- published: 14 Dec 2012
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- Akan people
- Anglicanism
- Anglo-Ashanti Wars
- Asante royal thrones
- Asantehene
- Asanteman
- Ashanti Empire
- Ashanti mythology
- Ashanti people
- Ashanti Region
- Bondoukou
- British Empire
- Canterbury
- Catholicism
- Chastity
- Christianity
- Christians
- Cote d'Ivoire
- Death penalty
- Denkyira
- Dry season
- Empire of Ashanti
- Exile
- Fante Confederacy
- Father
- George W. Bush
- Ghana
- Golden Stool
- Grassland
- Gyaaman
- Heaven
- Historiography
- History of Ghana
- Islam
- John Agyekum Kufuor
- John Kufuor
- Kofi Annan
- Land rights
- Marriage
- Matrilineal
- Methodism
- Mother
- Nation
- Netherlands
- Opoku Ware I
- Osei Tutu
- Pentecostalism
- Prempeh I
- Protectorate
- Protestantism
- Puberty
- Rainy season
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Asanteman
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Asanteman -
Ashanti Empire
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Ashanti_Empire -
Bondoukou
Bondoukou (var. Bonduku, Bontuku) is a town in Bondoukou Department of Côte d'Ivoire, located in the Zanzan Region, 420 km Northeast of Abidjan. The administrative center and largest town of the Department is Bondoukou, while other towns include Bandolé, Boudouye, Sandégué and Tanbi.
Located at the northeast corner of the nation, Bondoukou Department borders Ghana its neighbor to the north (Bouna Department) also borders Burkina Faso. The area has long been in the path of trade routes, primarily for the transport of kola nut and gold from the forested south to the empires of the Sahel. This importance has continued since the demarcation of borders under colonialism.
Its central town, also named Bondoukou, is the Departmental capital and capital of Zanzan Region. It in the southeast section of the Department, near the Ghana border and the Department of Tanda. Just across the border is the Ghanaian town of Sampa. The town lies at the junction of the main A1 highway with roads to Sorobango to the north and Ghana to the east.
wn.com/Bondoukou -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
wn.com/British_Empire -
Canterbury
Coordinates: 51°16′30″N 1°05′13″E / 51.275°N 1.087°E / 51.275; 1.087
Canterbury (
i/ˈkæntərbᵊri/ or /ˈkæntərbɛri/) is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
Originally a Brythonic settlement, it was renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum by the Roman conquerors in the 1st century AD. After it became the chief Jutish settlement, it gained its English name Canterbury, itself derived from the Old English Cantwareburh ("Kent people's stronghold"). After the Kingdom of Kent's conversion to Christianity in 597, St Augustine founded an episcopal see in the city and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, a position that now heads the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion (though the modern-day Province of Canterbury covers the entire south of England). Thomas Becket's murder at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century literary classic The Canterbury Tales. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright Christopher Marlowe in the city in the 16th century.
wn.com/Canterbury -
Cote d'Ivoire
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
i/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
wn.com/Cote_d'Ivoire -
Empire of Ashanti
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Empire_of_Ashanti -
Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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University of Kent
The University of Kent (formerly the University of Kent at Canterbury, abbreviated as Cantuar. for post-nominals) is a public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1965 and is regarded as one of the UK's "plate glass universities".
The University of Kent's main site is a rural campus just north of Canterbury situated within 300 acres of park land, which houses over 4,300 students. The university has additional UK sites in Medway and Tonbridge, and postgraduate centres in Brussels and Paris. In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise the University of Kent was placed 24th out of 118 participating institutions in terms of the best, or 4*, research in a ranking produced by Times Higher Education.
The University of Kent is frequently ranked in the top 30 in rankings of British universities. In 2010 just under 30,000 students applied to the University of Kent through UCAS and 5,242 accepted offers of places. The average UCAS points offer given for 2011/12 was 349 or AAB-AAA. Kent is a member of the Santander Network of European universities encouraging social and economic development.
wn.com/University_of_Kent
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Anglo-Ashanti Wars
The Anglo-Ashanti Wars were four conflicts between the Ashanti Empire, in the Akan interior of what is now Ghana, and the British Empire in the 19th century between 1824 and 1901. The ruler of the Ashanti (or Asante) was the Asantehene. The wars were mainly over the Ashanti establishing strong control over the coastal areas of what is now Ghana. The Ashanti impressively defeated the British Empire in some of these wars but, in the end, the Ashanti Empire became a British protectorate.
The British were drawn into three earlier wars:
In the Ashanti-Fante War of 1806-07, the British refused to hand over two rebels pursued by the Ashanti, but eventually handed one over (the other escaped).
In the Ga-Fante War of 1811, the Akwapim captured a British fort at Tantamkweri and a Dutch fort at Apam.
In the Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War of 1814–16 the Ashanti defeated the Akim-Akwapim alliance. Local British, Dutch, and Danish authorities all had to come to terms with the Ashanti. In 1817 the (British) African Company of Merchants signed a treaty of friendship that recognized Ashanti claims to sovereignty over much of the coast.
wn.com/Anglo-Ashanti_Wars -
Asanteman
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Asanteman -
Ashanti Empire
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Ashanti_Empire -
Ashanti people
Ashanti, or Asante, are an Akan people who live predominantly in Ghana and Ivory Coast. They speak Twi, an Akan dialect. Prior to European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. The Ashanti later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy or Asanteman and became the dominant presence in the region.
Ghana has a variable terrain, coasts and mountains, forests and grasslands, lush agricultural areas and near deserts. The Ashanti settled in the central part of present-day Ghana, about three hundred kilometres from the coast. The territory is densely forested, mostly fertile and to some extent mountainous. There are two seasons—the rainy season (April to November) and the dry season (December to March). The land has several streams; the dry season, however is extremely desiccated. It is hot year round.
Today Ashanti number close to 7 million people (roughly 19% of the Ghanaian population, speaking Asante, also referred to as Twi, a member of the Niger–Congo language family.) Their political power has fluctuated since Ghana's independence, but they remain largely influential. The former president of Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor is Ashanti. Kofi Annan, the past U.N secretary General was also raised and brought up in Kumasi, the capital of the Ashanti region. The majority of the Ashanti reside in the Ashanti Region, one of the administrative regions of the country. Kumasi, the capital of the current Ashanti region, has also been the historic capital of the Ashanti Kingdom. Currently, the Ashanti region of Ghana has a population of 3,812,950, making it Ghana's most populous administrative district.
wn.com/Ashanti_people -
Empire of Ashanti
The Ashanti (or Asante) Empire (or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896) was a West Africa state of the Ashanti people, the Akan people of the Ashanti Region, now in Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana, a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European Firearms, created an empire that stretched from central Ghana to present day Benin and Côte d'Ivoire, bordered by the Dagomba kingdom to the north and Dahomey to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest historiographies of any indigenous Sub-Saharan African political entity. Today the Ashanti monarchy continues as a constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional state in the Republic of Ghana.
The ancient Ashanti may have migrated from the vicinity of the north-west Niger river at some point during the Ghana Empire. Linguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. Between the 10th and 12th century AD the Ashanti and other Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established several states. At the height of the Ghana Empire the Akan people became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.
wn.com/Empire_of_Ashanti -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
wn.com/George_W._Bush -
John Agyekum Kufuor
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) was the second president of the 4th Republic of Ghana (2001–2009) and Chairperson of the African Union (2007–2008). His victory over John Atta-Mills after the end of Jerry Rawlings' second term marked the first peaceful democratic transition of power in Ghana since the country's independence in 1957.
Kufuor's career has been spent on the liberal-democratic side of Ghanaian politics, in the parties descended from the United Gold Coast Convention and the United Party. He was a minister in Kofi Abrefa Busia's Progress Party government during Ghana's Second Republic, and a Popular Front Party opposition frontbencher during the Third Republic. In the Fourth Republic he stood as the New Patriotic Party's candidate at the 1996 election, and then led it to victory in 2000 and 2004. Having served two terms, in 2008 he was no longer eligible for the presidency.
An Asante, Kufuor married Theresa Kufuor (née Mensah) in 1962, with whom he has had five children. Kufuor and his family belong to the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Kumasi and educated at Osei Tutu Boarding School (1951–53), Prempeh College (1954–58), Lincoln's Inn, London (1959–1961) and Exeter College, University of Oxford (1961–1964). In the Second Republic's Parliamentary Register Kufuor lists as his hobbies and interests table tennis, reading, football, and film shows.
wn.com/John_Agyekum_Kufuor -
John Kufuor
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) was the second president of the 4th Republic of Ghana (2001–2009) and Chairperson of the African Union (2007–2008). His victory over John Atta-Mills after the end of Jerry Rawlings' second term marked the first peaceful democratic transition of power in Ghana since the country's independence in 1957.
Kufuor's career has been spent on the liberal-democratic side of Ghanaian politics, in the parties descended from the United Gold Coast Convention and the United Party. He was a minister in Kofi Abrefa Busia's Progress Party government during Ghana's Second Republic, and a Popular Front Party opposition frontbencher during the Third Republic. In the Fourth Republic he stood as the New Patriotic Party's candidate at the 1996 election, and then led it to victory in 2000 and 2004. Having served two terms, in 2008 he was no longer eligible for the presidency.
An Asante, Kufuor married Theresa Kufuor (née Mensah) in 1962, with whom he has had five children. Kufuor and his family belong to the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Kumasi and educated at Osei Tutu Boarding School (1951–53), Prempeh College (1954–58), Lincoln's Inn, London (1959–1961) and Exeter College, University of Oxford (1961–1964). In the Second Republic's Parliamentary Register Kufuor lists as his hobbies and interests table tennis, reading, football, and film shows.
wn.com/John_Kufuor -
Kofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan (
/ˈkoʊfi ˈænən/; born 8 April 1938) is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize for his founding of the Global AIDS and Health Fund to support developing countries in their struggle to care for their people.
Since February 2012, Annan has been the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria, to help find a resolution to ongoing conflict there.
Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shares the middle name Atta, which in Fante and Akan means 'twin'. Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's aristocratic families; both their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal chiefs.
In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, and/or in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday.
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Nation
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government (for example the inhabitants of a sovereign state) irrespective of their ethnic make-up. In international relations, nation can refer to a country or sovereign state. The word nation can more specifically refer to people of North American Indians, such as the Cherokee Nation that prefer this term over the contested term tribe.
According to Joseph Stalin writing in 1913 in Marxism and the National Question: "a nation is not a racial or tribal, but a historically constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable community of people;" "a common language is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation;" "a common territory is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common economic life, economic cohesion, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "a common psychological make-up, which manifests itself in a common culture, is one of the characteristic features of a nation;" "A nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture." According to Stalin, this would exclude Jews as they have no common territory.
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Opoku Ware I
Katakyie Opoku Ware I (1700–1750) was an Oyoko king or Asantehene - the ruler of the Ashanti - in the now-disbanded Ashanti Confederacy which occupied parts of what is now Ghana. He is credited with being the "empire builder" of the Ashanti Confederacy.
He married and had two children named Adusei Atwenewa and Adusei Kra.
During his role as king, which lasted from 1720 (some even evidence that it could be as early as 1718, while leading the army against the Akyem) to his death in 1750, he fought some battles against Bono and defeated them by 1723. Later, between 1741 and 1744, King Opoku won fights against numerous groups. Discrepancies in sources imply he either died in 1742, or around 1750.
After his death, he was succeeded by Kusi Obodom.
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Osei Tutu
Osei Kofi Tutu I was one of the co-founders of the Empire of Ashanti, the other being Okomfo Anokye, his chief priest. The Ashanti were a powerful, warlike, and highly disciplined people of West Africa. Osei Tutu led an alliance of Ashanti states against the regional hegemon, the Denkyira, completely defeating them. Then, through force of arms and diplomacy, he induced the rulers of the other Ashanti city-states to declare allegiance to Kumasi, his capital. Throughout his career he was politically advised by Anokye, a cleric whose spiritual authority over the people aided in his founding of the empire.
The Empire of Ashanti was officially formed in 1701 and Osei Tutu was crowned Asantehene (King of all Ashanti). He would hold that position until his death in 1717 in a battle against the Akyem. Osei Tutu was the fourth ruler in Asante royal history, succeeding his uncle Obiri Yeboa. The Asante comprise the largest contingent of the Akan or Twi-speaking peoples. Akan societies are matrilineal, with a person belonging to the abusua of his mother. Inheritance, succession and status are lineally determined. Osei Tutu belonged to the Oyoko Abusua.
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Prempeh I
Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, whose original throne name was Kwaku Dua III Asamu (1870 - May 12, 1931) was an Asantehene ruler of the Oyoko Abohyen Dynasty of the Akan state of Ashanti. He ruled from March 26, 1888 until his death in 1931, and fought a war against the British in 1893 [dubious – discuss] However, the Ashante were defeated in this war and Prempeh I was deposed as the asantehene of the Ashante people and a British resident was installed by the British colonial authorities in Kumasi. However, the British colonial authorities over extended themselves on the Gold Coast, when, in 1900, Governor Hodgson demanded that the Ashante people turn over the "golden stool"–the very symbol of governance to the Ashante people. Another Ashante uprising against the British colonial authorities occurred as the result of this demand. This uprising became known as the War of the Golden Stool or Yaa Asantewaa war which took place from 1900 until 1901. He was captured and pardoned by Robert Baden-Powell[dubious – discuss][He was arrested outside of British jurisdiction in a rogue action by W.E. Maxwell and not charged with any crime, hence pardon is the wrong term.]. The British exiled him to the Seychelles in 1896, along with Yaa Asantewaa[dubious – discuss][Yaa Asantewaa was not exiled in 1896 but five years later after leading the War of the Golden Stool]and other members of the Asante government.
wn.com/Prempeh_I
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Ashanti Star - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
The Ashanti Star was created in 1896 for the members of the expedition against the Ashanti King Prempeh, in the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. Description A bronze four pointed star and saltire cross, 38... Ashanti Star - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
http://wn.com/Ashanti_Star_Wiki_Article
The Ashanti Star was created in 1896 for the members of the expedition against the Ashanti King Prempeh, in the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. Description A bronze four pointed star and saltire cross, 38... Ashanti Star - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Music video by Ashanti performing The Way That I Love You. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Way_That_I_Love_You
Music video by Ashanti performing The Way That I Love You. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 24716906
- author: AshantiVEVO
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You (Access Denied)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Music video by Ashanti performing The Way That I Love You. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Way_That_I_Love_You_Access_Denied
Music video by Ashanti performing The Way That I Love You. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 1375994
- author: AshantiVEVO
Ashanti - In The Mix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Music video by Ashanti performing In The Mix. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Ashanti_In_The_Mix
Music video by Ashanti performing In The Mix. (C) 2008 The INC. Records & Universal Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
- published: 25 Dec 2009
- views: 98447
- author: AshantiVEVO
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - Concrete Rose Intro Ashanti - Still Down (featuring TI) Ashanti - Message to the Fans Ashanti - Only U Ashanti - Focus Ashanti - Don't Let Them Ashanti - Love Again Ashanti - Take Me Tonight (featuring Lloyd) Ashanti - U Ashanti - Every Lil' Thing Ashanti - Turn It Up (featuring Ja Rule) Ashanti - Buck 3000 Ashanti - So Hot Ashanti - Don't Leave Me Alone (featuring 7 Aurelius) Ashanti - Sister Stories (featuring Shi Shi) Ashanti - Freedom Ashanti - Wonderful (Remix featuring Ja Rule) Ashanti - Shany's World Ashanti - Rock wit U (Awww Baby) Ashanti - What Are They Gonna Say Now Ashanti - Breakup 2 Makeup Ashanti - I Found Lovin' Ashanti - Rain on Me Ashanti - Then Ya Gone Ashanti - Living My Life Ashanti - Black Child Ashanti - Feel So Good Ashanti - Carry On Ashanti - The Sugar Shack Ashanti - The Story of 2 Ashanti - Ohhh Ahhh Ashanti - Shany Shia Ashanti - Sweet Baby Ashanti - U Say, I Say Ashanti - I Don't Mind
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Way_That_I_Love_You_Official_Video
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - The Way That I Love You Ashanti - Concrete Rose Intro Ashanti - Still Down (featuring TI) Ashanti - Message to the Fans Ashanti - Only U Ashanti - Focus Ashanti - Don't Let Them Ashanti - Love Again Ashanti - Take Me Tonight (featuring Lloyd) Ashanti - U Ashanti - Every Lil' Thing Ashanti - Turn It Up (featuring Ja Rule) Ashanti - Buck 3000 Ashanti - So Hot Ashanti - Don't Leave Me Alone (featuring 7 Aurelius) Ashanti - Sister Stories (featuring Shi Shi) Ashanti - Freedom Ashanti - Wonderful (Remix featuring Ja Rule) Ashanti - Shany's World Ashanti - Rock wit U (Awww Baby) Ashanti - What Are They Gonna Say Now Ashanti - Breakup 2 Makeup Ashanti - I Found Lovin' Ashanti - Rain on Me Ashanti - Then Ya Gone Ashanti - Living My Life Ashanti - Black Child Ashanti - Feel So Good Ashanti - Carry On Ashanti - The Sugar Shack Ashanti - The Story of 2 Ashanti - Ohhh Ahhh Ashanti - Shany Shia Ashanti - Sweet Baby Ashanti - U Say, I Say Ashanti - I Don't Mind
- published: 21 Jun 2008
- views: 188315
- author: kendradra67
Ashanti "The Woman You Love" Feat. Busta Rhymes (Lyrics On Screen)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Get Ashanti NEW SINGLE "The Woman You Love" on iTunes ow.ly
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Woman_You_Love_Feat_Busta_Rhymes_Lyrics_On_Screen
Get Ashanti NEW SINGLE "The Woman You Love" on iTunes ow.ly
- published: 14 Jan 2012
- views: 45936
- author: OneandOnlyKiki
BEAT JAZZ by ONYX ASHANTI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
The Tron Beatjazz Controller system by Onyx Ashanti. The quest to create the most amazing live performance instrument EVER! A Revolution in the way of making music! Contribute to the campaign at www.indiegogo.com/beatjazzsystem For more information visit: www.onyx-ashanti.com Filmmaker: Tom Plümmer Production Company: Framework
http://wn.com/BEAT_JAZZ_by_ONYX_ASHANTI
The Tron Beatjazz Controller system by Onyx Ashanti. The quest to create the most amazing live performance instrument EVER! A Revolution in the way of making music! Contribute to the campaign at www.indiegogo.com/beatjazzsystem For more information visit: www.onyx-ashanti.com Filmmaker: Tom Plümmer Production Company: Framework
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 44399
- author: Onyx Ashanti
Ashanti Foolish - Rin on the Rox
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
#1 -Most Subscribed (This Week) #1 - Most Subscribed (This Week) - Musicians #12 - Most Subscribed (This Month) #4 - Most Subscribed (This Month) - Musicians #52 - Most Viewed (Today) - Musicians #28 - Most Viewed (This Week) - Musicians
http://wn.com/Ashanti_Foolish_Rin_on_the_Rox
#1 -Most Subscribed (This Week) #1 - Most Subscribed (This Week) - Musicians #12 - Most Subscribed (This Month) #4 - Most Subscribed (This Month) - Musicians #52 - Most Viewed (Today) - Musicians #28 - Most Viewed (This Week) - Musicians
- published: 27 Feb 2009
- views: 170185
- author: ERINandROXANNE
Ashanti - The Woman You Love (Featuring Busta Rhymes) (Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
The video for the first single from her fifth album "Braveheart".
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Woman_You_Love_Featuring_Busta_Rhymes_Video
The video for the first single from her fifth album "Braveheart".
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 114079
- author: Corrado Pinna
Jim Jones - Changing The Locks ft. Ashanti [Capo]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Jim Jones - Changing The Locks ft. Ashanti [Capo] Jim Jones - Changing The Locks ft. Ashanti Jim Jones - Changing The Locks Ashanti - Changing The Locks ft. Jim Jones Ashanti - Changing The Locks Changing The Locks - Jim Jones Changing The Locks - Ashanti Changing The Locks
http://wn.com/Jim_Jones_Changing_The_Locks_ft_Ashanti_Capo_
Jim Jones - Changing The Locks ft. Ashanti [Capo] Jim Jones - Changing The Locks ft. Ashanti Jim Jones - Changing The Locks Ashanti - Changing The Locks ft. Jim Jones Ashanti - Changing The Locks Changing The Locks - Jim Jones Changing The Locks - Ashanti Changing The Locks
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 56996
- author: Denis Hydaverdi
Ashanti feat. Busta Rhymes - The Woman You Love (Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
NEW SONG FROM LIL WAYNE RICK ROSS AND JAYE' www.youtube.com Like my page www.facebook.com folllow me www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Ashanti_feat_Busta_Rhymes_The_Woman_You_Love_Lyrics
NEW SONG FROM LIL WAYNE RICK ROSS AND JAYE' www.youtube.com Like my page www.facebook.com folllow me www.twitter.com
- published: 18 Dec 2011
- views: 373710
- author: jay3br33zy
Ashanti- The way that I love you- Lyrics.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
comment..vote:) watever:)
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_way_that_I_love_you_Lyricswmv
The Way That I Love You by: Ashanti (Song and Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Ashanti's single..the way that i love you
http://wn.com/The_Way_That_I_Love_You_by_Ashanti_Song_and_Lyrics
Ashanti - The Way That I Love You (lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
The Way That I Love You - Ashanti (lyrics)
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Way_That_I_Love_You_lyrics
Ashanti- Girlfriend (The Declaration Album)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
This song is sensual.....love it.. Boy if I was your girlfriend, I would let you touch everything I am, boy if I was your girlfriend, I wouldn't mind getting crazy baby, I could be yours if I was your lady..........
http://wn.com/Ashanti_Girlfriend_The_Declaration_Album
This song is sensual.....love it.. Boy if I was your girlfriend, I would let you touch everything I am, boy if I was your girlfriend, I wouldn't mind getting crazy baby, I could be yours if I was your lady..........
- published: 06 Sep 2009
- views: 50772
- author: ashantimyidol
Ashanti - The Woman You Love (Audio) ft. Busta Rhymes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
WRITTEN BY ASHANTI, BUSTA RHYMES PRODUCED BY JERRY WONDA Watch The Official Music Video: www.youtube.com Buy on iTunes - itunes.apple.com (C) 2011 Written Entertainment
http://wn.com/Ashanti_The_Woman_You_Love_Audio_ft_Busta_Rhymes
WRITTEN BY ASHANTI, BUSTA RHYMES PRODUCED BY JERRY WONDA Watch The Official Music Video: www.youtube.com Buy on iTunes - itunes.apple.com (C) 2011 Written Entertainment
- published: 15 Dec 2011
- views: 309799
- author: WrittenByAshanti
Ashanti "I'm Still Here" (The Declaration) FANVideo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Ashanti's declaration being released from her contract with Murder inc. Produced & Written by Ashanti & 7 Aurelius Never thought you'd be like that be like that What you do in life comes right back, comes right back Baby Im still here, Im still here, Im still here Baby Im still here, Im still here Never thought you'd be like that be like that What you do in life comes right back, comes right back Baby Im still here, Im still here, Im still here Baby Im still here, Im still here I used to look into your eyes and think [That you were the one that was meant for me] Everything that you would say, I believed it You munipulated me, you did it so creatively Slowly took away from me most of my integrity Used to say that I could be everything and all you need Started doing little things back then i couldnt see But now that the rain is gone Yes im still here And I see you for who you are And you're not far from the devil babe So I pack my heart and run away So far away Yes Im still here And I see you for who you are And you're not far from the devil babe So I pack my heart and run away, So far away They use to tell me I was nothing and couldnt make it there And so I made and they hated 'cause Im staying here I put my trust into my faith everyday With all the blood and sweat and tears All the passion all the years Now its crowds and love and cheers No more crying, no more fear Used to cry myself to sleep thinking it could never be So then I pick myself back up and stood on my two ...
http://wn.com/Ashanti_I'm_Still_Here_The_Declaration_FANVideo
Ashanti's declaration being released from her contract with Murder inc. Produced & Written by Ashanti & 7 Aurelius Never thought you'd be like that be like that What you do in life comes right back, comes right back Baby Im still here, Im still here, Im still here Baby Im still here, Im still here Never thought you'd be like that be like that What you do in life comes right back, comes right back Baby Im still here, Im still here, Im still here Baby Im still here, Im still here I used to look into your eyes and think [That you were the one that was meant for me] Everything that you would say, I believed it You munipulated me, you did it so creatively Slowly took away from me most of my integrity Used to say that I could be everything and all you need Started doing little things back then i couldnt see But now that the rain is gone Yes im still here And I see you for who you are And you're not far from the devil babe So I pack my heart and run away So far away Yes Im still here And I see you for who you are And you're not far from the devil babe So I pack my heart and run away, So far away They use to tell me I was nothing and couldnt make it there And so I made and they hated 'cause Im staying here I put my trust into my faith everyday With all the blood and sweat and tears All the passion all the years Now its crowds and love and cheers No more crying, no more fear Used to cry myself to sleep thinking it could never be So then I pick myself back up and stood on my two ...
- published: 14 May 2009
- views: 22878
- author: ygm641318
Ashanti "Live In Concert" Pt II Performs "Happy", "Always On Time", "Whats Luv", "Down 4 U" & "The Way I Love You"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Exculsive Ashanti Performance Live In Hollywood at the Grove Mall. Watch as she gives once in a lifetime performances of "Happy" "Always On Time", "Whats Luv", "Down 4 U",& The Way That I Love You".
http://wn.com/Ashanti_Live_In_Concert_Pt_II_Performs_Happy,_Always_On_Time,_Whats_Luv,_Down_4_U_The_Way_I_Love_You
Exculsive Ashanti Performance Live In Hollywood at the Grove Mall. Watch as she gives once in a lifetime performances of "Happy" "Always On Time", "Whats Luv", "Down 4 U",& The Way That I Love You".
- published: 14 Sep 2008
- views: 25355
- author: kennygebon
Ja Rule - Mesmerize ft. Ashanti
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Music video by Ja Rule performing Mesmerize. (C) 2002 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Ja_Rule_Mesmerize_ft_Ashanti
Music video by Ja Rule performing Mesmerize. (C) 2002 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 15780811
- author: JaRuleVEVO
Ashanti-The Way That I Love You (with lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Ashanti-The_Way_That_I_Love_You_with_lyrics
Ashanti - Good Good
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Music video by Ashanti performing Good Good. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5358720. (C) 2008 Universal Motown Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc. and IG Records, Inc
http://wn.com/Ashanti_Good_Good
Music video by Ashanti performing Good Good. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5358720. (C) 2008 Universal Motown Records, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc. and IG Records, Inc
- published: 20 Dec 2009
- views: 2706209
- author: AshantiVEVO
Movie ashanti i wana be like those girls in the movies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Movie_ashanti_i_wana_be_like_those_girls_in_the_movies
The Congos - Congo Ashanti, Inna de Yard - HD! DVD Quality!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:31
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
The Congos - Congo Ashanti, Inna de Yard - HD!! DVD Quality! Jah Live!
http://wn.com/The_Congos_Congo_Ashanti,_Inna_de_Yard_HD!_DVD_Quality!
The Congos - Congo Ashanti, Inna de Yard - HD!! DVD Quality! Jah Live!
- published: 08 Oct 2010
- views: 38489
- author: innaroots
photo: AP / Nick Ut
14 Dec 2012
For the past nine years, Sellers has worked as a Walmart cashier in Paramount, California. On November 23, the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States, while most television hosts were asking so-called "shopping experts" how to beat the crowds to get the best deals, Sellers and eight others were being arrested outside of the Paramount store for sitting in the middle of the street and refusing to move ... The War Within....(size: 23.6Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
14 Dec 2012
The massacre involved two gunmen at a Connecticut school this morning, prompting the town of Newtown to lock down all of its schools and draw SWAT teams to the school, authorities said today ... It is the worst shooting in a U.S ... The shooting comes just three days after masked gunman Jacob Roberts opened fire in a busy Portland, Ore., mall killing two before turning the gun on himself ... State Police received the first 911 call at 9.41a.m....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
15 Dec 2012
Newtown, Connecticut (CNN) -- The bodies of children and educators lay where they fell in a Newtown, Connecticut, elementary school -- in classrooms and hallways -- as investigators worked to identity the dead early Saturday while piecing together the path of the gunman ... Paul Vance, a spokesman for the Connecticut State Police ... Distraught people leave the fire station after hearing news of their loved ones from officials on Friday....(size: 24.9Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
14 Dec 2012
One of Syria's key allies has admitted for the first time the Assad regime is losing the 20-month ground war. Russia’s deputy foreign minister’s comments are significant because Russia has blocked action to stem the violence, supplied weapons to the Assad regime, and vetoed three UN resolutions -- even as other countries called for Assad to step down. The comments are expected to put new pressure on the Syrian leader....(size: 6.6Kb)
Joy Online
15 Dec 2012
As part of its resolve to ensure customers get the best of care, the company has commissioned a Gh₵1.3 million Ayigya District office complex in the Ashanti region, constructed and furnished from the companys internally generated fund ... According to him, the company has already paid for counterpart funding for the construction of other five district offices and four customer service centres in the Ashanti region....(size: 3.2Kb)
Joy Online
15 Dec 2012
According to the Ashanti Regional Director, those who disregard the law and operate illegally will be dealt with harshly according to law. In an exclusive interview with Joy News, he said lessons have been learnt from the recent incidence at Atwima Boko in the Ashanti region. Following the chemical reactions last Thursday due to a stack of chemicals ......(size: 2.1Kb)
Joy Online
15 Dec 2012
The leadership of the opposition New Patriotic Party in the Ashanti region says it will embark on a demonstration starting ... The Ashanti Regional Chairman of the opposition party, Mr....(size: 1.0Kb)
Peace FM Online
15 Dec 2012
The leadership of the opposition New Patriotic Party in the Ashanti region says it will embark on a demonstration starting Sunday to protest what it claims is the rigging of last weeks elections in favour of the governing NDC ... The Ashanti Regional Chairman of the opposition party, Mr....(size: 1.6Kb)
Joy Online
15 Dec 2012
Nana Akufo-Addo whose political career has come to an end is seriously taking down the NPP with him.Simply put, Akufo-Addo is tearing the NPP apart. He is destroying the NPP. The NDC already has a candidate for the 2016 Election in the person of President John Dramani Mahama. The rebuilding, re-structuring and rebranding of the NPP must start now if the party is serious about winning the 2016 Election....(size: 2.3Kb)
Jakarta Post
14 Dec 2012
Joy Online
14 Dec 2012
The leadership of the National Democratic Party ... The Ashanti regional secretary of the party explained to the Joy news team how the incident occurred but made an appeal to the security to get the perpetrators of the act and bring them to book....(size: 1.3Kb)
Rocky Mount Telegram
14 Dec 2012
Around him at the sprawling Bobo Ashanti commune on an isolated hilltop, a few women ... For the black nationalist Bobo Ashanti commune, the Rastafarian faith is a transforming way of life, where Rastas strive to live a frugal existence uncomplicated by binding relationships to “Babylon” – the unflattering term for the Western world....(size: 6.9Kb)
Joy Online
14 Dec 2012
Joy Online
14 Dec 2012
NDC Old Guards Association in the Ashanti Region has objected to former President Rwalings call for a committee to investigate allegations of vote rigging in the just ended general elections. The group affiliated to ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Peace FM Online
14 Dec 2012
Salisu Musa, chairman of the NDC Bekwai constituency in the Ashanti Region is said to be in critical condition at the Accident and Emergency Centre of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital following an attack on him by some unidentified assailants Thursday evening ......(size: 1.5Kb)
Joy Online
14 Dec 2012
The year is only a few weeks shy of ending and everywhere one looks, there are feverish preparations to end it in grand styles. That is why MTN and Charterhouse once again prepare to brighten up the Christmas celebrations with the most popular comedy series; the Night of 1000 Laughs and Music ... This will be the first time that the Night of 1015 Laughs and Music is being held in the Ashanti Regional Capital-Kumasi....(size: 2.0Kb)
Peace FM Online
14 Dec 2012
About 24,000 pupils from 120 basic schools in the Bosomtwe District of the Ashanti Region were unable to write their end-of-term examinations because due to a lack of funds, the examination papers could not be printed ... He said that this is the second time that a delay in the release of funds has prevented exams from being printed and therefore taken, explaining that a similar incident occurred in 2011....(size: 3.2Kb)
 |
| Total population |
|---|
| Upwards of 10 million |
| Regions with significant populations |
| central Ghana |
| Languages |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
Ashanti, or Asante, are an Akan people who live predominantly in Ghana and Ivory Coast. They speak Twi, an Akan dialect. Prior to European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. The Ashanti later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy or Asanteman and became the dominant presence in the region.
Contents |
Geography[link]
Ghana has a variable terrain, coasts and mountains, forests and grasslands, lush agricultural areas and near deserts. The Ashanti settled in the central part of present-day Ghana, about three hundred kilometres from the coast. The territory is densely forested, mostly fertile and to some extent mountainous. There are two seasons—the rainy season (April to November) and the dry season (December to March). The land has several streams; the dry season, however is extremely desiccated. It is hot year round.
Today Ashanti number close to 7 million people (roughly 19% of the Ghanaian population, speaking Asante, also referred to as Twi, a member of the Niger–Congo language family.) Their political power has fluctuated since Ghana's independence, but they remain largely influential. The former president of Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor is Ashanti. Kofi Annan, the past U.N secretary General was also raised and brought up in Kumasi, the capital of the Ashanti region. The majority of the Ashanti reside in the Ashanti Region, one of the administrative regions of the country. Kumasi, the capital of the current Ashanti region, has also been the historic capital of the Ashanti Kingdom. Currently, the Ashanti region of Ghana has a population of 3,812,950, making it Ghana's most populous administrative district.[1]
Family[link]
Ashanti are one of Africa's matrilineal societies where line of descent is traced through the female. Historically, this mother progeny relationship determined land rights, inheritance of property, offices and titles. It is also true that the Ashanti inherit from the paternal side of the family. Property is defined as something inherited from the father, hence the name "agyapade", meaning inheritance from a good father. Normally, a poor father has nothing to give their children, and often marry into a family which has wealth from ancestors.
The father's role was to help the conception and provide the nkra or the soul of the child; that is, the child received its life force, character, and personality traits from the father. Though not considered as important as the mother, the male interaction continues in the place of birth after marriage.
Historically, an Ashanti girl was betrothed with a golden ring called "petia" (I love you), if not in childhood, immediately after the puberty ceremony. They did not regard marriage "awade" as an important ritual event, but as a state that follows soon and normally after the puberty ritual. The puberty rite was and is important as it signifies passage from childhood to adulthood in that chastity is encouraged before marriage. The Ashanti required that various goods be given by the boy's family to that of the girl, not as a 'bride price,' but to signify an agreement between the two families.
History[link]
Ashanti Kingdom[link]
Main article: Empire of Ashanti
The Ashanti went from being a tributary state to a centralized hierarchical kingdom. Osei Tutu, military leader and head of the Oyoko clan, founded the Ashanti kingdom in the 1670s.[2] He obtained the support of other clan chiefs and using Kumasi as the central base, subdued surrounding Akan states. He challenged and eventually defeated Denkyira in 1701.
Realizing the weakness of a loose confederation of Akan states, Osei Tutu strengthened centralization of the surrounding Akan groups and expanded the powers judiciary system within the centralized government. Thus, this loose confederation of small city-states grew into a kingdom or empire looking to expand its land. Newly conquered areas had the option of joining the empire or becoming tributary states.[3] Opoku Ware I, Osei Tutu's successor, extended the borders, embracing much of present day Ghana's territory.[4]
The Golden Stool[link]
The legend of 'Golden Stool' (sika 'dwa) actually tells of the birth of the Ashanti kingdom itself. In the seventeenth century, in order for the Ashanti to win their independence from Denkyira, then another powerful Akan state, a meeting of all the clan heads of each of the Ashanti settlements was called. In this meeting, the Golden Stool was commanded down from the heavens by Okomfo Anokye, the Priest, or sage advisor, to the very first Asantehene (Ashanti king), Osei Tutu I. The Golden Stool floated down from the heavens straight into the lap of Osei Tutu I. Okomfo Anokye declared the stool to be the symbol of the new Ashanti union ('Asanteman'), and allegiance was sworn to the Golden Stool and to Osei Tutu as the Asantehene. The newly founded Ashanti union went to war with Denkyira and defeated it.[5]
The Golden Stool is sacred to the Ashanti, as it is believed that it contains the 'Sunsum' — spirit or soul of the Ashanti people. Just as man cannot live without a soul, so the Ashanti would cease to exist if the Golden Stool were to be taken from them. The Golden Stool is not just sacred; it is a symbol of nationhood, a symbol that binds or unifies all Ashanti.the stool was believed to be so sacred not even the king was allowed to sit on it.
The Golden Stool is a curved seat 46 cm high with a platform 61 cm wide and 30 cm deep. Its entire surface is inlaid with gold, and hung with bells to warn the king of impending danger. It is an Ashanti legend and has only been seen by the tribe's royalty. Only the king and trusted advisers know the hiding place of the stool. Replicas of the stool have been produced for the chiefs and at their funerals are ceremonially blackened with animal blood, a symbol of their power for generations.
The Ashanti have always defended their Golden Stool when it was at risk. In 1896, the Ashanti allowed their King, Prempeh I, to be exiled rather than risk losing a war and the Golden Stool in the process. The Governor of the Gold Coast, Sir Frederick Hodgson, demanded to sit on the stool in 1900. The Ashanti remained silent and when the assembly ended, they went home and prepared for war. Although they lost on the battle field, they claimed victory because they fought only to preserve the sanctity of the Golden Stool, and they had. Then in 1920, a group of African road builders accidentally found the Golden Stool and stripped it of its gold ornaments. They were tried by an Ashanti court, found guilty, and the death penalty was imposed. But the British intervened and the sentence was commuted to perpetual banishment.
The Ashanti have always been proud of the uniqueness of their Golden Stool, and it was a symbol of not only their independence, but a common bond between their people. When the King of Gyaaman, Adinkra, made a Golden Stool for himself, the Asantehene was so annoyed that he led a massive army against him. Adinkra was completely destroyed near Bondoukou, and he was decapitated. The Asantehene then proceeded to order the melt down of Adinkra's golden stool, and for it to be made into two masks, to represent his "ugly" face. These masks remain hanging on each side of the Ashanti Golden Stool to this day.
European colonization[link]
The Ashanti strongly resisted attempts by Europeans, mainly the British, to subjugate them. The Ashanti aligned themselves with the Dutch to limit British influence in the region. Britain annexed neighbouring areas. The Ashanti were described as a fierce organized people whose king "can bring 200,000 men into the field and whose warriors are evidently not cowed by Sniper rifles and 7-pounder guns"[6]
Ashanti was one of the few African states able to offer serious resistance to European colonizers. Between 1823 and 1896, Britain fought four wars against the Ashanti kings (the Anglo-Ashanti Wars). In 1900, the British finally defeated the kingdom and incorporated it into the Gold Coast colony as a protectorate.
Because of the long history of mutual interaction between Ashanti and European powers, the Ashanti have the greatest amount of historiography in sub-Saharan Africa. The British touted the Ashanti as one of the more civilized African peoples, cataloguing their religious, familial, and legal systems in works like R.S. Rattray's Ashanti Law and Constitution.
Independence[link]
Relations improved, however, and in 1926 the Ashanti was restored ceremonial control over Kumasi. In 1935 the full role of leader of the Ashanti people was restored.
Modern Ashantis[link]
In modern Ghana, there is no cultural group which comprises a majority of the population of the country of Ghana. While the entire Akan population make a plurality 49% of the population, Ashanti, Fante and other Akans make up that percentage. However, it is estimated that Ashanti are 19% of Ghana's population which makes it the largest of the cultural groups in Ghana, followed by Fante, the Ewe and Ga. The former president John Kufuor is an Ashanti and was elected in part with their support.
Ashanti can be Protestant, Catholic Christians; the major denominations represented are Methodist, Catholic and Anglican, although Pentecostalism is growing in popularity.[dubious – discuss] Islam has also existed in the community through trade, over the centuries the tribes have deeply intermarried. Getting numbers on tribes is dicey because of the issue of recognition of lineage through specific parentage which differ among the many clans that live in the Ashanti kingdom's territories.
See also[link]
- Ashanti Empire
- Akan people
- History of Ghana
- Asanteman
- Fante Confederacy
- Rulers of the Akan state of Asante
- War of the Golden Stool
Literature[link]
- Robert B. Edgerton, 1995, The Fall of the Asante Empire. The Hundred-Year War for Africa's Gold Coast. New York, ISBN 0-02-908926-3
- N. Kyeremateng, K. Nkansa, 1996, The Akans of Ghana: their history & culture, Accra, Sebewie Publishers
- Alan Lloyd, 1964, The Drums of Kumasi, Panther, London
- Ernest E. Obeng, 1986, Ancient Ashanti Chieftaincy, Ghana Publishing Corporation, ISBN 9964-1-0329-8
- Quarcoo, Alfred Kofi, 1972, 1994 The Language of Adinkra Symbols Legon, Ghana: Sebewie Ventures (Publications) PO Box 222, Legon. ISBN 9988-7533-0-6
- Kevin Shillington, 1995 (1989), History of Africa, St. Martin's Press, New York
- D. Warren, The Akan of Ghana
References[link]
- ^ Ashanti.com.au - Ashanti
- ^ Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St.Martin's, New York, 1996 (1989), p. 194
- ^ Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present 2004
- ^ Shillington, loc. cit.
- ^ Alan Lloyd, The Drums of Kumasi, Panther, London, 1964, pp. 21-24
- ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZCE1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=9iYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6500,6374935&dq=ashantee&hl=en
External links[link]
- Ashanti People hand History Profiles history and other aspects of the Ashanti.
- Ashanti Page at the Ethnographic Atlas, maintained at Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury
- Ashanti Kingdom at the Wonders of the African World, at PBS
- Ashanti Culture contains a selected list of Internet sources on the topic, especially sites that serve as comprehensive lists or gateways
- Africa Guide contains information about the culture of the Ashanti
- Historical Notes and Memorial Inscriptions from Ghana
http://wn.com/Ashanti_people
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Ашанти (народ)
http://nl.wn.com/Ashanti (volk)
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_people
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Ashanti may refer to:
- Ashanti people, an ethnic group of Ghana
- Ashanti Region, a region of Ghana
- Ashanti Empire, a pre-colonial West African state in what is now Ghana
- Ashanti (1979 film), an American film
- Ashanti (1982 film), an Indian film
- Ashanti (entertainer), an American R&B singer and actress
- HMS Ashanti (F51), a Tribal-class destroyer launched in 1937
- HMS Ashanti (F117), a Tribal-class frigate launched in 1959
People with the name[link]
- Ashanti Alston, a former Black Panther Party member
- Ashanti, an American singer-songwriter and actress
See also[link]
- Ashanti Goldfields Corporation, a gold mining company
- Ashanti Gold SC, a football club in Obuasi, Ghana
- Bobo Ashanti, one of the Mansions of Rastafari
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the former American Football player, see Buster Rhymes.
| Busta Rhymes | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Trevor Tahiem Smith, Jr. |
| Born | (1972-05-20) May 20, 1972 (age 40) |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupations | Rapper, actor |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Conglomerate, Cash Money |
| Associated acts | Leaders of the New School, A Tribe Called Quest, Flipmode Squad, Spliff Star, Dr. Dre, N.O.R.E., The Notorious B.I.G., Pharrell, Swizz Beatz, DMX, Mystikal, Wu-Tang Clan, M.O.P., |
Trevor Tahiem Smith, Jr., (born May 20, 1972),[1] better known by his stage name Busta Rhymes, is an American rapper, producer and actor. Chuck D of Public Enemy gave him the alias Busta Rhymes after NFL wide receiver George "Buster" Rhymes. Early in his career, he was known for his wild style and fashion, and today is best known for his intricate rapping technique, which involves rapping at a fast rate with lots of internal rhyme and half rhyme, and to date has received eleven Grammy nominations for his musical work. About.com included him on its list of the 50 Greatest MCs of Our Time (1987–2007),[2] while Steve Huey of Allmusic called him one of the best and most prolific rappers of the '90s.[3]
Early life[link]
Busta was born in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, to Jamaican parents Geraldine Green and Trevor Smith, Sr. in 1972. Smith attended George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School, alongside Jay-Z, DMX and The Notorious B.I.G.[4][5][6][7] He went to Uniondale High School on Long Island, graduating in 1990.
Music Career[link]
Leaders of the New School and rising popularity: 1990–1993[link]
Hip-hop crew Leaders of the New School began recording in 1989 and released their debut album A Future Without a Past... in 1991 on Elektra Records. In early 1992 the group appeared on A Tribe Called Quest's posse cut "Scenario," in which Busta's climactic verse propelled him into the cultural consciousness.[8] In 1993, they released T.I.M.E. (The Inner Mind's Eye). Soon after, however, internal problems arose because of Busta's increasing popularity, and the group broke up on the set of Yo! MTV Raps.
After LONS broke up, Busta Rhymes began making guest appearances on several hip-hop and R&B artists singles such as R&B group Boyz II Men, he appeared on the track "Intro Talk" on Mary J. Blige's landmark debut album, What's the 411?, he also appeared on the album jacket of fellow hip-hop group A Tribe Called Quest's Midnight Marauders, with a host of other fellow hip-hop pioneers. In 1993, he appeared in a cameo role in Yo! MTV Raps hosts Doctor Dré and Ed Lover's film, Who's the Man?, and in the HBO film, Strapped, and co-starred alongside Ice Cube and Omar Epps in the John Singleton film, Higher Learning (which was in post-production until it was released in 1995). The following year, he teamed up with Puff Daddy, LL Cool J, and future Flipmode Squad member, Rampage and former classmate The Notorious B.I.G., on a remix to Craig Mack's "Flava In Ya Ear", soon after he would team up again with The Notorious B.I.G. among a plethora of rappers such as Bone Thugs-n-Harmony and Coolio on the single, "The Points" which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1995 film, Panther.
[edit] The Coming and When Disaster Strikes: 1995–1997
In the summer of 1995, Busta Rhymes started work on his first album The Coming, and a month after recording the album, he released it in March of 1996. A month before the album was released, he broke out with a solo hit single, "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check". Later, he started work on his second album, When Disaster Strikes, which would not be released until September 1997. It produced the hit singles "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and "Fire It Up".
[edit] Extinction Level Event (Final World Front): 1998–1999
In 1998, Busta recorded Extinction Level Event (Final World Front). Its lead single, "Gimme Some More" — which sampled Bernard Herrmann's theme from Psycho — reached number 6 in the UK singles chart in January 1999. Busta enjoyed further transatlantic success in April when the single "What's It Gonna Be?!", featuring Janet Jackson, reached the US and UK Top 11. The album received prominent notice for featuring the fastest rapping Busta has ever performed, particularly on a song called "Iz They Wildin Wit Us?", featuring a guest appearance by Mystikal.[1]
J/Arista/BMG[link]
- Anarchy & Genesis (2000-2001)
In 2000, Busta recorded his final album for Elektra, entitled Anarchy. After Busta signed to J Records, a label started by the then recently ousted Arista Records chief and founder Clive Davis, he released a greatest hits collection[citation needed] alongside a new album of original work. Continuing the Biblical theme of his previous albums, he titled his record Genesis. The album featured collaborations with Mary J. Blige, P. Diddy, Kelis, and others. Genesis was powered by the hit single with Kelis, "What It Is", and his solo single released in November 2001, "Break Ya Neck". The final single was the summer smash "Pass the Courvoisier, Part II", which featured Pharrell and P. Diddy. Despite the success of the two singles, this album did not sell as well as previous releases.
- It Aint Safe No More (2002-2004)
In 2002, Busta released his sixth studio album It Ain't Safe No More. The album was moderately successful, with a hit song featuring Mariah Carey and the Flipmode Squad called "I Know What You Want". Another hit song was "Make It Clap", featuring Spliff Starr. The remix of "Make It Clap" featured Sean Paul. After its release, he left J Records. In 2004, he signed with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment.
Aftermath/Interscope[link]
- The Big Bang (2006)
His seventh studio album, The Big Bang, became the first #1 album of his career. The CD sold over 209,000 copies in its first week to earn the top spot on The Billboard Top 200.[9] The album also became his highest charting album in the UK, peaking at #19. Some of the album was leaked on the Internet, and as a result several songs were left off the album and new ones added. The Big Bang featured more production by Dr. Dre than Busta's previous releases, as well as appearances by Raekwon and Nas. The singles that have been released from the album are, "Touch It", "I Love My Bitch", featuring Kelis and Will.I.Am, "New York Shit", featuring Swizz Beatz and "In The Ghetto". Busta also had a stint opening for Mariah Carey's The Adventures of Mimi Tour. Also, Busta performed with Eminem on "Touch It Remix Part 5" and performed a verse on the aforementioned rapper's song, "I'll Hurt You". On July 17, 2008, Busta left Interscope/Aftermath due to a creative clash with Interscope head Jimmy Iovine.
Universal Motown[link]
- Back on My B.S. (2007-2009)
He also made a song featuring Linkin Park called "We Made It". It was later revealed that Busta inked a deal with Universal Motown, who released his eighth studio album, Back on My B.S., on May 19, 2009.[10] He also appeared on Asher Roth's debut album, Asleep in the Bread Aisle. The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200, selling 56,000 copies, and was his first album to not receive an RIAA certification, selling 122,000 copies to date. The singles that have been released from the album are, "Arab Money", featuring Ron Browz, "Hustler's Anthem '09", featuring T-Pain and "Respect My Conglomerate". The song "World Go Round", featuring British singer Estelle, was released in France on April 6, 2009 due to the heavy rotation of a leaked version. The single was released in the UK on July 13, 2009. Due to controversial content, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has banned the album. Back on My B.S. was released internationally, but because of one song, "Arab Money", it is not available to buy as a CD there (however, the album can still be purchased via iTunes). According to the National Media Council, the lyrics were considered to be offensive to Arabs and to Islam, and permission for distribution was therefore denied. Some DJs, artists and fans have lambasted the track, saying it portrayed Arabs in a stereotypical way. The first part out of three of the remix by Rhymes contains verses from the Quran. In November, when "Arab Money" was released as a single, DJ Dany Neville and the Iraqi rapper The Narcicyst responded by recorded a reply. Busta later apologized. DJs in the country said they had not received an order banning the record from being spun in nightclubs, and they had mixed feelings on whether the record was offensive or not.[11] DJ Saif of Dubai said:
| “ | I don't play 'Arab Money' because it's disrespectful on Arabs. I don't think there is a ban on playing it in clubs, but many here don't play it anyway.[11] | ” |
Emirati DJ DJ Bliss, refused to play the Busta Rhymes' single called Arab Money on Radio 1 in Dubai after it was banned in the UAE for offense to Arabs along with many other Dj's in the United Arab Emirates that also took a stand. He added:
| “ | I used to play the original version in the club, but out of respect for the laws here in my country, I haven’t played it since.[11] | ” |
[edit] Conglomerate Records / Cash Money Records & Extinction Level Event 2 (2010-present)
Busta announced that he was working on his tenth studio album, alongside Canadian producer Boi-1da, entitled The Chemo. He says that his next project is 80 percent finished.[12] Busta has reportedly changed the title of his forthcoming Chemo album to Extinction.Level.Event.2 (E.L.E. 2).[13] Some new songs are being considered for the album, including "C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise) by Tiësto and Diplo and "Look at Me Now" alongside Chris Brown and Lil Wayne. The trend of album sequels continues with Busta adding another chapter to his 1998 opus E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front. Busta's manager Chris Lighty sent out the message via Twitter. He said; "Extinction.Level.Event 2 ......prepare yourself." Like the first, E.L.E. 2 is inspired by movies of impending destruction on planet Earth, Lighty said; "From the Intro of the new Busta Album you're going to know you're in trouble and you just turned on 2012 the movie on warp speed,".
DJ Premier, in an August 6, 2010 interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio said Busta Rhymes has received over eight beats which he didn't want to use but Premier hoped his next beat would be chosen for inclusion on the album.[14] On DJ Premier's Live From Headqcourterz radio show Premier confirmed that one of his beats were to be included in E.L.E. 2. In 2010, Busta Rhymes formed his new label Conglomerate Records (With later on having rosters such as N.O.R.E., and Spliff Star). He was featured on C'mon (Catch 'Em By Surprise) by Tiësto and Diplo.
In 2011, Rhymes recorded "Look at Me Now" with Chris Brown and Lil Wayne on Brown's fourth album, F.A.M.E., the song has received favorable reviews regarding Rhymes guest verse on the song, and is his highest chart entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number six, while reaching number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, becoming his first #1 on that chart. On September 7, 2011, Rhymes received six nominations for the BET Hip Hop Awards, held on October 11, 2011.
On May 1, 2011 Rhymes appeared on the launch show for MNET's Big Brother Africa 6: Amplified and performed some of his songs.
In 2011, Busta Rhymes performed at the Gathering of the Juggalos.[15]
Rhymes contributed to the 2011 Tech N9ne album "All 6's and 7's". The single "Worldwide Choppers" was released on May 31st, 2011.[16]
Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber will feature Busta on a song called "Drummer Boy" off Bieber's sophomore studio album, Under the Mistletoe, released on 1 November 2011.[17]
On November 11, 2011, a Heavy D tribute song titled "You Ain’t Gotta Wait Till I’m Gone" was leaked.[18]
On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Busta Rhymes and Mystikal signed to Cash Money Records.[19] On June 08, 2010, way before he was signed by Birdman, he released "Stop the Party (Iron Man)" which featured Swizz Beatz. For his debut single on the Cash Money label and his Conglomerate Records, he reunites with Chris Brown to make the aggressive single known as Why Stop Now.
In 2012, Busta collaborated with Jodie Connor, featuring on her single "Take You There", however he did not appear in the music video.
A song with Twista, titled "Can You Keep Up" was leaked.
Acting Career[link]
Busta has appeared in a number of films (including Shaft, The Rugrats Movie, Halloween: Resurrection, and Higher Learning) and TV shows (including Cosby, The Boondocks, and The Steve Harvey Show).[20][21][22][23][24]
Personal life[link]
Busta has three children with his ex-girlfriend, Joanne Wood: T'Ziah (born 1993), T'Khi (born 1999), and Trillian (born 2000).
Religion[link]
On September 2, 2007, a video was uploaded on Liveleak.com about Rhymes having converted to Islam.[25] He himself has said that he lives his life by Islam, stating he is Muslim and loves Allah.
Legal issues[link]
On August 20, 2006, he was arraigned for charges of third-degree assault after attacking a man who reportedly spat on his car in New York City on August 12 after the AmsterJam Music Festival on Randall's Island.[26]
On October 24, 2006, he appeared at Manhattan Criminal Court as the district attorney's office attempted to amend previous charges against him to include weapons possession for a machete found in his car. The judge refused to add the charge and adjourned the case.[27][28]
On February 20, 2007, Busta refused a plea deal offered by the prosecutors office for the assault of his former driver, Edward Hatchett. The deal would have entailed six months in jail and pleading guilty to two assaults, the attack on Hatchett, and the attack on the former fan. The dispute with Hatchett is believed to have originated over back pay Hatchett felt he was owed. Manhattan Criminal Court Judge Becki Rowe offered Busta another option, pleading guilty to third-degree assault. The conditions of the proposed sentence would include five days of community service, two weeks of youth lectures and six months of anger management classes, as well as three years of probation. On March 18, 2008 a judge in New York City sentenced Busta to three years' probation, 10 days' community service, $1250 in fines (plus court costs), and to enroll in a drunken driving program.[28][29][30][31]
On September 25, 2008, he was temporarily refused entry to the United Kingdom due to "unresolved convictions".[32]
On October 14, 2009, a Brooklyn judge ordered Busta to pay a concert goer $75,000 in compensation for an assault which occurred in 2003.[33]
Discography[link]
Main article: Busta Rhymes discography
- The Coming (1996)
- When Disaster Strikes... (1997)
- E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front (1998)
- Anarchy (2000)
- Genesis (2001)
- It Ain't Safe No More... (2002)
- The Big Bang (2006)
- Back on My B.S. (2009)
- E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event) 2: End of the World (TBA)
Awards and nominations[link]
Busta Rhymes has been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards during his 16-year solo career.
Grammy Awards
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | "Woo-Hah! Got You All in Check" | Best Rap Solo Performance | Nominated |
| 1998 | "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" | Best Rap Solo Performance | Nominated |
| 1999 | "Dangerous" | Best Rap Solo Performance | Nominated |
| 2000 | "Gimme Some More" | Best Rap Solo Performance | Nominated |
| 2000 | "What's It Gonna Be?" | Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group | Nominated |
| 2000 | E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front | Best Rap Album | Nominated |
| 2001 | "Fire" | Best Music Video, Short Form | Nominated |
| 2003 | "Pass the Courvoisier Pt. 2" | Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group | Nominated |
| 2007 | "Touch It" | Best Rap Solo Performance | Nominated |
| 2012 | "Look At Me Now" | Best Rap Performance | Nominated |
| 2012 | "Look At Me Now" | Best Rap Song | Nominated |
Busta Rhymes has been nominated for 10 MTV Video Music Awards during his 16-year solo career, but has yet to win one.
MTV Video Music Awards
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | "Woo-Hah! Got You All in Check" | Best Breakthrough Video | Nominated |
| 1998 | "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" | Best Rap Video | Nominated |
| 1998 | "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" | Best Male Video | Nominated |
| 1998 | "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" | Best Breakthrough Video | Nominated |
| 1999 | "What's It Gonna Be?" | Best Hip-Hop Video | Nominated |
| 1999 | "Gimme Some More" | Best Breakthrough Video | Nominated |
| 2002 | "Pass the Courvoisier Pt. 2" | Best Hip-Hop Video | Nominated |
| 2003 | "I Know What You Want" | Best Hip-Hop Video | Nominated |
| 2006 | "Touch It" | Best Rap Video | Nominated |
| 2006 | "Touch It" | Best Male Video | Nominated |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Bush, John (1972-05-20). "allmusic Biography". Allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p61282/biography. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "Top 50 MCs of Our Time: 1987 - 2007 - 50 Greatest Emcees of Our Time". Rap.about.com. 2012-01-26. http://rap.about.com/od/toppicks/ss/Top50Emcees_3.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ Huey, Steve (2000-06-20). "Anarchy - Busta Rhymes". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/anarchy-r486345/review. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Busta Rhymes Biography". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/61/Busta-Rhymes.html. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ Century, Douglas (January 26, 2002). "Rhymes and reason". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2002/jan/26/weekend7.weekend2. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ "Mom of star rapper Busta Rhymes loses 145 pounds, shows there's hope for others fighting obesity". Jet. 2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_21_106/ai_n7580052/.
- ^ Young, Kevin. Unwrapping the Message. Bookforum. Accessed November 16, 2010.
- ^ "All Music - The Big Bang". http://www.allmusic.com/album/r834513/charts-awards.
- ^ Exclusive: Busta Rhymes Signs with Universal Motown. Rap-up.com.'.' Retrieved September 17, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Busta Rhymes album banned over track that quotes Quran - The National Newspaper". Thenational.ae. 2009-05-28. http://www.thenational.ae/article/20090529/NATIONAL/705289848/1010. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "Busta Rhymes Brings Chemo To Hip Hop | Busta Rhymes". Rap Basement. 2009-09-02. http://www.rapbasement.com/busta-rhymes/090209-busta-rhymes-says-hes-80-percent-done-with-new-the-chemo-album.html. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "Busta Rhymes Changes Title Of New Album | Busta Rhymes". Rap Basement. 2010-05-10. http://www.rapbasement.com/busta-rhymes/051010-busta-rhymes-changes-title-of-new-album-from-chemo-to-extinction-level-event-2-watch-here.html. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "DJ Premier talks of Busta Rhymes on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio Aug 6th 2010". Conspiracyworldwide.podomatic.com. 2010-08-07. http://conspiracyworldwide.podomatic.com/entry/index/2010-08-07T11_24_08-07_00. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "Video: 2011 Gathering Of The Juggalos Infomercial". Ilpvideo.com. 2011-06-18. http://ilpvideo.com/video.php?v=MjQ5NjA. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ ""Worldwide Choppers" single on iTunes". http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/worldwide-choppers-feat-d/id438708422. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Justin Bieber Unwraps ‘Mistletoe’ Tracklisting with Mariah Carey, Usher, & Busta Rhymes". Rap-Up.com. http://www.rap-up.com/2011/10/05/justin-bieber-unwraps-mistletoe-tracklisting-with-mariah-carey-usher-busta-rhymes/. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "You Ain't Gotta Wait Til I'm Gone (Heavy D Tribute)". HipHopDX.com. 2011-11-11. http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/singles/id.17612/title.busta-rhymes-you-aint-gotta-wait-til-im-gone-heavy-d-tribute. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "New Music: Busta Rhymes x Chris Brown 'Why Stop Now'". RapRadar.com. 2011-11-16. http://rapradar.com/2011/11/16/new-music-busta-rhymes-x-chris-brown-why-stop-now/. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
- ^ http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426758/busta-rhymes-expands-film-resume-with-shaft-madonna-projects.jhtml
- ^ http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/4/28/o-busta-where-art-thou-in/
- ^ http://www.bet.com/topics/b/busta-rhymes.html
- ^ http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,322706,00.html
- ^ http://bossip.com/100124/busta-rhymes-would-gladly-trade-rap-for-tv-career
- ^ "Busta Rhymes Converts to Islam". liveleak.com. http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=c68_1188723453&c=1. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- ^ P-I staff, news services (2006-08-21). "People in the News: Busta Rhymes busted". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst Corporation). http://www.seattlepi.com/people/281942_people21.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (October 25, 2006). "Rappers Come and Go, Serving Justice and Their Fans". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/25/nyregion/25rap.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion&oref=slogin. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Rapper Busta Rhymes considers judge’s plea offer". Boston Herald. February 20, 2007. http://thetrack.bostonherald.com/moreTrack/view.bg?articleid=183987. [dead link]
- ^ "Rapper Busta Rhymes considers plea deal for misdemeanor assault with no jail time". Court TV. February 21, 2007. http://www.courttv.com/people/2007/0220/busta_rhymes_ap.html.
- ^ Gregorian, Dareh (February 21, 2007). "Rhymes Could 'Beat' The Rap". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/02212007/news/regionalnews/rhymes_could_beat_the_rap_regionalnews_dareh_gregorian.htm.
- ^ Woo Hah! Judge's Got Busta All in Check! - TMZ.com - Entertainment News, Celebrity Gossip and Hollywood Rumors
- ^ "Rapper Rhymes detained at airport". BBC. September 25, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7635992.stm. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ^ Demarche, Edmund; Sanderson, Bill (December 4, 2009). "Busta fined 75G for fan assault". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/busta_fined_for_fan_assault_hzaq1jj4lxauqfulTytkuI.
External links[link]
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- Busta Rhymes at MTV
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Busta Rhymes |
| Alternative names | Smith, Trevor Taheim, Jr. |
| Short description | Rapper, hip hop musician |
| Date of birth | 5/20/1972 |
| Place of birth | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the Peoples Temple leader. For other persons of the same name, see Jim Jones (disambiguation).
| Jim Jones | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | James W. Jones (1931-05-13)May 13, 1931 Randolph County, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | November 18, 1978(1978-11-18) (aged 47) Jonestown, Guyana |
| Occupation | Religious leader |
| Religion | Agnostic/Atheist[1] |
| Spouse | Marceline Baldwin Jones (1927 - 1978) |
| Children | Agnes Paulette Jones (1943 - 1978) Suzanne Jones Cartmell (1953 - 2006) Stephanie Jones (1954 - 1959) Lew Eric Jones (1956 - 1978) Jim Jon Prokes (1975 - 1978) Stephan Gandhi Jones (1958- ) James Warren Jones, Jr. (1961-) |
| Parents | James Thurman Jones (1887 - 1951) Lynetta Putnam Jones (1902 - 1977) |
Reverend James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple, which is best known for the November 18, 1978 mass suicide of 909 Temple members in Jonestown, Guyana along with the killings of five other people at a nearby airstrip. Over 200 children were murdered at Jonestown, almost all of whom were forcibly made to ingest cyanide by the elite Temple members.
Jones was born in Indiana and started the Temple in that state in the 1950s. Jones and the Temple later moved to California, and both gained notoriety with the move of the Temple's headquarters to San Francisco in the mid-1970s.
The incident in Guyana ranks among the largest mass suicides in history, though most likely it involved forced suicide and/or murder, and was the single greatest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the events of September 11, 2001. Among the dead was Leo Ryan, who remains the only Congressman assassinated in the line of duty as a Congressman in the history of the United States.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
File:884 2-Lynetta.jpg
Lynetta Putnam Jones, the mother of Jim Jones
Jim Jones was born in a rural area of Randolph County near the Ohio border,[3] to James Thurman Jones (May 31, 1887 – May 29, 1951), a World War I veteran, and Lynetta Putnam (April 16, 1902 – December 11, 1977).[4] He was of Irish and Welsh descent.[5] Jones would later claim partial Cherokee ancestry through his mother, though this was likely false according to his maternal second cousin Barbara Shaffer.[5][note 1] Economic difficulties during the Great Depression necessitated that Jones' family move to nearby Lynn, Indiana, in 1934.[6] Jim Jones and a childhood friend both claimed that Jones' father was associated with the Ku Klux Klan.[6]
In interviews for the 2006 documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, childhood acquaintances recalled Jones as being a "really weird kid" who was "obsessed with religion ... obsessed with death". They alleged that as a child, Jones frequently held funerals for small animals and had reportedly stabbed a cat to death.[7]
Jones was a voracious reader as a child and studied Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler carefully,[8] noting each of their strengths and weaknesses.[8] After Jones' parents separated, he moved with his mother to Richmond, Indiana.[9] He graduated from Richmond High School early and with honors in December 1948.[10]
Jones married nurse Marceline Baldwin in 1949, and moved to Bloomington, Indiana.[11] He attended Indiana University at Bloomington, where a speech by Eleanor Roosevelt about the plight of African Americans impressed him.[11] Jones' sympathetic statements about communism offended Marceline's grandmother.[11] In 1951, Jones moved to Indianapolis, where he attended night school at Butler University, earning a degree in secondary education in 1961.[12]
Building the Temple[link]
Indiana beginnings[link]
Further information: Peoples Temple
In 1951, Jones became a member of the Communist Party USA, and began attending meetings and rallies in Indianapolis.[13] He became flustered with harassment he received during the McCarthy Hearings,[13] particularly regarding an event he attended with his mother focusing on Paul Robeson, after which she was harassed by the FBI in front of her co-workers for attending.[14] He also became frustrated with ostracism of open communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.[15] This frustration, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones in which he asked himself "how can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church."[13][14]
Jones' interest in religion began during his childhood, primarily because he found making friends difficult, though initially he vacillated on his church of choice.[5] Jones was surprised when a Methodist superintendent helped him to get a start in the church even though he knew Jones to be a communist and Jones did not meet him through the Communist Party.[15] In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but claims he left that church because its leaders barred him from integrating blacks into his congregation.[13] Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at the Seventh Day Baptist Church.[13] He observed that it attracted people and their money and concluded that, with financial resources from such healings, he could help accomplish his social goals.[13]
Jones then began his own church, which changed names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel.[13] The People's Temple was initially made as an inter-racial mission.
Jones moved away from the Communist Party and Maoists when CPUSA members and Mao Zedong became critical of some of the policies of former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.[15]
Integrationist[link]
In 1960, Indianapolis Democratic Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the Human Rights Commission.[16] Jones ignored Boswell's advice to keep a low profile, finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs.[16] When the mayor and other commissioners asked Jones to curtail his public actions, he resisted and was wildly cheered at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League when he yelled for his audience to be more militant, and climaxed with "Let my people go!"[17]
During this time, Jones also helped to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital.[13] After swastikas were painted on the homes of two African American families, Jones personally walked the neighborhood comforting African Americans and counseling white families not to move, in order to prevent white flight.[18] He also set up stings to catch restaurants refusing to serve African American customers[18] and wrote to American Nazi leaders then leaked their responses to the media.[19] When Jones was accidentally placed in the black ward of a hospital after a collapse in 1961, he refused to be moved and began to make the beds, and empty the bed pans of black patients.[20] Political pressures resulting from Jones' actions caused hospital officials to desegregate the wards.[20]
Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views.[13] White-owned businesses and locals were critical of him.[18] A swastika was placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite was left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat was thrown at Jones' house after a threatening phone call.[19] Other incidents occurred, though some suspect that Jones himself may have been involved in at least some of them.[19]
Jones' "Rainbow Family"[link]
Jim and Marceline Jones adopted several children of at least partial non-Caucasian ancestry; he referred to the clan as his "rainbow family,"[21] and stated: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future."[22] Jones portrayed the Temple overall as a "rainbow family."
The couple adopted three children of Korean-American ancestry: Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie. Jones had been encouraging Temple members to adopt orphans from war ravaged Korea.[23] Jones had long been critical of the United States' opposition to communist leader Kim Il-Sung's 1950 invasion of South Korea, calling it the "war of liberation" and stating that "the south is a living example of all that socialism in the north has overcome."[24] In 1954, he and his wife also adopted Agnes Jones, who was partly of Native American descent.[22][25] Agnes was 11 at the time of her adoption.[26] Suzanne Jones was adopted at the age of six in 1959.[26] In June 1959, the couple had their only biological child, Stephan Gandhi Jones.[25]
Two years later, in 1961, the Joneses became the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child, James Warren Jones, Jr.[27] Marceline was once spat upon while she carried Jim Jr.[19]
The couple also adopted another son, who was white, named Tim.[25] Tim Jones, whose birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temple, was originally named Timothy Glen Tupper.[22]
Asylum[link]
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
Jones' Brazilian locations
After a 1961 Temple speech about nuclear apocalypse,[20] and a January 1962 Esquire Magazine article listing Belo Horizonte, Brazil, as a safe place in a nuclear war, Jones traveled with his family to the Brazilian city with the idea of setting up a new Temple location.[28]
On his way to Brazil, Jones made his first trip into Guyana.[29] After arriving in Belo Horizonte, the Joneses rented a modest three bedroom home.[30] Jones studied the local economy and receptiveness of racial minorities to his message, though language remained a barrier.[31] Jones was careful not to portray himself as a communist in a foreign territory, and spoke of an apostolic communal lifestyle rather than of Castro or Marx.[32]
After becoming frustrated with the lack of resources in the locale, in mid-1963, the Joneses moved to Rio de Janeiro.[33] There, they worked with the poor in Rio's slums.[33] Jones also explored local Brazilian religion.[34]
Jones was plagued by guilt for leaving behind the Indiana civil rights struggle and possibly losing what he had struggled to build there.[33] When Jones' associate preachers in Indiana told him that the Temple was about to collapse without him, Jones returned.[35]
California Eden[link]
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Ukiah
Bakersfield
Fresno
Sacramento
Santa Rosa
Some of the Peoples Temple's California locations
Further information: Peoples Temple and Peoples Temple in San Francisco
After Jones' return to Indiana from Brazil, in 1965, Jones claimed that the world would be engulfed in a nuclear war on July 15, 1967, that would then create a new socialist Eden on earth, and that the Temple must move to Northern California for safety.[13][36] Accordingly, the Temple began moving to Redwood Valley, California, near Ukiah.[13]
While Jones always spoke of the social gospel's virtues, before the late 1960s Jones chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism.[13] By the late 1960s, Jones began at least partially openly revealing in Temple sermons his "Apostolic Socialism" concept.[13] Specifically, "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism."[37] Jones often mixed those concepts, such as preaching that "If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin."[38]
By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional Christianity as "fly away religion," rejecting the Bible as being white men’s justification to subordinate women and subjugate people of color and stating that it spoke of a "Sky God" who was no God at all.[13] Jones authored a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth," criticizing the King James Bible.[39] Jones also began preaching that he was the reincarnation of Jesus of Nazareth, Mahatma Gandhi, Buddha, Vladimir Lenin, and Father Divine. In the documentary Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, former Temple member Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted Jones as saying, "What you need to believe in is what you can see ... If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father ... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God."[7]
By the spring of 1976, Jones began openly admitting even to outsiders that he was an atheist.[40] Despite the Temple's fear that the IRS was investigating its religious tax exemption, by 1977 Marceline Jones admitted to the New York Times that, as early as age 18 when he watched his then idol Mao Zedong overthrow the Chinese government, Jim Jones realized that the way to achieve social change through Marxism in the United States was to mobilize people through religion.[36] She stated that "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion," and had slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"[36] In one sermon, Jones said that, "You're gonna help yourself, or you'll get no help! There's only one hope of glory; that's within you! Nobody's gonna come out of the sky! There's no heaven up there! We'll have to make heaven down here!"[7]
Move to San Francisco[link]
Main article: Peoples Temple in San Francisco
The move of Peoples Temple headquarters to San Francisco in 1975 invigorated Jones' political career. After the Temple served an important role in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[41]
Unlike most other figures deemed as cult leaders, Jones was able to gain public support and contact with prominent local and national United States politicians. For example, Jones and Moscone met privately with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane days before the 1976 election and Mondale publicly praised the Temple.[42][43] First Lady Rosalynn Carter also personally met with Jones on multiple occasions, corresponded with him about Cuba, and spoke with him at the grand opening of the San Francisco Democratic Party Headquarters where Jones garnered louder applause than Mrs. Carter.[42][44][45]
In September 1976, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally and other political figures.[46] At that dinner, while introducing Jones, Willie Brown stated "Let me present to you what you should see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours.... Let me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein... Chairman Mao."[47] Harvey Milk, who spoke at political rallies at the Temple,[48] and wrote to Jones after a visit to the Temple: "Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave."[49][50]
In his San Francisco Temple apartment, Jones hosted San Francisco radical political figures such as Angela Davis for discussions.[51] He spoke with friend and San Francisco Sun-Reporter publisher Dr. Carlton Goodlett about Jones' remorse regarding not being able to travel to socialist countries such as Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union, speculating that he could be Chief Dairyman of the Soviet Union.[52] After his criticisms caused increased tensions with the Nation of Islam, Jones spoke at a huge rally healing the rift between the two groups in the Los Angeles Convention Center attended by many of Jones' closest political acquaintances.[53] Jones also enjoyed a favorable relationship with Warith Deen Mohammed, son of Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad.[citation needed]
While Jones forged media alliances with key columnists and others at the San Francisco Chronicle and other media outlets,[54] the move to San Francisco also brought increasing media scrutiny. After Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff encountered resistance to publishing an exposé, he brought his story to New West Magazine.[55] In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to the Temple's "Agricultural Project" in Guyana after they learned of the contents of Kilduff's article to be published in which former Temple members claimed they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused.[45][56] Jones named the settlement Jonestown after himself.
Jonestown's formation and operation[link]
Jonestown
Georgetown
Kaituma
Peoples Temple Agricultural Project ("Jonestown", Guyana)
Main article: Jonestown
Jones had first started building Jonestown in 1970 as a means to create both a "socialist paradise" and a "sanctuary" from the media scrutiny which had started in 1972.[57] Here they also established a cooperative called the "People's Temple Agricultural Project". Regarding the former goal, Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent model communist community stating, "I believe we’re the purest communists there are."[58] In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the then Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist states, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown.[59]
Religious scholar Mary McCormick Maaga argues that Jones' authority decreased after he moved to the isolated commune, because he was not needed for recruitment and he could not hide his drug addiction from rank and file members.[60] In spite of the allegations prior to Jones' departure to Jonestown, the leader was still respected by some for setting up a racially mixed church which helped the disadvantaged; 68 percent of Jonestown's residents were black.[61] Jonestown was where Jones began his belief called "Translation" where he and his followers would all die together and move to another planet and live blissfully.
New children[link]
File:JT-1978-06-jvs kimo ji.jpg
Kimo (left) and John (right)
Further information: Timothy Stoen
Jim Jones claimed that he was the biological father of John Victor Stoen, although the birth certificate lists Grace and Timothy Stoen as the parents of the boy.[62] The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child when, in 1971, Temple member Tim Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace Stoen to keep her from defecting.[63] After Grace Stoen later defected in 1976 and began divorce proceedings against Tim Stoen in 1977, in order to avoid potentially giving up the boy in a custody dispute with Grace, Jones ordered Tim to take John to Guyana in February 1977.[64]
After purported father Tim Stoen defected from the Temple in June 1977, the Temple kept John Stoen in Jonestown.[65] The custody dispute over John Stoen would become a linchpin of several battles between the Temple and the Concerned Relatives.[66]
Jim Jones also fathered a son, Jim Jon (Kimo), with Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, a Temple member.[67]
Pressure and waning political support[link]
Further information: Timothy Stoen and Peoples Temple in San Francisco
While most of Jones' political allies broke ties after Jones' departure,[68] some did not. As a show of support, Willie Brown spoke out against enemies at a rally at the Peoples Temple, also attended by Harvey Milk and Art Agnos.[69] Most importantly for Jones and the Temple, Moscone's office shortly thereafter issued a press release saying that Jones had broken no laws.[70]
In the Fall of 1977, Tim Stoen and other relatives in Jonestown formed a "Concerned Relatives" group.[71] Stoen traveled to Washington D.C. in January 1978 to visit with Congressmen, including Leo Ryan and State Department officials, and wrote a "white paper" to Congress detailing the dispute and pressing for Congressional correspondence.[72] Stoen's efforts aroused the curiosity of Ryan, who wrote a letter on Stoen's behalf to Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.[73]
Amidst growing pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter.[74][75][76] Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character."[76] Regarding the leader of those attempting to extricate relatives from Jonestown, Milk wrote he was "attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."[76]
On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress.[77] In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[78]
Facing increasing scrutiny, in the summer of 1978, Jones also hired noted JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple.[79] Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther who was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation.[79]
Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders[link]
File:JT-1978-01-entrance ji.jpg
Entrance to Jonestown
Main article: Jonestown
In November 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a fact-finding mission to Jonestown to investigate allegations of human rights abuses.[80] Ryan's delegation included relatives of Temple members, Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers.[81] The group arrived in Georgetown on November 15.[80] On November 17, Ryan's delegation traveled by airplane to Jonestown.[82] The delegation left hurriedly the afternoon of November 18 after Temple member Don Sly attacked Ryan with a knife.[83] The attack was thwarted, bringing the visit to an abrupt end.[83] Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking with them fifteen People's Temple members who had expressed a wish to leave.[84] At that time, Jones made no attempt to prevent their departure.[85]
Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings[link]
As members of Ryan's delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones' "Red Brigade" armed guards arrived in a tractor-pulled trailer and began shooting at the delegation.[86] The guards killed Congressman Ryan and four others near a twin engine Otter aircraft.[87] At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party that had already boarded a small Cessna.[88] An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the first few seconds of the shooting at the Otter.[87] The five killed at the airstrip were Congressman Ryan; Don Harris, a reporter from NBC; Bob Brown, a cameraman from NBC; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks.[87] Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a San Francisco Examiner reporter; Ron Javers, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Charles Krause, a Washington Post reporter; and several defecting Temple members.[87]
Deaths in Jonestown[link]
Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown,[89] 303 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around a pavilion.[90] This resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster until the September 11, 2001 attacks.[91] No video was taken during the mass suicide, though the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio recording of the suicide in progress.[92]
On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip.[92] The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with his previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors."[92] Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states "the ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies."[92]
File:529 1 miller.jpg
Christine Miller
Given that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape flavored Flavor Aid (not Kool-Aid despite the popular phrase). However, later released video made to show the best of Jonestown shows Jones opening a storage container full of Kool-Aid in large quantities. This may have been what was used to mix the "potion" (as was referred to in several statements obtained by the FBI in the final tape recordings) along with a sedative.[92] One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape.[92] When members apparently cried, Jones counseled, "Stop this hysterics. This is not the way for people who are Socialists or Communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity."[92] Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die," that death is "just stepping over into another plane" and that it's "a friend."[92] At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world."[92] According to escaping Temple members, children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together.[93] Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis.[78][94] During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison.[78][94]
Jones was found dead in a deck chair with a gunshot wound to his head that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound.[95] However, Jones' son Stephan believes his father may have directed someone else to shoot him.[96] An autopsy of Jones' body also showed levels of the barbiturate Pentobarbital which may have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance.[97] Jones' drug usage (including LSD and marijuana) was confirmed by his son, Stephan, and Jones' doctor in San Francisco.
Other issues[link]
On December 13, 1973, Jones was arrested and charged with soliciting a man for sex in a movie theater bathroom known for homosexual activity, in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles.[98] The man was an undercover Los Angeles Police Department vice officer. Jones is on record as later telling his followers that he was "the only true heterosexual", but at least one account exists of his sexual abuse of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the man's own homosexual tendencies.[98]
While Jones banned sex among Temple members outside of marriage, he himself voraciously engaged in sexual relations with both male and female Temple members.[99][100] Jones, however, claimed that he detested engaging in homosexual activity and did so only for the male temple adherents' own good, purportedly to connect them symbolically with him (Jones).[99]
One of Jones' sources of inspiration was the controversial International Peace Mission movement leader Father Divine.[101] Jones had borrowed the term "revolutionary suicide"[102] from Black Panther leader and Peoples Temple supporter Huey Newton who had argued "the slow suicide of life in the ghetto" ought to be replaced by revolutionary struggle that would end only in victory (socialism and self determination) or revolutionary suicide (death).[citation needed]
Family aftermath[link]
- Marceline
File:410 1 Marcy.jpg
Marceline (Marcy) Jones
Jim Jones' wife, Marceline, was found poisoned at the pavilion.[103] On the final morning of Ryan's visit, Marceline had taken reporters on a tour of Jonestown.[104]
- Stephan, Jim Jr. and Tim Jones
Stephan, Jim Jr., and Tim Jones did not take part in the mass suicide because they were playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team in Georgetown.[25][102] At the time of events in Jonestown, Stephan and Tim were both nineteen and Jim Jones Jr. was eighteen.[105] Tim's biological family, the Tuppers, which consisted of his three biological sisters,[106][107][108] biological brother,[109] and biological mother,[110] all died at Jonestown. Three days before the tragedy, Stephan Jones refused, over the radio, to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit.[111]
During the events at Jonestown, Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jones Jr. drove to the American Embassy in Guyana in an attempt to receive help. The Guyanese soldiers guarding the embassy refused to let them in after hearing about the shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip.[112] Later, the three returned to the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown to find the bodies of Sharon Amos and her three children.[112] Guyanese soldiers kept the Jones brothers under house arrest for five days, interrogating them about the deaths in Georgetown.[112] Stephan Jones was accused of being involved in the Georgetown deaths, and was placed in a Guyanese prison for three months.[112] Tim Jones and Johnny Cobb, another member of the Peoples Temple basketball team, were asked to go to Jonestown and help identify the bodies of people who had died.[112] After returning to the United States, Jim Jones Jr. was placed under police surveillance for several months while he lived with his older sister, Suzanne, who had previously turned against the Temple.[112]
File:Jonestown-brochure-16 LewJones TerryCarter-Chaeoke.jpg
Lew Jones, Terry and Chaeoke
File:392 1-Agnes.jpg
Agnes Jones
When Jonestown was first being established, Stephan Jones had originally avoided two attempts by his father to relocate to the settlement. He eventually moved to Jonestown after a third and final attempt. He has since said that he gave into his father's wishes to move to Jonestown because of his mother.[113] Stephan Jones is now a businessman, and married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary Jonestown: Paradise Lost which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. He stated he will not watch the documentary and has never grieved for his father.[114] Jim Jones Jr., who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage,[102] including Rob Jones, a high-school basketball star who went on to play for the University of San Diego before transferring to Saint Mary's College of California.[115]
- Lew, Agnes and Suzanne Jones
Lew and Agnes Jones both died at Jonestown. Agnes Jones was thirty-five years old at the time of her death.[116] Her husband[117] and four children[118][119][120][121] all died at Jonestown. Lew Jones, who was twenty-one years old at the time of his death, died alongside his wife Terry and son Chaeoke.[122][123][124] Stephanie Jones had died at age five in a car accident.[25]
Suzanne Jones married Mike Cartmell; both turned against the Temple and were not in Jonestown on November 18, 1978. After this decision to abandon the Temple, Jones referred to Suzanne openly as "my goddamned, no good for nothing daughter" and stated that she was not to be trusted.[125] In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Jones' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and specified: "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell."[126] Cartmell had two children and died of colon cancer in November 2006.[127][128] Found near Marceline Jones' body was a signed and witnessed will leaving all bank accounts "in my name" to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and writing that Suzanne Jones Cartmell should receive no assets.[129]
- John Stoen and Kimo
Further information: Timothy Stoen
Specific references to Tim Stoen, the father of John Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide."[92] At Jonestown, John Stoen was found poisoned in Jim Jones' cabin.[130]
Both Jim Jon (Kimo) and his mother, Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, died during the events at Jonestown.[131]
See also[link]
References[link]
- Explanatory notes
- ^ While Jim Jones claimed to be partially of Cherokee descent through his mother Lynetta, this story was apparently not true. (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones and Black Spencer Gained His Power Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Lynetta's cousin Barbara Shaffer said "there wasn't an ounce of Indian in our family." (Lindsay, Robert. "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers". New York Times. November 26, 1978). Shaffer said that Lynetta was Welsh. ("Jones—The Dark Private Side Emerges". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1978). The birth records for Lynetta have since been lost. (Kilduff, Marshall and Ron Javers. "Jim Jones Always Led — Or Wouldn't Play". San Francisco Chronicle. December 4, 1978).
- Citations
- ^ Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Archived 13 February 2011 at WebCite
- ^ Brazil, Jeff. "Jonestown's Horror Fades but Mystery Remain." Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1999.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 9-10.
- ^ a b c Kilduff, Marshall and Javers, Ron. The Suicide Cult. Bantam Books, 1978. p. 10.
- ^ a b Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. American Experience, PBS.org.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 24.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 27.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1981. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 33.
- ^ a b c "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Timeline." PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Knoll, James. Mass Suicide & the Jonestown Tragedy: Literature Summary. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University. October 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. Seven Bridges Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
- ^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 134." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.]
- ^ a b c Horrock, Nicholas M., "Communist in 1950s", New York Times, December 17, 1978
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 68.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 69.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 71.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 72.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 76.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 65.
- ^ a b c Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - People & Events PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 63.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1023." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c d e Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. 2000. ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3.
- ^ a b "The Wills of Jim Jones and Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Race and the Peoples Temple." PBS.org. 20 February 2007.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 77.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 78.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 79.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 81.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 82.
- ^ a b c Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 83.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 84.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 85-6.
- ^ a b c New York Times, "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers," Robert Lindsay, November 26, 1978
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 53.
- ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053
- ^ Jones, Jim. "The Letter Killeth." Original material reprint. Department of Religious Studies. San Diego State University.
- ^ See, e.g., Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.]
- ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS.org.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 302-4.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, "First Lady Among Cult's References; Mondale, Califano also listed", November 21, 1978.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 799." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy. "Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977.
- ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 105.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 308
- ^ "Another Day of Death." Time Magazine. 11 December 1978.
- ^ VanDeCarr, Paul "Death of dreams: in November 1978, Harvey Milk's murder and the mass suicides at Jonestown nearly broke San Francisco's spirit.", The Advocate, November 25, 2003
- ^ Sawyer, Mary My Lord, What a Mourning:’ Twenty Years Since Jonestown, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 369.
- ^ Goodlett, Carlton B., Notes on Peoples Temple, reprinted in Moore, Rebecca and Fielding M. McGehee, III, The Need for a Second Look at Jonestown, Edwin Mellen Press, 1989, ISBN 0-88946-649-1
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 282.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 285, 306 and 587.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 314
- ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 113.
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 0-88738-124-3.
- ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 451.
- ^ McCormick Maaga, Mary. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. "The Demographics of Jonestown. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University, adapted from Moore, Rebecca, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer. "Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple." in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America. Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005. 57-80)
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 130-1
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 445.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 377
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 324
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
- ^ "Jim Jon (Kimo) Prokes". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Liebert, Larry, "What Politicians Say Now About Jones", San Francisco Chronicle, November 20, 1978
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 327
- ^ Moore, Rebecca. A Sympathetic History of Jonestown. Lewiston: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-860-5. p. 143.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 408
- ^ Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-88738-124-3. page 227
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 458
- ^ Coleman, Loren, "The Copycat Effect", Simon & Schuster, 2004, page 68
- ^ Fishwick, Marshall, "Great Awakenings: Popular Religion and Popular Culture", Routledge, 1994, page 73
- ^ a b c Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978
- ^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. April 11, 1978.
- ^ a b c "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 440.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 481.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 476-480.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 487-8.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 519-20.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 524.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 516.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 527.
- ^ a b c d Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 529-31.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 533.
- ^ Who Died?, Alternative Considerations of Jonestown, San Diego State University
- ^ 1978: Mass suicide leaves 900 dead. BBC, November 18, 2005
- ^ Rapaport, Richard, Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory, San Francisco Chronicle, November 16, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jim Jones, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 42." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 559.
- ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 390-91.
- ^ "Guyana Inquest — Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo" (PDF). http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/PrimarySources/GuyanaInquest.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
- ^ Jonestown: Paradise Lost, Interview of Stephan Jones, Documentary airing on Discovery Networks, 2007
- ^ Autopsy of Jim Jones by Kenneth H. Mueller, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
- ^ a b Wise, David. "Sex in Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b Paranoia And Delusions, Time Magazine, December 11, 1978
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 176-77.
- ^ "FAQ: Who was the leader of Peoples Temple?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ a b c Fish, Jon and Chris Connelly (2007-10-05). "Outside the Lines: Grandson of Jonestown founder is making a name for himself". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=3047543&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab7pos2. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 565.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 505-6.
- ^ "Who Survived the Jonestown Tragedy?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Janet Marie Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Mary Elizabeth Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Ruth Ann Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Larry Howard Tupper" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Rita Jeanette Tupper Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p 474-75.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Gary. "Escaping Jonestown." Sports Illustrated. CNN.com. 24 December 2007.
- ^ Jones, Stephan. - "Marceline/Mom" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Brownstein, Bill. "The son who survived Jonestown." The Gazette. Canada. 9 March 2007.
- ^ "22 - Rob Jones." University of San Diego Official Athletic Site. Accessed: 2009-10-03. Archived by WebCite
- ^ Agnes Paulette Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple]. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Forrest Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Billy Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Jimbo Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Michael Ray Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Stephanie Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Lew Eric Jones Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Terry Carter Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "Chaeoke Warren Jones" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ FBI Tape Q 265 - October 17, 1978 address. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ "November 18 1978 Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Who Has Died Since 18 November 1978? Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- ^ Smith, Gary. "Escape From Jonestown" Sports Illustrated CNN.com. 24 December 2007.
- ^ "Letter from Marceline Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
- ^ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1)
- ^ "Carolyn Louise Moore Layton" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. San Diego State University.
- Bibliography
- Chidester, David, Salvation and Suicide: Jim Jones, the People's Temple and Jonestown (Religion in North America), 2nd rev.ed., Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-253-21632-8
- Klineman, George and Sherman Butler. The Cult That Died. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1980. ISBN 0-399-12540-X.
- Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6.
- Maaga, Mary McCormick. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
- Naipaul, Shiva. Black & White. Hamish Hamilton, London, 1980. ISBN 0-241-10337-1.
- Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs (1982). Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24136-1.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jim Jones |
- The Jonestown Institute
- FBI No. Q 042 The "Jonestown Death Tape", Recorded 18 November 1978 (Internet Archive)
- Transcript of Jones' final speech, just before the mass suicide
- The first part of a series of articles about Jim Jones published in the San Francisco Examiner in 1972.
- History Channel Video and Stills
- Isaacson, Barry. From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre
- Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later, Time magazine
- Jonestown 30 Years Later photo gallery published Friday, October 17, 2008.
- Rapaport, Richard. Jonestown and City Hall slayings eerily linked in time and memory Both events continue to haunt city a quarter century later
- Nakao, Annie.The ghastly Peoples Temple deaths shocked the world. Berkeley Rep takes on the challenge of coming to terms with it.
- American Experience documentary, "Jonestown: The Life And Death Of Peoples Temple", shown on PBS
- Jonestown: 25 Years Later How spiritual journey ended in destruction: Jim Jones led his flock to death in jungle by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998.
- Utopian nightmare Jonestown: What did we learn? Larry D. Hatfield, of The Examiner staff, Gregory Lewis and Eric Brazil of The Examiner staff and Examiner Librarian Judy Canter contributed to this report. Published Sunday, November 8, 1998.
- Jones Captivated S.F.'s Liberal Elite: They were late to discover how cunningly he curried favor by Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. And [Haunted by Memories of Hell ] by Kevin Fagan, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Thursday, November 12, 1998. Both stories were included in the first of a two-part series.
- The End To Innocent Acceptance Of Sects Sharper scrutiny is Jonestown legacy by Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle religion writer. And Most Peoples Temple Documents Still Sealed by Michael Taylor and Don Lattin, San Francisco Chronicle staff writers. And Surviving the Heart of Darkness: Twenty years later, Jackie Speier remembers how her companions and rum helped her endure the night of the Jonestown massacre by Maitland Zane, San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Published Friday, November 13, 1998. All stories were included in the second part of a two-part series.
- Inside Peoples Temple Marshall Kilduff and Phil Tracy, Used by permission of authors for the San Francisco Chronicle. Published Monday, August 1, 1977.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jones, Jim |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 13, 1931 |
| Place of birth | Crete, Indiana, U.S. |
| Date of death | November 18, 1978 |
| Place of death | Jonestown, Guyana |
http://wn.com/Jim_Jones
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://cs.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://id.wn.com/James Warren Jones
http://es.wn.com/Jim Jones (pastor)
http://ru.wn.com/Джонс, Джеймс Уоррен
http://nl.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://pt.wn.com/Jim Jones
http://pl.wn.com/Jim Jones (przywódca sekty)
http://fr.wn.com/Jim Jones (pasteur)
http://de.wn.com/Jim Jones
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ja Rule | |
|---|---|
 Ja Rule with Jaid Barrymore in February 2005 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jeffery Atkins |
| Born | (1976-02-29) February 29, 1976 (age 36) Queens, New York, U.S. |
| Origin | Jamaica, Queens, New York, USA |
| Genres | Hip hop, east coast hip hop, R&B |
| Occupations | Rapper, Actor, Songwriter |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, The Inc., Mpire Music Group, Fontana Distribution |
| Associated acts | Irv Gotti, Ashanti, Jay-Z, DMX, Fat Joe, Mpire Music Group, Vita, Lloyd, Hussein Fatal, Caddillac Tah, Mary J Blige, Charli Baltimore, Black Child, Memphis Bleek, Jadakiss, R. Kelly, 7 Aurelius |
| Website | ruleyork.com |
Jeffrey Atkins (born February 29, 1976),[1] better known by his stage name Ja Rule or Mockaveli, is an American rapper, singer, and actor from Queens, New York City.
Born in Hollis, Queens, he began his career in the group Cash Money Click and debuted in 1999 with Venni Vetti Vecci and its single "Holla Holla". From 2000 to 2004, Ja Rule had several hits that made the top 20 of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, including "Between Me and You" with Christina Milian, "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" with Jennifer Lopez, "Always on Time" with Ashanti, "Mesmerize" also with Ashanti, and "Wonderful" with R. Kelly and Ashanti. During the 2000s, Ja Rule was signed to The Inc. Records, which was formerly known as Murder Inc. and was led by Irv Gotti. Ja Rule has sold over 30 million records worldwide and was the fastest selling rapper in 2001[citation needed]. He is also known for some well-publicized feuds with other rappers (in-particular 50 Cent and Eminem).
Contents
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Early life[link]
Atkins was born in the Queens borough of New York City.[1] He was raised as a Jehovah's Witness by his mother, health care worker Debra Atkins,[2] and grandparents. At the age of five his sister died from breathing complications, leaving him as an only child. He attended Public School 134 in Hollis, a school he has described as having a predominantly black student body. He has said got into many fights at the school because of his small size, so his mother transferred him to Middle School 172 in Glen Oaks, which he has described as a "white school".[3]
Music career[link]
Atkins began his rap career in 1994 with his classic hip hop group Cash Money Click. told Curtis Waller of MTV News that his stage name "Ja Rule" came from a friend who addressed him by that name; other friends called him "Ja".[4] In 1995, he made his first appearance on Mic Geronimo's "Time to Build" which featured Jay-Z and DMX, who were also in their early stages of their careers. In 1998, he was a featured guest on Jay-Z's hit single "Can I Get A..." along with Amil which Ja Rule wrote the hook, and was going to be a Ja Rule solo song, until Jay heard the track.
[edit] Venni Vetti Vecci (1999)
His debut album Venni Vetti Vecci was released in 1999. Singles included "Holla Holla", "It's Murda" with Jay-Z & DMX, and "Daddy's Little Baby" with Ronald Isley. "Holla Holla" reached #35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart.[5] Venni Vetti Vecci was certified platinum by the RIAA on July 12, 1999.[6]
[edit] Rule 3:36 (2000)
Ja Rule returned in 2000 with his new single "Between Me and You", which featured Christina Milian. "Between Me and You" reached #11 on the Hot 100, and "Put It On Me" reached #8 on the Hot 100.[5] Ja's second album, Rule 3:36, was released on October 10, 2000. Rule 3:36 debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified triple platinum.[6]
[edit] Pain Is Love (2001)
During the late summer of 2001, Ja Rule released his third studio album, Pain Is Love. "Living It Up", featuring Case, reached #11 on the Hot 100, and "Always on Time", which featured Ashanti, reached #1 on the Hot 100.[5] Like its predecessor, Pain Is Love topped the Billboard 200 and was certified triple platinum.[6] By 2007, 3.6 million copies of Pain Is Love had been sold.[7] Ja Rule could also be heard on Artists against AIDS Worldwide's single "What's Going On."
[edit] The Last Temptation (2002)
The Last Temptation, Ja Rule's fourth album, was released on November 19, 2002. It featured the two Billboard Top 10 singles "Thug Lovin'" (#8) and "Mesmerize" (#2), another duet with Ashanti.[5] The Last Temptation debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200.[8] The Last Temptation was certified platinum in December 2002.[6]
[edit] Blood in My Eye (2003)
Blood in My Eye although intended to be a mixtape, was his fifth album and the last released under the "Murder Inc." label, which renamed itself "The Inc." several days after the album release. It spawned the one and only hit "Clap Back" which reached #5 on the Top 100 and won him the Source Awards'"Fat Tape" song of the year. It peaked at #6 on the Billboard 100 and #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart selling 139,000 copies in its first week of release. It has since sold over 468,000 copies in the U.S.[8] In October 2003, Ja Rule met with Minister Louis Farrakhan, who wanted to intervene and prevent escalating violence in the feud between Ja Rule and 50 Cent.[9]
[edit] R.U.L.E. (2004)
Ja Rule's sixth studio album R.U.L.E. was released in November 2004 debuting at number 7 selling 166,000 copies in its first week of release. Its lead single was "Wonderful" featuring R. Kelly and Ashanti which peaked on the Billboard Top 100 Singles at #5. The single was followed by the street anthem "New York" featuring Fat Joe and Jadakiss which charted at #27. The third single was the love song "Caught Up" featuring Lloyd and Ashanti which charted at #15. The track "The Manual" was also a single in the UK where it peaked at #9. The RIAA certified R.U.L.E. Gold on January 14, 2005,[6] and by October 2007, the album had sold 658,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[7]
Hiatus, departure from Def Jam and leaving The Inc. Records (2005–2009)[link]
On December 6, 2005, The Inc. released Exodus, a greatest hits album whose only new tracks were the song "Me" and intro and outro tracks. Exodus was the last album on Ja Rule's contract with The Inc. After the release of this compilation, Ja Rule took a hiatus from recording music.[1]
In 2005, The Inc. Records came under investigation because of drug trades by Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff, who was associated with Irv Gotti.[10] This led to Def Jam Recordings refusing to renew The Inc.'s contract. From 2005 to 2006, Gotti searched for other labels until finally reaching a deal with Universal Records (ironically part of the same company as Def Jam).
In 2009, Ja Rule recorded a new song with Brazilian singer Wanessa, "Fly", sung entirely in English despite the singer's nationality. The song also received a version named "Meu Momento", also featuring Ja Rule, in which Wanessa sings in Portuguese.[11] "Fly" was released as a single in Brazil in April. The song was ranked number #1 on Crowley/Brazil,[12] and it was nominated in the "Hit do Ano" ("Hit Song of the Year") category at the 2009 MTV Video Music Brasil awards show, where Ja Rule and Wanessa performed together for the first time.[13]
Ja Rule also ended his long running feud with his former Def Jam labelmate DMX at VH1's 2009 Hip Hop Honors in September.[14] Ja Rule announced that he was no longer signed to The Inc. Records, the label he has been with since its beginnings in 1997.[15]
[edit] The Mirror and Mpire Music Group (2009)
After leaving The Inc. Records in 2009 Ja Rule set up Mpire Music Group and recruited new artists while still maintaining friendship with Irv Gotti. The Mirror was to be Ja Rule's seventh album and set for a 2007 release date, however, due to poor reception to singles partly believed to be due to his beef with 50 Cent it was pushed back. Eventually tracks from the album leaked online leading Ja Rule to re-record the album only afterwards deciding to release it as a free download in 2009.
[edit] Pain Is Love 2, Prison and Renaissance Project (2012-Present)
In February 2011, It was announced that Ja Rule is working on another album called Pain Is Love 2, naming it after the original 2001 triple platinum album (Pain Is Love). It will feature production from the producers on the original Pain Is Love album in order to "recreate magic". He had planned on releasing it June 7, although later decided to delay the release date in order to allow more time to perfect the "level and quality of the records" and to avoid "doing an injustice to his fans."[16][17][18]
Pain Is Love 2 was slated for an October 11, 2011 release date but had been pushed back yet again, this time to February 28, 2012.[19] To make up for the delay Ja Rule released a new track called "Falling to Pieces" which was produced by 7 Aurelius. The song samples The Script's "Breakeven".[20][21] On October 2, 2011, another track released called "Spun a Web" which was also produced 7 Aurelius and samples Coldplay's "Trouble". The following day a teaser music video premiered on YouTube and the official music video was released on October 11.[22] Pain Is Love 2 was finally released on February 28, 2012, while Ja Rule was serving a two-year sentence in jail for gun possession. Renaissance Project is the upcoming eighth studio album by Rule. Recording sessions for the album took place primarily at Mpire Studios in NYC Studio during 2008 to 2011. Production was handled by Rule and several others, including Benzino, 7 Aurelius and Buck 3000. Most of the tracks that were meant for the Renaissance were transferred over to Pain Is Love 2. Rule is set to be released from prison in December 2012, he is then set to go out on his tour, "40 days, 40 nights tour
Acting career[link]
During his break from rapping, Ja Rule had an appearance as a street racer in The Fast and the Furious. In 2004, he appeared in several movies including Back in The Day with Ving Rhames and Pam Grier and Half Past Dead as Steven Seagal's co-star. He also starred in the movie The Cookout with Queen Latifah.
- See Filmography
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
In April 2001, Ja Rule married Aisha Murray on a C.[23][24][25][26]
Legal issues[link]
In 2003, he allegedly punched a man in Toronto, who later sued Ja Rule. The issue was settled out of court.[27]
In 2004, police investigated whether a feud involving The Inc. led to fatal shooting outside a nightclub party hosted by Ja Rule and Leon Richardson where they thought he shot Proof of D12.[28][29]
On July 1, 2004, Ja Rule was arrested with Don Rhys for driving with a suspended license and possessing marijuana.[30]
In July 2007, Ja Rule was arrested for gun and drug possession charges along with Lil Wayne, and Don Rhys who served eight months in prison during 2010 for attempted possession of a weapon stemming from the arrest.[31][32][33] New York Supreme Court judge Richard Carruthers rejected Ja Rule's argument that the gun was illegally obtained evidence.[34][35] On December 13, 2010, Ja Rule received a two-year prison sentence after pleading guilty to attempted possession of a weapon after the aforementioned 2007 concert. On March 8, 2011 Ja Rule's surrender date for his two year prison sentence was set for June 8.[36] His publicist said that Ja Rule will turn himself in to authorities. He will go to Rikers Island first, then be sent to a state facility in Upstate New York.[37]
In July 2011, Ja Rule received an additional 28-month prison sentence for tax evasion, failing to pay taxes on more than $3 million in earnings between 2004–2006.[38]
Feuds[link]
50 Cent/G-Unit Records[link]
Before signing with Interscope Records, 50 Cent engaged in a well-publicized feud with Ja Rule and his label Murder Inc. Records. 50 Cent claimed that the feud began in 1999 after Ja Rule spotted him with a man who robbed him of his jewelry.[citation needed] However, Ja Rule claimed the conflict stemmed from a video shoot in Queens because 50 Cent did not like Ja Rule "getting so much love" from the neighborhood.[39] A confrontation occurred in a New York studio where rapper Black Child, a Murder Inc. artist, stabbed 50 Cent, which resulted in him having three stitches. .[3]
In his book, 50 Cent details how Kenneth "Supreme" McGriff tried to resolve the conflict between him and Ja Rule. Allegedly, McGriff asked 50 Cent to leave them alone because of the money involved. 50 Cent insinuated the conflict had something to do with the shooting where he was ambushed and shot.
Since then, Black Child publicly insulted 50 Cent twice in, "There's a Snitch in the Club", and "You the Wanksta". In both songs, Black Child details violent actions directed toward 50 Cent[3] The exchange of insult tracks released from both parties culminated in Ja Rule releasing Blood in My Eye, which was an album that returned additional insults to 50 Cent. Ja Rule eventually tried to squash the feud with 50 Cent by using minister Louis Farrakhan in a televised interview. However, the attempt at peace lost credibility as the interview was scheduled a day before Blood in My Eye was released. As a result, most fans, along with 50 Cent, dismissed the interview as a blatant publicity stunt. Because of the ongoing feud between the two, 50 Cent's labelmates Eminem, Dr. Dre, Obie Trice, D12, DMX, and Busta Rhymes also became involved and released tracks which insulted Ja Rule.[3]
Ja Rule later released R.U.L.E. with the successful single, "New York", featuring Jadakiss and Fat Joe in which Ja Rule took subliminal shots at 50 Cent. This single prompted 50 Cent to enter a feud with the two featured artists (see article on "Piggy Bank" for details).
Although it seemed that the feud was over, Ja Rule returned with a track entitled "21 Gunz".[40] In response, Lloyd Banks and 50 Cent released the track "Return of Ja Fool" on Lloyd Banks' mixtape Mo Money in the Bank Pt. 4, Gang Green Season Starts Now.[40] 50 Cent claimed in 2010 that Ja Rule's beef with him and Shady/Aftermath has ruined Ja's career saying "We just ripped the nigga apart and he hasn't & can't come back from it".
In an interview with MTV He stated that his new album, The Mirror, will not be continuing any past feuds that he has engaged in. He said:
There was a lot of things I wanted to say, and I didn't want there to be any bitter records on the album. Because I'm not bitter about anything that happened [in the past few years].[41]
Eminem[link]
The conflict started after 50 Cent signed to Shady Records and Aftermath. Ja Rule stated that he had a problem with Eminem and Dr. Dre for signing someone he disliked.[42] On November 19, Ja Rule and Irv Gotti were special guests on Star and Bucwild's morning show on Hot 97 NYC. Irv Gotti had some legal documents stating the order of protection 50 has on him.[43]
Ja Rule threatened that, if 50 Cent released any songs with defamatory or insulting lyrics directed at him, he would take legal action towards both of them.[42][43] However, Dr. Dre was the one who produced 50 Cent's track "Back Down" in 2003 from the album Get Rich Or Die Tryin', which made derogatory comments toward Murder Inc., and Ja Rule's immediate family members. "[44][dead link]
Busta Rhymes joined the conflict when he was featured on the track "Hail Mary 2003", with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song, a remake of Tupac Shakur's song "Hail Mary", was done partially as a response to Ja Rule's remake of another Tupac song, "Pain" (retitled "So Much Pain"). The rappers felt that Rule could never amount to Tupac, and so made the track, mocking him for trying to "imitate" the deceased rap icon. Eminem prevented Ja Rule from appearing on any of the "new" Tupac songs he produced, including those on Loyal to the Game.[43]
The conflict escalated when Ja Rule released, "Loose Change" (actually released before "Hail Mary"), in which he insulted 50 Cent, called Eminem by the name "Feminem", falsely announced Dr. Dre as "bisexual", and claimed that Suge Knight knew of Dre "bringing transvestites home".[44] The song also includes lyrics that insulted Eminem's mother, Debbie, his then ex-wife, Kim, and even referenced his then 8-year-old daughter, Hailie. "[42]
These lyrics offended Eminem deeply, causing him to immediately get his rap group D12 involved, as well as the major part of his label, including Obie Trice, his close friend.[44] Eminem then made the track "Bully", and together, he and Trice responded with a song titled "Doe Rae Me" (aka "Hailie's Revenge"). Eminem also made a reference to Ja Rule's insult toward Hailie in "Like Toy Soldiers", by saying:
"I need to be the leader, my crew looks for me to guide 'em, if some shit ever does pop off, I'm supposed to be beside 'em. That Ja shit I tried to squash it, it was too late to stop it. There's a certain line you just don't cross and he crossed it. I heard him say Hailie's name on a song and I just lost it."
Since then the feud has cooled down.[42]
DMX[link]
Ja Rule started off as friends with DMX, as well as Jay-Z. DMX, Jay-Z and Ja Rule were part of a group at the time named Murder Inc. (The name was later used by Ja's producer Irv Gotti for his record label.) They recorded songs under the name together. DMX and Jay-Z also guest starred on Ja Rule's first album on the track "It's Murda". He released a track on Cradle 2 The Grave Soundtrack called Go to Sleep with Eminem, Obie Trice were they all took shoots at Ja Rule. Eventually Ja Rule's feuds with Busta Rhymes, Dr. Dre, and Eminem went away.
The two rappers waged a war of words for years after DMX accused Ja Rule of copying his hardcore style on records.[45] DMX admitted that he initially wanted to end with his rap rival when he was released from jail in 2005 before making peace: "Gotti came to me in jail and said I want to make peace with you and him", said DMX, "I was like, 'Alright Gotti, let's do it. But I need five minutes in a room with your man. I got to put my hands on him.'"[45]
DMX and Ja Rule finally ended their feud at VH1's 2009 Hip Hop Honors.[46]
Discography[link]
Main article: Ja Rule discography
- Studio albums
- 1999: Venni Vetti Vecci
- 2000: Rule 3:36
- 2001: Pain Is Love
- 2002: The Last Temptation
- 2003: Blood in My Eye
- 2004: R.U.L.E.
- 2012: Pain Is Love 2[47]
- 2012: Renaissance Project[47]
- Other albums
- 2005: Exodus
- 2008: The Mirror
- 2012: Icon
Awards and nominations[link]
| Year | Award/Nomination |
|---|---|
| 2001 | Source Hip-Hop Music Award Won for Single of the Year – "Put It on Me" |
| MTV Video Music Awards nomination for Best Rap Video – "Put It on Me" | |
| 2002 | MTV Video Music Awards Won for Best Hip-Hop Video – "I'm Real (Murder Remix)" |
| MTV Video Music Awards nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video – "Always on Time" | |
| American Music Award nominated for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist | |
| Grammy Awards nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group – "Put It on Me" | |
| Grammy Awards nominated for Best Rap Album – Pain Is Love | |
| Grammy Awards nominated for Best Rap/Song Collaboration – "Livin' It Up" | |
| World Music Awards Won for World's Best-Selling Rap Artist | |
| BET Awards Won for Best Male Hip-Hop Artist Artist | |
| GQ Men of the Year Award Won for Musician of the Year | |
| Teen Choice Awards Won for Male Artist of the Year | |
| NAACP Image Awards Won for Best Rap/Hip-Hop Artist | |
| Soul Train Music Award nomination for Best Rap/Soul or Rap Album of the Year – Pain Is Love | |
| 2003 | Source Award Won for R&B/Rap Collboration of the Year – "Thug Lovin'" |
| American Music Award nomination for Favorite Hip-Hop/R&B Male Artist | |
| Grammy Awards nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration – "Always on Time" | |
| 2004 | Source Award Won for Phat Tape Song of the Year – "Clap Back" |
| 2009 | MTV Video Music Brasil nomination for Hit do Ano (Song of the Year) – "Fly" |
Filmography[link]
| Film | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Film/Television | Role | Notes |
| 2000 | Turn it up | David 'Gage' Williams | Alongside Jason Statham & Pras |
| 2001 | The Fast and the Furious | Edwin | Ja Rules plays a supporting role of a street racer. |
| 2002 | Half Past Dead | Nicolas 'Nick' Frazier | Though a sequel was launched; Ja Rule did not star in it |
| 2003 | Crime Partners | Hitman | |
| 2003 | Pauly Shore Is Dead | Himself | |
| 2003 | Scary Movie 3 | Agent Thompson | Minor role |
| 2004 | The Cookout | Bling Bling/Percival Assmackey | |
| 2004 | Shall We Dance | Hip Hop bar performer | |
| 2005 | Back in the Day | Reggie | Alongside Ving Rhames |
| 2005 | Assault on Precinct 13 | Smiley | Supporting role |
| 2006 | South Beach | Donnie Fox | T.V. Series "The S.B."(episode 7) |
| 2006 | Furnace | Terrence Dufresne | |
| 2008 | Ja Rule:2005 | Himself | A concert from his 2005 European tour, plus bonus tracks and interviews. |
| 2009 | Just Another Day | Himself | |
| 2009 | Don't Fade Away | Foster | |
| 2009 | Kiss and Tail: The Hollywood Jumpoff | Himself [48] | |
| 2010 | Wrong Side of Town | Razor | Alongside wrestlers; Batista & Rob Van Dam |
| 2011 | I'm in Love with a Church Girl | Miles Montego | His real son plays the younger version of himself, Miles. |
| 2012 | The Cookout 2 | Bling Bling | Sequel to The Cookout |
| 2013 | Goat | Willie Davis | Post-production |
References[link]
- ^ a b c Birchmeier, Jason (2007). "AllMusic Biography". allmusic. http://allmusic.com/artist/ja-rule-p366173/biography. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ Hughes, Zondra (2002-04). Ja Rule: rap star rules hearts & charts – Jeffrey Atkins. p. 140. http://books.google.com/?id=o9kDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA140,M1
- ^ a b c d Farrakhan, Louis. "Ja Rule on 50 Cent, God and Hip-Hop". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/bands/j/ja_rule/news_feature_031103/index2.jhtml. Retrieved 2008-12-01. "The first school I went to was all-black, PS 134. I used to fight every day, and got my ass kicked everytime, so my mom figured I should be bused out — you know the busing thing in Boston? So they bused me on out to a white school, MS 172, where it was a little bit better. I didn't have any black friends there, but I learned how to deal with that situation and get along."
- ^ Waller, Curtis (2001-02-17). "Ja Rule: Rules of the Game". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/bands/archive/j/jarule01/index2.jhtml. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ a b c d "Ja Rule: Billboard Singles". allmusic. http://allmusic.com/artist/ja-rule-p366173/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Gold & Platinum: Ja Rule". RIAA. http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=ja%20rule&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=CertificationDate&perPage=50. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ a b Mitchell, Gail (October 7, 2007). "Rapper Ja Rule releasing first album in 3 years". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0720752020071007. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
- ^ a b "Ja Rule – Charts & Awards (Billboard Albums)". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p366173. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Farrakhan warns hip-hop artists: Clap-back will only lead to coffins". The Final Call. 2003-11-04. http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_1091.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-150.
- ^ Rashbaum, Matthew; Sweeney (2005-12-03). "Hip-Hop Producers Get Acquittal, Then Hugs, From Jurors". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/03/nyregion/03gotti.html?_r=1&sq=&pagewanted=all.
- ^ "Wanessa Camargo faz dueto com o rapper Ja Rule". Virgula. http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/noticia/musica/2009/04/02/120620-wanessa-camargo-faz-dueto-com-o-rapper-ja-rule. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Sucesso de Wanessa Camargo chega no topo das paradas". MSN Entretenimento. http://entretenimento.br.msn.com/famosidades/noticias-artigo.aspx?cp-documentid=20437239. Retrieved 2009-07-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Wanessa Camargo e Ja Rule tocarão no VMB". Rolling Stone Brasil. http://www.rollingstone.com.br/secoes/novas/noticias/6133/. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ http://www.sohh.com/2009/09/ja_rule_declares_dmx_rap.html DMX Officially Ends Feud With Ja Rule
- ^ Tardio, Andres (2009-08-06). "Ja Rule Says No '09 Album, Talks Film". http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.9590/title.exclusive-ja-rule-speaks-on-upcoming-projects. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ^ Ja Rule Working On ‘Pain Is Love Pt. 2′ « GetWrite Mixtapes And R.E.A.L. Music LLC. Official Blog Site. Getwritegossip.com (2011-02-08). Retrieved on 2011-04-25.
- ^ Ja Rule working on "Pain is Love 2". Hip Hop Vibe(2011-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-04-25.
- ^ Ja Rule Delays "Pain Is Love 2"
- ^ "Pil 2: Ja Rule: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Pil-2-Ja-Rule/dp/B006EMSNN4/ref=sr_1_2?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1326381032&sr=1-2. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23). "Ja Rule - "Falling 2 Pieces" | New Music". SoulCulture. http://www.soulculture.co.uk/blogs/music-blog/newmusic/ja-rule-falling-2-pieces-new-music/. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ » by September 23, 2011, 14:24pm (2011-09-23). "Ja Rule Releases "Falling To Pieces" [Audio". Hip-Hop Wired. http://hiphopwired.com/2011/09/23/ja-rule-releases-falling-to-pieces-audio/. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Hughes, Zondra (2002-04). Ja Rule: rap star rules hearts & charts – Jeffrey Atkins. p. 142. http://books.google.com/books?id=o9kDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA142,M1
- ^ Borow, Zev. "33 Things You Should Know About Ja Rule". Blender. August 2002. http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=361. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
- ^ Hughes, Zondra (2002-04). Ja Rule: rap star rules hearts & charts – Jeffrey Atkins. p. 142. http://books.google.com/books?id=o9kDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA142,M1
- ^ "Life with Rapper Ja Rule, Wife, and Kids". BlackCelebrityKids. 2009-02-04. http://www.blackcelebkids.com/2009/02/04/life-with-rapper-ja-rulewife-and-kids/. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ "Ja Rule apologizes for punching the man". USA Today. 2005-03-07. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-03-07-ja-rule-apology_x.htm?POE=LIFISVA. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ "Police probing nightclub shooting". USA Today. 2004-12-29. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-12-29-nightclub-shooting_x.htm?POE=LIFISVA. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ Weiss, Murray (2005-07-18). "Ja Rule Target of Shooting Investigation". New York Post. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162810,00.html. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (2004-07-02). "Rapper and Tap Dancer Arrested". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/02/nyregion/metro-briefing-new-york-manhattan-rapper-and-tap-dancer-arrested.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ Shepherd, Julianne (July 23, 2007). "Lil Wayne, Ja Rule Arrested After NY Performance". Vibe. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080415212128/http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2007/07/wayne_ja_rule_arrested/.
- ^ Brunswick, Deborah (July 23, 2007). "2 hip-hop stars arrested in New York after concert". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/23/rappers.arrested/index.html. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ Grace, Melissa (December 13, 2010). "Rapper Ja Rule gets two year jail sentence after pleading guilty to weapon possession". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/12/13/2010-12-13_rapper_ja_rule_gets_twoyear_jail_sentence_after_pleading_guilty_to_attempted_wea.html. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
- ^ "Judge: Gun Stays as Evidence in Ja Rule's NYC Case". ABCNews.com. Associated Press. January 20, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=9615288. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ Grace, Melissa (January 20, 2010). "Judge tosses rapper Ja Rule's 'weed' plea in gun case". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/01/20/2010-01-20_judge_tosses_rapper_ja_rules_weed_plea_in_gun_case.html. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ "Ja Rule to go to prison in June in NYC gun case." MSNBC. March 9, 2011. Retrieved on June 8, 2011.
- ^ CNN Wire Staff. "Rapper Ja Rule to turn himself in for prison sentence Wednesday." CNN. June 8, 2011. Retrieved on June 8, 2011.
- ^ Theo Bark (19 July 2011). "Ja Rule Receives Additional Jail Time for Tax Evasion". http://www.theboombox.com/. http://www.theboombox.com/2011/07/19/ja-rule-receives-28-month-sentence-for-tax-evasion/. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ MTV News (3 November 2003). "Ja Rule on 50 Cent, God and Hip-Hop". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/bands/j/ja_rule/news_feature_031103/index.jhtml. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
- ^ a b Illseed (April 2006). "Hip-Hop Rumors: Kay Slay Doll, Ja Rule, Happy 1,000Th To Illseed!". Allhiphop. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20060504185544/http://www.allhiphop.com/rumors/?ID=1002. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
- ^ Rodriguez, Jayson (12 July 2007). "Ja Rule Leaves Bitterness — and 50 Cent Beef — Behind on New Album". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1564678/20070712/ja_rule.jhtml. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Ja Rule - Eminem's Enemies". Eminemlab.com. http://www.eminemlab.com/eminemenemies/jarule.html. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ a b c "Eminem's Enemies, Rivals and Beefs: Ja Rule". EminemLab.com. http://www.eminemlab.com/eminemenemies/jarule.html. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ a b c [2][dead link]
- ^ a b "DMX ENDS FEUD WITH JA RULE". http://news.superiorpics.com/2006/09/28/DMX_ENDS_FEUD_WITH_JA_RULE.html.
- ^ "Daily News - : DMX Officially Ends Feud With Ja Rule". Allhiphop.com. http://allhiphop.com/stories/news/archive/2009/09/24/21952137.aspx. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ a b Kuperstein, Slava. (2011-03-19) DX News Bits: Lil Wayne Signs Porcelain Black, Ja Rule Plans 2 Albums In 1 Day, Rev. Run Signs Watch Deal | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales. HipHop DX. Retrieved on 2011-04-25.
- ^ Kiss and Tail: The Hollywood Jumpoff (Video 2009), IMDB.com
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ja Rule |
- Official website
- The Inc. artist website (archived)
- Ja Rule on Myspace
- Ja Rule at MTV
- Ja Rule at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ja Rule |
| Alternative names | rule, jamal |
| Short description | rapper, actor |
| Date of birth | February 29, 1976 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ja_Rule
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://cs.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://id.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://es.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://ru.wn.com/Аткинс, Джеффри
http://nl.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://pt.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://pl.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://fr.wn.com/Ja Rule
http://de.wn.com/Ja Rule
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja_Rule
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
