out over 34 low-lying coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. The most populous atoll is Majuro, which also acts as the capital.
Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed, with the islands' current name stemming from British explorer John Marshall. Recognised as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874, the islands were sold to Germany in 1884, and became of German New Guinea in 1885. The Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands in World War I, which were later joined with other former German territories in 1919 by the League of Nations to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the islands were conquered by the United States in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the United-States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
wn.com/Marshall_Islands -
Met Éireann
Met Éireann is the national meteorological service in Ireland, part of the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government.
The history of modern meteorology in Ireland dates back to 8 October 1860, when the first weather observations were transmitted from Valentia Observatory on Valentia Island in County Kerry to the British Meteorological Office. A network of weather stations was established around the coasts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Following Irish independence in 1922, the Irish Free State continued to rely on the British Met Office for weather services, and the Met Office continued to administer the weather stations around Ireland. With the advent of transatlantic air services in the 1930s, it was decided that Ireland needed its own weather service to provide detailed aviation weather reports.
In 1936, the Irish Meteorological Service was set up with its headquarters in St. Andrew's Street, Dublin. In 1937 it took over the network of weather stations from the British Met Office. On the date of transfer, the Irish weather observation network consisted of the following stations:
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Nauru
Coordinates: 0°31′38″S 166°56′12″E / 0.527288°S 166.936724°E / -0.527288; 166.936724
Nauru (Englishi/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest republic, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi). With just over 9,322 residents, it is the second least-populated country after Vatican City.
Settled by Micronesian and Polynesian people, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, it entered into trusteeship again. Nauru gained its independence in 1968.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Nauru was a "rentier state". Nauru is a phosphate rock island, with rich deposits close to the surface, which allow for simple strip mining operations; moreover, it has some phosphate reserves which are presently (as of 2011) not economically viable for extraction. Nevertheless, this island was a major exporter of phosphate starting in 1907, when the Pacific Phosphate Company began mining there, through the formation of the British Phosphate Commission in 1919, and continuing after independence. This returned to Nauru full control of its minerals under the Nauru Phosphate Corporation, until the deposits ran out during the 1980s. For this reason, Nauru briefly boasted the highest per-capita income enjoyed by any sovereign state in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen [ˈneːjərlɑntsə ˈɑntɪlə(n)] (
listen), Papiamentu: Antia Hulandes), also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (ABC islands), in the Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius (SSS islands) in the Leeward Islands southeast of the Virgin Islands.
Aruba seceded in 1986 as a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the rest of the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the other islands joining the Netherlands as "special municipalities", officially public bodies.
The name 'Netherlands Antilles' is still sometimes used to indicate the Caribbean islands which are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Dutch Caribbean islands.
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New Caledonia
Coordinates: 21°15′S 165°18′E / 21.25°S 165.30°E / -21.25; 165.30
New Caledonia (French: Nouvelle-Calédonie) is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) east of Australia and about 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines and a few remote islets. The Chesterfield Islands in the Coral Sea are also part of New Caledonia. Locals refer to Grande Terre as "Le Caillou", the rock.
New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi). The population (2011 estimate) is 256,275. The capital of the territory is Nouméa.
The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the Lapita period. The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists with influence over a large area of the Pacific.
The British first sighted New Caledonia on September 4, 1774, during the second voyage of Captain James Cook. He named the territory New Caledonia, as the north-east of the island reminded him of Scotland. The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited in 1796. From then until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded. Contacts became more frequent after 1840, because of the interest in sandalwood from New Caledonia.
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Niue
Niue ( /ˈnjuːeɪ/ NEW-ay; Niuean: Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the "Rock of Polynesia", and inhabitants of the island call it "the Rock" for short. Niue is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga to the southwest, the Samoas to the northwest, and the Cook Islands to the southeast. The land area is 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi) with about 1,400 people who are predominantly Polynesian.
Though self-governing, Niue is in free association with New Zealand, and lacks full sovereignty. All Niueans are New Zealand citizens and Queen Elizabeth II is Niue's head of state in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand. Most diplomatic relations are conducted by New Zealand on Niue's behalf. 90-95% of Niuean people live in New Zealand, along with about 70% of the speakers of the Niuean language.[citation needed]
In 2003, Niue became the world's first "WiFi nation", in which free wireless Internet access is provided throughout the country by The Internet Users Society-Niue.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. It is awarded to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded in Oslo City Hall on 10 December each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament (1901–04).
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
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Palau
Palau (i/pəˈlaʊ/, sometimes spelled Belau or Pelew), officially the Republic of Palau (Palauan: Beluu ęr a Belau), is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean. Geographically part of the larger island group of Micronesia, with the country's population of around 21,000 people spread out over 250 islands forming the western chain of the Caroline Islands. The islands share maritime boundaries with Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The most populous island in the group is Koror, with the capital city, Ngerulmud, located on nearby Babeldaob.
The country were originally settled around 3000 years ago by migrants from the Philippines, with a Negrito population sustained until around 900 years ago. The islands were first visited by Europeans in the 18th century, and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1885. Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty, where they were administered as part of German New Guinea. The Imperial Japanese Navy conquered Palau during World War I, and the islands were later made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Pacific Mandate by the League of Nations. During World War II, skirmishes, including the major Battle of Peleliu, were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947. Having voted against joining the newly-independent Federated States of Micronesia in 1979, the islands gained full sovereignty in 1994 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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San Marino
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (i/sæn məˈriːnoʊ/ san-mə-REE-noh; Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi) with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
San Marino is the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Rab. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
The constitution of San Marino, enacted in 1600, is the world's oldest constitution still in effect. The country's economy mainly relies on finance, industry, services and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita), with a figure comparable to some of the more developed Italian regions, such as Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. San Marino is considered to have a highly stable economy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt and a budget surplus.
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Tuvalu
Tuvalu (i/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo or /ˈtuːvəluː/ TOO-və-loo), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls spread out from 6° to 10° south. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. Its population of 10,544 makes it the third-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City and Nauru having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi), Monaco at 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi) and Nauru at 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi).
The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesian people. In 1568 Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña sailed through the islands and is understood to have sighted Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay (1812–1876). The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when the Ellice Islands were declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson, R. N. of HMS Curaçao between 9th and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and later as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.
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Vatican City
Vatican Cityi/ˈvætɨkən ˈsɪti/, or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈstaːto della t͡ʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno]), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800. This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.
Vatican City State was established in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.
wn.com/Vatican_City
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Home made diesel from WMO part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
This is how I make my home make diesel from WMO. My indirect injection diesel engines are running fine on this brew. How it works: 1) Bring up the temperature of the WMO somewhere between 200 and 300 degree Celsius 2) Catch the vapours and condense them back to a liquid. Be careful if you want to try it yourself!!! This is a dangerous process!!! The vapours are very flammable Try at your own risk!
http://wn.com/Home_made_diesel_from_WMO_part1
This is how I make my home make diesel from WMO. My indirect injection diesel engines are running fine on this brew. How it works: 1) Bring up the temperature of the WMO somewhere between 200 and 300 degree Celsius 2) Catch the vapours and condense them back to a liquid. Be careful if you want to try it yourself!!! This is a dangerous process!!! The vapours are very flammable Try at your own risk!
WMO - part 1 - Home made black diesel fuel without centrifuge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
WMO - Black diesel fuel made at home using waste motor oil, waste transmission fluid, waste power steering fluid, used cutting oil and gear lube. I thin mine with at leat 15% RUG and no more than 20% RUG (regular unleaded gas) at max. The gas thins out the oil to get it closer to the viscocity of #2 pump diesel. It also allows a lot of the contaminants in the oil to fall to the bottom so it can be drained off. Then i filter the remaining cleaner oil mix through a 10 micron water seperator filter and a 2 micron fuel filter. I filter 15 gallon batches into my fuel tank and then add 15 gallons of diesel. I am getting between 18 and 20 MPG on this mix. I was at 16 - 18 on #2 pump diesel alone. WMO gives me better MPG! Keep in mind my oil is all clean and carefully selected. I dont get much sludge out of my oil. and it has almost no water if any at all. I will be getting a centrifuge soon. then i will be comfortable taking in oil that is possibly not as clean as what i get now. I can only get 15 gallons a week now, so I have been using this process. I have made connections with a auto shop, so as soon as my centrifuge gets here I will start using a stronger blend of oil and less diesel to save more money. This information is for the people looking to get started simple and cheep. I have been running this oil for over 3000 miles / 2 months and im still experimenting. so far it is going great. Im saving at least $50 per fill up including the cost of filtering. with the help of ...
http://wn.com/WMO_part_1_Home_made_black_diesel_fuel_without_centrifuge
WMO - Black diesel fuel made at home using waste motor oil, waste transmission fluid, waste power steering fluid, used cutting oil and gear lube. I thin mine with at leat 15% RUG and no more than 20% RUG (regular unleaded gas) at max. The gas thins out the oil to get it closer to the viscocity of #2 pump diesel. It also allows a lot of the contaminants in the oil to fall to the bottom so it can be drained off. Then i filter the remaining cleaner oil mix through a 10 micron water seperator filter and a 2 micron fuel filter. I filter 15 gallon batches into my fuel tank and then add 15 gallons of diesel. I am getting between 18 and 20 MPG on this mix. I was at 16 - 18 on #2 pump diesel alone. WMO gives me better MPG! Keep in mind my oil is all clean and carefully selected. I dont get much sludge out of my oil. and it has almost no water if any at all. I will be getting a centrifuge soon. then i will be comfortable taking in oil that is possibly not as clean as what i get now. I can only get 15 gallons a week now, so I have been using this process. I have made connections with a auto shop, so as soon as my centrifuge gets here I will start using a stronger blend of oil and less diesel to save more money. This information is for the people looking to get started simple and cheep. I have been running this oil for over 3000 miles / 2 months and im still experimenting. so far it is going great. Im saving at least $50 per fill up including the cost of filtering. with the help of ...
- published: 09 Apr 2012
- views: 5495
- author: Bear Claw
Home made diesel from WMO part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
See part one first! Read the warning.
http://wn.com/Home_made_diesel_from_WMO_part2
CLEANING BLACK DIESEL / WVO / WMO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
BLACK DIESEL PROCESSING CENTERFUGE WVO WMO CLEANING BIODIESEL i have a more current video of my processor as well as some images of my cylinder bores here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/CLEANING_BLACK_DIESEL_WVO_WMO
BLACK DIESEL PROCESSING CENTERFUGE WVO WMO CLEANING BIODIESEL i have a more current video of my processor as well as some images of my cylinder bores here www.youtube.com
- published: 22 Aug 2011
- views: 16948
- author: 1983CHEVYSUBURBAN
Wmo gestript deel 1, inleiding over Wmo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Wmo stripcolleges, Wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning, deel 1 algemene inleiding op de Wmo
http://wn.com/Wmo_gestript_deel_1,_inleiding_over_Wmo
Wmo stripcolleges, Wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning, deel 1 algemene inleiding op de Wmo
- published: 09 Nov 2011
- views: 6119
- author: Wmowerkplaatsen
waste motor oil WMO as fuel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
trying to use waste motor oil as fuel for diesel engine..beginning.
http://wn.com/waste_motor_oil_WMO_as_fuel
trying to use waste motor oil as fuel for diesel engine..beginning.
- published: 27 Mar 2011
- views: 2798
- author: mauipetr
Waste oil Burner WVO WMO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
This is a proto type Waste Oil Burner I made that runs on WVO, WMO or any similar waste liquid. This waste oil Burner uses forced air supplied by a reversed vacuum cleaner and gravity fed Veg oil. The drum is a 60L size and the burner will digest more than 12L of oil an hour at full power with this blower. With the concept proven I will build a more substantial version from a water heater tank and line it with refractory and put more coils in it for heating water for the house for winter and my swimming pool. The water in the bucket was 10L and was boiled in under 5 min. There is still a lot of efficiency to be gained from this setup.
http://wn.com/Waste_oil_Burner_WVO_WMO
This is a proto type Waste Oil Burner I made that runs on WVO, WMO or any similar waste liquid. This waste oil Burner uses forced air supplied by a reversed vacuum cleaner and gravity fed Veg oil. The drum is a 60L size and the burner will digest more than 12L of oil an hour at full power with this blower. With the concept proven I will build a more substantial version from a water heater tank and line it with refractory and put more coils in it for heating water for the house for winter and my swimming pool. The water in the bucket was 10L and was boiled in under 5 min. There is still a lot of efficiency to be gained from this setup.
- published: 05 Oct 2009
- views: 59490
- author: glumpy10
Oranjoose's KANA vs KINZU vs XAI vs WMO review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
UPDATE: Upgrading to firmware 259 appears to have solved the "jump bug" shown around 2 minutes into this video. A comfort review of the retail SteelSeries Kana mouse with comparisons against the SteelSeries Kinzu, the SteelSeries Xai, and the Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical. Firmware version: 257
http://wn.com/Oranjoose's_KANA_vs_KINZU_vs_XAI_vs_WMO_review
UPDATE: Upgrading to firmware 259 appears to have solved the "jump bug" shown around 2 minutes into this video. A comfort review of the retail SteelSeries Kana mouse with comparisons against the SteelSeries Kinzu, the SteelSeries Xai, and the Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical. Firmware version: 257
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 91280
- author: OranJuno
Filtering WMO to run free fuel in my 91 Dodge Cummins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Filtering old WMO to run free fuel in my 91 dodge cummins- also helps lubricate the injection pump
http://wn.com/Filtering_WMO_to_run_free_fuel_in_my_91_Dodge_Cummins
Filtering old WMO to run free fuel in my 91 dodge cummins- also helps lubricate the injection pump
- published: 28 Nov 2011
- views: 11490
- author: 91CTD
Making blackdiesel WMO at home. Video 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
My waste oil filter setup. Free fuel is great. I mix it at 50% with normal (dino) diesel and average about 12l per 100km in my 3.0l Nissan Patrol. I have changed my mix since I shot this video. I now run 80% WMO with 20% petrol. The filtering process is the same but I no longer heat the blend. I think heating petrol might be a little dicey. Besides there is nothing to be gained by heating as I am getting a nice thin mix without doing so.
http://wn.com/Making_blackdiesel_WMO_at_home_Video_2
My waste oil filter setup. Free fuel is great. I mix it at 50% with normal (dino) diesel and average about 12l per 100km in my 3.0l Nissan Patrol. I have changed my mix since I shot this video. I now run 80% WMO with 20% petrol. The filtering process is the same but I no longer heat the blend. I think heating petrol might be a little dicey. Besides there is nothing to be gained by heating as I am getting a nice thin mix without doing so.
- published: 29 Feb 2012
- views: 19500
- author: adrenalize666
WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud interview with UNTV on Japanese earthquake aftermath
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud interview with UNTV on Japanese earthquake aftermath
http://wn.com/WMO_Secretary-General_Michel_Jarraud_interview_with_UNTV_on_Japanese_earthquake_aftermath
WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud interview with UNTV on Japanese earthquake aftermath
- published: 15 Mar 2011
- views: 2422
- author: wmovideomaster
Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical (WMO) Review (The Classic Ambidextrous Mouse)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
New Feet at stores.ebay.com and www.itaktech.com Review of the Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical (WMO) - class ambidextrous mouse 0 Price 0:55 Dimensions 1:29 Sensor 1:58 Weight 2:27 Comparison with other mice 3:38 Build Quality 3:55 Wire 4:16 Click 4:53 Scroll Wheel 5:43 Liftoff Distance 6:28 Conclusion
http://wn.com/Microsoft_Wheel_Mouse_Optical_WMO_Review_The_Classic_Ambidextrous_Mouse
New Feet at stores.ebay.com and www.itaktech.com Review of the Microsoft Wheel Mouse Optical (WMO) - class ambidextrous mouse 0 Price 0:55 Dimensions 1:29 Sensor 1:58 Weight 2:27 Comparison with other mice 3:38 Build Quality 3:55 Wire 4:16 Click 4:53 Scroll Wheel 5:43 Liftoff Distance 6:28 Conclusion
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 1114
- author: takasta
Lister Listeroid ,6/1 First runup, WVO WMO Biodiesel, Diesel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
After mounting on basic frame, cleanup of sump, cleanout and purgeing of fuel system the first startup and run
http://wn.com/Lister_Listeroid_,6_1_First_runup,_WVO_WMO_Biodiesel,_Diesel
After mounting on basic frame, cleanup of sump, cleanout and purgeing of fuel system the first startup and run
- published: 29 Apr 2008
- views: 26235
- author: Petersbpus
WMO - Part 2 - Home made black diesel fuel from waste motor oil without using centrifuge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Home made diesel fuel made from used motor oil - trans fluid - power steering fuel - mixed with 15% RUG (regular unleaded gas ) then settled for at least 48 hrs - then filtered and mixed with # 2pump diesel at a 50% ratio of diesel. Cost per gallon for a 30 gal batch is 2.35$ us - cost includes the 15% RUG used for settling out contaminants and includes 15 gallons of diesel at 4$ per gallon to make a 30 gallon batch of black diesel. S
http://wn.com/WMO_Part_2_Home_made_black_diesel_fuel_from_waste_motor_oil_without_using_centrifuge
Home made diesel fuel made from used motor oil - trans fluid - power steering fuel - mixed with 15% RUG (regular unleaded gas ) then settled for at least 48 hrs - then filtered and mixed with # 2pump diesel at a 50% ratio of diesel. Cost per gallon for a 30 gal batch is 2.35$ us - cost includes the 15% RUG used for settling out contaminants and includes 15 gallons of diesel at 4$ per gallon to make a 30 gallon batch of black diesel. S
- published: 09 Apr 2012
- views: 2433
- author: Bear Claw
Starting up on black diesel WMO-80
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 12 May 2012
6.2L Detroit Diesel engine starting and idling on alternative waste oil Black Diesel WMO-80
http://wn.com/Starting_up_on_black_diesel_WMO-80
6.2L Detroit Diesel engine starting and idling on alternative waste oil Black Diesel WMO-80
- published: 01 Aug 2011
- views: 3999
- author: Jeffrey Brooks
Waste Oil Burner, WVO WMO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
This is a waste oil burner that runs on used veg waste motor oil or any other type of used or waste oil. The Burner is simple in construction and the waste oil is burnt cleanly once the burner is up to temp. The benefit of Waste oil burners is of course free fuel. My goal is to have an output of 200Kw which equates to burning 20L an hour of waste Vegetable oil. The burner itself is a 4.5 Kg gas bottle with the top cut out. I inserted a 1- 3/4" pipe into the side which has a 90o bend inside the burner to maximize the swirl effect. this ensures the oil is burnt cleanly by allowing the burner to operate in an excess air condition. The oil is fed in through the airtube and is blown in with the help of the 900W vac cleaner head I am using to supply the air. As I was able to max out the air supply in this test, I would like to find an industrial type blower with more output and would run a lot quieter. In this test the fuel drum was approx 3 ft above the burner and with a 10mm hose was unable to keep up with the fuel demand until the drum had become quite hot. When i have the burner completed I will either use a small pump to pressurize the tank or use a fuel pump. The burning chamber of the gas bottle is surrounded by a 205L drum with both ends cut out. the drum and burner are raised on bricks to get a drought around the burner and to slightly cool the outer drum. Given the drum still glows bright red, I will probably try to use a forced air supply to cool the space between ...
http://wn.com/Waste_Oil_Burner,_WVO_WMO
This is a waste oil burner that runs on used veg waste motor oil or any other type of used or waste oil. The Burner is simple in construction and the waste oil is burnt cleanly once the burner is up to temp. The benefit of Waste oil burners is of course free fuel. My goal is to have an output of 200Kw which equates to burning 20L an hour of waste Vegetable oil. The burner itself is a 4.5 Kg gas bottle with the top cut out. I inserted a 1- 3/4" pipe into the side which has a 90o bend inside the burner to maximize the swirl effect. this ensures the oil is burnt cleanly by allowing the burner to operate in an excess air condition. The oil is fed in through the airtube and is blown in with the help of the 900W vac cleaner head I am using to supply the air. As I was able to max out the air supply in this test, I would like to find an industrial type blower with more output and would run a lot quieter. In this test the fuel drum was approx 3 ft above the burner and with a 10mm hose was unable to keep up with the fuel demand until the drum had become quite hot. When i have the burner completed I will either use a small pump to pressurize the tank or use a fuel pump. The burning chamber of the gas bottle is surrounded by a 205L drum with both ends cut out. the drum and burner are raised on bricks to get a drought around the burner and to slightly cool the outer drum. Given the drum still glows bright red, I will probably try to use a forced air supply to cool the space between ...
- published: 21 Aug 2011
- views: 6144
- author: glumpy10
Filtering WMO using a centrifuge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:45
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
A video show my homemade setup for filtering waste motor oil.
http://wn.com/Filtering_WMO_using_a_centrifuge
A video show my homemade setup for filtering waste motor oil.
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 19011
- author: tinkerman01
WMO TO DIESEL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
We are making machines for producing diesel fuel. They can be made on your demand. Small or big. Running on electric power or on WMO. Our machine can work without babysitting in the middle of nowhere. You come, start the machine, leave and come tomorrow to collect your diesel. No electricity, no water, nothing! It can work by itself. Our machines do not have odor, do not make noise, and it produces money, as you can see on the film, yellow money. We know how to stabilize our diesel fuel. We can inform you. We can make a machine on your requirement. We need dealers in North America and Europe. We are located on territory of former Yugoslavia. We can make you happy, indeed. We just need a little bit of your money. Thanks for your time. You can contact us on our e-mail which is homemadediesel@gmail.com or leave a comment.
http://wn.com/WMO_TO_DIESEL
We are making machines for producing diesel fuel. They can be made on your demand. Small or big. Running on electric power or on WMO. Our machine can work without babysitting in the middle of nowhere. You come, start the machine, leave and come tomorrow to collect your diesel. No electricity, no water, nothing! It can work by itself. Our machines do not have odor, do not make noise, and it produces money, as you can see on the film, yellow money. We know how to stabilize our diesel fuel. We can inform you. We can make a machine on your requirement. We need dealers in North America and Europe. We are located on territory of former Yugoslavia. We can make you happy, indeed. We just need a little bit of your money. Thanks for your time. You can contact us on our e-mail which is homemadediesel@gmail.com or leave a comment.
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 5535
- author: HomeMadeDiesel
Home made diesel from WMO part 3: testing the new cooling water tank for new WMO distiller
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
For the new WMO distiller that I'm building I needed a new water tank to cool the distiller. The 10 litre bucket was just to small to let the distiller run for a long time. I welded a trolley that can hold a 220 litre oil drum that can hold enough water to cool the distiller. Moving it around is easier this way. The drum is kept in place by 8 M8 bold''s that clamp the rim of the drum to the trolley. I used a old circulation pump that I salvaged from a old gas fired heating system. It has a drain valve on the bottom for draining the drum. On top I cut a hole so I can access the inside of the drum for inspection and cleaning when necessary. I also fabricated a lid to avoid splashing when the drum is full with water. I can regulate the amount of water going to the distiller from almost nothing to full force by adjusting the two hand operated valves. This way the pump is not restricted in its flow. There is a bypass pipe going down into the tank. It almost reaches to the bottom of the drum. This way the hot return water that comes back from the distiller stays on top of the cold water in the drum, and has some time to cool down. When this is not enough I'm going to mount a car radiator to the system. Just have to test this system first. Regards, Redkrabby.
http://wn.com/Home_made_diesel_from_WMO_part_3_testing_the_new_cooling_water_tank_for_new_WMO_distiller
For the new WMO distiller that I'm building I needed a new water tank to cool the distiller. The 10 litre bucket was just to small to let the distiller run for a long time. I welded a trolley that can hold a 220 litre oil drum that can hold enough water to cool the distiller. Moving it around is easier this way. The drum is kept in place by 8 M8 bold''s that clamp the rim of the drum to the trolley. I used a old circulation pump that I salvaged from a old gas fired heating system. It has a drain valve on the bottom for draining the drum. On top I cut a hole so I can access the inside of the drum for inspection and cleaning when necessary. I also fabricated a lid to avoid splashing when the drum is full with water. I can regulate the amount of water going to the distiller from almost nothing to full force by adjusting the two hand operated valves. This way the pump is not restricted in its flow. There is a bypass pipe going down into the tank. It almost reaches to the bottom of the drum. This way the hot return water that comes back from the distiller stays on top of the cold water in the drum, and has some time to cool down. When this is not enough I'm going to mount a car radiator to the system. Just have to test this system first. Regards, Redkrabby.
- published: 03 Jun 2011
- views: 9025
- author: Redkrabby
WMO Duda Diesel Bag Filter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
Filtering waste motor oil with Duda bag filters.
http://wn.com/WMO_Duda_Diesel_Bag_Filter
Filtering waste motor oil with Duda bag filters.
- published: 31 Dec 2010
- views: 6322
- author: CompletePowerWash
WMO - World Memon Organization Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 25 Feb 2012
This is a Documentary - Informational video about the WMO, and what they stand for.
http://wn.com/WMO_World_Memon_Organization_Part_1
This is a Documentary - Informational video about the WMO, and what they stand for.
- published: 26 Dec 2007
- views: 1893
- author: UrbanMemon
Bowmont Storm A584 WMO.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 22 Jan 2012
Bowmont Storm WMO A584 Irish Hereford Breed Society Breed Improvement Scheme 2010
http://wn.com/Bowmont_Storm_A584_WMOwmv
Bowmont Storm WMO A584 Irish Hereford Breed Society Breed Improvement Scheme 2010
- published: 24 Nov 2010
- views: 31284
- author: IrishHerefordBreed
WMO - World Memon Organization Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
This is a Documentary - Informational video about the WMO, and what they stand for.
http://wn.com/WMO_World_Memon_Organization_Part_2
This is a Documentary - Informational video about the WMO, and what they stand for.
- published: 26 Dec 2007
- views: 1139
- author: UrbanMemon
photo: Malacañang Photo Bureau / Jay Morales
01 Mar 2013
TERESA CEROJANO. Associated Press= MANILA, Philippines (AP) — Shooting erupted in a Malaysian village that has been occupied by nearly 200 members of a Filipino clan for three weeks, but the Malaysian home minister denied Friday that his forces were responsible. Members of a Muslim royal clan from the southern Philippines landed in a coastal village in Malaysia's Sabah state on Feb ... He said his plan was "to fight." ... --- ... World news....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
02 Mar 2013
Srinagar, March 02.. Two local policemen were killed by separatist guerrillas in a hit-and-run attack in Kupwara district of north Kashmir Saturday. A senior police officer told IANS that militants fired from close range at two constables of an armed battalion near the bus stand in Handwara town, 75 kilometres from here this morning ... The area has been cordoned off and searches have started in the town....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Hussein Malla
03 Mar 2013
Syrian president Bashar Assad has accused the British government of being "naive, confused and unrealistic" in its approach to the conflict in his country and warned of dire consequences if the West armed its rebels. In an interview with the Sunday Times Mr Assad said Britain was sacrificing peace talks to push for an end to an EU arms embargo, which would allow rebels to be armed ... "We do not expect an arsonist to be a firefighter." ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
02 Mar 2013
. March 2, 2013 . Updated. March 2, 2013 12.01pm. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1. MADRID (AP) — Real Madrid beat Barcelona for the second time in five days, earning a 2-1 win Saturday which will do little to prevent its fierce rival from reclaiming the Spanish league title but should boost Jose Mourinho's team ahead of its critical Champions League trip to Manchester United ... He later hit the woodwork with another free kick ... ....(size: 8.8Kb)
noodls
19 Feb 2013
(Source. UNOG - United Nations Office at Geneva). REGULAR PRESS BRIEFING BY THE INFORMATION SERVICE. 19 February 2013 ... Syria Humanitarian Forum press conferences ... Speakers were. Ms ... Manuel Bessler, Vice-Director, Delegate for Humanitarian Aid and Head of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit ... Ms ... in Press Room 1 ... Ms ... Clare Nullis for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said there was a meeting on national drought policy starting on 11 March....(size: 17.5Kb)
noodls
15 Feb 2013
WMO works on the development of the Global Frame- work for Climate Services (GFCS) to better serve society's needs for accurate and timely climate information ... These reports were also made available on the WMO website ... TCC holds annual training seminars as part of capaci- ty-building activities related to its role as an RCC in the WMO RA II area....(size: 25.6Kb)
noodls
13 Feb 2013
(Source. Government of Norway). "Storms, floods and drought are becoming more and more frequent in Africa, causing huge problems for the continent ... The funding will be allocated to relevant UN agencies, other organisations and the academic community, and will strengthen Norwegian efforts to support the development of global climate services, led by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). ... Press contact ... (noodl....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
12 Feb 2013
(Source ... Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO; Michel Jarraud, Chair of UN-Water and Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO); and Hamrokhon Zarifi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan today launched the International Year of Water Cooperation 2013 at UNESCO Headquarters, in Paris ... […] We must make this year, a year of strengthened mutual understanding, cooperation and dialogue."....(size: 5.0Kb)
United Nations
11 Feb 2013
Print ... “We must work together to protect and carefully manage this fragile, finite resource.” ... Mr ... Ban said ... Ms ... The UN representative of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Paul Egerton, underlined the link between climate change and water, stressing that extreme weather events result in desertification or extreme flooding in different areas and hinder development and access to safe water ... News Tracker ... Source....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
11 Feb 2013
(Source. UN - United Nations) UN kicks off year promoting international cooperation on water management. 11 February 2013 - ... Mr ... Ban said ... Ms ... The UN representative of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Paul Egerton, underlined the link between climate change and water, stressing that extreme weather events result in desertification or extreme flooding in different areas and hinder development and access to safe water ... (noodl....(size: 4.5Kb)
PhysOrg
10 Feb 2013
According to the ozone sensor on Europe's MetOp weather satellite, the hole over Antarctica in 2012 was the smallest in the last 10 years ... GOME-2 is carried by Eumetsat’s MetOp mission ... ESA/DLR/Eumetsat/NASA/WMO/GAWIf weather and atmospheric conditions show unusual behaviour, it can result in extreme ozone conditions – such as the record low observed in spring 2011 in the Arctic – or last year's unusually small Antarctic ozone hole ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
noodls
05 Feb 2013
(Source. Government of the Hong Kong Special Admistrative Region of the People's Republic of China) ... Considering the operational and research values of this initiative led by the HKO, the Committee will co-operate with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Weather Research Programme to explore the feasibility of organising a purposely planned field experiment over the region in the next couple of years ... (noodl. 17436861) ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Asia Times
04 Feb 2013
By Hossein Aghaie. Speaking Freely is an Asia Times Online feature that allows guest writers to have their say. if you are interested in contributing ... [2] ... ... [4]. For instance, the success of the UN Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in carving out an international ozone regime in 1987 was to a large extent attributable to active collaboration of transnational epistemic communities ... [6] ... [9] ... 1 ... 2....(size: 21.0Kb)
Tempo Interactive
31 Jan 2013
noodls
31 Jan 2013
The CAT has listed an oral hearing for 6 February 2013 to determine how to dispose of the case, including dealing with setting aside the wholesale must-offer ("WMO") obligations, the monies paid by relevant wholesale customers into escrow on an interim basis (being the difference between the maximum price Sky may charge for Sky Sports 1 ......(size: 247.4Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
(Source ... Around 90 meteorological, hydrological and disaster reduction experts in the region gather in Hong Kong to take part in the 45th Session of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Typhoon Committee from today (29 January) to 1 February ... The Typhoon Committee is under auspices of the UNESCAP and the WMO. It comprises 14 Members ... distributed by....(size: 7.3Kb)
Jakarta Globe
15 Jan 2013
Gde Pradnyana, the deputy of operation control at temporary oil and gas regulator SKMigas, said on Sunday that activities in several production platforms in WMO, as the block is called, had been temporarily halted due to power outages caused by bad weather ... Drilling activities are ongoing in the WMO block in order to meet a production target of 20,000 barrels of oil per day this year....(size: 2.7Kb)
"WMO" redirects here. For other uses, see WMO (disambiguation).
 المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية World Meteorological Organization Organisation météorologique mondiale Organización Meteorológica Mundial Всемирная Метеорологическая Организация 世界气象组织 |
|
|---|---|
 WMO flag |
|
| Org type | UN agency |
| Acronyms | WMO OMM |
| Head | David Grimes |
| Status | Active |
| Established | 1950 |
| Headquarters | Geneva, Switzerland |
| Website | www.wmo.int |
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 189 Member States and Territories. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. Established in 1950, WMO became the specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and is a member of the United Nations Development Group.[1] The current president is David Grimes and the current Secretary-General is Michel Jarraud.
Contents |
The organization[link]
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is the UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources.
WMO has a membership of 189 member states and territories (since 4 December 2009). The Convention of the World Meteorological Organization was signed 11 October 1947[2] and established upon ratification in 1950. WMO became the specialized agency of the United Nations in 1951 for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
The WMO hierarchy:
- The World Meteorological Congress determines the policy of WMO and meets every four years. Each Member country is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO. The Permanent Representative should be the director of the National Meteorological or Hydrometeorological Service.
- The Executive Council implements Congress decisions and meets once a year.
- Six regional associations for addressing regional concerns:
- Region I Africa
- Region II Asia
- Region III South America
- Region IV North America, Central America and the Caribbean
- Region V South-West Pacific
- Region VI Europe
- (Antarctica is outside the regions)
- Eight technical commissions provide technical recommendations for WMO and the national services.
- The secretariat headed by the Secretary-General coordinates the activities of WMO with a regular staff of some 250 employees.[3]
Activities[link]
As weather, climate and the water cycle know no national boundaries, international cooperation at a global scale is essential for the development of meteorology and operational hydrology as well as to reap the benefits from their application. WMO provides the framework for such international cooperation.
Since its establishment, WMO has played a unique and powerful role in contributing to the safety and welfare of humanity. Under WMO leadership and within the framework of WMO programs,[4] National Meteorological and Hydrological Services[5] contribute substantially to the protection of life and property against natural disasters, to safeguarding the environment and to enhancing the economic and social well-being of all sectors of society in areas such as food security, water resources and transport.
The WMO and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) jointly created the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It is also directly responsible for the creation of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW). The IPCC has received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."[6]
WMO promotes cooperation in the establishment of networks for making meteorological, climatological, hydrological and geophysical observations, as well as the exchange, processing and standardization of related data, and assists technology transfer, training and research. It also fosters collaboration between the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services of its Members and furthers the application of meteorology to public weather services, agriculture, aviation, shipping, the environment, water issues and the mitigation of the impacts of natural disasters.
WMO facilitates the free and unrestricted exchange of data and information, products and services in real- or near-real time on matters relating to safety and security of society, economic welfare and the protection of the environment. It contributes to policy formulation in these areas at national and international levels.
In the specific case of weather-, climate and water-related hazards, which account for nearly 90% of all natural disasters, WMO's programs provide vital information for the advance warnings that save lives and reduce damage to property and the environment. WMO also contributes to reducing the impacts of human-induced disasters, such as those associated with chemical and nuclear accidents, forest fire and volcanic ash. Studies have shown that, apart from the incalculable benefit to human well-being, every dollar invested in meteorological and hydrological services produces an economic return many times greater, often ten times or more.
WMO plays a leading role in international efforts to monitor and protect the environment through its programs. In collaboration with other UN agencies and the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, WMO supports the implementation of a number of environmental conventions[7] and is instrumental in providing advice and assessments to governments on related matters. These activities contribute towards ensuring the sustainable development and well-being of nations.
WMO publishes the International Cloud Atlas, the international standard cloud atlas since 1896.
Meteorological codes[link]
In keeping with its mandate to promote the standardization of meteorological observations, the WMO maintains numerous code forms for the representation and exchange of meteorological, oceanographical, and hydrological data. The traditional code forms, such as SYNOP, CLIMAT and TEMP, are character-based and their coding is position-based. Newer WMO code forms are designed for portability, extensibility and universality. These are BUFR, CREX, and, for gridded geo-positioned data, GRIB.
World Meteorological Day[link]
WMO member states
WMO member territories
- World Meteorological Day is held annually on March 23.
Awards and prizes[link]
- International Meteorological Organization Prize
- Vilho Vaisala Award
- Norbert Gerbier-Mumm International Award
- WMO Research Award for Young Scientists
WMO conference on climate prediction and information for decision-making[link]
World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) was held from 31 August to 4 September 2009 in Geneva, Switzerland, under the auspices of WMO. Its goal was to address advancements in seasonal to multi-decadal climate predictions and to spur their applications to decision-making in socio-economic sectors, including food, water, energy, health, tourism and development sectors. The Conference aimed to contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and broader UN climate goals through support for climate adaptation.[8]
Membership[link]
As of 2009 member states of the organization are 181 of the UN members, Cook Islands and Niue. Additionally there are 6 member territories.[9]
The non-member states are Andorra, Grenada, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Tuvalu, Vatican City and the states with limited recognition.
The member territories are: the British Caribbean Territories (joint meteorological organization and membership),[10] French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Netherlands Antilles and Aruba (joint meteorological service and membership),[10] New Caledonia.
See also[link]
- Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
- Cloud atlas
- Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP)
- International Cloud Atlas
- Maria do Rosàrio Veiga
- Regional Specialized Meteorological Center
References[link]
- ^ UNDG.org
- ^ Convention of the World Meteorological Organization.
- ^ WMO Strategic Plan May 2007
- ^ WMO.int
- ^ WMO.int
- ^ "IPCC Nobel Peace Prize". Nobel Prize Committee. October 12, 2007. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/press.html. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
- ^ WMO.int
- ^ WCC-3
- ^ WMO membership
- ^ a b WMO National services
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Official website
- WMO country codes from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
- WCC-3
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Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Světová meteorologická organizace
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http://ru.wn.com/Всемирная метеорологическая организация
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http://pl.wn.com/Światowa Organizacja Meteorologiczna
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the South Korean film. For the Finnish film, see The Classic (2001 film).
| The Classic | |
|---|---|
| File:The Classic Poster.jpg Original Korean poster |
|
| Hangul | 클래식 |
| RR | Keulraesik |
| MR | K‘ŭllaesik |
| Directed by | Kwak Jae-yong |
| Produced by | Jee Yeong-joon, Lee Jae-soon |
| Written by | Kwak Jae-yong |
| Starring | Son Ye-jin, Jo Seung-woo, Zo In Sung |
| Music by | Jo Yeong-wook, Choi Seung-hyun |
| Cinematography | Lee Joon-kyoo |
| Editing by | Kim Sang-beom Kim Jae-beom |
| Studio | Egg Films |
| Release date(s) |
|
| Running time | 127 minutes |
| Country | South Korea |
| Language | Korean |
| Admissions | 533,950 (Seoul)[1] |
| Gross revenue | $6,895,678[2] |
The Classic (Hangul: 클래식; Keulraesik) is a 2003 South Korean melodrama / romance film directed by Kwak Jae-yong.
Contents |
Plot[link]
The film tells the parallel love stories of a mother and daughter. The story of the mother is told partially in flashbacks.
The movie starts in the present day. The daughter, Ji-hye (Son Ye-jin), is cleaning-up around her house when she comes across a box full of old letters and a diary that detail the story of her mother, Joo-hee (who is also played by Son Ye-jin). Periodically in the movie, Ji-hye reads one of these letters, which starts a flashback scene in which the story of the mother is told. These flashbacks are intertwined with Ji-hye's own story, in which she falls for a fellow student, Sang-min (Zo In Sung), who is involved with the school theater.
The movie tells the story of both relationships. The mother, Joo-hee, visits the countryside as a student one summer and meets Joon-ha (Jo Seung-woo). Together they explore the countryside, playing near a river which they both will always remember as their special place. When a storm starts they take shelter together under a tree, but not before Joo-hee twists her ankle and is rendered helpless. Joon-ha carries her on his back and they struggle home, only to be confronted by her angry parents. Before they separate, Joo-hee gives him a necklace, which he keeps close as a precious reminder of their time together.
Unfortunately, as often happens in affairs of the heart, a third party prevents any deepening of their relationship. Joo-hee has been promised by her parents as a bride to Tae-soo, Joon-ha's friend. But Tae-soo, a noble friend, finds out about Joo-hee and Joon-ha's attraction for each other and helps the two communicate secretly by letting them use his own name in place of Joon-ha's in their letters. When Tae-soo's father finds this out, however, he beats Tae-soo. Tae-soo tries unsuccessfully to commit suicide so that his two friends can be together.
Meanwhile, in the present, Ji-hye falls for Sang-min in whom her friend Soo-kyeong is also very interested, but he seems not to notice. Then, in a sweet scene, they take shelter from the rain together under the same tree. He uses his coat to cover both of them and escorts her to where she needs to go. The moment, while magical, does not go anywhere as she feels his help was only due to his generous nature and not from any feelings for her on his part.
Back in the past, Joon-ha is guilt-ridden over his friend's attempted suicide and Joo-hee's own guilt. Determined to prevent any more hurt to her, Joon-ha joins the army and goes to Vietnam. There he loses his eyesight while he tries to retrieve the necklace Joo-hee had given him. When he returns to Korea, he meets again with Joo-hee, and, trying to hide his blindness, convinces her he has married in the hope she will move on with her life. Though heart broken that their relationship cannot continue, she does move on and eventually marries Tae-soo, Joon-ha's kind friend. After they have been married for several years and have a young daughter (Ji-hye) Joo-hee is approached by friends of Joon-ha, who relate Joon-ha's last wish: that his ashes be scattered by Joo-hee in the river, now a reservoir, where they first met. She then finds out that Joon-ha hadn't married, but he later did after Tae-soo and Joo-hee were married. She was told that he had a son also. The heart-break is too much and she cries.
In the present, Ji-hye's own story unfolds. Sang-min reveals his true feelings for Ji-hye - feelings that mirror her own. It is also revealed that their taking shelter together during the storm was no accident: he had purposely left his umbrella behind in a shop so that he could join her under the tree. Then, when Ji-hye pensively reveals her mother's story to him, tears stream down his face. Silently he lifts a necklace from around his neck and places it around hers. It is the necklace that Ji-hye's mother, Joo-hee, had given to Joon-ha when they met. The circle is completed: Joo-hee's daughter and Joon-ha's son have fallen in love.
Cast[link]
- Son Ye-jin in dual role as Ji-hye and Joo-hee (Ji-hye's mother)
- Jo Seung-woo as Joon-ha
- Zo In Sung as Sang-min
- Lee Ki-woo as Tae-soo (friend of Joon-ha)
- Lee Soo-in as Soo-kyeong (friend of Ji-hye)
- Seo Yeong-hee as Na-hee (friend of Joo-hee)
- Lim Ye Jin as Shopkeeper
Development[link]
Several of the school scenes were filmed at various universities in Korea. Notably, the library was in Kyung Hee University. There are many parallels between the flashback and present day stories. In the flashbacks, Joon Ha writes letters in the name of his friend Tae-soo to their mutual love interest. In the present day, Ji-hye writes letters in the name of her friend to their mutual love interest. In the flashbacks, Joo-hee has an annoying female friend that Joon-ha is initially set up with. In the present day, Ji-hye also has an annoying friend that interferes with her relationship. Also, Joo-hee and Ji-hye both receive the same poem from the people they love: "When the sun shines...".
Reception[link]
The Classic was nominated at the Hong Kong Film Awards in the category Best Asian Film in 2004.[3]
Son Ye-jin received several awards for her performance in the film:[4]
- 2003 40th Daejong sang Awards: Best New Actress (The Classic)
- 2003 39th PaekSang Arts Awards: Best New Actress (The Classic)
- 2003 24th Blue Dragon Film Awards - Most Favourite Star (The Classic, Crazy First Love)
- 2004 9th Moscow International Love Movie Awards: Best Couple (The Classic)
Music[link]
The film relies heavily on music to help convey emotion.
Korean Songs in the film:
- 그랬나봐 ("Geuraetna pwa" - World without love) - performer: Kim Hyung Joong
- 고백 ("Gobaek" - Confession) - performer: Delispice - played during the art gallery scene
- 너에게 난 나에게 넌 ("Neoehgeh nan naehgeh neon" - Me to you, you to me) - performer: Jatanpung - played during both special umbrella scenes
- 너무 아픈 사랑은 사랑이아니었음을 ("Neomu apeun sarangeun sarangee anieosseumeul" - It wasn't love if it hurt so much) - performer: Kim Kwang Suk - played during train and last meeting scenes
- 사랑하면 할수록 ("Saranghamyon halsoorok" - If we are in love, then...) - Played in different instrumental versions throughout the film - always at emotional moments. It is sung in the final scenes by performer Han Song Min. There is also a Mandarin version of this song titled "Hui Se Kong Jian" (灰色空間 in Mandarin) which is sung by Taiwanese singer Show Luo in Taiwanese drama called "The Outsider II".
The piano piece performed by Joo-Hee on stage is Beethoven's Piano Sonata 8, movement 2 Pathetique Sonata.
Pachelbel's Canon in D was also used as the background music. This same music was featured in the director's earlier film, My Sassy Girl.
Some American songs were used as well.
References[link]
- ^ "koreanfilm". koreanfilm. Retrieved March 04, 2012.
- ^ "The Classic". Boxofficemojo. Retrieved March 04, 2012.
- ^ "Hong Kong Film Awards". hkfaa.com. http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_23.html. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
- ^ "Perfect Match cast: All about the Korea's Drama Queen Son Ye Jin". kapamilyanovelas. http://kapamilyanovelas.multiply.com/notes/item/3430?mark_read=kapamilyanovelas:notes:3430. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
External links[link]
- The Classic at the Korean Movie Database
- The Classic at the Internet Movie Database
- The Classic at HanCinema
|
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http://wn.com/The_Classic
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/The Classic
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Classic
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
