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The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (Spanish: Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (SCJN) is the highest federal court in the United Mexican States. It consists of a President of the Supreme Court (Chief Justice) and ten Ministers (Associate Justices) who are confirmed by the Senate from a list proposed by the President of the Republic.

Justices of the SCJN serve for fifteen years and are not eligible to serve a second term. From among their number, the justices elect the President of the Court to serve a four-year period; a given justice may serve more than one term as president, but not in consecutive periods.

Supreme Court building[link]

The Supreme Court building

The court itself is located just off the main plaza of Mexico City on the corners of Pino Suarez and Carranza Streets. It was built between 1935 and 1941 by Antonio Muñoz Garcia. Prior to the Conquest, this site was reserved for the ritual known as "Dance of the Flyers" which is still practice today in Papantla. Hernan Cortes claimed the property after the Conquest and its ownership was in dispute during much of the colonial period with Cortes' heirs, the city government and the Royal and Pontifical University all claiming rights. It was also the site of a very large market known as El Volador.^[1]

The interior of the building contains four panels painted in 1941 by José Clemente Orozco, two of which are named "The Social Labor Movement" and "National Wealth." There is also one mural done by American artist George Biddle entitled "War and Peace" at the entrance to the library.^[1] The building also contains a mural by Rafael Cauduro, which "graphically illustrates the Gran Guignol of Mexican torture",^[2] and includes a depiction of the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre as well as "a cut-away of a prison, perhaps the infamous Lecumberri Black Palace where the student leaders who escaped death were jailed."^[2]

While this building is still the main home of the Court, an alternative site on Avenida Revolución was established in 2002.^[3]

Current composition[link]

Chief Justices[link]

The following have held the position of Chief Justice ("Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación") under the 1917 Constitution:

• 1917–1919: Enrique M. del Río
• 1919–1920: Ernesto Garza Pérez
• 1920–1922: Enrique Moreno Pérez
• 1922–1923: Gustavo A. Vicencio
• 1923–1924: Francisco Modesto Ramírez
• 1924–1925: Gustavo A. Vicencio
• 1925–1927: Manuel Padilla
• 1927–1928: Francisco Díaz Lombardo
• 1928–1929: Jesús Guzmán Vaca
• 1929–1933: Julio García
• 1934: Francisco H. Ruiz
• 1934–1940: Daniel V. Valencia
• 1941–1951: Salvador Urbina
• 1952: Roque Estrada Reynoso
• 1953: Hilario Medina
• 1954: José María Ortiz Tirado
• 1955–1956: Vicente Santos Guajardo
• 1957: Hilario Medina
• 1958: Agapito Pozo Balbás
• 1959–1964: Alfonso Guzmán Neyra
• 1965–1968: Agapito Pozo Balbás
• 1969–1973: Alfonso Guzmán Neyra
• 1974–1975: Euquerio Guerrero López
• 1976: Mario G. Rebolledo Fernández
• 1977–1981: Agustín Téllez Cruces
• 1982: Mario G. Rebolledo Fernández
• 1982–1985: Jorge Iñárritu y Ramírez de Aguilar
• 1986–1990: Carlos del Río Rodríguez
• 1991–1994: Ulises Schmill Ordóñez
• 1995–1999: José Vicente Aguinaco Alemán
• 1999–2002: Genaro David Góngora Pimentel
• 2002–2006: Mariano Azuela Güitrón
• 2007–2011: Guillermo Ortiz Mayagoitia
• 2011-incumbent: Juan N. Silva Meza

Associate Justices (Minister)[link]

The following have held the position of Associate Justice ("Ministro de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación") under the 1917 Constitution:

• 1917–1919:
• 1919–1920:
• 1920–1922:
• 1922–1923:
• 1923–1924:
• 1924–1925:
• 1925–1927:
• 1927–1928:

References[link]

External links[link]

• (Spanish) Official site

Coordinates: 19°25′52.01″N 99°7′55.58″W / 19.4311139°N 99.1321056°W / 19.4311139; -99.1321056

The Nation is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. The periodical, devoted to politics and culture, is self-described as "the flagship of the left."^[2] Founded on July 6, 1865, it is published by The Nation Company, L.P., at 33 Irving Place, New York City.^[3]

The Nation has bureaus in Washington, D.C., London and South Africa, with departments covering architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry and the United Nations. Circulation peaked at 187,000 in 2006 but by 2010 had dropped back to 145,000 in print, though digital subscriptions had risen to over 15,000.^[4] Print ad pages declined by 5% from 2009 to 2010, while digital advertising rose 32.8% from 2009-10.^[5] Advertising accounts for 10% of total revenue for the magazine, while circulation totals 60%.^[4] The Nation has lost money in all but three or four years of operation and is sustained in part by a group of more than 30,000 donors called The Nation Associates, who donate funds to the periodical above and beyond their annual subscription fees.^{[citation needed]} This program accounts for 30% of the total revenue for the magazine. An annual cruise also generates $200,000 for the magazine.^[4]

Mission[link]

According to The Nation's founding prospectus of 1865, "The Nation will not be the organ of any party, sect, or body. It will, on the contrary, make an earnest effort to bring to the discussion of political and social questions a really critical spirit, and to wage war upon the vices of violence, exaggeration and misrepresentation by which so much of the political writing of the day is marred."

History[link]

Abolitionists founded The Nation in July 1865 on "Newspaper Row" at 130 Nassau Street in Manhattan. The publisher was Joseph H. Richards, and the editor was E.L. Godkin, a classical liberal critic of nationalism, imperialism, and socialism.^[6] The magazine would stay at Newspaper Row for 90 years. Wendell Phillips Garrison, son of William Lloyd Garrison, was Literary Editor from 1865 to 1906.

In 1881, newspaperman-turned-railroad-baron Henry Villard acquired The Nation and converted it into a weekly literary supplement for his daily newspaper the New York Evening Post. The offices of the magazine were moved to the Evening Post's headquarters at 210 Broadway. The New York Evening Post would later morph into a tabloid; the New York Post was a left-leaning afternoon tabloid under owner Dorothy Schiff from 1939 to 1976 and, since then, has been a conservative tabloid owned by Rupert Murdoch, while The Nation became known for its markedly liberal (and sometimes leftist) politics.

In 1900, Henry Villard's son, Oswald Garrison Villard, inherited the magazine and the Evening Post, selling off the latter in 1918. Thereafter, he remade The Nation into a current affairs publication and gave it an anti-classical liberal orientation: Oswald Villard welcomed the New Deal and supported the nationalization of industries - thus reversing the meaning of "liberalism" as the founders of "The Nation" would have understood the term, from a belief in a smaller and more restricted government to a belief in a larger and less restricted government. Villard's takeover prompted the FBI to monitor the magazine for roughly 50 years. The FBI had a file on Villard from 1915. Villard sold the magazine in 1935. It became a nonprofit in 1943.

Almost every editor of The Nation from Villard's time to the 1970s was looked at for "subversive" activities and ties.^[7] When Albert Jay Nock, not long later, published a column criticizing Samuel Gompers and trade unions for being complicit in the war machine of the First World War, The Nation was briefly suspended from the U.S. mail.^[8]

During the late 1940s and again in the early 1950s, a merger was discussed by The Nation's Freda Kirchwey (later Carey McWilliams) and The New Republic's Michael Straight. The two magazines were very similar at that time—both were left of center, The Nation further left than TNR; both had circulations around 100,000, TNR had a slightly higher circulation; and both lost money—and it was thought that the two magazines could unite and make the most powerful journal of opinion.

During this period, Paul Blanshard was an Associate Editor of The Nation and served during the 1950s as its Special Correspondent in Uzbekistan. His most famous writing was a series of articles attacking the Roman Catholic Church in America as a dangerous, powerful, and undemocratic institution.

The new publication would have been called The Nation and New Republic. Kirchwey was the most hesitant, and both attempts to merge failed. The two magazines would later take very different paths, with The Nation having a higher circulation and The New Republic moving more to the right.^[9]

In June 1979, new Nation publisher Hamilton Fish and then-editor Victor Navasky moved the weekly to 72 Fifth Avenue. In June 1998, the periodical had to move to make way for condominium development. The offices of The Nation are now at 33 Irving Place in the Gramercy neighborhood.

In 1977, Hamilton Fish V bought the magazine and, in 1985, sold it to Arthur L. Carter, who had made a fortune as a founding partner of Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt.

In 1995, Victor Navasky bought the magazine and, in 1996, became publisher.

Katrina vanden Heuvel is the editor and publisher of the Nation as of 2010.^[4]

Notable contributors[link]

The publisher and editor is Katrina vanden Heuvel. Former editors include Victor Navasky, Norman Thomas (associate editor), Carey McWilliams, and Freda Kirchwey, the subject of a biography by the feminist historian Sara Alpern.

Notable contributors have included Albert Einstein, Albert J. Nock, Franz Boas, Patrick Buchanan,^[10] Martin Luther King Jr., Bertrand Russell, Barbara Garson, H. L. Mencken, Gore Vidal, Edward Said, Arthur Danto, Christopher Hitchens, Hunter S. Thompson, Langston Hughes, Ralph Nader, James Baldwin, Kai Bird, Clement Greenberg, Tom Hayden, Daniel Singer, I.F. Stone, Studs Terkel, Leon Trotsky, George Orwell, Henry Miller, Franklin D. Roosevelt, James K. Galbraith, John Steinbeck, Barbara Tuchman, T. S. Eliot, Kurt Vonnegut, Robert Frost, Frank Lloyd Wright, Hannah Arendt, Ezra Pound, Henry James, Charles Sanders Peirce,^[11] Jean-Paul Sartre, John Maynard Keynes,^[12] Naomi Klein, Alexander Cockburn, Tariq Ali, and poet John Beecher.

Regular columns[link]

The magazine runs a number of regular columns. The longest-running of these contributors had written their columns for over 20 years.

• Sister Citizen by Melissa Harris-Perry^[13]
• Beat the Devil by Alexander Cockburn
• The Liberal Media by Eric Alterman
• Diary of a Mad Law Professor by Patricia J. Williams
• Subject to Debate by Katha Pollitt
• Beneath the Radar by Gary Younge
• Look Out by Naomi Klein
• Deadline Poet by Calvin Trillin
• The Nation cryptic crossword by Frank W. Lewis
• Minority Report (1982 to 2002) by Christopher Hitchens
• Dispatches (1984–87) by Max Holland and Kai Bird^[14]