- published: 14 Nov 2011
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- author: hijazna
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10 Janpath
Coordinates: 28°36′49″N 77°13′06″E / 28.6135°N 77.2184°E / 28.6135; 77.2184
10 Janpath is a house on Janpath road, New Delhi. It is presently the official residence of Sonia Gandhi, the President of Indian National Congress party (INC). The national headquarters of Indian National Congress is right behind it on 24, Akbar Road.
It was residence of India's second Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) and where his body lay in state on January 11, 1966. Today his biographical museum, Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place (formerly 10 Janpath), adjacent to the complex.
The house was the residence of Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru in 1960s, in fact adjacent to the complex, facing the roundabout is Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial at 1, Moti Lal Nehru Place., the rest had gone to Congress party. In fact in 1990s, when the Congress, under Rajiv Gandhi, supported Chandra Shekhar as PM, Rajiv offered L. K. Advani, then Leader of Opposition" in the Parliament, so "that the opposition leader can have a permanent address".
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Aldwych
Aldwych (
/ˈɔːldwɪtʃ/) is a place and road in the City of Westminster in London, England.
Aldwych, the road, is a crescent, connected to the Strand at both ends. At its centre, it meets the Kingsway. Buildings along its length are:
Nearby, in the Strand, is the now-disused Aldwych tube station.
Its official name is "Aldwych" but the road is sometimes colloquially referred to as "The Aldwych", rather in the same manner that "Strand" is often referred to as "The Strand".
The name, "Aldwych", derives from the Old English eald and wic meaning 'old trading town' or 'old marketplace'; the name was later applied to the street and district. It was recorded as Aldewich in 1211. In the seventh century, an Anglo-Saxon village and trading centre named Lundenwic ("London trading town") was established approximately one mile to the west of Londinium (named Lundenburh or "London Fort" by the Saxons) in what is now Aldwych. Lundenwic probably used the mouth of the River Fleet as a harbour or anchorage for trading ships and fishing boats.
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Allahabad
Allahabad ([ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪]; Hindi: इलाहाबाद; Urdu: الہ آباد), or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughal emperor Akbar from the original (still unofficially used) native name of Prayaga, and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, lying some 205 kilometres (127 mi) south of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad has been ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city (growth rate: 2.09 per cent (2011)).[citation needed] The ancient name of the city is Prayaga (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice"), as it is believed to be the spot where Brahma offered his first sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. It has a position of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and the ancient Sarasvati River.
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Battle of Plassey
Coordinates: 23°48′N 88°15′E / 23.80°N 88.25°E / 23.80; 88.25
The Battle of Plassey (Bengali: পলাশীর যুদ্ধ, Pôlashir Juddho), 23 June 1757, was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, establishing Company rule in South Asia which expanded over much of the Indies for the next hundred years. The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal (Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi), on the river banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal. The belligerents were Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
The battle was preceded by the attack on British controlled Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole incident. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal, and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar. Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Omichund and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army was defeated by roughly 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators.
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Battle of Singapore
The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of the Second World War when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore. Singapore was the major British military base in Southeast Asia and nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the East". The fighting in Singapore lasted from 8–15 February 1942.
It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese, and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. About 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan Campaign. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British history. In just seven days, Singapore, the "Impregnable Fortress", had fallen.
The Allies had imposed a trade embargo on Japan in response to its continued campaigns in China. Seeking alternate sources of necessary materials for its Pacific War against the Allies, Japan invaded Malaya. Singapore—to the south—was connected to Malaya by the Johor–Singapore Causeway. The Japanese saw it as a port which could be used as a launch pad against other Allied interests in the area, and to consolidate the invaded territory.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; Romaji: Dai Nippon Teikoku; literally Great Imperial State of Japan; officially Great Japan or Empire of Great Japan; commonly as Imperial Japan or the Japanese Empire) was an empire and world power that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.
Imperial Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵?, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Army") led to its emergence as a world power, eventually culminating in its membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific region. At the height of its power in 1942, the Japanese Empire ruled over a land area spanning 7,400,000 square kilometres (2,857,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest maritime empires in history.
After several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples of the countries it conquered. After suffering many defeats and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on 2 September 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement. The constitution came into force on 3 May 1947, officially dissolving the Empire. American occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose title is simply that ("the nation of Japan" Nippon-koku) or just "Japan" .
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Harrow School
Coordinates: 51°34′23″N 0°20′02″W / 51.573103°N 0.333792°W / 51.573103; -0.333792
Harrow School, commonly known simply as "'Harrow", is an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north-west London. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243 but the Harrow School of today was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572. Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school has an enrollment of approximately 850 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full time.
Harrow has many traditions and rich history, which includes the use of Straw Hats, morning suits, top hats and canes as uniform. Its long line of famous alumni include eight former Prime Ministers (including Churchill, Baldwin, Peel, and Palmerston), numerous foreign statesmen, former and current members of both houses of the UK Parliament, two Kings and several other members of various royal families, 20 Victoria Cross and one George Cross holders, and a great many notable figures in both the arts and the sciences. It is widely considered one of the best secondary schools in the world along with its rival Eton. Good Schools Guide said the school "Does well, does the boys well, couldn't do better."
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Hyderabad State
The Hyderābād state pronunciation (help·info) was located in the south-central region of the Indian subcontinent, and was ruled, from 1724 until 1948, by a hereditary Nizam. Throughout its history it was a Muslim-ruled state. The capital city was Hyderabad.
The region became part of the Mughal Empire in the 1680s. When the empire began to weaken in the 18th century, a Mughal official, Asif Jah, defeated a rival Mughal governor's attempt to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
Nizam's Dominions in the 18th century extended from Aurangabad and Berar in the north to Tiruchirapally in the south, encompassing the entire area of 'Circars' (later annexed by French and British forces), and parts of today's Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The areas in what is now Tamil Nadu were administered by the Nawab of the Carnatic, who acknowledged the Nizam's suzerainity. However, with the death of the first Nizam and the arrival of foreign forces, the dominions gradually lost their coastal territories.
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India
India (
i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] (
listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Moirang
Moirang is a city and a municipal council in Bishnupur district in the Indian state of Manipur. Moirang is a town situated in the north east of India, 45 km from Imphal, Manipur. The Moirang C.D. Block came into existence on 4 April 1985 with its headquarters at Moirang Khunou about 1.5 km from the Kumbi main road. It has an area of 269 km² with a population of 62,187 (BPL Survey) in 67 villages.
Loktak Lake, the biggest fresh water lake in the North East Indian region and Keibul Lamjao National Park are situated in this district. There are 12 Gram Panchayats in this block.
Archeologically, the town of Moirang is famous for the ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity, Lord Thangjing. The graceful Khamba-Thoibi dance also originated here at Moirang. There is a village called Ngangkhaleikai where the old cloth used by Khamba and Nongban are still preserved. This is a very important village of Moirang.
During World War II, Moirang was the headquarters of Azad Hind Fauz. Colonel Shaukat Malik of the Indian National Army, (INA) hoisted the Tricolour for the first time on Indian soil on 14 April 1944, in Moirang with the help of Manipuris like Shri Mairembam Koireng Singh and others who were members of the INA. The museum here displays some wartime relics and photographs.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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Nongpoh
Nongpoh is the administrative centre of Ri-Bhoi district in the state of Meghalaya in India, located on NH40, 52 kilometers from the State Capital ,Shillong and 48 kilometers from Guwahati, Assam.
Nongpoh is located at 25°54′N 91°53′E / 25.9°N 91.88°E / 25.9; 91.88. It has an average elevation of 485 metres (1591 feet).Because of its proximity to the Brahmaputra Plains,the weather in summer is humid and hot while winter is pleasant and warm.Fruits like pineapple, bananas, papayas etc, can be found to be grown everywhere in the Ri-Bhoi district. Betel leaf and nut trees are also seen all along the route from Nongpoh to Guwahati.
As of 2001[update] India census, Nongpoh had a population of 13,165. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nongpoh has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 63%, and female literacy is 59%. In Nongpoh, 21% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Portuguese India
The Portuguese Viceroyalty of India (Portuguese: Vice-Reino da Índia Portuguesa), later the Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia), was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.
The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Cochin. Until 1752, the "State of India" included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed by either a Viceroy or a Governor from headquarters established in Goa since 1510. In 1752 Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, being then confined to Malabar.
At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa. Portugal lost the last two enclaves in 1954, and finally the remaining three in December 1961, when they were taken back by India after military action (although Portugal only recognized Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime).
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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14th Dalai Lama
The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, 6 July 1935) is the 14th and current Dalai Lama, as well as the longest lived incumbent. Dalai Lamas are the most influential figures in the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, although the 14th has consolidated control over the other lineages in recent years. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and is also well known for his lifelong advocacy for Tibetans inside and outside Tibet. Tibetans traditionally believe him to be the reincarnation of his predecessors and a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
The Dalai Lama was born in Taktser, Qinghai (also known to Tibetans as Amdo), and was selected as the rebirth of the 13th Dalai Lama two years later, although he was only formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15. He inherited control over a government controlling an area roughly corresponding to the Tibet Autonomous Region just as the nascent People's Republic of China wished to assert central control over it. There is a dispute over whether the respective governments reached an agreement for a joint Chinese-Tibetan administration.
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Abid Hasan
Abid Hasan Safrani, born Zain-al-Abdin Hasan, was an officer of the Indian National Army and later, after 1947, an Indian diplomat.
Born to an anti-colonialist family in Hyderbad, Abid Hasan was brought-up in India and later went to Germany to train as an Engineer. It was while he was a student in Germany during World War II that Abid Hasan met Subhas Chandra Bose and decided to join the Indische Legion. Hasan would later serve as Bose's personal secretary and interpreter while Bose was in Germany. Hasan also sailed with Bose in the German U-Boat U-180 in 1943 in Bose's voyage to South East Asia. Over the course of the reformation of the INA and its campaigns in the south east Asian theatre, Hasan rose to be a Major in the Azad Hind Fauj. It was also during this that he adopted "Safrani", after the holy Hindu colour of Saffron, to his name as a mark of communal harmony.
After repatriation to India at the end of the war, Abid Hasan was released following the end of the INA trials in 1946 and joined the Indian National Congress briefly. After partition, Hasan chose to settle in Hyderabad and joined the nascent Indian Foreign Service. Over a long diplomatic career, Hasan served as the Indian Ambassador to a number of countries including Egypt and Denmark before retiring in 1969 and settling in Hyderabad. Abid Hasan Saffrani died in 1984. According to Leonard Gordon the author of Brothers Against the Raj, Abid Hasan Safrani coined the salutation "Jai Hind" (Hail India). It was the shortened form of "Jai Hindustan Ki". The term was made famous by Netaji Subash Chandra Bose's INA and its subsequent use as a national patriotic salutation in independent India. Netaji Bose's nephew Aurobindo Bose later married Safrani's niece.
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Abul Kalam Azad
Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad (Urdu: مولانا ابوالکلام محی الدین احمد آزاد, Bengali: আবুল কালাম মুহিয়ুদ্দিন আহমেদ আজাদ) (11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian Muslim scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence movement. He was one of the most prominent Muslim leaders to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government. He is also known for having predicted the future military rule and partition of Pakistan before its independence. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna in 1992. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as "National Education Day" across India.
As a young man, Azad composed poetry in Urdu as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement during which he came into close contact with Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience, and worked actively to organise the Non-cooperation movement in protest at the 1919 Rowlatt Acts. Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (Indigenous) products and the cause of Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. He became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1923.
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Achyut Patwardhan
Achyut Patwardhan (Devanāgarī: अच्युत पटवर्धन; 5 February 1905 – 5 August 1992.) was an Indian independence activist and political leader and founder of the Socialist Party of India. He was also a philosopher who believed fundamental change in society begins with man himself.
Achyut's father, Hari Keshav Patwardhan, was a prosperous legal practitioner at Ahmednagar. He had six sons of whom Achyut was the second. When Achyut was a boy of four years, Sitaram Patwardhan, a retired Deputy Educational Inspector, adopted him. Sitaram died in 1917, leaving considerable property for Achyut. Patwardhans are amongst the talented Chitpavan Brahmins who migrated from the Konkan region to all parts of Maharashtra and formed mostly the English-educated gentry from the end of the last century till recent times.
After finishing his primary and secondary education at Ahmednagar, Achyut passed the B. A. and M. A. examination from the Central Hindu College of Benares. His subject was Economics and he obtained a first class. Achyut’s own and adoptive fathers were both Theosophists and, therefore, he was sent to the college founded by Dr. Annie Besant. He was in contact with Dr. G. S. Arundale, the Theosophist Principal of the college, Dr. Annie Besant and Professor Telang. Their influence made him studious, meditative and ascetic. It must also be the reason of his life-long bachelorship.
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Alfred Webb
Alfred Webb (1834 – 1908) was an Irish Parliamentary Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) who played a role in every major nationalist organization from Butt’s Home Government Association to the United Irish League. Visiting India, he notably became the third non-Indian to preside over the Indian National Congress, at Madras in 1894.
He was first elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 24 February 1890, when he won a by-election for the West Waterford constituency. He was again returned for West Waterford in the 1892 general election, this time as an anti-Parnellite MP.
Webb was a supporter of Anti-Caste, Britain's first anti-racism journal which started in 1888. Researchers have reported international collaboration between subscribers and other activists. For example, although he was not a regular subscriber, Dadabhai Naoroji co-signed a letter with Webb and others to request support for a new association: ‘The Society for the Furtherance of Human Brotherhood’.
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Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen, CH (Bengali: অমর্ত্য সেন, translit. Ômorto Shen; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members. Sen is best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food. He helped to create the United Nations Human Development Index. In 2012, he became the first non-American recipient of the National Humanities Medal.
He is currently the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows, distinguished fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he previously served as Master from 1998 to 2004. He is the first Indian and the first Asian academic to head an Oxbridge college.
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Anandamohan Bose
Ananda Mohan Bose (Bengali: আনন্দমোহন বসু) (September 23, 1847 – August 20, 1906), a barrister, was one of the earliest Indian political leaders during the British Raj. He co-founded the Indian National Association, one of the earliest Indian political organizations, and later became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress. In 1874, he became the first Indian Wrangler (a student who has completed the third year of the Mathematical Tripos with first-class honours) of the Cambridge University. He was also a prominent religious leader of Brahmoism and with Sivanath Sastri a leading light of Adi Dharm.
Anandamohan was born at Jaysiddhi village in Mymensingh District of Bengal province in British India (in Itna Upazila of Kishoreganj District of present-day Bangladesh). His father was Padmalochan Bose and mother was Umakishori Devi. He passed his matriculation examination from the Mymensingh Zilla School and stood ninth in the examination. He passed his F.A. and B.A. examination from the Presidency College, Calcutta and secured first position in both the examination. In 1870, he received the Premchand Roychand studentship. In 1878, he went to England for higher education along with Keshab Chandra Sen.
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Annie Besant
Annie Besant (/ˈbɛsənt/; née Wood, 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a prominent British Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self rule.
She was married at 19 to Frank Besant but separated from him over religious differences. She then became a prominent speaker for the National Secular Society (NCS) and writer and a close friend of Charles Bradlaugh. In 1877 they were prosecuted for publishing a book by birth control campaigner Charles Knowlton. The scandal made them famous and Bradlaugh was elected Member of Parliament for Northampton in 1880.
She became involved with Union organisers including the Bloody Sunday demonstration and the London matchgirls strike of 1888 and was a leading speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation (SDF). She was elected to the London School Board for Tower Hamlets, topping the poll even though few women were qualified to vote at that time.
In 1890 Besant met Helena Blavatsky and over the next few years her interest in Theosophy grew while her interest in secular matters waned. She became a member of the Society and a highly successful lecturer in Theosophy. As part of her Theosophy-related work, she travelled to India where in 1898 she helped establish the Central Hindu College, and in 1902 she established the first overseas Lodge of the International Order of Co-Freemasonry, Le Droit Humain in England. Over the next few years she established lodges in many parts of the British Empire. In 1907 she became President of the Theosophical Society.
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Aruna Asaf Ali
Aruna Asaf Ali (Bengali: অরুণা আসফ আলী) (July 16, 1909 – July 29, 1996), born Aruna Ganguli, was an Indian independence activist. She is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, 1942. She was 87 years old at the time of her death.
Aruna Asaf Ali was born as Aruna Ganguly on July 16, 1908 at Kalka, Punjab, British India, but now in the state of Haryana into a Bengali Brahmo family. She was educated at Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and then in Nainital. She graduated and worked as a teacher. She taught at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta. She met Asaf Ali, a leader in the Congress party at Allahabad and married him in 1928, despite parental opposition on grounds of religion (she was a Brahmo while he was a Muslim) and age (a difference of more than 20 years).
She became an active member of Congress Party after marrying asaf ali and participated in public processions during the Salt Satyagraha. She was arrested on the charge that she was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact which stipulated release of all political prisoners. Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises unless she was also released and gave in only after Mohandas K. Gandhi intervened. A public agitation secured her release.
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Asaf Ali
Asaf Ali (May 11, 1888 – April 1, 1953) was an Indian independence fighter and noted Indian lawyer. He was the first ambassador from India to the United States. He also worked as the governor of Orissa.
Educated in the St. Stephen's College, Delhi, and called to bar from Lincoln's Inn in England, he entered the Indian independence movement and was imprisoned many times. In 1928, he married Aruna Ganguli, a marriage that raised eyebrows on the grounds of religion (Asaf Ali was a Muslim while Aruna was a Hindu) and age difference (Aruna was 22 years junior to him). He defended Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt as a lawyer, after they threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929, during the passage of a controversial ordinance. He was elected in 1935 as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly from Delhi representing the Muslim Nationalist Party. He was re-elected as a Congress candidate against a Muslim League candidate. He worked as Deputy Leader of the Congress Party in the Assembly. In 1945, Ali came to be the convenor of the INA defence team established by the Congress for the defence of the officers of the INA charged with treason later in November 1945.
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Ashoke Kumar Sen
Ashoke Kumar Sen (Bengali: অশোককুমার সেন) (10 October 1913 – 31 August 1996) was an Indian barrister, a former Cabinet minister of India, and an Indian parliamentarian.
He also holds the record for winning a Lok Sabha seat the most times and also the record for being not only an MP for the most years, but also a cabinet minister - serving more than 7 prime ministers. For decades he was the inevitable Union Law Minister.
Ashoke Kumar Sen was born in 1913 in a Vaidya-Brahmin family. His father was a district magistrate. His elder brother, Sukumar Sen ICS (b. 1899), who went on to become India, Sudan and Nepal's first Chief Election Commissioner, funded his education in England, at the London school of Economics. Ashoke Sen went on to study for the Bar at Gray's Inn.
Upon his return, he started teaching law at the City College, Kolkata a constituent college of the University of Calcutta He then began practicing in the Calcutta High Court. At the age of 26, he had already written a book about Commercial Law, which was endorsed by Mr. Sen's then senior Sudhi Ranjan Das, the future Chief Justice of India.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Hindi: अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी, Birth: 25 December 1924 in Gwalior) is a veteran Indian statesman who served as a non congress Prime Minister of India three times, viz. 13 days in 1996, 13 months from 1998 to 1999, and lastly a five year's term from 19 March 1998 until 19 May 2004. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected to the Lok Sabha a record nine times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Member of Parliament for Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from active politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was one amongst the founder members of erstwhile Jana Sangh and had been its president also. He was also the Minister of External Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai. When Janata government collapsed Vajpayee merged his entire party into a fresh party and named it as Bharatiya Janata Party in the interest of nation. A poet-politician Vajpayee has been the liberal face of BJP.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee was born to Krishna Devi and Krishna Bihari Vajpayee on 25th December, 1924 in a respected middle class Brahmin family. His birthplace was Shinde Ki Chhavani, a small town in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (then known as Central Province). His grandfather, Pandit Shyam Lal Vajpayee, had migrated to Gwalior from his ancestral village of Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh and his father, Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, was a poet and a schoolmaster in his hometown. Vajpayee attended Gwalior's Victoria College (now Laxmi Bai College), and graduated with distinctions in Hindi, English and Sanskrit. He completed his Post Graduation with a (M.A.) degree in Political Science from DAV College, Kanpur, securing first-class. Later he became a full time worker of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and served the Rashtradharma, Veer Arjun and Panchjanya newspapers as a journalist. Like other full time workers of the Sangh, Vajpayee never married and decided to dedicate his entire life for the service of the nation.
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Aung San
Bogyoke (General) Aung San (Burmese: အောင်ဆန်း; MLCTS: buil hkyup aung hcan:, pronounced: [bòdʑoʊʔ àʊɴ sʰáɴ]); 13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, and founder of the modern Burmese army (Tatmadaw), and considered to be the Father of (modern-day) Burma.
He was a founder of the Communist Party of Burma and was instrumental in bringing about Burma's independence from British colonial rule in Burma, but was assassinated six months before independence. He is recognized as the leading architect of independence, and the founder of the Union of Burma. Affectionately known as "Bogyoke" (General), Aung San is still widely admired by the Burmese people, and his name is still invoked in Burmese politics to this day.
Aung San had a daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi, who is a recipient of a Nobel Peace an a Burmese politician.
Aung San was born to U Pha, a lawyer, and his wife Daw Suu in Natmauk, Magway District, in central Burma on 13 February 1915. His family was already well known in the Burmese resistance movement; his great uncle Bo Min Yaung fought against the British annexation of Burma in 1886.
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Baba Amte
Murlidhar Devidas Amte (December 26, 1914 – February 9, 2008), popularly known as Baba Amte (Marathi: बाबा आमटे), was an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy.
Amte was born to Devidas and Laxmibai Amte in the town of Hinganghat in Wardha District of Maharashtra. The family was a wealthy jagirdar Brahmin family. His father was also a British official with responsibilities for district administration and revenue collection. Amte had acquired his nickname Baba in his childhood.
He came to be known as Baba not because "he is a saint or any such thing, but because his parents addressed him by that name." (as explained by his wife Sadhanatai)
As the eldest son of a wealthy Brahmin landowner, Murlidhar had an idyllic childhood. By the time he was fourteen, Baba owned his own gun and hunted boar and deer. He developed a special interest in cinema, wrote reviews for the film magazine The Picture Goer and even corresponded with Greta Garbo and Norma Shearer. (Norma Shearer would become one of his first foreign donors when he began working with leprosy patients.) When he was old enough to drive, Baba was given a Singer sportscar with cushions covered with panther skin! But even then, Amte did not appreciate the restrictions that prevented him from playing with the 'low-caste' servants' children.
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Badruddin Tyabji
Badruddin Tyabji (Tyab Ali) (1844–1906) was the third President of the Indian National Congress. He was succeeded by George Yule.
Badruddin Tyabji was the "First Muslim" to become the "President of Indian National Congress".
He was born on November 22, 1844 in Mumbai, India. He was the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a Sulaimani Bohra, and a scion of an old Cambay emigrant Arab family.
He sent all of his eight sons to Europe for further studies, at a time when English education was considered an anathema for Muslims in India. Badruddin Tyabji returned to India in 1821 as the first Indian Solicitor, one of the other brother was sent to Najran for religious studies. Apart from Badruddin Tyabji (who at one time was the vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University ), all of his other brothers were prominent and well respected members of Indian establishment. Their accomplishments included the first Muslim Chief Justice of Bombay High Court, the first Indian barrister and the first Muslim to qualify as an Engineer.
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Bagha Jatin
Bagha Jatin (Bāghā Jatin, lit: Tiger Jatin), born Jatindranath Mukherjee (Jotindrônāth Mukhōpaddhāē) (7 December 1879 – 10 September 1915) was an Bengali revolutionary philosopher against British rule.
He was the principal leader of the Yugantar party that was the central association of revolutionaries in Bengal. Having personally met the German Crown-Prince in Calcutta shortly before World War I, he obtained the promise of arms and ammunition from Germany; as such, he was responsible for the planned German Plot during World War I.
Another of his original contributions was the indoctrination of the Indian soldiers in various regiments in favour of an insurrection.
In 1925, Gandhi told Tegart that Jatin Mukherjee, generally referred to as “Bagha Jatin”, was “a divine personality”. Little did he know that Tegart had once told his colleagues that if Jatin were an Englishman, then the English people would have built his statue next to Nelson’s at Trafalgar Square. In his note to J.E. Francis of the India Office in 1926, he described Bengali revolutionaries as “the most selfless political workers in India”.
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Bakht Khan
Bakht Khan khan (1797–13 May 1859) was nominal commander-in-chief of Indian rebel forces in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the East India Company.
Bakht Khan was a Pashtun related to the family of Rohilla chief Najib-ul-Daula, from a branch of the Yusufzai tribe. He was born in Bijnor in Rohilkhand and later became a subedar in the army of the East India Company, gaining forty years of experience in the Bengal horse artillery and seeing action in the First Anglo-Afghan War.
By the time Khan arrived at Delhi on July 1, 1857, the city had already been taken by rebel forces and the Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah II had been proclaimed Emperor of India. The emperor's eldest son, Mirza Mughal, also called Mirza Zahiruddin, had been given the title of chief general, but this prince had no military experience. This was the time when Bakht Khan along with his forces arrived in Delhi on Wednesday 1 July 1857. With his arrival the leadership position did improve. Bakht Khan's superior abilities quickly became evident, and the emperor gave him actual authority and the title of Saheb-I-Alam Bhadur, or Lord Governor General. Khan was virtual commander of the sepoy forces, although Mirza Zahiruudin was still the commander in chief.
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Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Lokmanya Tilak (Marathi: लोकमान्य बाळ गंगाधर टिळक pronunciation (help·info)), born as Keshav Bal Gangadhar Tilak ((1856-07-23)23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920(1920-08-01), age 64), was an Indian nationalist, teacher, social reformer, lawyer and independence fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities derogatorily called him "Father of the Indian unrest". He was also conferred with the honorary title of "Lokmanya", which literally means "Accepted by the people (as their leader)". Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of "Swaraj" (self-rule) and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. His famous quote, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it!" is well-remembered in India even today.
Lokmanya Tilak was born at Chummakachu Lane (Ranjani Aaleea) in Chikhalgaon, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra to a Chitpavan Brahmin family. His father, Shri Gangadhar Tilak was a famous school teacher and a Sanskrit scholar who died when Tilak was sixteen. His brilliance rubbed off on young Tilak, who graduated from Deccan College, Pune in 1877. Tilak was among one of the first generation of Indians to receive a college education.
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Baldev Singh
Baldev Singh was an Indian Sikh political leader, he was an Indian independence movement leader and the first Defence Minister of India. Moreover, he represented the Punjabi Sikh community in the processes of negotiations that resulted in the independence of India, as well as the Partition of India in 1947.
After independence, Baldev Singh was chosen to become as the first Minister of Defence, and served in this post during the first Kashmir war between India and Pakistan. He is addressed often with the title of Sardar, which in Punjabi and Hindi means Leader or Chief.
Baldev Singh was born on July 11, 1902 in the Rupar district of Punjab to an aristocratic family. Singh was educated at the Khalsa College in Amritsar, and began working in his father's firm in the steel industry. He rose to the position of director of the firm.
Bladev Singh won an election to the Punjab provincial assembly under the Government of India Act 1935 in 1937, as a candidate of the Panthic party. He became closely linked with Master Tara Singh and the Shiromani Akali Dal.
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Benjamin Gilani
Benjamin Gilani (born 1946) is an Indian actor of film, television and theatre. He portrayed Jawaharlal Nehru in the 1993 film Sardar. He also acted in the movie "Hum Dum".
He is a postgraduate from Delhi University[clarification needed], studied at Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) Pune 1972 batch, where Naseeruddin Shah and Tom Alter were his batchmates. Later became a professor of English Literature at St. Stephen's College, Delhi.
He founded 'Motley Productions', a Mumbai-based theatre company in 1977, along with Tom Alter and Naseeruddin Shah, and Waiting For Godot was their first play on July 29, 1979 at Prithvi Theatre, the play was revived in 2009 for group's 30th anniversary celebrations.
{{India-actor
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Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh (IPA: [pə̀ɡət̪ sɪ́ŋɡ] ( listen); 28 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian nationalist considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. He is often referred to as Shaheed Bhagat Singh, the word Shaheed meaning "martyr" in a number of Indian languages.
Born into a Sikh Jat family which had earlier been involved in revolutionary activities against the British Raj, as a teenager Singh studied European revolutionary movements and was attracted to anarchist and marxist ideologies. He became involved in numerous revolutionary organisations, and quickly rose through the ranks of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to become one of its main leaders, eventually changing its name to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928.
Seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai at the hands of the police, Singh was involved in the assassination of British police officer John Saunders. He eluded efforts by the police to capture him. Together with Batukeshwar Dutt, he undertook a successful effort to throw two bombs and leaflets inside the Central Legislative Assembly while shouting slogans of Inquilab Zindabad. Subsequently they volunteered to surrender and be arrested. Held on this charge, he gained widespread national support when he underwent a 116 day fast in jail, demanding equal rights for British and Indian political prisoners. During this time, sufficient evidence was brought against him for a conviction in the Saunders case, after trial by a Special Tribunal and appeal at the Privy Council in England. He was convicted and subsequently hanged for his participation in the murder, aged 23. His legacy prompted youth in India to begin fighting for Indian independence and he continues to be a youth idol in modern India, as well as the inspiration for several films. He is commemorated with a large bronze statue in the Parliament of India, as well as a range of other memorials.
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Bhagwan Das
Bhagwan Das (January 12, 1869 – September 18, 1958) was an Indian theosophist and public figure. For a time he served in the Central Legislative Assembly of British India. He became allied with the Hindustani Culture Society and was active in opposing rioting as a form of protest. As an advocate for national freedom from the British rule, he was often in danger of reprisals from the Colonial government. He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1955. He was the fourth recipient of India's highest civilian award.
Born in Varanasi, India, he graduated school to became a deputy in the collections bureau, and later left to continue his academic pursuits. Das joined the Theosophical Society in 1894 inspired by a speech by Annie Besant. After the 1895 split, he sided with the Theosophical Society Adyar. Within that society, he was an opponent of Jiddu Krishnamurti and his Order of the Star in the East organisation. Das joined the Indian National Congress during the Non-cooperation movement and was honoured with the Bharat Ratna in 1955.
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Bhikaiji Cama
Bhikaiji Rustom Cama (24 September 1861 – 13 August 1936) was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement.
Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama was born on 24 September 1861 in Bombay (now Mumbai) into a large, well-off Parsi family. Her parents, Sorabji Framji Patel and Jaijibai Sorabji Patel, were well known in the city, where her father Sorabji—a lawyer by training and a merchant by profession—was an influential member of the Parsi community.
Like many Parsi girls of the time, Bhikhaiji attended Alexandra Native Girl's English Institution. Bhikhaiji was by all accounts a diligent, disciplined child with a flair for languages.
On 3 August 1885, she married Rustom Cama, a wealthy, pro-British lawyer who aspired to enter politics. It was not a happy marriage, and Bhikhaiji spent most of her time and energy in philanthropic activities and social work.
In October 1896, the Bombay Presidency was hit first by famine, and shortly thereafter by bubonic plague. Bhikhaiji joined one of the many teams working out of Grant Medical College (which would subsequently become Haffkine's plague vaccine research centre), in an effort to provide care for the afflicted, and (later) to inoculate the healthy. Cama subsequently contracted the plague herself, but survived. Severely weakened, she was sent to Britain for medical care in 1901.
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Bhimsen Joshi
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi ( pronunciation (help·info)); February 4, 1922 – January 24, 2011) was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition. A member of the Kirana Gharana (school), he is renowned for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music (bhajans and abhangs). He was the most recent recipient of the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, awarded in 2008.
Joshi was born into a Kannadiga family in the town of Ron, which was then in Dharwar, District in northern Karnataka state of India. His father, Gururaj Joshi, was a school teacher. Bhimsen was the eldest in a family of 16 siblings. Some of the siblings still live in their ancestral home in Gadag. Bhimsen lost his mother when he was young, and his step mother then raised him. His parents lived initially with his grandfather as tenants of a Kulkarni household, but then moved to Gadag (now a district headquarter).
As a child, Pandit Bhimsen Joshi's craving for music was evident to his family as he managed to lay his hands on a 'tanpura' used by his 'Kirtankar' grandfather, which had been kept away from his gaze at home. Music had such a magnetic pull over him that a 'bhajan singing' procession or just 'azaan' from a nearby mosque was said to draw him out of house.
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Bhulabhai Desai
Bhulabhai Desai (October 13, 1877 - May 6, 1946) was an Indian freedom fighter and acclaimed lawyer. He is well-remembered for his defense of the three Indian National Army soldiers accused of treason during World War II, and for attempting to negotiate a secret power-sharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim League.
Bhulabhai Desai was born in Valsad, Gujarat. Initially schooled by his maternal uncle, Bhulabhai further studied at the Avabai School in Valsad and the Bharda High School in Bombay, from where he matriculated in 1895, standing first in his school. He married Ichchhaben while still in school. They had one son, Dhirubhai, but Ichchhabhen died of cancer in 1923. He then joined the Elphinstone College in Bombay from where he graduated in high standing in English literature and history. He won the Wordsworth Prize and a scholarship for standing first in History and Political Economy. He did his M.A. in English from the University of Bombay. Bhulabhai was appointed Professor of English and History in the Gujarat College, Ahmedabad. While teaching he also studied law. Desai enrolled as an advocate at the Bombay High Court in 1905, and became one of the city's and later the nation's leading lawyers.
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Bhupendra Nath Bose
Bhupendra Nath Bose (1859–1924) was an Indian politician and President of the Indian National Congress in 1914.
Bose was born in Krishnanagar, West Bengal in 1859. He graduated from the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1880. He completed his master's degree in 1881 and his law degree in 1883.
From 1904 to 1910, Bose was a member of the Bengal Legislature. During this period, he was involved in the nationalist movement. In 1905 he presided over the Bengal Provincial Conference held at Mymensingh. He joined the anti-partition agitation and campaign against British goods throughout Bengal. He opposed the passing of the Press Act in 1910. He became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1914.
Bose was a member and under-secretary in the Council of the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1923. In 1923 he was made a member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bengal. He then became the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. He was the first president of Mohun Bagan AC, Calcutta. He died in 1924.
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Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bidhan Chandra Roy, M.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. (1 July 1882 – 1 July 1962) was the second Chief Minister of West Bengal in India. He remained in his post for 14 years as a Indian National Congress candidate, from 1948 until his death in 1962. He was a highly respected physician and a renowned freedom fighter. Bidhan Roy is often considered the great architect of West Bengal, who founded three eminent cities, Durgapur, Kalyani and Bidhannagar. He was an alumnus of the Medical College Calcutta of the University of Calcutta. He is one of the few people who completed both F.R.C.S. and M.R.C.P. simultaneously within only two years and three months. In India, the National Doctor's Day is celebrated on the date of his birth (and death) July 1 every year. Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy constituted a trust for his properties at Patna for social service and made eminent nationalist Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) the trustee. He was awarded Bharat Ratna on 4 February 1961, India's highest civilian honour. He was also a member of the Brahmo Samaj[citation needed].
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Bipin Chandra Pal
Bipin Chandra Pal (Bengali: বিপিন চন্দ্র পাল; November 7, 1858 - May 20, 1932) was an Indian nationalist. He was among the triumvirate of Lal Bal Pal.
Bipin Chandra Pal was born in Poil Village, Habiganj District, Bangladesh, in a wealthy Hindu Vaishnava family. His father was Ramchandra Pal, a Persian scholar and small landowner. His son was Niranjan Pal, one of the founders of Bombay Talkies. B.C. Pal is known as the 'Father Of Revolutionary Thoughts' in India and was one of the freedom fighters of India. He was a radical.
Bipin Chandra Pal was a teacher, journalist, orator, writer and librarian, he was famous as one of the triumvirate of three militant patriots of the Congresses - the "Pal" of Lal Bal Pal. The trio was responsible for initiating the first popular upsurge against British colonial policy in the 1905 partition of Bengal, before the advent of Gandhi into Indian politics. Pal was also the founder of the journal Bande Mataram.
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Bismillah Khan
Ustad Bismillah Khan (Urdu: استاد بسم اللہ خان صاحب; March 21, 1916 – August 21, 2006) was an Indian shehnai maestro. He was the third classical musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna (in 2001), the highest civilian honour in India and gained worldwide acclaim for playing the shehnai for more than eight decades.
Bismillah Khan was born in a bihari Dalit Muslim family at Bhirung Raut Ki Gali, in Dumraon, Bihar, as the second son of Paigambar Khan and Mitthan. He was named as Qamaruddin to rhyme with Shamsuddin, their first son. His grandfather, Rasool Baksh Khan uttered "Bismillah" (the basmala) after looking at the newborn, thus he was named Bismillah Khan.
His ancestors were court musicians and used to play in Naqqar khana in the princely states of Bhojpur, now in Bihar. His father was a shehnai player in the court of Maharaja Keshav Prasad Singh of Dumraon Estate, Bihar.
At the age of six, he moved to Varanasi. He received his training under his uncle, the late Ali Baksh 'Vilayatu', a shehnai player attached to Varanasi's Vishwanath Temple.
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Chandra Shekhar
Chandra Shekhar Singh (1 July 1927 - 8 July 2007) was the eighth Prime Minister of India.
Chandra Shekhar Singh was born on 1 July 1927 to a farming family in Ibrahimpatti, a village in the Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh. He was awarded a Master of Arts degree at Allahabad University. He was known as a firebrand in student politics. After graduation, he became active in socialist politics.
He joined the socialist movement and was elected secretary of the district Praja Socialist Party (PSP), Ballia. Within a year, he was elected joint secretary of the PSP’s State unit in Uttar Pradesh. In 1955-56, he took over as general secretary of the party in the State. His career as a parliamentarian began with his election to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1962.He came under the spell of Acharya Narendra Dev, a fiery Socialist leader in the beginning of his political career. From 1962 to 1967, Shekhar belonged to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper house of the Parliament of India. He had a nationwide padayatra in 1984 to know the country better, which he claimed gave the jitters to Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister. He was called a "Young Turk".
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Charan Singh
Chaudhary Charan Singh (Caudharī Caraṇ Siṅh; 23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was the fifth Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980.
Born into a Jat family in 1902, Charan Singh entered politics as part of the Independence Movement. After independence he became particularly notable in the 1950s for opposing and winning a battle against Nehru's socialistic and collectivist land use policies, for the sake of the Indian Farmer, which endeared him to the agrarian communities throughout the nation, particularly in his native Uttar Pradesh.
The leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal, a major constituent of the Janata coalition, he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by Jayaprakash Narayan's choice of Morarji Desai. He settled at the time for the largely honorary post of Deputy Prime Minister of India.During 1977 Lok Sabha Elections, there was not a single party, hence it was problem, which symbol has to be adopted (many parties joined the front to contest the elections after emergency was over). Hence, a request was made to Chaudhary Charan Singh (Lok Dal) and he agreed to release his party-Lok Dal's symbol "HALDHAR'. This symbol was locked in that elections, but a promise was made to Chaudhary Charan Singh that he would be Prime Minister if the front won that election, but this promise was never kept by other party leaders, hence,Chaudhary Charan Singh had a knot in his heart, resulting in a revolt; when the time came he became Prime Minister. However, the internal stresses of the coalition's government caused him to leave the government with the former Lok Dal, after being promised by Indira Gandhi the support of the Congress Party on the floor of the House in any efforts to form a government. He was sworn in as Prime Minister with the support of just 64 MPs.
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Chittaranjan Das
Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das) (Bengali: চিত্তরঞ্জন দাস Chittorônjon Dash) (popularly called Deshbandhu "Friend of the country") (5 November 1870 – 16 June 1925) was an Indian politician and leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal under British rule.
After failing the competitive entrance examination for the British-dominated Indian Civil Service, Das entered the legal profession. He defended many accused of political offenses and took an active part in nationalistic journalism.
Bitterly opposing British rule in India and rejecting all ideas of political or economic development of India along Western lines, he idealized the life of the ancient Indian village and saw a golden age in ancient Indian history. He supported the noncooperation movement launched against British rule by Mahatma Gandhi and in 1921 was imprisoned for six months as a political offender. In 1922 he became president of the Indian National Congress. Under his leadership the Congress abandoned its intentions to boycott colonially sponsored elections for provincial councils. It decided instead to participate in order to seek positions that would permit them to obstruct governmental business from within.
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Dadabhai Naoroji
Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) (Hindi: दादाभाई नौरोजी), known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British MP. He is also credited with the founding of the Indian National Congress, along with A.O. Hume and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.
At the early age of 25, he was appointed leading Professor at the Elphinstone Institution in 1850, becoming the first Indian to hold such an academic position. Being an Athornan (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumae Mazdayasne Sabha (Guides on the Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore the Zoroastrian religion to its original purity and simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a fortnightly publication, the Rast Goftar (or The Truth Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts. By 1855 he was Professor of Mathematics and Natural philosophy in Bombay. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co, opening a Liverpool location for the first Indian company to be established in Britain. Within three years, he had resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton trading company, Naoroji & Co. Later, he became professor of Gujarati at University College London.
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Dev Kant Baruah
Debakanta Barua (also spelled as Dev Kant Baruah) (Assamese: দেৱকান্ত বৰুৱা) (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977) and was one of the most loyal supporters of then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He is most remembered for his famous saying that "Indira is India and India is Indira", which most considered sycophancy and undue glorification of Indira Gandhi. He later joined Congress (Urs) which was later renamed as Indian Congress (Socialist). He was the Governor of Bihar from 1 February 1971 to 4 February 1973. He died in New Delhi.
Barua was a noted poet as well. His collection of Assamese poems, Sagar Dekhisa (সাগৰ দেখিছা) is still very popular. He was the elder brother of famous Assamese poet Nabakanta Barua.
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Dhondo Keshav Karve
Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve (Marathi: महर्षी डॉ. धोंडो केशव कर्वे) (18 April 1858 - 9 November 1962) was a social reformer in India in the field of women's welfare. In honour of Karve, Queen's Road in Mumbai (Bombay) was renamed to Maharishi Karve Road
Mahatma Phule and Savitribai Phule are known as pioneers in promoting women's education . Inspired by Mahatma Phule's movement, Mr Karve decided to continue the work of promoting women's education in India. The Government of India awarded Dhondo Keshav Karve its highest civilian award, Bhārat Ratna, in 1958, the year he turned 100 years old.
The appellation Maharshi, which the Indian public often assigned to Karve, means ”a great sage”. He was also sometimes affectionately called "Annā Karve"; in the Marāthi-speaking community to which Karve belonged, the appellation "Annā" is often used to address either one's father or an elder brother.
Annasaheb Karve was born on 18 April 1858 at Sherawali, Dapoli Tālukā of Ratnāgiri district in Mahārāshtra. He was a native of Murud in the Konkan region. He was born in a lower middle-class Chitpāvan Brahmin family. His father's name was Keshav Bāpunnā Karve. In his autobiography, he wrote of his struggle to appear at a public service examination, walking 110 miles in torrential rain and difficult terrain to the nearest city of Sātārā, and his shattering disappointment at not being allowed to appear for the examination because "he looked too young".
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Dinshaw Edulji Wacha
Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (1844-1936) was a Parsi Indian politician from Bombay. He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress, and its President in 1901.
He was President of the Indian Merchants' Chamber in 1915. He was knighted in 1917.
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Ebrahim Alkazi
Ebrahim Alkazi (born 1925) is one of the most influential Indian theatre directors and Drama teachers in 20th century Indian theatre. He also remained the Director of National School of Drama, New Delhi (1962–1977) He has also been a noted art connoisseur, collector and gallery owner, and found Art Heritage Gallery in Delhi with his wife, Roshan Alkazi.
Trained at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), he won the BBC Broadcasting Award in 1950. He has directed over 50 plays, including famous productions of: Girish Karnad's Tughlaq, Mohan Rakesh's Ashadh Ka Ek Din, Dharamvir Bharati's Andha Yug and numerous Shakespeare and Greek plays.
Son of an Saudi Arabian immigrant Alkazi was schooled in St. Vincent's High School in Pune and later St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Thereafter he trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London.
Early on in his career he got associated with the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group, which included M.F.Husain, F.N.Souza, S.H.Raza, Akbar Padamsee, Tyeb Mehta, artists who were later to paint from his plays and design his sets.
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Emilie Schenkl
Emilie Schenkl (26 December 1910 – March 1996), an Austrian-born national, was the secretary of Subhas Chandra Bose, a leader in the Indian Independence Movement. She was married to Bose in 1937 in Bad Gastein, Austria or in 1941 or in 1942, in Berlin, Germany. Bose and Emilie Schenkl had a daughter, Anita Bose Pfaff (born 1942, in Vienna), who is a professor of economics in the University of Augsburg.
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George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India, and the first Head of the Commonwealth.
As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during World War I, and after the war took on the usual round of public engagements. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret.
George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII on the death of their father in 1936. However, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry the divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry Mrs Simpson and remain king. Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor.
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George Yule
George Yule (1829–1892) was a Scottish businessman in India who notably became the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888, the first non-Indian to hold that office. He was succeeded by Sir William Wedderburn.
He was the chief of the well-known Andrew Yule and Co. in Kolkata; was also Sheriff of Kolkata for sometime and President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce.
preface to second edition 1.the origins of language 2.the development of writing
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Girish Karnad
Girish Raghunath Karnad (born 19 May 1938) is a contemporary writer, playwright, screenwriter, actor and movie director in Kannada language. His rise as a prominent playwright in 1960s, marked the coming of age of Modern Indian playwriting in Kannada, just as Badal Sarkar did it in Bengali, Vijay Tendulkar in Marathi, and Mohan Rakesh in Hindi. He is a recipient of the 1998 Jnanpith Award for Kannada, the highest literary honour conferred in India.
For four decades Karnad has been composing plays, often using history and mythology to tackle contemporary issues. He has translated his major plays into English, and has received critical acclaim across India. His plays have been translated into several Indian languages and directed by eminent directors like Ebrahim Alkazi, B. V. Karanth, Alyque Padamsee, Prasanna, Arvind Gaur, Satyadev Dubey, Vijaya Mehta, Shyamanand Jalan and Amal Allana. He is also active in the world of Indian cinema working as an actor, director, and screenwriter, both in Hindi and Kannada cinema, earning numerous awards along the way. He was conferred Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by the Government of India.
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Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar [Marathi: गोपाळ गणेश आगरकर] (14 July 1856 – 17 June 1895) was a social reformer, educationist, thinker from Maharashtra, India during the British Raj. A close associate of Lokamanya Tilak, he was a co-founder of the renowned educational institutes like New English School, the Deccan Education Society and Fergusson College along with Lokamanya Tilak, Vishnushastree Chiplunkar and others. He was the first editor of the weekly Kesari and founder and editor of periodical Sudhaarak. He was the second Principal of Fergusson College and served that post from August-1892 till his death.
Throughout his short life of just about 39 years, he exemplified impeccably high moral character, utter determination to attain one's goals, sacrifice, great courage and a total lack of greediness. He is considered as a model for any one who wants to be in public service with unflinching devotion to his/her principles and a complete dedication to the work undertaken.
In his public life of just about 15 years, Agarkar made gigantic contributions to the field of social reforms and education and left an indellible mark on the social life of Maharashtra.
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Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Marathi: गोपाळ हरी देशमुख) (1823–1892) was a social reformer from Maharashtra, India.
Deshmukh started his career as a translator for the government then under British Raj. In 1867, the government appointed him a small cause judge in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. He retired as a sessions judge.
At age 25, Deshmukh started writing articles aimed at social reform in Maharashtra in the weekly Prabhakar (प्रभाकर) under the pen name Lokhitwadi (लोकहितवादी). In the first two years, he penned 108 articles on social reform. That group of articles has come to be known in Marathi literature as Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre (लोकहितवादींची शतपत्रे).
He promoted emancipation (liberation) and education of women, and wrote against arranged child marriages, dowry system, and polygamy, all of which were prevalent in India in his times.
He promoted nationalistic spirit in Maharashtra.
He wrote against the evils of caste system which was strongly prevalent in India in his times, condemned harmful Hindu religious orthodoxy, and attacked the monopoly in religious matters and rituals which Brahmin priests had through a long tradition. (Noteworthily, Deshmukh belonged to the Brahmin class.) He enunciated certain 15 principles for bringing about religious reform in Hindu society.
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Gopinath Bordoloi
Gopinath Bordoloi (6 June 1890–5 August 1950) was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Assam, and also a leading Indian independence activist. He was a follower of the Gandhian principle of non violence as a political tool. Due to his unselfish dedication towards Assam and its people, the then Governor of Assam Jayram Das Doulatram conferred him with the title “Lokapriya” (loved by all).
Gopinath Bordoloi was born on 6 June 1890 at Raha. His father was Buddheswar Bordoloi and mother Praneswari Bordoloi. He lost his mother when he was only 12 years old. He got admitted in Cotton College after passing matriculation in 1907. He passed I.A. in 1st Div. In 1909 and took admission in the renowned Scottish Church College, Calcutta and graduated in 1911. He then passed M.A. from Calcutta University in 1914. He studied Law for three years but came back to Guwahati without sitting in the final examination. Then on request of Tarun Ram Phukan, he took up the temporary job as Headmaster of Sonaram High School. During that period, he sat and passed in the Law examination and started practising in 1917 in Guwahati.
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Govind Ballabh Pant
Bharat Ratna Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant (September 10, 1887 - March 7, 1961) was a statesman of India, an Indian independence activist, and one of the foremost political leaders from Uttarakhand (then in United Provinces) and of the movement to establish Hindi as the official language of India.
Govind Ballabh Pant was born on September 10, 1887 in Khoont village of Shyahi Devi hills in District Almora. His mother's name was Govindi. His father, Manorath Pant, was constantly on the road. Govind was brought up by his grandfather, Bandri Dutt Joshi, who played a significant part in molding his political views.
As a lawyer in Kashipur, Pant began his active work against the British Raj in 1914, when he helped a local parishad, or village council, in their successful challenge of a law requiring locals to provide free transportation of the luggage of travelling British officials. In 1921, he entered politics and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
In 1930, he was arrested and imprisoned for several weeks for organizing a Salt March inspired by Gandhi's earlier actions. In 1933, he was arrested along with Harsh Dev Bahuguna (Gnadhi of Choukot)and imprisoned for seven months for attending a session of the then-banned provincial Congress. In 1935, the ban was rescinded, and Pant joined the new Legislative Council. During the Second World War, Pant acted as the tiebreaker between Gandhi's faction, which advocated supporting the British Crown in their war effort, and Subash Chandra Bose's faction, which advocated taking advantage of the situation to expel the British Raj by any means necessary.
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Gulzarilal Nanda
Gulzarilal Nanda (4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and an economist with specialization in labour problems. He was the interim Prime Minister of India twice for thirteen days each: the first time after the death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, and the second time after the death of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. (Both his terms ended after the ruling Indian National Congress party procedurally elected a new prime minister.) The Government of India honoured Nanda with the Bharat Ratna award in 1997.
Nanda was born on 4 July 1898 in Sialkot in the Punjab Province of British India into a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family.[citation needed] (After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, Sialkot became a part of the Punjab Province of Pakistan.) Nanda received his education in Lahore, Amritsar, Agra, and Allahabad.[citation needed]
Nanda worked as a research scholar on labor problems at Allahabad University (1920–1921), and became a Professor of Economics at National College in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1921. The same year, he joined the Indian Non-Cooperation Movement against the British Raj. In 1922, he became secretary of the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association where he worked until 1946. He was imprisoned for Satyagraha in 1932, and again from 1942 to 1944. Honored with “Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.
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Hakim Ajmal Khan
Ajmal Khan (or Hakim Ajmal Khan) (1863–1927) was an Indian physician specialising in the field of South Asian traditional Unani medicine as well as a Muslim nationalist politician and freedom fighter. Through his founding of the Tibbia College in Delhi, he is credited with the revival of Unani medicine in early 20th century India. Khan also recognised the talents of chemist Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, whose subsequent research into important medicinal plants used in the field gave it a new direction. A close associate of Gandhi, he participated in the Non-cooperation movement (Satyagraha), led the Khilafat Movement, and became the fifth Muslim[citation needed]President of the Indian National Congress during the 1921 session held in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Khan was one of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University, becoming its first chancellor in 1920 and remaining in office until his death in 1927.
Hakim Born in 1863, Khan descended from a distinguished line of physicians who had come to India during the reign of Mughal Emperor Babar. His family were all Unani doctors who had practiced this ancient form of medicine since their arrival in the country. They were then known as the Rais of Delhi. His grandfather, Hakim Sharif Khan, was physician to Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam and built the Sharif Manzil, a hospital-cum-college teaching Unani medicine.
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Har Dayal
Lala Har Dayal (Hindi: लाला हरदयाल, Urdu: لالا ہردیال; October 13, 1884, Delhi, India - March 4, 1939, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was a Indian nationalist revolutionary who founded the Ghadar Party in America. He was a polymath who turned down a career in the Indian Civil Service. His simple living and intellectual acumen inspired many expatriate Indians living in Canada and the USA to fight against British Imperialism during the First World War.
Lala Har Dayal was a model of bourgeois virtues-order, regularity, precision and industry. There is a happy display of the faculty of higher criticism which depends upon certain refined perceptions and the power of subtle analysis. His analysis was neither rough nor hasty or sweeping; his perception was healthy, robust and sound. His precision is absolute. If we conclude in a single sentence, it is just like a line drawn in one stroke by a Master of Letters. That is why most of his fellows used to call him Lala Har Dayal M.A.
He had a romantic imagination and classic insight; and both of these factors worked together. He was very particular in intonation, rhythm and tonal quality of his words. Even his prose writings gives us a pleasure of poetry. In the plain language of cricket it can be said that he was such a batsman who could very easily bat on any kind of pitch. And so far as his language is concerned it has the capacity to produce the music of sences. Moreover his style of writing has a flair of lovely letters. He had not to think or consult a book for reference as almost others do, but the appropriate word and expression used to dance on the tip of his pen.
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Harrow School
Coordinates: 51°34′23″N 0°20′02″W / 51.573103°N 0.333792°W / 51.573103; -0.333792
Harrow School, commonly known simply as "'Harrow", is an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north-west London. There is some evidence that there has been a school on the site since 1243 but the Harrow School of today was officially founded by John Lyon under a Royal Charter of Elizabeth I in 1572. Harrow is one of the original nine public schools that were defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.
The school has an enrollment of approximately 850 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full time.
Harrow has many traditions and rich history, which includes the use of Straw Hats, morning suits, top hats and canes as uniform. Its long line of famous alumni include eight former Prime Ministers (including Churchill, Baldwin, Peel, and Palmerston), numerous foreign statesmen, former and current members of both houses of the UK Parliament, two Kings and several other members of various royal families, 20 Victoria Cross and one George Cross holders, and a great many notable figures in both the arts and the sciences. It is widely considered one of the best secondary schools in the world along with its rival Eton. Good Schools Guide said the school "Does well, does the boys well, couldn't do better."
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Hemu Kalani
Hemu Kalani (Sindhi: هيمو ڪالاڻي) was a Sindhi revolutionary and freedom fighter.
Hemu Kalani was born at mir-ki-street old Sukkur in Sindh (now in Pakistan) on 23 March 1923. He was the son of Pesumal Kalani and Jethi Bai. As a child and young man he campaigned with his friends for boycotts of foreign goods and tried to persuade people to use Swadeshi goods. He was drawn to revolutionary activities and started participating in acts of terrorism with the aim of driving out the British. He was involved in raids and in the burning of vehicles belonging to the Raj.[citation needed]
Hemu Kalani joined Mahatma Gandhi's Quit India movement when it was started in 1942. Support for the movement in the Sindh province was such that the British rulers had to send special troops consisting of European battalions. Hemu Kalani found out that a railway train of these troops and their supplies would be passing through his local town and decided to derail it by removing the fishplates from the railway track. This despite the fact that neither he nor his colleagues had the necessary tools and so had to use rope as a means to loosen the fixings.
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Hideki Tōjō
Hideki Tōjō (Kyūjitai: 東條 英機; Shinjitai: 東条 英機; Tōjō Hideki (help·info)) (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), the leader of the Taisei Yokusankai, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during most of World War II, from 17 October 1941 to 22 July 1944. As Prime Minister, he was directly responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to the war between Japan and the United States, although planning for it had begun before he entered office. After the end of the war, Tōjō was arrested, sentenced to death for Japanese war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, and was hanged on 23 December 1948.
Hideki Tōjō was born in the Kōjimachi district of Tokyo on 30 December 1884 as the third son of Hidenori Tōjō, a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He would later change his given name from the Chinese-inspired "Eiki" to the traditionally more Japanese "Hideki" (see on'yomi). In 1899, Tōjō entered the Army Cadet School. When he graduated from the Japanese Military Academy (ranked 10th of 363 cadets[citation needed]) in March 1905 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry of the IJA. In 1909, he married Katsuko Ito, with whom he would have three sons and four daughters. By 1928, he had become the bureau chief of the Japanese Army, and was shortly thereafter promoted to colonel. He began to take an interest in militarist politics during his command of the 1st Infantry Regiment.
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Hideo Iwakuro
Hideo Iwakuro (岩畔 豪雄, Iwakuro Hideo?, 10 October 1897 – 22 November 1970) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.
Iwakuro was born on Kurahashi-jima in the Inland Sea (then part of Aki County, Hiroshima prefecture). Although he grew up on the island neighboring Etajima (where the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy was located), Iwakuro had no interest in a naval career, and was sent for schooling to a military academy in Nagoya. He graduated from the 30th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1918, and was assigned to the 16th Infantry Regiment, based at Shibata city in the Hokuetsu region of Japan.
In September 1920, Iwakuro's regiment was assigned as part of the Japanese expeditionary force participating in the Siberian Intervention, and Iwakuro participated in numerous combat missions against Bolshevik partisans. In 1921, Iwakuro was transferred to the Taiwan Army of Japan, and was based in Taichung. He returned to mainland Japan in 1926 to attend the 38th class of the Army War College (Japan), and it was shortly after graduation that he became a member of the Sakura Kai ultranationalist secret society. In 1932, he was transferred to Manchuria shortly after the Manchurian Incident and assigned to the Kwantung Army, where he held a number of staff positions and was actively involved in planning the independence of Manchukuo, and its future economic development under Imperial Japanese Army management.
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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī listen (help·info), née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.
Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.
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Isaiah Berlin
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM, FBA (6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin, thought by many to be the dominant scholar of his generation. He excelled as an essayist, conversationalist and raconteur; and as a brilliant lecturer who improvised, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material. He translated works by Ivan Turgenev from Russian into English and, during the war, worked for the British Diplomatic Service. In its obituary of the scholar, The Independent stated that "Isaiah Berlin was often described, especially in his old age, by means of superlatives: the world's greatest talker, the century's most inspired reader, one of the finest minds of our time ... there is no doubt that he showed in more than one direction the unexpectedly large possibilities open to us at the top end of the range of human potential".
In 1932, at the age of 23, he was elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he played a crucial role in founding Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. He was knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971. He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom. The annual Isaiah Berlin Lectures are held at the Hampstead Synagogue and both Wolfson College and the British Academy each summer. Berlin's work on liberal theory and on value pluralism has had a lasting influence.
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Iwaichi Fujiwara
Iwaichi Fujiwara (藤原 岩市, Fujiwara Iwaichi?, March 1, 1908 − February 24, 1986) was an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II, and later a lieutenant general in the post-war Japan Ground Self Defense Force.
A native of Hyōgo prefecture, Fujiwara graduated from the 43rd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1931 and was assigned to the IJA 37th Infantry Regiment. After serving a tour of duty in Tianjin, China, he returned to the Army Staff College and graduated from the 50th class in 1938, whereupon he was assigned to the IJA 21st Army.
In 1939, Fujiwara was transferred to the military intelligence unit within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, tasked with planning operations in south and Southeast Asia. He traveled to Bangkok in 1941, and joined the Japanese Southern Expeditionary Army Group as Chief of Staff the same year. In 1941 Fujiwara established the F Kikan, a Japanese special operations unit, which was tasked with developing and assisting independence movements in British India, Malaya and Netherlands East Indies. In 1943, Fujiwara and his unit were transferred to the IJA 15th Army. F-Kikan greatly assisted in the establishment of the Indian National Army.
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Jagjivan Ram
Babu Jagjivan Ram (Devanāgarī: जगजीवन राम) (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), known popularly as Babuji, was a freedom fighter and a social reformer hailing from the scheduled castes of Bihar in India. He was from the Chamar caste and was a leader for his community. He was instrumental in foundation of the 'All-India Depressed Classes League', an organization dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables, in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937, that is when he organized, rural labour movement.
In 1946, he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's provisional government, the First Union Cabinet of India as a Labour minister, and also a member of Constituent Assembly of India, where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution. He went on serve as a minister in the Indian parliament with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of Indian National Congress (INC), most importantly he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, which resulted in formation of Bangladesh. His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture, during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered, especial during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis. Though he supported Indira Gandhi during the Emergency in India (1975–1977), he left Congress in 1977 and joined Janata Party alliance in 1977, along with his Congress for Democracy, he later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India (1977–1979), then in 1980, he formed Congress (J).
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Janaky Athi Nahappan
Puan Sri Janaki Athi Nahappan, also known as Janaky Devar, is a founder member of the Malaysian Indian Congress and one of the earliest women involved in the fight for Malaysian (then Malaya) independence.
Janaky was only 18 when she heard Subhash Chandra Bose's appeal to Indians to give whatever they could for their fight for Indian independence. Immediately she took off her gold earrings and donated them. She was determined to join the Indian National Army. There was strong family objection especially from her father. But after much persuasion, her father finally agreed.
She is among the first women to join the Indian National Army organised during the Japanese occupation of Malaysia to fight for Indian independence with the Japanese. Having been brought up in a well-to-do family, she initially could not adapt to the rigours of army life.
However, she gradually got used to military life and her career in the Regiment took off when she ranked first in the officer’s examinations. She became Second in Command of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, which was the women's wing of the Indian National Army. She later came to be the author of a book on the unit.
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Jaswant Singh
Jaswant Singh (born January 3, 1938) is an Indian politician and Member of Parliament from Darjeeling parliamentary constituency. He is a Rajput from Jodhpur in the Indian State of Rajasthan and was an officer in the Indian Army in the 1960s and is an alumnus of Mayo College and the National Defence Academy (India), Khadakwasla. He served as Finance minister in the short-lived government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, which lasted just from May 16, 1996, to June 1, 1996. After Vajpayee became Prime Minister again two years later, he became Minister for External Affairs of India, serving from December 5, 1998 until July 1, 2002. Responsible for foreign policy, he dealt with high tensions between India and Pakistan. In July 2002 he became Finance Minister again, switching posts with Yashwant Sinha. He served as Finance Minister until the defeat of the Vajpayee government in May 2004 and was instrumental in defining and pushing through the market-friendly reforms of the government. Known for his moderate political views, he is a self-described liberal democrat even though the Bharatiya Janata Party is often described as a right-wing nationalist organization. He was conferred the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2001. On 19 August 2009, he was expelled from BJP after criticism over his remarks in his book which allegedly praised the founder of Pakistan in his book Jinnah - India, Partition, Independence. His last major position was as Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from 2009 to 2010.
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Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen), Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964), often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian lawyer, politician and statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1951 and 1952. Nehru contributed to the establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young. Rising to become Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic leader, advocating complete independence for India from the British Empire. Throughout his life, Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who would later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India respectively.
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Jayaprakash Narayan
Jayaprakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), widely known as JP Narayan, Jayaprakash, or Loknayak, was an Indian independence activist and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s and for giving a call for peaceful Total Revolution. His biography, Jayaprakash, was written by his nationalist friend and an eminent writer of Hindi literature, Ramavriksha Benipuri. In 1998, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965. The airport of Patna is also named after him.
Jayprakash Narayan was born on 11 October 1902 in the village of Sitabdiara, Bihar, India. He came from a middle-class family.
Sandip Das, a biographer, says that
Returning from the US in late 1929 as a supporter of Marxist theories, Narayan joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; Mahatma Gandhi became his mentor in the Congress. He shared the same house at Kadam Kuan in Patna with his close friend and nationalist Ganga Sharan Sinha (Shrivastava). with whom he shared the most cordial and lasting friendship.
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John Mathai
John Matthai (10 January 1886–1959) was an economist who served as India's first Railway Minister and subsequently as India's Finance Minister, taking office shortly after the presentation of India's first Budget, in 1948. Mathai graduated in economics from Madras Christian College. He served as a part-time professor in University of Madras from 1922 to 1925. He presented two Budgets, but resigned following the 1950 Budget in protest at the increasing power of the Planning Commission and P. C. Mahalanobis. He was the first Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955. He served as the Vice Chancellor of the University of Mumbai from 1955 till 1957 and then as the first Vice Chancellor of the University of Kerala from 1957 to 1959. His nephew, Verghese Kurien, was the father of India's White Revolution. His son, Ravi J. Matthai, was the Founder Director of the prestigious Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Dr. John Matthai Centre,Thrissur, located on the large plot of land donated by his family, is named in his honour.
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John Thivy
John Aloysius Thivy was a prominent Malayan Indian nationalist and the founding president of the Malayan Indian Congress. He was a lawyer by occupation.
Thivy studied law in London before returning to practice in Malaya. In London, Thivy had a chance to meet Mohandas Gandhi and came to be interested in the Indian independence movement. On his return to Malaya, after getting his law degree in 1932, he became actively involved in the Indian nationalist movements.
Later, after the fall of Malaya to the Japanese, Thivy's interest was rekindled by a speech given by Subhas Chandra Bose in one his rallies in 1943. Thivy joined the Indian National Army in 1943 and served in the Burma Front.
After the Japan's surrender, John Thivy was held at Changi prison for anti-colonial activities and was only released after India's independence.
In August 1946, Thivy became the Founder President of the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), which represented Indian interests in Malaya. He was helped in the setting up of the party by other notable individuals such as Janaky Athi Nahappan. The MIC was modelled after the Indian National Congress. The party actively participated in the Malayan Independence movement.
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Joyce Lebra
Joyce Lebra, also known as Joyce Chapman Lebra, (born 21 December 1925) is an American historian of Japan.
Lebra spent her childhood in Honolulu and received her B.A.and M.A. in Asian Studies from the University of Minnesota. She received a Ph.D.in Japanese History from Harvard/Radcliffe, and was the first woman Ph.D. in Japanese History in the U.S.
She lived in Japan a total of ten years and three and a half in India doing research on the history of Japan and India. She was Professor of Japanese History and Indian History at the University of Colorado until her retirement.
She led three research teams to Asia to research women’s roles in the work force each of which resulted in a book. She has written several other books including works on the Indian National Army and the Rani of Jhansi, and has written chapters in three books and some fifty articles in scholarly journals.
She has received many awards, including an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the University of Minnesota in 1996, two years on a Fulbright fellowship in Japan and one and a half years on Fulbright fellowships in India. Other fellowships include a Japan Foundation fellowship, a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship, one from the American Association of University Women, one from Australian National University, and others. She is noted in Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who of American Women, and Who’s Who in American Education. She has lectured widely at Oxford University, the London School of Economics, Tokyo University, Waseda University, Nagoya University, Hong Kong University, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore, the Netaji Research Bureau in Calcutta, Melbourne and Monash Universities, Macquarie University, Sydney University, Brisbane University, and Australian National University in Canberra. She delivered the Harmon Memorial Lecture at the United States Air Force Academy in 1991.
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Kailash Nath Katju
Kailash Nath Katju (Kashmiri: कैलाश नाथ काटजू (Devanagari), کیلاش ناتھ کاٹجو (Nastaleeq)) (June 17, 1887, Jaora - February 17, 1968) was a prominent politician of India. He was the Governor of Orissa and West Bengal, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, the Union Law Minister, the Union Home Minister and the Union Defence Minister. He was also one of India's most prominent lawyers. He was part of some of the most riveting cases of his times, including the famous INA trials. Dr Katju joined the freedom struggle against the British rule in India early on and spent several years incarcerated with fellow freedom fighters.
Kailash Nath Katju's father Pandit Tribhuvan Nath belonged to a Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in the princely state of Jaora (in the present-day Madhya Pradesh). He studied in the Jaora School till March, 1900, when he was sent to Lahore. He passed his matriculation examination from Punjab University in 1901 and passed his B.A. examination from the Christian College, Lahore in March, 1905. In July, 1905 he joined the Muir Central College at Allahabad. In September, 1907 he passed his L.L.B. Examination from the Allahabad University, standing second in the province. In 1908 he passed his Master of Arts examination in History also from the Allahabad University. He started his career in the legal profession at Kanpur in 1908. In 1914 he shifted to Allahabad. In 1919, he took L.L.D. degree.
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Kamala Nehru
Kamala Kaul Nehru (1899–1936) was the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru - leader of the Indian National Congress. Kamala married Nehru on 7 February 1916.
Born on 1 August 1899 and brought up in a traditional Kashmiri Brahmin family of old Delhi, Kamala was simple, quiet and unobtrusive .[citation needed] She felt alienated amongst the more Westernized Nehrus.[citation needed] It was only with the involvement of the Nehrus in the national movement, that she emerged into the forefront.[citation needed] In the Non Cooperation movement of 1921, she organized groups of women in Allahabad and picketed shops selling foreign cloth and liquor. When her husband was arrested to prevent him delivering a "seditious" public speech, she went in his place to read it out. She was twice arrested by British authorities.
Rajpati and Jawaharmal Kaul were Kamala Nehru's parents. Kamala, their eldest child, had two brothers, Chand Bahadur Kaul and the botanist, Kailas Nath Kaul, and a sister, Swaroop Kathju. In November 1917, Kamala gave birth to a daughter, Indira Priyadarshini, who later succeeded her father as prime minister and head of the Congress party. Kamala gave birth to a boy in November 1924, but he was premature and died 2 days later.
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Karim Ghani
Karim Ghani was a politician in South-East Asia of Indian origin. Before the Second World War Karim Ghani was a parliamentary secretary in Burma under Dr. Ba Maw. During World War II, Ghani came to be the Minister FOR STATE IN Subhas Bose's Azad Hind government and was in Malaya. He was also the manager of "The Muslim Publishing House", the editor of the Malayasian Tamil daily Malayan Nanban, as well as the editor of the Malay edition Dawn, under the name Sinaran. Ghani was involved also involved with the Muslim League and was the president of the All Malaya Muslim Missionary Society (AMMMS) and an official in several other organizations. After the end of WWII, Ghani was involved in South-East Asian Muslim politics, most notably being involved in the Maria Hertogh riots in Singapore in 1950.
Karim Gani was the editor of Tamil and Burmese newspapers in Burma. He was the secretary of the Youth League of the Chulia Association and was elected to the legislative Assembly of Burma in 1932 and to the House of Representatives in 1936. His name was included in the list of persons “to be arrested immediately” in the British Intelligence report. Before the Second World War Karim Ghani was a parliamentary secretary in Burma under Dr. Ba Maw.
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Ketan Mehta
Ketan Mehta (born 1952) is an Indian film director, who has also directed documentaries and television serials.
Born in Navsari in Gujarat, Ketan Mehta did his schooling from Sardar Patel Vidyalaya, Delhi and later graduated in film direction from Film and Television Institute of India, Pune.
During his career he has made 10 feature films, seven documentaries and 2 television serials- Captain Vyom & Mr. Yogi (TV series) to his credit. His repertoire of themes include comedy, satire, romance, violence and rebellion.
Ketan Mehta's very first film Bhavni Bhavai,a Gujarati film, won him acclaim. His movies have been selected for various international film festivals such as Nantes (France) and the Moscow Film Festival, where his movies have won numerous awards over the years. Mirch Masala was one of Ketan Mehta's notable efforts which won him the Best Film Award at Hawaii. It was released to 52 cinemas in the United States. Ketan Mehta has also had the honour of serving as a member of the Jury in various national and international film festivals.
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Krishna Hutheesing
Krishna Nehru Hutheesing (1907–1967) was an Indian writer, the youngest sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and part of the Nehru-Gandhi family.
Born Krishna Nehru, in Mirganj, Allahabad to Motilal Nehru, an Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress, and Swarup Rani, she was married to Gunottam (Raja) Hutheesing, was well known in India's elite social circles and was a household name in India throughout most of the 20th century. During later 1950s, he became anti-Nehru and in 1959, supported former Governor General C. Rajagopalachari, to form a conservative political party known as the Freedom Party.
She and her husband fought for India's independence and spent a great deal of time in jail while raising their two young sons, Harsha Hutheesing and Ajit Hutheesing. Ajit, a leading Wall Street venture capitalist, was married to the brilliant American violinist Helen Armstrong from 1996 till her demise in 2006. Indira's older son Rajiv Gandhi was born in Bombay in the household of the Hutheesings which was 20, Carmichael Road. The building, a grand mansion block, through sheer coincidence, was also Anand Bhavan, the namesake of the Nehrus' ancestral mansion in Allahabad. (This Anand Bhavan in Bombay was demolished some years back for a high-rise.)
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Lakshmi Sahgal
Lakshmi Sahgal (or Sehgal) (born October 24, 1914) was an activist of the Indian independence movement, an officer of the Indian National Army, and the Minister of Women's Affairs in the Azad Hind government. Sahgal is commonly referred to in India as Captain Lakshmi, a reference to her rank when taken prisoner in Burma.
Sahgal was born Lakshmi Swaminathanin in Madras, Madras Presidency, British India. Her father was Dr. S. Swaminathan, a lawyer who practiced criminal law at Madras High Court. Her mother was A.V. Ammukutty, better known as Ammu Swaminathan, a social worker and independence activist from the prominent Vadakkath family of Anakkara in Palghat, Kerala.
Sahgal chose to study medicine because of her desire to be of service to the poor, especially poor women.[citation needed] She received an MBBS degree from Madras Medical College in 1938. A year later, she received her diploma in gynaecology and obstetrics.
In 1940, she left for Singapore, where she established a clinic for the poor, most of whom were migrant laborers from India. It was at this time that she began to play an active role in the India Independence League.
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Lal Bahadur Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri (Hindi: लालबहादुर शास्त्री, pronounced [laːl bəˈɦaːd̪ʊr ˈʃaːst̪ri]; 2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was the second Prime Minister of the Republic of India and a significant figure in the Indian independence movement.
Lal Bahadur was born in Mughal Sarai, United Provinces, India to Sharada Srivastava Prasad, a school teacher, who later became a clerk in the Revenue Office at Allahabad, and Ramdulari Devi. When he was three months old, he slipped out of his mother's arms into a cowherder's basket at the ghats of the Ganges. The cowherder, who had no children, took the child as a gift from God and took him home. Lal Bahadur's parents lodged a complaint with the police, who traced the child, and returned him to his parents.
His father died when he was only a year and a half old. His mother took him and his two sisters to her father's house and settled down there. Lal Bahadur stayed at his grandfather Hazari Lal's house till he was ten. He studied up to class IV at Railway School Mughalsarai. Since there was no high school in the town, he was sent to Varanasi, where he stayed with his maternal uncle and joined the Harischandra High School. While in Varanasi, Shastri once went with his friends to see a fair on the other bank of the Ganges. On the way back he had no money for the boat fare. Instead of borrowing from his friends, he jumped into the river and swam to the other bank.
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Lala Lajpat Rai
Lala Lajpat Rai (28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian author, freedom fighter and politician who is chiefly remembered as a leader in the Indian fight for freedom from the British Raj. He was popularly known as Punjab Kesari (Punjabi:The Lion of Punjab) or Sher-e-Punjab (Urdu:The Lion of Punjab) meaning the same and was part of the Lal Bal Pal trio. He was also associated with activities of Punjab National Bank and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages. He sustained serious injuries by the police when leading a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission and died less than three weeks later. His death anniversary (November 17) is one of several days celebrated as Martyrs' Day in India.
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Lalmohan Ghosh
Lalmohan Ghosh (1849–1909) was the sixteenth President of the Indian National Congress.
He was born in Krishnagar, West Bengal in 1849. He studied in England and qualified as a Barrister-at-law and joined the Calcutta Bar in 1873.
Ghosh was elected President of the Madras session (1903) of the Indian National Congress.
His social and political ideals were derived mostly from the liberal humanism of Victorian England. He strongly believed the importance of Western education for the people of India as a force to unite the people into one nation and he pleaded for compulsory primary education in India in his Presidential address at the Madras session of the Congress.
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Lata Mangeshkar
Lata Mangeshkar (born September 28, 1929) is a singer from India. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over six and a half decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Hindi. She is the elder sister of singer Asha Bhosle, Hridayanath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar. She is the second vocalist to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
Mangeshkar was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records from 1974 to 1991 for having made the most recordings in the world. The claim was that she had recorded approximately 25,000 solo, duet, and chorus-backed songs in 20 Indian languages between 1948 to 1974. Over the years, while several sources have supported this claim, others have raised concerns over its veracity, claiming that this number was highly exaggerated and that Mangeshkar's younger sister, Asha Bhosle, had more song recordings than she had. In 2011 Guinness officially acknowledged Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history.
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Madan Mohan Malaviya
Madan Mohan Malaviya pronunciation (help·info)(Hindi: पंडित मदन मोहन मालवीय) (1861–1946) was an Indian educationist, and freedom fighter notable for his role in the Indian independence movement and his espousal of Hindu nationalism. Later in life, he was also addressed as 'Mahamana'.
He was the President of the Indian National Congress on four occasions and today is most remembered as the founder of the largest residential university in Asia and one of the largest in the world, having over 12,000 students across arts sciences, engineering and technology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, of which he also remained the Vice Chancellor, 1919–1938 Pandit Malviya was one of the founders of Scouting in India. He also founded a highly influential, English-newspaper, The Leader published from Allahabad in 1909.
On his 150th birth anniversary (i.e. 25th Dec, 2011), Indian PM Dr. Manmohan Singh announced that a Centre for Malaviya Studies will be set up at the Banaras Hindu University apart from establishment of scholarships and education related awards in his memory, and UPA chairperson released a biography of Madan Mohan Malaviya.
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Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey (19 July 1827 – 8 April 1857) was a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI) regiment of the English East India Company. He is known for his involvement in the initial stages of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. While contemporary British reports considered him a traitor and mutineer, he is widely regarded as a freedom fighter in modern India. As such, in 1984 the Indian government issued a postage stamp to commemorate him. His life and actions have also been portrayed in several cinematic productions.
Mangal Pandey was born on 19 July 1827 in the village Nagwa, of Ballia district in Uttar Pradesh of India to Bhumihar Brahmin family.
He joined the East India Company's forces in 1849 at the age of 22. Pandey was part of the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry and is primarily known for his involvement in an attack on several of the regiment's officers. This incident marked an opening stage in what came to be known as the Indian Mutiny of 1857 or, recently, as the First War of Indian Independence. In line with the modern Indian perspective of his historical role, it is now claimed[by whom?] that Pandey was a devout Hindu who practiced his religion diligently.
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Manmohan Singh
Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ], Hindi: मनमोहन सिंह [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪŋɦ] ( listen); born 26 September 1932) is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term. A Sikh, he is the first non-Hindu to occupy the office. Singh is also the 7th Prime Minister from the Indian National Congress (Congress) party. He is a four-time Member of Parliament from the Upper House of the Parliament of India, the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Assam. His term in the 14th Rajya Sabha was from 22 May 2004 to 26 February 2009. In the 15th Rajya Sabha his term started 22 May 2009 and is scheduled to continue till 2014. On 27 May 2012, he became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Myanmar in 25 years.
Born in Gah, Punjab in British India (now Pakistan) in 1932, he migrated to India with his family at the time of Partition in 1947. Singh studied at Panjab University, University of Cambridge and University of Oxford. Thereafter, while Singh was working at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Lalit Narayan Mishra, the then Indian Minister for Foreign Trade, appointed Singh as an advisor to his ministry. He was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India between 1982 and 1985, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India from 1985 to 1987 and Secretary General of the South Commission from 1987 to 1990. Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1991, he was inducted into Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao's cabinet as Finance Minister the same year, a post he held until 1996. His tenure as Finance Minister is best remembered for the economic reforms he carried out, which ended the Licence Raj system and helped open the Indian economy.
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Masakazu Kawabe
Masakazu Kawabe (河辺 正三, Kawabe Masakazu?, 5 December 1886 – 2 March 1965) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He held important commands in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and during World War II in the Burma Campaign and defense of the Japanese homeland late in the war. He was also the elder brother of General Torashirō Kawabe.
A native of Toyama prefecture, Kawabe graduated from the 19th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1907 and the 27th class of the Army Staff College in 1915. From 1927 to 1929, he served as an instructor at the War College. He was then assigned as a military attaché to Switzerland from 1918 to 1921 and to Berlin, Germany from 1929 to 1932. Promoted to infantry colonel in 1932, he served in a number of staff assignments on his return to Japan, before being assigned command of the IJA 6th Infantry Regiment from 1932 to 1933.
Kawabe went on to be Commandant of the Infantry School from 1933 to 1934, and was Chief of 1st Section within the Inspectorate General of Military Training from 1934 to 1936. He was promoted to major general in 1936 as well.
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Morarji Desai
Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (Gujarati: મોરારજી રણછોડજી દેસાઈ, Hindi: मोरारजी देसाई; 29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995) was an Indian independence activist and the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1977–79. He was the first Indian Prime Minister who did not belong to the Indian National Congress. After assuming the office, Desai promoted his policies and peace initiatives between Pakistan and India to avoid conflicts, such as Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. For this, he was conferred with Nishaan-e-Pakistan (Order of Pakistan). Desai is the only Indian national to receive the highest civilian award from Pakistan, the Nishaan-e-Pakistan.
Morarji Desai was born into an Anavil Brahmin family in Bhadeli, Valsad in Bombay Presidency (now in Gujarat). His schooling life of Primary section is in Saurashtra The Kundla School, Savarkundla. It's now actual name is J.V.Modi School.After he joined Bai Ava Bai High School, Valsad. After graduating from Wilson College, Mumbai, he join ed the civil service in Gujarat. Later, he left the service of the British in 1924 and joined the civil disobedience movement against British rule in India in 1930. He spent many years in jail during the freedom struggle and owing to his sharp leadership skills and tough spirit, he became a favourite amongst freedom-fighters and an important leader of the Indian National Congress in Gujarat. When provincial elections were held in 1934 and 1937, Desai was elected and served as the Revenue Minister and Home Minister of the Bombay Presidency.
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Mother Teresa
Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta (Albanian: Nënë Tereza) as she is known to the Catholic Church, or Mother Teresa as she is commonly known, was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (pronounced [aɡˈnɛs ˈɡɔndʒa bɔjaˈdʒiu]). Although born on the 26 August 1910, she considered 27 August, the day she was baptized, to be her "true birthday". “By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.” Mother Teresa died on 5 September 1997 and is not yet a Catholic Saint. In late 2003, the leaders of the church completed the process of beatification, the third step toward possible sainthood. A second miracle credited to Mother Teresa is required before she can be recognized as a saint by the Catholic church.
Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries. Members of the order must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, and the fourth vow, to give "Wholehearted and Free service to the poorest of the poor". The Missionaries of Charity at the time of her death had 610 missions in 123 countries including hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools.
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Motilal Nehru
Motilal Nehru (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) was a lawyer, an activist of the Indian National Movement and an important leader of the Indian National Congress, who also served as the Congress President twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929. He was the founder patriarch of India's most powerful political family, the Nehru-Gandhi family.
The Nehrus originally Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir, settled in Delhi in the beginning of 18th century, where Motilal Nehru's grandfather, Lakshmi Narayan, became the first lawyer (Vakil) of the East India Company at the Mughal Imperial Court of Delhi after 1812. His father Gangadhar, was a police constable (Kotwal)[citation needed] in Delhi in 1857, and during the Bengal Mutiny, when the British troops began shelling their way into the city, he fled to Agra along with his wife Jeorani and four children. He died here four years later, and three months after his death, his youngest son Motilal was born.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}
He spent the early part of childhood in Khetri, second largest thikana estate within the princely Jaipur State, now in Rajasthan, where his elder brother, Nandlal was Diwan (Chief Minister). Thereafter in 1870, when Nandlal left his job, qualified as a lawyer and started practicing English law at Agra, the family moved with him. Subsequently the High Court shifted base to Allahabad, and the family settled there.
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Muhammad Ali Bogra
Nawabzada Mohammed Ali Bogra (Urdu: محمد علی بوگرہ; Bengali: মোহাম্মদ আলী বগুড়া; October 19 1909—January 23, 1963) was a well-known and notable Pakistani Foreign service officer of Bengali origin, serving as the third Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955, and prior to that, was also the Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 1954 to 1955.
Grew up in East-Pakistan and educated at the Calcutta University of India, Bogra was one of the core and principle Founding Fathers of current and modern state of Pakistan, responsible for leading the Muslim League in East Pakistan, in charge of party's foreign directorate. Bogra was the second Pakistan Ambassador to the United States, serving in two non-consecutive terms, and was also the second Bengali to have became the prime minister. His government too saw the civil unrest, problems with India, foreign challenges, economical distress, and Kashmir issue. His government also suffered with internal violence and threat of communism in East Pakistan and socialism in West Pakistan, that shrunk his credibility, leading the dismissal of his government.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: محمد علی جناح, Audio (help·info); 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician and statesman who is known as being the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as 'Quaid-e-Azam' (lit. Great Leader) and 'Baba-e-Qaum' (lit. Father of the Nation).
Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from 15 August 1947 until his death on 11 September 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.
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Muhammad Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: محمد اقبال) (November 9, 1877 – April 21, 1938), also known as Allama Iqbal (Urdu: علامہ اقبال), was a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.
Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by Pakistani, Indian and other international scholars of literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times". His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his various Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes over the years. In 1922, he was knighted by King George V, giving him the title "Sir".
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Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari (Hindi: मुख़्तार अहमद अंसारी, Urdu: مُختار احمد انصاری) was an Indian nationalist and political leader, and former president of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League during the Indian Independence Movement. One of the founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia University he remained its Chancellor 1928 to 1936.
Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was born on December 25, 1880 in Yusufpur-Mohammadabad town, Ghazipur district,(now part of Uttar Pradesh).
Educated at the Victoria School, Ansari and his family moved to Hyderabad. Ansari obtained a medical degree from the Madras Medical College and went to England on scholarship studies. He achieved the M.D.[citation needed] and M.S.[citation needed] degrees. He was a top-class student and worked at the London Lock Hospital and the Charing Cross Hospital in London. He was an Indian pioneer in surgery, and today there is an Ansari Ward in the Charing Cross Hospital in honour of his work.[citation needed]
Dr. Ansari became involved in the Indian Independence Movement during his stay in England. He moved back to Delhi and joined both the Indian Congress and the Muslim League. He played an important role in the negotiation of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and served as the League's president in 1918 and 1920. He was an outspoken supporter of the Khilafat movement, and led the Indian medical mission to treat the wounded Turkish soldiers during the Balkan Wars. (Syed Tanvir Wasti, The Indian Red Crescent Mission to the Balkan Wars, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 45, No. 3, 393–406, May 2009)
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Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy pronunciation (help·info) (19 May 1913 - 1 June 1996) was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982 and was[clarification needed] the only person to be elected President unopposed.
Reddy was born in Illur village of district Anantapur in the state of Andhra Pradesh.[citation needed] He had his primary education at the High School run by Theosophical Society Adyar, Madras. The spiritual atmosphere of the school left a deep impact on his mind.[citation needed] He joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur for his higher studies.[citation needed]
Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 influenced Reddy, whon discarded his foreign clothes and took to Khadi as his dress.[citation needed] He gave up his studies and joined the Indian Independence Movement in 1931 as a member of the Congress Party.[citation needed]
He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 and became the Secretary of the Madras Congress Legislature Party.[citation needed] In 1947, he became a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly.[citation needed] He was Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests in the composite state of Madras from 1949 to 1951.[citation needed] He was elected as President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee in 1951.[citation needed] In 1952, he was elected as a Member of the Rajya Sabha.[citation needed]
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Nellie Sengupta
Nellie Sengupta (1886–1973) was an Englishwoman who fought for Indian Independence and was elected President of the Indian National Congress
Born Edith Ellen Gray, she was the daughter of Frederick and Edith Henrietta Gray. She was born and brought up in Cambridge, where her father worked at a club As a young girl, she fell in love with Jatindramohan Sengupta, a young Bengali student at Downing Collegewho lodged at her parental home. Despite parental opposition, she married Jatindramohan and returned to Calcutta with him.Nellie as she was known and Jatin had two sons Sishir and Anil.
On returning to India, Nellie's husband Jatindramohan started a very successful career as a lawyer in Calcutta . However in 1921 he joined the Indian freedom struggle and was Mahatma Gandhi's right hand man in Bengal apart from being the Mayor of Calcutta for three terms and the head of the Legislative Assembly. Nellie joined her husband in participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. After his imprisonment during the Assam-Bengal Railwaymen's strike, she forcefully 'protested against the District authorities' imposition of a ban on assembly, addressed mass meetings and courted arrest. She defied the law by selling Khadi(hand spun cloth) door to door. In 1931 she suffered four months' imprisonment at Delhi for addressing an unlawful assembly. Jatin was imprisoned in Ranchi and died in 1936.
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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father). Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.
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Pandurang Vaman Kane
Bharat Ratna Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane (pronounced Kaa-nay) (Marathi: डॉ. पांडुरंग वामन काणे) (1880–1972) was a notable Indologist and Sanskrit scholar. He received India's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna in 1963. He was born in a conservative Chitpavan Brahmin family in the Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra, India. Eminent Historian Professor R.S. Sharma writes of him in the following words: "Pandurang Vaman Kane, a great Sanskritist wedded to social reform, continued the earlier tradition of scholarship. His monumental work entitled the "History of the Dharmasastra", published in five volumes in the twentieth century, is an encyclopedia of ancient social laws and customs. This enables us to study the social processes in ancient India."
Dr. Kane is famous for his magnum opus in English, History of Dharmasastra subtitled Ancient and Mediaeval Religions and Civil Law in India. This work researched the evolution of code of conduct in ancient and mediaeval India by looking into several texts and manuscripts compiled over the centuries. It was published in five volumes; the 1st volume was published in 1930 and the last, in 1962. It runs to a total of more than 6,500 pages. Dr. Kane used the resources available at prestigious institutes such as the Asiatic Society of Bombay and Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, among others. The work is known for its expanse and depth – ranging across diverse subjects such as the Mahabharat, Puranas and Kautilya – including references to previously obscure sources. The richness in the work is attributed to his in-depth knowledge of Sanskrit. His success is believed to be an outcome of his objective study of the texts instead of deifying them.
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Pherozeshah Mehta
Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, KCIE (August 4, 1845 - November 5, 1915) was an Parsi Indian political leader, activist, and a leading lawyer, who was knighted by then British Government in India for his service to the law. His political ideology was, as was the case with most of the Indian leaders of his time, moderate and was hence not directly opposed to the crown's sovereignty but only demanded more autonomy for Indians to self-rule.
He became the Municipal commissioner of Bombay Municipality in 1873 and its President four times - 1884, 1885, 1905 and 1911.
He was chosen the president of Indian National Congress in 1890.
Pherozshah Merwanjee Mehta was born on the 4th August 1845 in Bombay, to a Parsi business family.
Graduating from the Elphinstone College in 1864 he passed the M.A. examination, with honors, six months later, being the first Parsi to have obtained a Master's degree from the University of Mumbai. He later went to England to study law at Lincoln's Inn in London.
In 1868 he returned to India and was admitted to the bar, and soon established a practice for himself in a profession which was till then dominated by British lawyers.
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Prafulla Kumar Sen
Prafulla Kumar Sen, also known as Swami Satyananda Puri, was an Indian revolutionary and philosopher. Puri, had in his youth taught Oriental philosophy at the University of Calcutta and later at Rabindranath Tagore's Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan. Encouraged by Tagore, he arrived in Thailand in 1932, and in 1939, he founded the Thai-Bharat Lodge, a cultural forum. Arriving in Thailand, Puri was appointed a professor at the Chulalongkorn University, lecturing in ancient Indian and Thai languages, and is said to have mastered the Thai Language in six months and went on to translate a number of Indian philosophical works and biographies, including the Ramayana and biographies of Gandhi to Thai.His literary work eventually was more than twenty volumes.
At the onset of World War II in 1939, Puri also came to form the Indian National Council that, along with Giani Pritam Singh's Indian Independence League, was instrumental in stimulating the evolving Japanese interest in supporting armed Indian resistance for the Indian freedom movement. Singh and Puri were amongst the first people to negotiate with Fujiwara Iwaichi and the F Kikan regarding Japanese policies in an effort to obtain a commitment about the support of the movement that ultimately saw the foundation of the Indian Independence League and the Indian National Army. Both Puri and Pritam Singh were among the Indian delegates killed in a plane crash en route to the Tokyo conference in March 1942. The Swami Satyananda Puri foundation was established by the Thai-Bharat Cultural Lodge in 1942 in his honour. The SSPF library today is a reference library that houses many old and rare Indian texts. The foundation is also involved in promoting work on Indian culture, especially on the Ramayana.
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Prem Sahgal
Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal (25 March 1917 – 17 October 1992) was an officer of the Indian National Army of Subhas Chandra Bose which fought against the British imperial rule in undivided India.
Sahgal was a Captain in the 2/10th Baluch Regiment of the British Indian Army and fought against Japanese forces in Malaya serving with distinction before being made a Prisoner of War in 1942. He then joined the Indian National Army of Subhas Chandra Bose to fight against the British, and as the commander of the 2nd Division led the 2nd Infantry regiment at Popa against Messervy's 17th Indian Division during the latter half of the Burma Campaign before surrendering.
Sahgal was later tried at Red Fort along with three other fellow-officers for treason, a trial that became famous all over India in 1946. Colonel Prem Kumar Sahgal married Lakshmi Sahgal in March 1947 in Lahore. Their daughter Subhashini Ali is a leader of the All India Democratic Women's Association, politically affiliated to the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
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Puli Thevar
Puli Thevar (Tamil: புலித் தேவர்) was a poligar (or palayakarar) who ruled Nerkattumseval situated in the Sankarankoil taluk of Tamil Nadu. Puli Thevar who belongs to the warrior Maravar community was one of the earliest freedom fighters. He is one of the first Indian kings to have fought and defeated the British in India.
He is one of the earliest opponents of the British rule in South India. He was involved in a vendetta with the Nawab of Arcot who was supported by the British. Thevar's prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam, who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s.
Nelkatumseval was the headquarters of Puli Thevar, the first chieftain in India to resist the British.
The author of the Thirunelveli District Gazetteer, H.R. Pate, observes as follows:
Nelkatumseval is chiefly memorable as having been in the eighteenth Century stronghold of the redoubtable Puli Thevar, who figured for many years as the leader of the Marava Confederacy against the troops of the Nawab and the Company. He had a shrewd insight into the political situation of the time and was a veritable thorn against the side of the Nawab's agents.
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Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai (Hindi: रफ़ी अहमद क़िदवई), (18 February 1894 - 24 October 1954) was a politician, an Indian independence activist and a socialist, sometimes described as an Islamic socialist. He hailed from Barabanki District of United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh, in north India.
He was born on 18 February 1894 in the village of Masauli, in Barabanki district, United Provinces, India, the eldest of four sons of Imtiaz Ali Kidwai, a middle-class zamindar (or landowner) and government servant, and his wife, Rashid ul-Nisa, who died during his early childhood. He received his early education from a tutor at the home of his uncle, Wilayat Ali, a politically active lawyer, and in the village school. He attended the Government High School, Barabanki, until 1913. He then attended the Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh, where he graduated BA in 1918. He began work towards the degree of LLB, but, swept up by the khilafat and non-co-operation movements in 1920–21 (the first of Mahatma Gandhi's major all-India satyagraha, or non-violent civil resistance, movements) and jailed for his participation, he never completed it. He married Majid ul-Nisa in 1919. They had one child, a son, who died at seven years of age.
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Rahul Sankrityayan
Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan (Hindi: राहुल सांकृत्यायन) (April 9, 1893 – April 14, 1963), who is called the Father of Hindi Travel literature, was one of the most widely-traveled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home. He became a buddhist monk (Bauddha Bhikkhu) and eventually took up Marxist Socialism. Sankrityayan was also an Indian nationalist, having been arrested and jailed for three years for creating anti-British writings and speeches. He is referred as the Greatest Scholar (Mahapandit) for his scholarship. He was both a polymath as well as a polyglot.
He was born Kedarnath Pandey on 9 April 1893 to a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Azamgarh district, in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Govardhan Pandey, was a religious-minded farmer, a typical profession of Bhumihars, from the village Kanaila of Azamgarh district in Uttar Pradesh. His mother, Kulawanti, used to stay with her parents at the village of Kanaila, where Kedar was born. He was the eldest of four brothers. He spent part of his childhood in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states of India. As his mother died at the age of twenty-eight and his father at the age of forty-five, he was brought up by his grandmother. His earliest memories as recorded by him were of the terrible famine in 1897. At age 9, he ran away from home in order to see the world, but later returned.
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Raj Krishna
Raj Krishna was an Indian economist who taught at the Delhi School of Economics. He is most famous for the phrase "Hindu rate of growth" which he coined for India's low rate of GDP growth between the 50s and 80s.
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Rajendra Prasad
Rajendra Prasad ( pronunciation (help·info); 3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian politician and educator. He was one of the architects of the Indian Republic, having drafted its first constitution and serving as the first president of independent India (26 January 1950 – 13 May 1962). Rajendra Prasad is the only president in India to have been elected twice for the post.
During the independence movement, he left his law work and joined the Congress Party, playing a prominent role in the Indian Independence Movement. He served as the president of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the first constitution of the Republic, which lasted from 1948 to 1950. He also became the first Minister of Food and Agriculture in the year 1946 in the Interim national Government.
Rajendra Prasad was born and brought up in Siwan, Bihar in East India. He was the youngest son of Mahavira Sahai, and born in a Kayastha family. He was known as "Rajen" to his family and friends. His father was a scholar of both the Persian and Sanskrit languages, while his mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a religious woman.
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Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Ratna Gandhi /ˈrɑːdʒiːv ˈɡɑːndiː/ ( pronunciation (help·info); 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1984–1989). He took office after his mother's assassination on 31 October 1984; he himself was assassinated on 21 May 1991. He became the youngest Prime Minister of India when he took office at the age of 40.
Rajiv Gandhi was the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He went to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later at Imperial College London, but did not complete a degree at either. At Cambridge he met the Italian-born Antonia Albina Maino, then a waitress in a restaurant, whom he later married. After dropping out of university, he became a professional pilot for Indian Airlines. He remained aloof from politics, despite his family's political prominence. It was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. Following the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, the Indian National Congress party leaders nominated him to be Prime Minister.
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Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
Dame Rajkumari Amrit Kaur DStJ (2 February 1889 – 2 October 1964) was the health minister in the Indian Cabinet for ten years after India's independence from the British Raj in 1947. She was an eminent Gandhian, a freedom fighter, and a social activist.
The Rajkumari was born on 2 February 1889 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (then United Provinces), India. She and her seven brothers were the eight children of Rājā Harnam Singh, a member of the princely family of Kapurthalā in the Punjab region and his wife Rāni Harnām Singh, who was the daughter of a Bengali Presbyterian mother and an Anglican father.
The Rajkumari had her early education in Sherborne School for Girls in Dorset, England, and had her college education at Oxford University. After completing her education in England, she returned to India.
Raja Harnam Singh enjoyed the confidence of many Indian National Congress (INC) party leaders, including Gopal Krishna Gokhale. After her return to India from England, Rajkumari got interested in India's freedom struggle through the occasional visits of those leaders to her father's home. After meeting in person Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 in Bombay (Mumbai), she felt drawn to his thoughts and vision for the country. The notorious Jallianwala Bagh massacre of mostly Sikhs the same year by the British Raj troops convinced her of the necessity of India's gaining its freedom from the Raj. She joined the INC, and began to participate in India's struggle for freedom, and also in social reform activities in India.
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Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Mohun Roy, Ram Mohun also spelled Rammohun, Rammohan, or Ram Mohan (Bengali: রাজা রামমোহন রায়; 22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the "father of modern India". He, along with Dwarkanath Tagore and other Bengalis, founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement during the Bengal Renaissance. His influence was apparent in the fields of politics, public administration, and education, as well as religion. He is known for his efforts to abolish the practice of sati, the Hindu funeral practice in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre.
Roy was born in Radhanagore, Hooghly, Bengal, in August 1772 or 22 May 1774, into the Rarhi Brahmin caste. His family background displayed religious diversity; his father Ramkanto Roy was a Vaishnavite, while his mother Tarinidevi was from a Shivaite family. This was unusual for Vaishanavites did not commonly marry Shaivites at that time. Thus, one parent wanted him to be a scholar, a sastrin, while the other wanted him to have a career dedicated to the laukik, which was secular public administration. He wandered around the Himalayas and went to Tibet.
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Ram Prasad Bismil
Ram Prasad Bismil (11 June 1897 - 19 December 1927) was an Indian revolutionary who participated in Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori conspiracy of 1925, both against British Empire. As well as being a freedom fighter, he was also a patriotic poet. Ram, Agyat and Bismil were known as his pen names which he used in Urdu and Hindi poetry. But, he became popular with the last name "Bismil" only. He was associated with Arya Samaj where he got inspiration from Satyarth Prakash, a book written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He also had a confidential connection with Lala Har Dayal through his guru Swami Somdev, who was a renowned preacher of Arya Samaj.
Bismil was one of the founder members of the revolutionary organisation Hindustan Republican Association. Bhagat Singh praised him as a great poet-writer of Urdu and Hindi, who had also translated the books Catherine from English and Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot from Bengali. Several inspiring patriotic verses are attributed to him. The famous poem "Sarfaroshi ki Tamanna" is also popularly attributed to him, although some progressive writers have remarked that 'Bismil' Azimabadi actually wrote the poem and Ram Prasad Bismil immortalized it.
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Ram Singh
Ram Singh (known by his followers as Satguru) (February 3, 1816) was a religious leader and social reformer[citation needed] and the first Indian to use non-cooperation and boycotting of British merchandise and services as a political weapon. He was the religious leader of the Namdhari (Kuka) sect of Sikhism. Ram Singh launched his revolt against the British on 12 April 1857 by hoisting a white flag of freedom and announced a programme of far reaching significance.
He called for the people to boycott government services[citation needed], boycott British run educational institutions and law courts, boycott foreign made goods and defy British laws. He was the originator of the nonviolent[citation needed] and civil disobedience movement in Punjab in 1872.
Ram Singh's fight for independence was a turning point in world history for it eventually sounded the death-knell of colonial rule in the British empire. Mahatma Gandhi later used the concepts of non-cooperation and civil disobedience propounded by Ram Singh as political weapons against the British[citation needed]. His ideas played a key part in securing India's Independence from the British.
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Rani Lakshmibai
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Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi (c.19 November 1835 – 17 June 1858) (Marathi- झाशीची राणी लक्ष्मीबाई) was the queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi, situated in the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and a symbol of resistance to the rule of the British East India Company in the subcontinent.
lakshmi Bai is born in the holy town Kashi. She was named Manikarnika and was nicknamed Manu. Her father was Moropant Tambe and her mother Bhagirathibai Tambe. Her parents hailed from Maharashtra. couple. Her mother expired when she was four. Her father worked at a court Peshwa of Bithoor district;. Peshwa did bring her up like his own daughter. The Peshwa called her as "Chhabili". The meaning of Chabili is light-heartedness. She was given education at home.
She was more independent in her childhood unlike others of her age. She studied archery, horsemanship, self-defence. Tatya Tope, was her mentor.
Lakshmibai was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi Raja Gangadhar Rao, in 1842. After her marriage she was called as Lakshmi Bai. The Raja was very friendly to her. She gave birth to a boy named Damodar Rao in 1851. However, the child died when it was four months old. After the death of their son, the Raja and Rani of Jhansi adopted a child Anand Rao. Anand Rao was the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin, and was renamed as Damodar Rao. However, it is said that the Raja of Jhansi never recovered from his son's death, and died on 21 November 1853.
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Rasammah Bhupalan
Rasammah Bhupalan (born 1927), also known as Rasammah Naomi Navarednam or Mrs F.R. Bhupalan, is a renowned Malaysian freedom fighter and social activist
She has championed causes such as the anti-drug abuse movement, women's rights, education and social justice causes.
Rasammah was one of the earliest women involved in the fight for Malaysian (then Malaya) independence. She joined the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the women's wing of the Indian National Army, to fight the British. She served in Burma during World War II.
As founder president of the Women Teacher's Union, she fought for equal pay for women teachers and tried to bring disparate teachers' unions under an umbrella.
The former school principal was the first Asian representative of the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession for two successive terms. She was also very active in the National Council of Women's Organisation (NCWO) and Pemadam.
She was a teacher in the Methodist Boys School Kuala Lumpur (MBSSKL) from 1959 to 1964 and was the principal of Methodist Girls School Kuala Lumpur (MGSKL) for 13 years from 1970 until she retired in 1982. On 11th November 2007, Mrs.Bhupalan was among the few veteran teachers who were invited to attend MBSSKL's 110th Anniversary Celebration Dinner. The dinner was specially organized to honour all the former and current teachers of the school.
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Rash Behari Bose
Rashbehari Bose (Bengali: রাসবিহারী বসু Rashbihari Boshu) (25 May 1886 – 21 January 1945) was a revolutionary leader against the British Raj in India and was one of the key organisers of the Ghadar conspiracy and later, the Indian National Army.
Bose was born in Subaldaha village, Burdwan, in the province of Bengal. He was educated in Chandannagar, where his father, Vinodebehari Bose, was stationed.He later earned degrees in the medical sciences as well as in Engineering from France and Germany.
Though interested in revolutionary activities fro early on in his life, he left Bengal to shun the Alipore bomb casetrails of (1908). At Dehradun he worked as a head clerk at the Forest Research Institute. There, through Amarendra Chatterjee of the Jugantar led by Jatin Mukherjee(Bagha Jatin), he secretly got involved with the revolutionaries of Bengal and, thanks to Jatindra Nath Banerjee alias Niralamba Swami, the earliest political disciple of Sri Aurobindo, he came across eminent revolutionary members of the Arya Samaj in the United Provinces (currently Uttar Pradesh) and the Punjab.
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Rashbihari Ghosh
Rashbihari Ghosh was an Indian politician who served as the President of the Indian National Congress for one term (1907–08), succeeding Dadabhai Naoroji.
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Ravi Shankar
Ravi Shankar (Bengali: রবি শংকর; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury on 7 April 1920), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument sitar. He has been described as the most known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
Shankar was born in Varanasi and spent his youth touring Europe and India with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.
In 1956, he began to tour Europe and America playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison of The Beatles. Shankar engaged Western music by writing concerti for sitar and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992 he served as a nominated member of the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999, and received three Grammy Awards. He continues to perform in the 2000s, often with his daughter Anoushka.
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Richard Attenborough
Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough ( /ˈætənbərə/), CBE (born 29 August 1923) is an English actor, director, producer and entrepreneur. He is the current President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).
As a film director and producer, he won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1982. He has also won four BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. As an actor he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape, 10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park.
He is the elder brother of naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough.
Attenborough was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, the eldest of three sons of Mary Attenborough (née Clegg) a founding member of the Marriage Guidance Council, and Frederick Levi Attenborough, a scholar and academic administrator who was a don at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and wrote a standard text on Anglo-Saxon law. Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and at RADA. During the Second World War Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force.
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Romesh Chunder Dutt
Romesh Chunder Dutt, CIE (Bengali: রমেশচন্দ্র দত্ত) was an Indian civil servant, economic historian, writer, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Dutt was born into a distinguished Bengali Kayastha caste family well known for its members' literary and academic achievements. His parents were Thakamani and Isam Chunder Dutt. His father, Isam Dutt, was a Deputy Collector of Bengal, whom Romesh often accompanied on official duties. Romesh was educated in various Bengali District schools, then at Hare School, Calcutta, founded by the philanthropist, David Hare. After his father's untimely death in a boat accident in eastern Bengal, Romesh's uncle, Shoshee Chunder Dutt, an accomplished writer, became his guardian in 1861. Romesh wrote about his uncle, "He used to sit at night with us and our favorite study used to be pieces from the works of the English poets." He was a relative of Toru Dutt, one of nineteenth century Bengal's most prominent poets.
He entered the University of Calcutta, Presidency College in 1864, then passed the First Arts examination in 1866, second in order of merit, and won a scholarship. While still a student in the B.A. class, without his family's permission, he and two friends, Beharilal Gupta and Surendranath Banerjee, left for England in 1868. Only one other Indian, Satyendra Nath Tagore, had ever before qualified for the Indian Civil Service. Romesh aimed to emulate Satyendranath Tagore's feat. For a long time, before and after 1853, the year the ICS examination was introduced in England, only British officers were appointed to covenanted posts. The 1860s saw the first attempts, largely successful, on the part of the Indians, and especially members of the Bengali intelligentsia, to occupy the superior official posts in India, until then completely dominated by the British.
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Roshan Seth
Roshan Seth is an Indian-born British actor, who appears mainly in British and American films. He is known for his critically acclaimed performances in the films Gandhi, Mississippi Masala, Not Without My Daughter, My Beautiful Laundrette, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, and Such a Long Journey.
Seth was born in Patna, Bihar, India, the son of a professor of biochemistry. He was educated at The Doon School, then furthered his education doing graduate studies in History at St Stephen's College, and honing his theatrical skills at the Shakespeare Society before moving on to the United Kingdom for further training. He attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in British repertory theater.
Seth's first break came in Peter Brook's production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, which toured in 1972. Seth entered feature films in Richard Lester's Juggernaut (1974), but because subsequent filmmakers only wanted Seth for ethnic roles, his career abruptly stalled.
Discouraged, he abandoned acting and returned to India, where he worked as an editor and journalist until the early 1980s, when Richard Attenborough asked Seth to play Jawaharlal Nehru in Gandhi (1982). Seth was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance in the film.
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Sangolli Rayanna
Sangolli Rayanna (Kannada: ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ) (15 August 1798 – 26 January 1831) was a prominent freedom fighter from Karnataka, India. He fought the British till his death. He was the army chief of the Kingdom of Kittur ruled at the time by Rani Chennamma. Rayanna was born in the small village of Sangolli, he belonged to the Kuruba / Dhangar caste[citation needed] and hence a warrior. A film was made on his life and achievements.
When the British wanted to secede the kingdom to their empire by putting forward the doctrine of lapse as Rani Chennamma’s son was adopted, the queen refused to secede her kingdom after her husband’s death. Aided by Rayanna, she fought British bravely but was defeated and imprisoned.
Sangolli Rayanna continued to fight the British. His land was confiscated, and of what remained of it was heavily taxed. He taxed the landlords and built up an army from the masses. He used guerrilla tactics to attack government property; burnt land records and extracted huge sums of money from notorious landlords and bureaucrats. Rayanna is considered by many historians as the pioneer of guerrilla warfare in India.[citation needed] He continued this warfare till 1829.
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Sarat Chandra Bose
Sarat Chandra Bose (September 6, 1889 - February 20, 1950) was a barrister and Indian freedom fighter. He is the son of Janakinath Bose and elder brother of Subhas Chandra Bose.
His forefathers had served the Afghan rulers of pre-Mughal Bengal with great distinction. Born to Father Janakinath Bose and Mother Prabhavati Bose (née Dey) in Calcutta on 6 September 1889, he was a child of a total of fourteen siblings, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose and the maternal uncle of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Sarat Bose studied in Presidency College, Calcutta and then went to England in 1911 to become a barrister. He began a successful legal practice upon his return to India, but later abandoned it to join the Indian independence movement.
In 1936, Bose became the president of the Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee, and served as a member of the All India Congress Committee from 1936 to 1947. From 1946 to 1947, Bose would lead the Congress delegation to the Central Legislative Assembly. He strongly supported the formation of the Indian National Army by Subhash Bose, and actively participated in the Quit India movement. Following his brother's death in 1945, Bose would lead efforts to provide relief and aid to the families of INA soldiers through the INA Defence and Relief Committee. In 1946, he was appointed Member of the Interim Government for Works, Mines and Powers - the position of a minister in a national executive council led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and presided over by the Viceroy of India.
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Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyaya; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949), also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India (Bharatiya Kokila), was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet. Naidu was the second Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh state. Her birthday is celebrated as Women's Day in India.
Sarojini Chattopadhyay, later Naidu, belonged to a Bengali family of Kulin Brahmins. She was born in Hyderabad, India as the eldest daughter of scientist, philosopher, linguist and educator Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, and Barada Sundari Devi, a Bengali poetess. After receiving a doctor of science degree from Edinburgh University, her father settled in Hyderabad State, where he founded and administered the Hyderabad College, which later became the Nizam College in Hyderabad. Her father was a linguist and thinker, and the first member of Indian National Congress in Hyderabad. Her mother, Barada Sundari Devi, was a poetess baji and used to write poetry in Bengali.
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Satyajit Ray
Satyajit Ray ( Shottojit Rae (help·info); 2 May 1921 – 23 April 1992) was an Indian Bengali motion-picture director, writer, and illustrator who brought the Indian cinema to world recognition with Pather Panchali (1955; The Song of the Road) and its two sequels, known as the Apu Trilogy. As a director Ray was noted for his humanism, his versatility, and his detailed control over his films and their music. He was one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. Ray was born in the city of Kolkata into a Bengali family prominent in the world of arts and literature. Starting his career as a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent filmmaking after meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing the Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves of Vittorio De Sica during a visit to London.
Ray directed thirty-seven films, including feature films, documentaries and shorts. He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and film critic. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (1955), won eleven international prizes, including Best Human Documentary at the Cannes film festival. This film, Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar (1959) form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing, and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. Ray received many major awards in his career, including 32 Indian National Film Awards, a number of awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies, and an Academy Honorary Award in 1992. The Government of India honoured him with the Bharat Ratna in 1992.
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Shankar Dayal Sharma
Shankar Dayal Sharma pronunciation (help·info) (Hindi: शंकर दयाल शर्मा; 19 August 1918 - 26 December 1999) was the ninth President of India serving from 1992 to 1997. Prior to his presidency, Dr Sharma had been the eighth Vice President of India, serving under President Ramaswamy Venkataraman. He was also Chief Minister (1952–1956), and Cabinet Minister (1956–1967), holding the portfolios of Education, Law, Public Works, Industry and Commerce, National Resources and Separate Revenue. He was the President of the Indian National Congress in 1972-1974 and returned to government as Union Minister for Communications from 1974 to 1977.
The International Bar Association presented Dr. Sharma with the 'Living Legends of Law Award of Recognition' for his outstanding contribution to the legal profession internationally and for commitment to the rule of law.
Dr. Sharma was born in Bhopal, then the capital of the princely state of Bhopal.
Sharma comes from the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Sharma received his education at St. John's College, Agra College, Punjab University and Lucknow University. He obtained his Ph.D. in Law from Fitzwilliam College. Sharma was awarded the Chakravarti Gold Medal for Social Service by Lucknow University. Dr. Sharma taught Law at Lucknow University and at Cambridge University. While at Cambridge, Dr. Sharma was Treasurer of the Tagore Society and the Cambridge Majlis. He taught law at Cambridge University from 1946 to 1947. He was Honored as “Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", Ghaziabad.
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Shaukat Malik
Colonel Shaukat Ali Malik was an officer of the Indian National Army notable for having led a unit of the Bahadur Group in the capture of Moirang during the initial phases of the INA's Imphal Campaign during World War II. Moirang was the first territory within India to be captured by the INA and also the first place within the mainland of India to be held by the Azad Hind Government.Col.S.A.Malik Commander of the Intellegent(Bahadur) Group of INA ,planted Indian Tri-colour Flag (with springimg Tiger)at the sacred place of Moirang kangla on the 14th April,1944 at about 5 pm and also he narrated the history of Azad Hind Fauz . Malik was awarded the Sardar-e-Jung for his leading his troops into Moirang. Prior to joining the INA, Shaukat Malik fought in the Burma theatre as an officer in the Bahawalpur State Forces.
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Sheikh Abdullah
Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (Kashmiri: शेख़ मुहम्मद अब्दुल्ला (Devanagari), شيخ محمد عبدالله (Nastaleeq)), Sher-e-Kashmir (the Lion of Kashmir) (December 5, 1905, Soura, Kashmir – September 8, 1982, Srinagar), was the leader of the National Conference, Kashmir's largest political party, and one of the most important political figures in the modern history of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1933 he married Akbar Jahan, the daughter of Michael Harry Nedou, the eldest son of the European proprietor of a chain of hotels in India including Nedous Hotel in Srinagar, and his Kashmiri wife Mirjan. Michael Harry Nedou was himself the proprietor of a hotel at the tourist resort of Gulmarg (The writer Tariq Ali claims that Akbar Jehan was previously married in 1928 to an Arab Karam Shah who disappeared after a Calcutta newspaper Liberty reported that he was actually T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) a British Intelligence officer. He claims that Akbar Jehan was divorced by her first husband in 1929.) He agitated against the rule of the Maharaja Hari Singh, and urged self-rule for Kashmir. He was the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir State after its provisional accession to India in 1947, and was later jailed and exiled. He again became the Chief Minister of the state following the 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord and remained in the top slot till his death on September 8, 1982.
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Shyam Benegal
Shyam Benegal (born 14 December 1934, Hyderabad) is a prolific Indian director and screenwriter. With his first four feature films Ankur (1973), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977) he created a new genre, which has now come to be called the "middle cinema" in India. He has expressed dislike of the term, preferring his work to be called New or Alternate cinema.
He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1976 and the Padma Bhushan in 1991. On 8 August 2007, Benegal was awarded the highest award in Indian cinema for lifetime achievement, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2005. He has won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi seven times.
Shyam Benegal, was born in a Konkani Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin family on 14 December 1934 in Trimulgherry,Secunderabad then a British Cantonment, and now a twin city of the state capital, Hyderabad. It was here, at age twelve that he made his first film, on a camera given to him by his photographer father Sridhar B. Benegal. He received an M.A. in Economics, from Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad. There he formed the Hyderabad Film Society.
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Sitaram Kesri
Sitaram Kesri was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kati har Lok Sabha Constituency (fourth) when he won on a janata party ticket and was given a last moment call by then Bihar Janata Party President S N Sinha; he represented Bihar in the Rajya Sabha several times: July 1971 to April 1974, April 1974 to April 1980, July 1980 to July 1986, April 1988 to April 1994, April 1994 to April 2000. He was Union Minister during the reigns of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi and P.V. Narasimha Rao as Prime Minister of India.
Kesri also served as treasurer of the Congress party for more than a decade and he was considered by all to be very honest at his work.From September 1996 to March 1998. In addition, he was elected unanimously as the President of the Congress Parliamentary Party on 3 January 1997. For 16 years under 3 different Congress Presidents he was the treasurer.
After P.V. Narasimha Rao stepped down as president of Congress in September 1996, Kesri was appointed new President of the party. The following years were difficult for the Congress party. Kesri's lack of popular support among the masses caused further damage to the party. Kesri's most controversial act was the sudden withdrawal of support to H.D. Deve Gowda's United Front government that led to the fall of the government in April 1997. However compromise was reached and the UF elected I. K. Gujral as the new leader with continued support from the Congress party.In June 1997, he was duly elected President of the Congress party by defeating Sharad Pawar and Rajesh Pilot.
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Sonia Gandhi
Sonia Gandhi (born Antonia Edvige Albina Maino on 9 December 1946) is an Italian-born Indian politician and the President of the Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is the widow of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and belongs to Nehru–Gandhi family. After his assassination in 1991, she was invited by the Indian National Congress to take over the Congress but refused and publicly stayed away from politics amidst constant prodding by the Congress. She finally agreed to join politics in 1997; in 1998, she was elected as the leader of the Congress.
Since then, Sonia Gandhi has been the President of the Indian National Congress Party. She has served as the Chairperson of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in the Lok Sabha since 2004. In September 2010, on being re-elected for the fourth time, she became the longest serving president in the 125-year history of the Congress party. Her foreign birth has been a subject of much debate and controversy. Although Sonia is actually the fifth foreign-born person to be leader of the Congress Party, she is the first since independence in 1947.
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Stafford Cripps
Sir Richard Stafford Cripps (24 April 1889 – 21 April 1952) was a British Labour politician of the first half of the 20th century. During World War II he served in a number of positions in the wartime coalition, including Ambassador to the Soviet Union and Minister of Aircraft Production. After the war he served in the Attlee Ministry, firstly as President of the Board of Trade and between 1947 and 1950 as Chancellor of the Exchequer. In the latter position, Cripps was responsible for laying the foundations of Britain’s post-war economic prosperity, and was, according to the historian Eric Shaw, “the real architect of the rapidly improving economic picture and growing affluence from 1952 onwards.”
Cripps was born in London. His father was a Conservative member of the House of Commons who late in life, as Lord Parmoor, joined the Labour Party. His mother, the former Theresa Potter, was the sister of Beatrice Webb. Cripps grew up in a wealthy family and was educated at Winchester College and at University College London, where he studied chemistry. He left science for the law, and in 1912 was called to the bar as a barrister. He served in the First World War as an ambulance driver in France, and managed a factory producing armaments. He remained a barrister during the 1920s, where he specialised in patent cases, and was reported to be the highest paid lawyer in the country.
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Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen (help·info); January 1897 – 18 August 1945 [unconfirmed]) byname Netaji (Hindi: “Respected leader”) was an Indian revolutionary who led an Indian national force against the British colonizers (and therefore also against the allied Western powers) during World War II. Bose was one of the most prominent leaders in the Indian independence movement and is a legendary figure in India today.
He is presumed to have died "in absentia" on 18 August 1945 from injuries sustained in an alleged aircraft crash in Taihoku (Taipei). However, no actual evidence of the death of Subhas Chandra Bose on that day has ever been officially authenticated and many committees were set up by the government of India to investigate the mystery of his presumed death.
Bose advocated complete unconditional independence for India, whereas the All-India Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through Dominion status. Finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress adopted Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as its motto. Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Subhas Chandra Bose, traveling with Gandhi in these travels, later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. Defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again.
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Subramanya Bharathi
Chinnaswami Subramanya Bharathi (Tamil: சின்னசுவாமி சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதி) (December 11, 1882 – September 11, 1921) was a Tamil writer, poet, journalist, Indian independence activist and social reformer from Tamil Nadu, India. Popularly known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar (Tamil: மகாகவி பாரதியார்), he is a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry.
Born in Ettayapuram in 1882, Subramanya Bharathi studied in Tinnevely and worked as a journalist with many newspapers, notable among them being the Swadesamitran and India. Bharathi was also an active member of the Indian National Congress. In 1908, an arrest warrant was issued against Bharathi by the government of British India for his revolutionary activities forcing him to flee to Pondicherry where he lived till 1918.
Bharathi is considered to be one of the greatest Tamil poets of the modern era. Most of his works were on religious, political and social themes. Songs penned by Bharathi have been widely used in Tamil films and Carnatic Music concert platforms.
Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathiyar was born to Chinnasami Subramanya Iyer and Elakumi Ammaal as "Subbayya" on December 11, 1882 in the Tamil village of Ettayapuram. He was educated at a local high school called "The M.D.T. Hindu College" in Tirunelveli. From a very young age he learnt music and at 11nd songs. It was here that he was conferred the title of "Bharathi" ("one blessed by Saraswati, the goddess of learning).
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Sukarno
Sukarno, born Kusno Sosrodihardjo (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia.
Sukarno was the leader of his country's struggle for independence from the Netherlands and was Indonesia's first President from 1945 to 1967. He was replaced by one of his generals, Suharto (see Transition to the New Order), and remained under house arrest until his death.
The spelling "Sukarno" is frequently used in English as it is based on the newer official spelling in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport which serves near Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia for example, still uses the older spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as "Achmed Sukarno". The name Soekarno means "Good Karna" in Javanese.
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Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (pronounced: IPA: [ʂāmiː biːbeːkānoːnɗoː] listen (help·info)) (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendra Nath Datta (IPA: [nôreːnd̪roː naːt̪ʰ d̪ôttoː] was the chief disciple of the 19th century saint Ramakrishna and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world, mainly in America and Europe and is also credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the end of the 19th century CE. Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hinduism in modern India. He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech which began: "Sisters and Brothers of America," through which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
Swami Vivekananda was born in an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta on 12 January 1863. Vivekananda's parents influenced his thinking—his father by his rationality and his mother by her religious temperament. From his childhood, he showed an inclination towards spirituality and God realisation. His guru, Ramakrishna, taught him Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism); that all religions are true and that service to man was the most effective worship of God. After the Mahasamadhi of his guru, Vivekananda became a wandering monk, touring the Indian subcontinent and acquiring first-hand knowledge of conditions in India. He later travelled to Chicago and represented India as a delegate in the 1893 Parliament of World Religions. He conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating Vedanta and Yoga in America, England and Europe. He also established the Vedanta societies in America and England.
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Syed Hasan Imam
Syed Hasan Imam born in year 1871, was an Indian politician who served as the President of the Indian National Congress.
He was the fourth Muslim to become the President of Indian National Congress. One of his ancestors was the private tutor to Aurangzeb. Hasan Imam's father was a professor of history at Patna College. Hasan Imam's son by his first wife was Syed Medhi Imam, educated at Harrow and Oxford, a barrister of the Supreme Court of India and scholar of Latin and Greek. Hasan Imam also married a British woman and Ballu Imam the human rights campaigner, and wildlife expert is their grandson. Regarded as one of India's finest barristers, some barristers such as Chittaranjan Das(C.R. Das) and H.D.Bose considered Hasan as the best barrister in British India. He is related to many other barristers besides those within his own immediate family including Sir Sultan Ahmed and Syed Abdal Aziz. Hasan Imam's Cambridge educated nephew Syed Jafar Imam was also his son-in-law and later become a Supreme Court judge.
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Tarak Nath Das
Taraknath Das (or Tarak Nath Das) (Bengali: তারকনাথ দাস) (15 June 1884 – 22 December 1958) was an anti-British Bengali Indian revolutionary and internationalist scholar. He was a pioneering immigrant in the west coast of North America and discussed his plans with Tolstoy, while organizing the Asian Indian immigrants in favor of the Indian freedom movement. He was a professor of political science at Columbia University and a visiting faculty in several other universities.
Tarak was born at Majupara, near Kanchrapara, in the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. Coming from a lower middle-class family, his father Kalimohan was a clerk at the Central Telegraph Office in Calcutta. Noticing the flair of this brilliant student with the pen, his headmaster encouraged him to appear in an essay contest on the theme of patriotism. Impressed by the quality of the paper by a school boy of sixteen years, one of the judges, the Barrister P. Mitter, founder of the Anushilan Samiti, asked his associate Satish Chandra Basu to recruit the boy. On passing his Entrance Examination with very high marks, in 1901, Tarak went to Calcutta and got himself admitted to the well-known General Assembly’s Institution (now Scottish Church College) for university studies. In his secret patriotic activity, he found full support from his elder sister Girija.[citation needed]
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Tej Bahadur Sapru
Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru (Kashmiri: तेज बहादुर सप्रू (Devanagari), تیج بہادر سپرو (Nastaleeq)), KCSI (8 December 1875 – 20 January 1949) was an eminent lawyer, political and social leader in India during the British Raj. He was knighted in 1922.
Tej Bahadur Sapru was born on December 8, 1875 in Aligarh, what is now a district of the state of Uttar Pradesh. He was born in a Kashmiri Hindu family of the Sapru sub-caste. He was educated at the Agra College,
Sapru worked in the Allahabad High Court as a lawyer where Purushottam Das Tandon worked as his junior. Tej Sapru was probably the best Hindu lawyer in British India.
Sapru was a jurist and leader of the Indian Liberal Party. He favoured a dialogue with the British Empire and sought self-government reforms, but not independence from the Empire.
Sapru and others like M.R. Jayakar favored discussions and dialogue with the British, and were regular participants in the provincial and central legislatures that most Indians thought were rubber-stamps of the Viceroy.
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Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (November 1750, Devanahalli – 4 May 1799, Seringapatam), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. He was the son of Hyder Ali, at that time an officer in the Mysorean army, and his second wife, Fatima or Fakhr-un-Nissa. He was given a number of honorific titles, and was referred to as Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Shahab, Tipu Saheb, Bahadur Khan Tipu Sultan or Fatih Ali Khan Tipu Sultan Bahadur.
During Tipu's childhood, his father rose to take power in Mysore, and Tipu took over rule of the kingdom upon his father's death. In addition to his role as ruler, he was a scholar, soldier, and poet. He was a devout Muslim but the majority of his subjects were Hindus. At the request of the French, he built a church, the first in Mysore. He was proficient in many languages. In alliance with the French in their struggle with the British, and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, both Tipu Sultan and Hyder Ali used their French trained army against the Marathas, Sira, rulers of Malabar, Coorg, Bednur, Carnatic, and Travancore. He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father died the previous year.
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Vallabhbhai Patel
Sardar Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (Hindi pronunciation: [ʋəlləbˈbʱaːi pəˈʈeːl] ( listen)) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was an Indian barrister and statesman, one of the leaders of the Indian National Congress and one of the founding fathers of India. He is known to be a social leader of India who played an unparalleled role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation.Therefore he is also regarded as "Bismarck of India". He was known as the "Iron Man of India". In India and across the world, he was often addressed as Sardar, which means Chief in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian.
He was raised in the countryside of Gujarat in a family of Gurjar Leva-Patidars Vallabhbhai Patel was employed in successful practice as a lawyer when he was first inspired by the work and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Patel subsequently organised the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj; in this role, he became one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and was at the forefront of rebellions and political events, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and promoting the Quit India movement.
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Vinoba Bhave
Vinoba Bhave (Marathi: विनोबा भावे),Vinayak Narahari Bhave (September 11, 1895 - November 15, 1982) often called Acharya (Sanskrit for teacher), was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights. He is best known for the Bhoodan Andolan. He is considered as a National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi.
He was born in Gagode village in Colaba (now Raigad District of Mumbai State, Maharashtra) on September 11, 1895 into a pious family of the Chitpavan Brahmin clan. He was brought-up in Baroda. He was highly inspired after reading the Bhagavad Gita, Mahabharat, Ramayan at a very early age. His father, Naraharishumbhurao Bhave was a devout Hindu and his mother, Rukmini Devi who died in 1918, was a great influence on him. In his memoir, Bhave states that, "there is nothing to equal the part my mother played in shaping my mind". Specifically, her devotion and spirituality.
His two brothers, Balkoba Bhave and Shivaji Bhave, were also bachelors devoted to social work.
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Visvesvaraya
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya(Telugu: మోక్షగుండం విశ్వేశ్వరయ్య) (Kannada: ಮೋಕ್ಷಗುಂಡಂ ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರಯ್ಯ , KCIE, popularly known as Sir MV; 15 September 1861 – 14 April 1962) was a notable Indian engineer, scholar, statesman and the Diwan of Mysore during 1912 to 1918. He was a recipient of the Indian Republic's highest honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1955. He was knighted as a Commander of the British Indian Empire by King George V for his myriad contributions to the public good. Every year, 15 September is celebrated as Engineer's Day in India in his memory. He is held in high regard pre-eminent engineer of India. He was the chief designer of the flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad, as well as the chief engineer responsible for the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara dam in Mysore.
Visvesvaraya was born in 1860, in the Kingdom of Mysore, to a Telugu Brahmin family of Mokshagundam Srinivasa Sastry and Venkatalakshmamma in present day Muddenahalli village, 40 miles from Bangalore, India. Visvesvaraya lost his father at the age of 15. He enrolled for primary school in Chikballapur, and attended high school in Bangalore. He earned his Bachelor of Arts from Madras University in 1881 and later studied civil engineering at the prestigious College of Engineering, Pune, popularly known as COEP.
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Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Mahrshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde (April 23, 1873 – January 2, 1944) was one of the most important social and religious reformers in Maharashtra, India. He was prominent among the liberal thinkers and reformists in India, prior to her independence. His greatest contribution was to remove the practice of untouchability and bring about equality to the depressed classes in Indian society.
He was born in 1873 in the princely state of Jamkhandi in Karnataka, India, a member of a Marathi-speaking Maharashtrian family. His early childhood was influenced by a liberal family environment. The family friends and acquaintances came from all religions and castes. He was brought up to think that religion was not just a matter of a blind faith and meaningless rituals or pujas, but meant getting personally and emotionally involved in the service of God.
He was influenced by the writings of many intellectuals such as Mahatma Jotiba Phule, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, and Max Müller.
In 1898 he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Fergusson College at Pune, India. He had also studied and passed the first year law and moved to Mumbai (Bombay) for the LL.B. examination; however, he gave up this course to attend to other compelling callings in his life. This same year he joined the Prarthana Samaj, where he was further inspired and influenced by G.B. Kotkar, Shivrampant Gokhle, Justice Mahadev Govinda Ranade, Sir Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar and K.B. Marathe. He became a missionary for the Prarthana Samaj.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Yashwantrao Chavan
Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan (12 March 1913 - 25 November 1984) was the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra after the division of Bombay State and the fifth Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was a strong Congress leader, Cooperative leader, social activist and writer. He was popularly known as Leader of Common People. He advocated socialist democracy in his speeches and articles and was instrumental in establishing co-operatives in Maharashtra for the betterment of the farmers.
Yashwantrao Chavan was born in a peasant family on 12 March 1913 in the village of Devrashtre in Satara District (now in Sangli District) of Maharashtra, India. He lost his father in his early childhood and was brought up by his uncle and mother. His mother taught him about self-dependency and patriotism. From his childhood he was fascinated by the freedom struggle of India. Despite the adverse family situation.
Chavan was an active participant in the struggle for independence of India. In 1930, he was fined for his participation in the Non-cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.During this period he came in contact with Swami Ramanand Bharti,Dhulappa Navale,Gaurihar(Appasaheb) Sihasane & V.S.Page.There friendship lasted forever. In 1932, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison for hoisting the Indian flag in Satara.
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Yashwantrao Holkar
H. H. Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shrimant Yashwant Rao Holkar (Marathi: यशवंतराव होळकर) Bahadur, Nusrat Jang, one of Maharaja from Maratha Empire, was born on 3 December 1776. He was a gifted military leader and educated in accountancy as well as literate in Persian and Marathi.
In January 1799, Yashwant Rao Holkar was crowned King, as per Hindu Vedic rites and in May, 1799, he captured Ujjain. He started campaigning towards the north to expand his empire in that region. Yashwant Rao rebelled against the policies of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. On May 1802, he marched towards Pune the seat of the Peshwa. This gave rise to the Battle of Poona in which the Peshwa was defeated. After the defeat the Peshwa he fled from Pune. Conquering Pune resulted in Yashwant Rao Holkar in charge of the administration and made some constructive steps to rebuild the Maratha Empire.
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Nehru, Jawaharlal Filmography
- The History of Indian Politics (2009)
- Huxley on Huxley (2009)
- Between Gandhi and Hitler (2008)
- Indira Gandhi: The Death of Mother India (2004)
- The Race for Everest (2003)
- The Korean War: Fire and Ice (1999)
- The 20th Century: A Moving Visual History (1999)
- Religions of the World (1998)
- Dynasty: The Nehru-Gandhi Story (1998)
- Assassinations That Changed the World (1996)
- The Century of Warfare (1994)
- Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri (1990)
- Bharat Ek Khoj (1988)
- Jawaharlal Nehru (1982)
- Shankar Dada (1976)
- Prem Kahani (1975)
- Men of Our Time: Gandhi (1970)
- Saat Hindustani (1969)
- Lord Mountbatten: A Man for the Century (1968)
- Naunihal (1967)
- Shaheed (1965)
- Haqeeqat (1964)
- Jacqueline Kennedy's Asian Journey (1962)
- Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957)
- Crisis in Asia (1957)
- Put mira (1955)
- Prijatelj je dosao (1955)
- A Queen Is Crowned (1953)
- Mid Century: Half Way to Where? (1950)
- Congress Session in Bombay (1919)
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Jawaharlal Nehru speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London Airport. At a press conference he makes limited comments on Khrushchev's United Nations speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld. He explains how he thinks the UN can help emerging nations. Date: 25/09/1960
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_speech_criticising_UN_Secretary_General_Dag_Hammarskjˆld
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London Airport. At a press conference he makes limited comments on Khrushchev's United Nations speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld. He explains how he thinks the UN can help emerging nations. Date: 25/09/1960
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:34
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of India in 1947. Rajiv Dixit explains how Nehru backstabbed Sardar Patel and became PM by blackmailing Gandhi. Rajiv Dixit also exposes the flawed Independence we have, which is in reality Dominian. Both India and Pakistan are dominian states under British Monarch as per Indian Independence Act 1947. Today there is even a stadium named Nehru Stadium named after this womanizer and corrupt politician. He also made a Independence Speech written by others that spoke about values that he himself lacks. He was also wrongfully called as Pandit Nehru and Chacha Nehru which were nicknames given to him to deceive Indians.
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_I
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of India in 1947. Rajiv Dixit explains how Nehru backstabbed Sardar Patel and became PM by blackmailing Gandhi. Rajiv Dixit also exposes the flawed Independence we have, which is in reality Dominian. Both India and Pakistan are dominian states under British Monarch as per Indian Independence Act 1947. Today there is even a stadium named Nehru Stadium named after this womanizer and corrupt politician. He also made a Independence Speech written by others that spoke about values that he himself lacks. He was also wrongfully called as Pandit Nehru and Chacha Nehru which were nicknames given to him to deceive Indians.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 1076070
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:59
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the City Kotwal ie police officer of Delhi prior to the uprising of 1857, under the Mughal rule. After capturing Delhi in 1857, in the year of the mutiny, the British were slaughtering all Mughals everywhere. The British made a thorough search and killed every Mughal so that there were no future claimant to the throne of Delhi. The Hindus on the other hand were not targeted by the British unless isolated Hindus were found to be siding with the Mughals, due to past associations. Therefore, it became customary for many Mohammedans to adopt Hindu names. So, the man Ghiyasuddin Ghazi (the word means kafir-killer) adopted a Hindu name Gangadhar Nehru and thus saved his life by the subterfuge. Ghiyasuddin Ghazi apparently used to reside on the bank of a canal (or Nehr) near the Red Fort. Thus, he adopted the name 'Nehru' as the family name. Through out the world, we do not find any descendant other than that of Gangadhar, having the surname Nehru. The 13th volume of the "Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence" (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by MK Singh states it elaborately. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. City Kotwal was an important post like today's Commissioner of Police. It appears from Mughal records that there was no Hindu Kotwal employed. It was extremely unlikely for a Hindu to be hired for that post. Compulsorily only Mohammedans of foreign ancestry were hired for such ...
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_A_True_Untold_Story_Rajiv_Dixit_Jai_Varun_Giri
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the City Kotwal ie police officer of Delhi prior to the uprising of 1857, under the Mughal rule. After capturing Delhi in 1857, in the year of the mutiny, the British were slaughtering all Mughals everywhere. The British made a thorough search and killed every Mughal so that there were no future claimant to the throne of Delhi. The Hindus on the other hand were not targeted by the British unless isolated Hindus were found to be siding with the Mughals, due to past associations. Therefore, it became customary for many Mohammedans to adopt Hindu names. So, the man Ghiyasuddin Ghazi (the word means kafir-killer) adopted a Hindu name Gangadhar Nehru and thus saved his life by the subterfuge. Ghiyasuddin Ghazi apparently used to reside on the bank of a canal (or Nehr) near the Red Fort. Thus, he adopted the name 'Nehru' as the family name. Through out the world, we do not find any descendant other than that of Gangadhar, having the surname Nehru. The 13th volume of the "Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence" (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by MK Singh states it elaborately. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. City Kotwal was an important post like today's Commissioner of Police. It appears from Mughal records that there was no Hindu Kotwal employed. It was extremely unlikely for a Hindu to be hired for that post. Compulsorily only Mohammedans of foreign ancestry were hired for such ...
- published: 11 Mar 2011
- views: 476908
- author: Varun Giri
Subramanian Swamy exposed Jawaharlal Nehru Conspiracy against Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says minorities are those who are ethnically different. Muslim, Christian, Scheduled caste etc are not ethnically different because they all are decadent from Hindus. Bhimrao Ambedkar used to say there is...
http://wn.com/Subramanian_Swamy_exposed_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Conspiracy_against_Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says minorities are those who are ethnically different. Muslim, Christian, Scheduled caste etc are not ethnically different because they all are decadent from Hindus. Bhimrao Ambedkar used to say there is...
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 12953
- author: DrSubramanianSwamy
Tryst With Destiny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech.
http://wn.com/Tryst_With_Destiny
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech.
- published: 14 Aug 2008
- views: 198058
- author: anukoolchavhan
Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru AND Fake Independence Exposed BY Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:24
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
http://wn.com/Reality_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_AND_Fake_Independence_Exposed_BY_Rajiv_Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 91331
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Nehru Was both Beef Eater And Chain Smoker Exposed Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:05
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily.
http://wn.com/Nehru_Was_both_Beef_Eater_And_Chain_Smoker_Exposed_Rajiv_Dixit
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily.
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 14016
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gandhi Ji's vision is indulged in all sorts of corruption.
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_II
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gandhi Ji's vision is indulged in all sorts of corruption.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 341960
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
jawaharlal nehru exposed -rajiv dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:00
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit
http://wn.com/jawaharlal_nehru_exposed_-rajiv_dixit
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 70442
- author: ruckuspunit
Indian Heroes - Jawaharlal Nehru Life History In Hindi - with Animation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:38
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Jawaharlal Nehru 14th November 1889 - 27th May 1964 often referred to as Panditji, was an Indian politician and statesman, a leader in the Indian Independence Movement, and the first Prime Minister of independent India. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister in 1947, and re-elected when the Congress party won India's first general election in 1951. He was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
http://wn.com/Indian_Heroes_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Life_History_In_Hindi_with_Animation
Jawaharlal Nehru 14th November 1889 - 27th May 1964 often referred to as Panditji, was an Indian politician and statesman, a leader in the Indian Independence Movement, and the first Prime Minister of independent India. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister in 1947, and re-elected when the Congress party won India's first general election in 1951. He was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
- published: 15 Nov 2012
- views: 841
- author: kidsone
Jawaharlal Nehru Class
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:41
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
jawaharlal nehru class at IMPACT 2011, RK MUTT, HydIMPACT 2011 : Programme for Students and Unemployed Young Adults mainly Graduates as part of this would be trained in topics like Self Image, Communication Skills, Effective Decision Making, Interview Techniques, Human Relations, Leadership, Etiquettes, Goal Setting, Time Management, Team Building, Effective Public Speaking, Effective Negotiation Skills, Effective Memory Techniques, Motivat
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Class
jawaharlal nehru class at IMPACT 2011, RK MUTT, HydIMPACT 2011 : Programme for Students and Unemployed Young Adults mainly Graduates as part of this would be trained in topics like Self Image, Communication Skills, Effective Decision Making, Interview Techniques, Human Relations, Leadership, Etiquettes, Goal Setting, Time Management, Team Building, Effective Public Speaking, Effective Negotiation Skills, Effective Memory Techniques, Motivat
- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 2320
- author: GAMPA NAGESHWER RAO
Jawahar Lal Nehru and Jana Gana Mana VS VandeMataram exposed By Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:56
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banquet speech, hosted by the then Indian President, she said, "History cann't be re-written"! Followed thereafter, was her historic pardon-begging at Jalianawala bag, the site of 1919's brutal colonial Massacre... And now a euphoric official propaganda of "Jana Gana Mana", be it what may or under whatever pretext or context/ memorium, it may..... Especially since, the hatred that was instigated during those 1905-Banga-Bhanga proclamation days against India's National Song 'Bande Mataram', still metes with similar hate and untouchable treatment and so did, even on the 7th Sept 2006, when Bande Mataram's Centenary was commemorated, as well(!!!), vide Suhasini Haidar's( Daughter of, Dr Subramaniam Swami), now archived as an abridged blog, "De-nationalise Our Symbols If They Mean So Little", ibnlive.in.com .... This unveiled conspiracy/history by Late Rajiv Dixit, should be viewed and reviewed with that context and spirit....
http://wn.com/Jawahar_Lal_Nehru_and_Jana_Gana_Mana_VS_VandeMataram_exposed_By_Rajiv_Dixit
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banquet speech, hosted by the then Indian President, she said, "History cann't be re-written"! Followed thereafter, was her historic pardon-begging at Jalianawala bag, the site of 1919's brutal colonial Massacre... And now a euphoric official propaganda of "Jana Gana Mana", be it what may or under whatever pretext or context/ memorium, it may..... Especially since, the hatred that was instigated during those 1905-Banga-Bhanga proclamation days against India's National Song 'Bande Mataram', still metes with similar hate and untouchable treatment and so did, even on the 7th Sept 2006, when Bande Mataram's Centenary was commemorated, as well(!!!), vide Suhasini Haidar's( Daughter of, Dr Subramaniam Swami), now archived as an abridged blog, "De-nationalise Our Symbols If They Mean So Little", ibnlive.in.com .... This unveiled conspiracy/history by Late Rajiv Dixit, should be viewed and reviewed with that context and spirit....
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 26719
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Light Has Gone Out - Jawaharlal Nehru Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
From The Album: Voices Of Freedom Listen To The Speeches Of Indian Freedom Fighters For more videos log on & subscribe to our channel www.youtube.com For more updates Follow us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Light_Has_Gone_Out_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Speech
From The Album: Voices Of Freedom Listen To The Speeches Of Indian Freedom Fighters For more videos log on & subscribe to our channel www.youtube.com For more updates Follow us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 2797
- author: saregamaindia
Tryst With Destiny - A speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.The phrase Rendezvous with destiny was used by FDR in his 1936 Democratic National Convention speech, inspiring the similar phrase Tryst with destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Source : en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Tryst_With_Destiny_A_speech_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.The phrase Rendezvous with destiny was used by FDR in his 1936 Democratic National Convention speech, inspiring the similar phrase Tryst with destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Source : en.wikipedia.org
- published: 13 Nov 2010
- views: 24104
- author: Galsaregals
Fake Independence of INDIA AND Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed By Rajiv Dixit.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:31
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
http://wn.com/Fake_Independence_of_INDIA_AND_Reality_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_By_Rajiv_Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 14093
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Manidharukul - Jawaharlal Nehru - Children Tamil Nursery Rhymes Chellame Chellam Volume 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
For Online Purchase: www.abiramiaudio.com MAGIC BOX ANIMATION PROUDLY PRESENTS Tamil Cartoon / Animated Rhymes and Songs Chellame Chellam ( Papa Pattu) Volume 5 GIVE YOUR KIDS A BEST START IN LIFE THANKS FOR WATCHING AND FOR ONLINE PURCHASE VISIT US AT www.abiramiaudio.com
http://wn.com/Manidharukul_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Children_Tamil_Nursery_Rhymes_Chellame_Chellam_Volume_5
For Online Purchase: www.abiramiaudio.com MAGIC BOX ANIMATION PROUDLY PRESENTS Tamil Cartoon / Animated Rhymes and Songs Chellame Chellam ( Papa Pattu) Volume 5 GIVE YOUR KIDS A BEST START IN LIFE THANKS FOR WATCHING AND FOR ONLINE PURCHASE VISIT US AT www.abiramiaudio.com
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 33374
- author: MagicboxTamRhy
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MEDICAL COLLEGE.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/JAWAHARLAL_NEHRU_MEDICAL_COLLEGEavi
NewsX Video: Nehru-Edwina relationship on screen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Whether good or bad, all political parties seem to be uncomfortable with their past. And the latest discomfort to the congress party is being caused by the Hollywood film Indian Summer that examines the relationship between Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten.
http://wn.com/NewsX_Video_Nehru-Edwina_relationship_on_screen
Whether good or bad, all political parties seem to be uncomfortable with their past. And the latest discomfort to the congress party is being caused by the Hollywood film Indian Summer that examines the relationship between Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten.
- published: 27 Sep 2009
- views: 30564
- author: newsxlive
Rajiv Malhotra's Television Interview with Prof. Thakur of Jawaharlal Nehru University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:59
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) interviewed Rajiv Malhotra on the latter's new book, BEING DIFFERENT. This was a live one-hour interview on the Indian Government's television channel called Vyasa, which is an academic discuss important new works and intellectual developments. As a result of their discussion, Thakur and Malhotra have planned to hold further meetings and events to take these ideas further with the scholars in India.
http://wn.com/Rajiv_Malhotra's_Television_Interview_with_Prof_Thakur_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_University
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) interviewed Rajiv Malhotra on the latter's new book, BEING DIFFERENT. This was a live one-hour interview on the Indian Government's television channel called Vyasa, which is an academic discuss important new works and intellectual developments. As a result of their discussion, Thakur and Malhotra have planned to hold further meetings and events to take these ideas further with the scholars in India.
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 4333
- author: BreakingIndia
Jawaharlal Nerhu Documentary.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:50
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Channel24x7
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nerhu_Documentaryflv
Face the Nation - FTN: Was Ambedkar greater than Nehru and Patel?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:23
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Search for the Greatest Indian after Mahatma Gandhi is over. BR Ambedkar, the Father of Indian Constitution, is the overwhelming choice. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/Face_the_Nation_FTN_Was_Ambedkar_greater_than_Nehru_and_Patel?
Search for the Greatest Indian after Mahatma Gandhi is over. BR Ambedkar, the Father of Indian Constitution, is the overwhelming choice. ibnlive.com
- published: 17 Aug 2012
- views: 7004
- author: ibnlive
Nehru Was Died OF STD (sexually Tranmitted Disease ).Jinna,Nehru,Edwina Exposed By Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:05
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Bharat Divided Due to Neharu-Edwina-Jinna Relationship ! everyone must watch......
http://wn.com/Nehru_Was_Died_OF_STD_sexually_Tranmitted_Disease_Jinna,Nehru,Edwina_Exposed_By_Rajiv_Dixit
Bharat Divided Due to Neharu-Edwina-Jinna Relationship ! everyone must watch......
- published: 06 Oct 2012
- views: 345178
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Nehru Exposed.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:59
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Jawaharlal Nehru the first PM of India, expose by Late Rajiv Dixit. Must watch to understand what went on during power transfer on 15 Aug 1947. The role of Saradar Patel & Gandhi.
http://wn.com/Nehru_Exposedflv
Jawaharlal Nehru the first PM of India, expose by Late Rajiv Dixit. Must watch to understand what went on during power transfer on 15 Aug 1947. The role of Saradar Patel & Gandhi.
- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 10148
- author: aslistuff
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Prime Minister Nehru interview on Kashmir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Prime Minister Nehru of India gives press conference in New Delhi. Comments on possible meeting between President Sukarno and Macmillan. Also, answers questions on Kashmir and aggression by Pakistan. Date: 08/01/1958
http://wn.com/Prime_Minister_Nehru_interview_on_Kashmir
Prime Minister Nehru of India gives press conference in New Delhi. Comments on possible meeting between President Sukarno and Macmillan. Also, answers questions on Kashmir and aggression by Pakistan. Date: 08/01/1958
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 34488
- author: hijazna
Jawaharlal Nehru speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London Airport. At a press conference he makes limited comments on Khrushchev's United Nations speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld. He explains how he thinks the UN can help emerging nations. Date: 25/09/1960
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_speech_criticising_UN_Secretary_General_Dag_Hammarskjˆld
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London Airport. At a press conference he makes limited comments on Khrushchev's United Nations speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld. He explains how he thinks the UN can help emerging nations. Date: 25/09/1960
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 42626
- author: hijazna
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:59
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the City Kotwal ie police officer of Delhi prior to the uprising of 1857, under the Mughal rule. After capturing Delhi in 1857, in the year of the mutiny, the British were slaughtering all Mughals everywhere. The British made a thorough search and killed every Mughal so that there were no future claimant to the throne of Delhi. The Hindus on the other hand were not targeted by the British unless isolated Hindus were found to be siding with the Mughals, due to past associations. Therefore, it became customary for many Mohammedans to adopt Hindu names. So, the man Ghiyasuddin Ghazi (the word means kafir-killer) adopted a Hindu name Gangadhar Nehru and thus saved his life by the subterfuge. Ghiyasuddin Ghazi apparently used to reside on the bank of a canal (or Nehr) near the Red Fort. Thus, he adopted the name 'Nehru' as the family name. Through out the world, we do not find any descendant other than that of Gangadhar, having the surname Nehru. The 13th volume of the "Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence" (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by MK Singh states it elaborately. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. City Kotwal was an important post like today's Commissioner of Police. It appears from Mughal records that there was no Hindu Kotwal employed. It was extremely unlikely for a Hindu to be hired for that post. Compulsorily only Mohammedans of foreign ancestry were hired for such ...
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_A_True_Untold_Story_Rajiv_Dixit_Jai_Varun_Giri
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the City Kotwal ie police officer of Delhi prior to the uprising of 1857, under the Mughal rule. After capturing Delhi in 1857, in the year of the mutiny, the British were slaughtering all Mughals everywhere. The British made a thorough search and killed every Mughal so that there were no future claimant to the throne of Delhi. The Hindus on the other hand were not targeted by the British unless isolated Hindus were found to be siding with the Mughals, due to past associations. Therefore, it became customary for many Mohammedans to adopt Hindu names. So, the man Ghiyasuddin Ghazi (the word means kafir-killer) adopted a Hindu name Gangadhar Nehru and thus saved his life by the subterfuge. Ghiyasuddin Ghazi apparently used to reside on the bank of a canal (or Nehr) near the Red Fort. Thus, he adopted the name 'Nehru' as the family name. Through out the world, we do not find any descendant other than that of Gangadhar, having the surname Nehru. The 13th volume of the "Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence" (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by MK Singh states it elaborately. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. City Kotwal was an important post like today's Commissioner of Police. It appears from Mughal records that there was no Hindu Kotwal employed. It was extremely unlikely for a Hindu to be hired for that post. Compulsorily only Mohammedans of foreign ancestry were hired for such ...
- published: 11 Mar 2011
- views: 472878
- author: Varun Giri
VK Krishna Menon Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:14
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi: वि. के. कृष्ण मेनोन्) (3 May 1896 -- 6 October 1974), commonly referred to as Krishna Menon, was an Indian nationalist, diplomat and statesman, described as the second most powerful man in India by Time Magazine and others, after his ally and intimate friend, Jawaharlal Nehru. Described as "vitriolic, intolerant, impatient, and exigent -- yes, but generous, sensitive, considerate, a great teacher too, and a great man" by Lord Listowell, the last British secretary of state for India, Menon was an influential and controversial figure on the world scene, and the architect of the Third Bloc foreign policy of non-alignment. He headed India's diplomatic missions to both the United Kingdom and United Nations, and was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian Parliament from multiple constituencies, serving as Defence Minister of India from 1957 to 1962. Menon cofounded Penguin Books in 1935 with Sir Allen Lane, and also created the Sainik Schools. He is the first Malayalee to have won the Padma Vibhushan. During the 1930s he worked as an editor for Bodley Head and Twentieth Century Library, and in 1934 cofounded Penguin and Pelican Books with colleague Sir Allen Lane. In 1934 he was admitted to the English bar, and after joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St. Pancras, London. St. Pancras later conferred on him the Freedom of ...
http://wn.com/VK_Krishna_Menon_Interview
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi: वि. के. कृष्ण मेनोन्) (3 May 1896 -- 6 October 1974), commonly referred to as Krishna Menon, was an Indian nationalist, diplomat and statesman, described as the second most powerful man in India by Time Magazine and others, after his ally and intimate friend, Jawaharlal Nehru. Described as "vitriolic, intolerant, impatient, and exigent -- yes, but generous, sensitive, considerate, a great teacher too, and a great man" by Lord Listowell, the last British secretary of state for India, Menon was an influential and controversial figure on the world scene, and the architect of the Third Bloc foreign policy of non-alignment. He headed India's diplomatic missions to both the United Kingdom and United Nations, and was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian Parliament from multiple constituencies, serving as Defence Minister of India from 1957 to 1962. Menon cofounded Penguin Books in 1935 with Sir Allen Lane, and also created the Sainik Schools. He is the first Malayalee to have won the Padma Vibhushan. During the 1930s he worked as an editor for Bodley Head and Twentieth Century Library, and in 1934 cofounded Penguin and Pelican Books with colleague Sir Allen Lane. In 1934 he was admitted to the English bar, and after joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St. Pancras, London. St. Pancras later conferred on him the Freedom of ...
- published: 08 Dec 2011
- views: 6358
- author: thefilmarchived
Subramanian Swamy exposed Jawaharlal Nehru Conspiracy against Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says minorities are those who are ethnically different. Muslim, Christian, Scheduled caste etc are not ethnically different because they all are decadent from Hindus. Bhimrao Ambedkar used to say there is...
http://wn.com/Subramanian_Swamy_exposed_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Conspiracy_against_Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says minorities are those who are ethnically different. Muslim, Christian, Scheduled caste etc are not ethnically different because they all are decadent from Hindus. Bhimrao Ambedkar used to say there is...
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 12783
- author: DrSubramanianSwamy
Jawaharlal Nehru w/ Gandhi, Mountbatten, Eisenhower & JFK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
www.presidency.ucsb.edu 40 - Message to Prime Minister Nehru Commending the Indian Custodial Forces in Korea. February 19, 1954 Dear Mr. Prime Minister: Now that the mission of Indian troops is drawing to a close in Korea, I want to express to you my appreciation and that of my countrymen for the performance of the Indian Custodial Forces. No military unit in recent years has undertaken a more delicate and demanding peacetime mission than that faced by the Indian forces in Korea. The vast majority of prisoners placed in their charge had from months of imprisonment and uncertainty become highly nervous and volatile. The confidence inspired by the exemplary tact, fairness and firmness shown by the Indian officers and men led by their two able commanders, Lt. General Thimayya and Major General Thorat did much to alleviate the fears and doubts of these prisoners. The performance of these officers and their troops was fully in keeping with the high reputation of the Indian Army. They deserve the highest commendation. With best wishes, Sincerely, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Citation: John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters,The American Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Available from World Wide Web: www.presidency.ucsb.edu
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_w_Gandhi,_Mountbatten,_Eisenhower_JFK
www.presidency.ucsb.edu 40 - Message to Prime Minister Nehru Commending the Indian Custodial Forces in Korea. February 19, 1954 Dear Mr. Prime Minister: Now that the mission of Indian troops is drawing to a close in Korea, I want to express to you my appreciation and that of my countrymen for the performance of the Indian Custodial Forces. No military unit in recent years has undertaken a more delicate and demanding peacetime mission than that faced by the Indian forces in Korea. The vast majority of prisoners placed in their charge had from months of imprisonment and uncertainty become highly nervous and volatile. The confidence inspired by the exemplary tact, fairness and firmness shown by the Indian officers and men led by their two able commanders, Lt. General Thimayya and Major General Thorat did much to alleviate the fears and doubts of these prisoners. The performance of these officers and their troops was fully in keeping with the high reputation of the Indian Army. They deserve the highest commendation. With best wishes, Sincerely, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Citation: John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters,The American Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Available from World Wide Web: www.presidency.ucsb.edu
- published: 10 Sep 2009
- views: 26486
- author: mamta64dhody
Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru AND Fake Independence Exposed BY Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:24
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
http://wn.com/Reality_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_AND_Fake_Independence_Exposed_BY_Rajiv_Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 85245
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Tryst With Destiny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech.
http://wn.com/Tryst_With_Destiny
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech.
- published: 14 Aug 2008
- views: 197121
- author: anukoolchavhan
Nehru Was both Beef Eater And Chain Smoker Exposed Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:05
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily.
http://wn.com/Nehru_Was_both_Beef_Eater_And_Chain_Smoker_Exposed_Rajiv_Dixit
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily.
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 13461
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gandhi Ji's vision is indulged in all sorts of corruption.
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_II
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gandhi Ji's vision is indulged in all sorts of corruption.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 341127
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
Rajiv Malhotra's Television Interview with Prof. Thakur of Jawaharlal Nehru University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:59
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) interviewed Rajiv Malhotra on the latter's new book, BEING DIFFERENT. This was a live one-hour interview on the Indian Government's television channel called Vyasa, which is an academic discuss important new works and intellectual developments. As a result of their discussion, Thakur and Malhotra have planned to hold further meetings and events to take these ideas further with the scholars in India.
http://wn.com/Rajiv_Malhotra's_Television_Interview_with_Prof_Thakur_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_University
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) interviewed Rajiv Malhotra on the latter's new book, BEING DIFFERENT. This was a live one-hour interview on the Indian Government's television channel called Vyasa, which is an academic discuss important new works and intellectual developments. As a result of their discussion, Thakur and Malhotra have planned to hold further meetings and events to take these ideas further with the scholars in India.
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 4253
- author: BreakingIndia
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:34
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of India in 1947. Rajiv Dixit explains how Nehru backstabbed Sardar Patel and became PM by blackmailing Gandhi. Rajiv Dixit also exposes the flawed Independence we have, which is in reality Dominian. Both India and Pakistan are dominian states under British Monarch as per Indian Independence Act 1947. Today there is even a stadium named Nehru Stadium named after this womanizer and corrupt politician. He also made a Independence Speech written by others that spoke about values that he himself lacks. He was also wrongfully called as Pandit Nehru and Chacha Nehru which were nicknames given to him to deceive Indians.
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_I
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of India in 1947. Rajiv Dixit explains how Nehru backstabbed Sardar Patel and became PM by blackmailing Gandhi. Rajiv Dixit also exposes the flawed Independence we have, which is in reality Dominian. Both India and Pakistan are dominian states under British Monarch as per Indian Independence Act 1947. Today there is even a stadium named Nehru Stadium named after this womanizer and corrupt politician. He also made a Independence Speech written by others that spoke about values that he himself lacks. He was also wrongfully called as Pandit Nehru and Chacha Nehru which were nicknames given to him to deceive Indians.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 1066590
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
jawaharlal nehru exposed -rajiv dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:00
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit
http://wn.com/jawaharlal_nehru_exposed_-rajiv_dixit
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 69519
- author: ruckuspunit
Tryst With Destiny - A speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.The phrase Rendezvous with destiny was used by FDR in his 1936 Democratic National Convention speech, inspiring the similar phrase Tryst with destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Source : en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Tryst_With_Destiny_A_speech_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.The phrase Rendezvous with destiny was used by FDR in his 1936 Democratic National Convention speech, inspiring the similar phrase Tryst with destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Source : en.wikipedia.org
- published: 13 Nov 2010
- views: 23765
- author: Galsaregals
Samadhi (1972) Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India Shantivan 27-5-1964 Garden of Peace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Updated: 22 Jul 2012
en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू, ; 14 November 1889--27 May 1964[3]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru and, specifically in India, as Panditji. Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian treaty over Tibet, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese antagonism over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to annex Goa from Portugal in 1961. [See liberation of Goa.] While increasing his popularity, Nehru received criticism for opting for military action. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. In a matter of months, the border ...
http://wn.com/Samadhi_1972_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Prime_Minister_of_India_Shantivan_27-5-1964_Garden_of_Peace
en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू, ; 14 November 1889--27 May 1964[3]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru and, specifically in India, as Panditji. Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian treaty over Tibet, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese antagonism over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to annex Goa from Portugal in 1961. [See liberation of Goa.] While increasing his popularity, Nehru received criticism for opting for military action. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. In a matter of months, the border ...
- published: 14 Aug 2010
- views: 7294
- author: mamtamohinidhody
Jawahar Lal Nehru and Jana Gana Mana VS VandeMataram exposed By Rajiv Dixit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:56
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banquet speech, hosted by the then Indian President, she said, "History cann't be re-written"! Followed thereafter, was her historic pardon-begging at Jalianawala bag, the site of 1919's brutal colonial Massacre... And now a euphoric official propaganda of "Jana Gana Mana", be it what may or under whatever pretext or context/ memorium, it may..... Especially since, the hatred that was instigated during those 1905-Banga-Bhanga proclamation days against India's National Song 'Bande Mataram', still metes with similar hate and untouchable treatment and so did, even on the 7th Sept 2006, when Bande Mataram's Centenary was commemorated, as well(!!!), vide Suhasini Haidar's( Daughter of, Dr Subramaniam Swami), now archived as an abridged blog, "De-nationalise Our Symbols If They Mean So Little", ibnlive.in.com .... This unveiled conspiracy/history by Late Rajiv Dixit, should be viewed and reviewed with that context and spirit....
http://wn.com/Jawahar_Lal_Nehru_and_Jana_Gana_Mana_VS_VandeMataram_exposed_By_Rajiv_Dixit
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banquet speech, hosted by the then Indian President, she said, "History cann't be re-written"! Followed thereafter, was her historic pardon-begging at Jalianawala bag, the site of 1919's brutal colonial Massacre... And now a euphoric official propaganda of "Jana Gana Mana", be it what may or under whatever pretext or context/ memorium, it may..... Especially since, the hatred that was instigated during those 1905-Banga-Bhanga proclamation days against India's National Song 'Bande Mataram', still metes with similar hate and untouchable treatment and so did, even on the 7th Sept 2006, when Bande Mataram's Centenary was commemorated, as well(!!!), vide Suhasini Haidar's( Daughter of, Dr Subramaniam Swami), now archived as an abridged blog, "De-nationalise Our Symbols If They Mean So Little", ibnlive.in.com .... This unveiled conspiracy/history by Late Rajiv Dixit, should be viewed and reviewed with that context and spirit....
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 26176
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri).flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:59
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_A_True_Untold_Story_Rajiv_Dixit_Jai_Varun_Giriflv
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MEDICAL COLLEGE.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/JAWAHARLAL_NEHRU_MEDICAL_COLLEGEavi
Fake Independence of INDIA AND Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed By Rajiv Dixit.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:31
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
http://wn.com/Fake_Independence_of_INDIA_AND_Reality_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Exposed_By_Rajiv_Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 13918
- author: TheDhruvsahni
Light Has Gone Out - Jawaharlal Nehru Speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
From The Album: Voices Of Freedom Listen To The Speeches Of Indian Freedom Fighters
http://wn.com/Light_Has_Gone_Out_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Speech
From The Album: Voices Of Freedom Listen To The Speeches Of Indian Freedom Fighters
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 2674
- author: saregamaindia
Devil's Advocate :: Jaswant Singh ::Part-I:: 1/4 :: 1947 Partition :: Nehru, Jinnah both responsible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
"Monday sees the publication of a biography of Mohammed Ali Jinnah which challenges the way we in India have seen the founder of Pakistan. It reassess Nehru's role in Partition, it sheds fresh light on the relationship between the Mahatma Gandhi and Jinnah. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Jaswant Singhs book is likely to attract considerable attention and may be even a fair amount of controversy. Karan Thapar, in a special two-part interview with the author, discusses the book with Singh, a former defence, foreign and finance minister of India and also a former soldier........" ibnlive.in.com
http://wn.com/Devil's_Advocate_Jaswant_Singh_Part-I_1_4_1947_Partition_Nehru,_Jinnah_both_responsible
"Monday sees the publication of a biography of Mohammed Ali Jinnah which challenges the way we in India have seen the founder of Pakistan. It reassess Nehru's role in Partition, it sheds fresh light on the relationship between the Mahatma Gandhi and Jinnah. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Jaswant Singhs book is likely to attract considerable attention and may be even a fair amount of controversy. Karan Thapar, in a special two-part interview with the author, discusses the book with Singh, a former defence, foreign and finance minister of India and also a former soldier........" ibnlive.in.com
- published: 17 Aug 2009
- views: 15755
- author: 1gazebo
Music Director Shri Ramchandra's rare interview. Dedicated to Khandeel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:23
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Music Director Shri Ramchandra's rare interview. Dedicated to Khandeel. Ramachandra was born in January 12 1918 in Puntamba, a small town in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, India. He joined the movie industry playing the lead role in YV Rao's movie, "Naganand". He also had some small roles at Minerva Movietone in the movies "Saeed-e-Havas" and "Atma Tarang". Ramachandra provided harmonium accompaniment for Minerva composers Bindu Khan and Habib Khan. He debuted as music director in Tamil movies with Jayakkodi and Vanamohini. He received public notice as a good composer in Bhagwan Dada's "Sukhi Jeevan", and established a long association that culminated with the musical box office hit "Albela". Ramachandra introduced in his compositions the alto sax in combination with guitar and harmonica. He also included whistling in one of his famous songs, "Aana meri jaan Sunday ke Sunday" in "Shehnai". He used a combination of a bongo, an oboe, a trumpet, a clarinet and a sax for the song "Shola Jo Bhadke" in "Albela". He sang the title song "Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo" with Lata Mangeshkar, which included rock rhythms. He provided the musical score for the scat song "Ina mina dika" in "Aasha". Perhaps C. Ramachandra's biggest success as a music composer was the 1953 movie Anarkali starring Beena Roy in the title role and Pradeep Kumar. The songs that he composed for this movie are today legendary. Songs of this movie like "Yeh Zindagi usiki hai", "Mujhse mat pooch mere ishq main ...
http://wn.com/Music_Director_Shri_Ramchandra's_rare_interview_Dedicated_to_Khandeel
Music Director Shri Ramchandra's rare interview. Dedicated to Khandeel. Ramachandra was born in January 12 1918 in Puntamba, a small town in Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra, India. He joined the movie industry playing the lead role in YV Rao's movie, "Naganand". He also had some small roles at Minerva Movietone in the movies "Saeed-e-Havas" and "Atma Tarang". Ramachandra provided harmonium accompaniment for Minerva composers Bindu Khan and Habib Khan. He debuted as music director in Tamil movies with Jayakkodi and Vanamohini. He received public notice as a good composer in Bhagwan Dada's "Sukhi Jeevan", and established a long association that culminated with the musical box office hit "Albela". Ramachandra introduced in his compositions the alto sax in combination with guitar and harmonica. He also included whistling in one of his famous songs, "Aana meri jaan Sunday ke Sunday" in "Shehnai". He used a combination of a bongo, an oboe, a trumpet, a clarinet and a sax for the song "Shola Jo Bhadke" in "Albela". He sang the title song "Shin Shinaki Boobla Boo" with Lata Mangeshkar, which included rock rhythms. He provided the musical score for the scat song "Ina mina dika" in "Aasha". Perhaps C. Ramachandra's biggest success as a music composer was the 1953 movie Anarkali starring Beena Roy in the title role and Pradeep Kumar. The songs that he composed for this movie are today legendary. Songs of this movie like "Yeh Zindagi usiki hai", "Mujhse mat pooch mere ishq main ...
- published: 28 Sep 2011
- views: 9625
- author: MrPakfaisal
Manidharukul - Jawaharlal Nehru - Children Tamil Nursery Rhymes Chellame Chellam Volume 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
For Online Purchase: www.abiramiaudio.com MAGIC BOX ANIMATION PROUDLY PRESENTS Tamil Cartoon / Animated Rhymes and Songs Chellame Chellam ( Papa Pattu) Volume 5 GIVE YOUR KIDS A BEST START IN LIFE THANKS FOR WATCHING AND FOR ONLINE PURCHASE VISIT US AT www.abiramiaudio.com
http://wn.com/Manidharukul_Jawaharlal_Nehru_Children_Tamil_Nursery_Rhymes_Chellame_Chellam_Volume_5
For Online Purchase: www.abiramiaudio.com MAGIC BOX ANIMATION PROUDLY PRESENTS Tamil Cartoon / Animated Rhymes and Songs Chellame Chellam ( Papa Pattu) Volume 5 GIVE YOUR KIDS A BEST START IN LIFE THANKS FOR WATCHING AND FOR ONLINE PURCHASE VISIT US AT www.abiramiaudio.com
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 31894
- author: MagicboxTamRhy
2:10
Prime Minister Nehru interview on Kashmir
Prime Minister Nehru of India gives press conference in New Delhi. Comments on possible me...
published: 03 Nov 2011
author: hijazna
Prime Minister Nehru interview on Kashmir
Prime Minister Nehru of India gives press conference in New Delhi. Comments on possible meeting between President Sukarno and Macmillan. Also, answers questions on Kashmir and aggression by Pakistan. Date: 08/01/1958
- published: 03 Nov 2011
- views: 34488
- author: hijazna
1:38
Jawaharlal Nehru speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London A...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: hijazna
Jawaharlal Nehru speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld
Jawaharlal (Panditji ) Nehru, Prime Minister of India, disembarks from a plane at London Airport. At a press conference he makes limited comments on Khrushchev's United Nations speech criticising UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjˆld. He explains how he thinks the UN can help emerging nations. Date: 25/09/1960
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 42626
- author: hijazna
18:59
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri)
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the Ci...
published: 11 Mar 2011
author: Varun Giri
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri)
The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty starts with the Mughal man named Ghiyasuddin Ghazi. He was the City Kotwal ie police officer of Delhi prior to the uprising of 1857, under the Mughal rule. After capturing Delhi in 1857, in the year of the mutiny, the British were slaughtering all Mughals everywhere. The British made a thorough search and killed every Mughal so that there were no future claimant to the throne of Delhi. The Hindus on the other hand were not targeted by the British unless isolated Hindus were found to be siding with the Mughals, due to past associations. Therefore, it became customary for many Mohammedans to adopt Hindu names. So, the man Ghiyasuddin Ghazi (the word means kafir-killer) adopted a Hindu name Gangadhar Nehru and thus saved his life by the subterfuge. Ghiyasuddin Ghazi apparently used to reside on the bank of a canal (or Nehr) near the Red Fort. Thus, he adopted the name 'Nehru' as the family name. Through out the world, we do not find any descendant other than that of Gangadhar, having the surname Nehru. The 13th volume of the "Encyclopedia of Indian War of Independence" (ISBN:81-261-3745-9) by MK Singh states it elaborately. The Government of India have been hiding this fact. City Kotwal was an important post like today's Commissioner of Police. It appears from Mughal records that there was no Hindu Kotwal employed. It was extremely unlikely for a Hindu to be hired for that post. Compulsorily only Mohammedans of foreign ancestry were hired for such ...
- published: 11 Mar 2011
- views: 472878
- author: Varun Giri
12:14
VK Krishna Menon Interview
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi:...
published: 08 Dec 2011
author: thefilmarchived
VK Krishna Menon Interview
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi: वि. के. कृष्ण मेनोन्) (3 May 1896 -- 6 October 1974), commonly referred to as Krishna Menon, was an Indian nationalist, diplomat and statesman, described as the second most powerful man in India by Time Magazine and others, after his ally and intimate friend, Jawaharlal Nehru. Described as "vitriolic, intolerant, impatient, and exigent -- yes, but generous, sensitive, considerate, a great teacher too, and a great man" by Lord Listowell, the last British secretary of state for India, Menon was an influential and controversial figure on the world scene, and the architect of the Third Bloc foreign policy of non-alignment. He headed India's diplomatic missions to both the United Kingdom and United Nations, and was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian Parliament from multiple constituencies, serving as Defence Minister of India from 1957 to 1962. Menon cofounded Penguin Books in 1935 with Sir Allen Lane, and also created the Sainik Schools. He is the first Malayalee to have won the Padma Vibhushan. During the 1930s he worked as an editor for Bodley Head and Twentieth Century Library, and in 1934 cofounded Penguin and Pelican Books with colleague Sir Allen Lane. In 1934 he was admitted to the English bar, and after joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St. Pancras, London. St. Pancras later conferred on him the Freedom of ...
- published: 08 Dec 2011
- views: 6358
- author: thefilmarchived
2:26
Subramanian Swamy exposed Jawaharlal Nehru Conspiracy against Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says m...
published: 13 Jan 2012
author: DrSubramanianSwamy
Subramanian Swamy exposed Jawaharlal Nehru Conspiracy against Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Dr Subramanian Swamy talking about minorities and cultural unity of India. Dr Swamy says minorities are those who are ethnically different. Muslim, Christian, Scheduled caste etc are not ethnically different because they all are decadent from Hindus. Bhimrao Ambedkar used to say there is...
- published: 13 Jan 2012
- views: 12783
- author: DrSubramanianSwamy
2:49
Jawaharlal Nehru w/ Gandhi, Mountbatten, Eisenhower & JFK
www.presidency.ucsb.edu 40 - Message to Prime Minister Nehru Commending the Indian Custodi...
published: 10 Sep 2009
author: mamta64dhody
Jawaharlal Nehru w/ Gandhi, Mountbatten, Eisenhower & JFK
www.presidency.ucsb.edu 40 - Message to Prime Minister Nehru Commending the Indian Custodial Forces in Korea. February 19, 1954 Dear Mr. Prime Minister: Now that the mission of Indian troops is drawing to a close in Korea, I want to express to you my appreciation and that of my countrymen for the performance of the Indian Custodial Forces. No military unit in recent years has undertaken a more delicate and demanding peacetime mission than that faced by the Indian forces in Korea. The vast majority of prisoners placed in their charge had from months of imprisonment and uncertainty become highly nervous and volatile. The confidence inspired by the exemplary tact, fairness and firmness shown by the Indian officers and men led by their two able commanders, Lt. General Thimayya and Major General Thorat did much to alleviate the fears and doubts of these prisoners. The performance of these officers and their troops was fully in keeping with the high reputation of the Indian Army. They deserve the highest commendation. With best wishes, Sincerely, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Citation: John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters,The American Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Available from World Wide Web: www.presidency.ucsb.edu
- published: 10 Sep 2009
- views: 26486
- author: mamta64dhody
19:24
Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru AND Fake Independence Exposed BY Rajiv Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!...
published: 14 Aug 2012
author: TheDhruvsahni
Reality of Jawaharlal Nehru AND Fake Independence Exposed BY Rajiv Dixit
Every INDIAN must watch at least one time.this video will must open your eye.!
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 85245
- author: TheDhruvsahni
1:06
Tryst With Destiny
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech....
published: 14 Aug 2008
author: anukoolchavhan
Tryst With Destiny
Original video of Jawaharlal Nehru's post independence speech.
- published: 14 Aug 2008
- views: 197121
- author: anukoolchavhan
25:05
Nehru Was both Beef Eater And Chain Smoker Exposed Rajiv Dixit
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily....
published: 03 Oct 2012
author: TheDhruvsahni
Nehru Was both Beef Eater And Chain Smoker Exposed Rajiv Dixit
Every indian must watch. FIRST indian PM Nehru used to eat beef daily.
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 13461
- author: TheDhruvsahni
6:26
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - II
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gan...
published: 16 Oct 2010
author: BharatKiAwaaz
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - II
Rajiv dixit further exposes Jawaharlal Nehru and his congress Party which still as per Gandhi Ji's vision is indulged in all sorts of corruption.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 341127
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
57:59
Rajiv Malhotra's Television Interview with Prof. Thakur of Jawaharlal Nehru University
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) in...
published: 19 Dec 2011
author: BreakingIndia
Rajiv Malhotra's Television Interview with Prof. Thakur of Jawaharlal Nehru University
Dr Minindra Thakur, Professor of Political Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi) interviewed Rajiv Malhotra on the latter's new book, BEING DIFFERENT. This was a live one-hour interview on the Indian Government's television channel called Vyasa, which is an academic discuss important new works and intellectual developments. As a result of their discussion, Thakur and Malhotra have planned to hold further meetings and events to take these ideas further with the scholars in India.
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 4253
- author: BreakingIndia
12:34
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - I
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of I...
published: 16 Oct 2010
author: BharatKiAwaaz
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - I
The video exposes untold truth about Jawaharlal Nehru who became first Prime Minister of India in 1947. Rajiv Dixit explains how Nehru backstabbed Sardar Patel and became PM by blackmailing Gandhi. Rajiv Dixit also exposes the flawed Independence we have, which is in reality Dominian. Both India and Pakistan are dominian states under British Monarch as per Indian Independence Act 1947. Today there is even a stadium named Nehru Stadium named after this womanizer and corrupt politician. He also made a Independence Speech written by others that spoke about values that he himself lacks. He was also wrongfully called as Pandit Nehru and Chacha Nehru which were nicknames given to him to deceive Indians.
- published: 16 Oct 2010
- views: 1066590
- author: BharatKiAwaaz
18:00
jawaharlal nehru exposed -rajiv dixit
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit...
published: 28 Apr 2011
author: ruckuspunit
jawaharlal nehru exposed -rajiv dixit
jawahar lal nehru exposed by swargiya shri rajiv dixit
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 69519
- author: ruckuspunit
1:03
Tryst With Destiny - A speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of inde...
published: 13 Nov 2010
author: Galsaregals
Tryst With Destiny - A speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru
Tryst with Destiny was a speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. The speech was made to the Indian Constituent Assembly, on the eve of India's independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It focuses on the aspects that transcend India's history. It is considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.The phrase Rendezvous with destiny was used by FDR in his 1936 Democratic National Convention speech, inspiring the similar phrase Tryst with destiny by Jawaharlal Nehru Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Source : en.wikipedia.org
- published: 13 Nov 2010
- views: 23765
- author: Galsaregals
Vimeo results:
18:46
Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and Times
A short introduction to my kids on India's first prime minister, a world leader and a grea...
published: 14 Nov 2010
author: hebbarp
Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and Times
A short introduction to my kids on India's first prime minister, a world leader and a great scholar.
13:33
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission - JNNURM
published: 03 Aug 2010
author: Skoch Consultancy Services
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission - JNNURM
70:20
Is Marxism Relevant Today?
This panel discussion features Duncan Foley, David Harvey and Prabhat Patnaik. Sanjay Redd...
published: 08 May 2009
author: Committee on Global Thought
Is Marxism Relevant Today?
This panel discussion features Duncan Foley, David Harvey and Prabhat Patnaik. Sanjay Reddy will moderate.
Duncan Foley is a professor of economics at the New School for Social Research. His research addresses economic dynamics & quantitative studies of human behavior.
David Harvey is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Professor Harvey's work has helped reintroduce social class and Marxist methods as serious methodological tools in the analysis of global capitalism. He has been called the most-cited academic geographer in the world.
Prabhat Patnaik is a professor at the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning in the School of Social Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University, where he specializes in macroeconomics and political economy. He also serves as Vice-Chairman of the Kerala State Planning Board.
1:06
Tryst with destiny
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's speech on India's Independence....
published: 21 Apr 2012
author: dominick
Tryst with destiny
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's speech on India's Independence.
Youtube results:
10:53
Samadhi (1972) Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India Shantivan 27-5-1964 Garden of Peace
en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू, ; 14 November 1...
published: 14 Aug 2010
author: mamtamohinidhody
Samadhi (1972) Jawaharlal Nehru Prime Minister of India Shantivan 27-5-1964 Garden of Peace
en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू, ; 14 November 1889--27 May 1964[3]) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1952. As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru and, specifically in India, as Panditji. Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian treaty over Tibet, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese antagonism over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant asylum to the Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to annex Goa from Portugal in 1961. [See liberation of Goa.] While increasing his popularity, Nehru received criticism for opting for military action. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. In a matter of months, the border ...
- published: 14 Aug 2010
- views: 7294
- author: mamtamohinidhody
20:56
Jawahar Lal Nehru and Jana Gana Mana VS VandeMataram exposed By Rajiv Dixit
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banqu...
published: 11 Nov 2011
author: TheDhruvsahni
Jawahar Lal Nehru and Jana Gana Mana VS VandeMataram exposed By Rajiv Dixit
In 1997 Dec(If my memory serves me right) when Queen Elizabeth visited India, in her banquet speech, hosted by the then Indian President, she said, "History cann't be re-written"! Followed thereafter, was her historic pardon-begging at Jalianawala bag, the site of 1919's brutal colonial Massacre... And now a euphoric official propaganda of "Jana Gana Mana", be it what may or under whatever pretext or context/ memorium, it may..... Especially since, the hatred that was instigated during those 1905-Banga-Bhanga proclamation days against India's National Song 'Bande Mataram', still metes with similar hate and untouchable treatment and so did, even on the 7th Sept 2006, when Bande Mataram's Centenary was commemorated, as well(!!!), vide Suhasini Haidar's( Daughter of, Dr Subramaniam Swami), now archived as an abridged blog, "De-nationalise Our Symbols If They Mean So Little", ibnlive.in.com .... This unveiled conspiracy/history by Late Rajiv Dixit, should be viewed and reviewed with that context and spirit....
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 26176
- author: TheDhruvsahni
18:59
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri).flv
...
published: 06 Apr 2012
author: Jastinder Pal Singh Jassi
Jawaharlal Nehru Exposed - A True Untold Story - Rajiv Dixit (Jai Varun Giri).flv
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 1168
- author: Jastinder Pal Singh Jassi
photo: AP / Anis Belghoul
22 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When then-Vice President Dick Cheney stated. "If there's a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis...it's about our response,"(1) it was clearly evident that the "war on terror" had been lost ... And when Zacarias Moussaoui shouted. "America you lost ... 11....(size: 9.1Kb)
photo: AP / Patric Schneider
23 Jan 2013
HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three people were wounded, one critically, on Tuesday when gunfire erupted during an altercation between two people on a community college campus near Houston, police said, the latest in a series of shootings on U.S. college and school campuses. Two people "of interest" in the Lone Star College shooting were detained for questioning, including one with a student identification, according to authorities....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
24 Jan 2013
North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: UN / JC McIlwaine
23 Jan 2013
United Nations - On Tuesday the UN Security Council unanimously condemned North Korea's December rocket launch and expanded existing UN sanctions, eliciting a vow from Pyongyang to boost the North's military and nuclear capabilities. While the resolution approved by the 15-nation council does not impose new sanctions on Pyongyang, diplomats said Beijing's support for it was a significant diplomatic blow to Pyongyang ... Blacklisted ... >. > ... >....(size: 27.5Kb)
photo: AP / Burhan Ozbilici
21 Jan 2013
Germany has sent 240 soldiers to southern Turkey as part of a NATO mission using Patriot missiles to deter cross-border airstrikes from war-torn Syria. Units are also being provided by the Netherlands and the US. The main German contingent flew out of Berlin Sunday, headed for Kahramanmaras, 100 kilometers (62 miles) inside Turkey's border with Syria, where two German Patriot units are to be fully operational by early February ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Headlines India
24 Jan 2013
... Pakistan, became generous to it at the end of his career by conceding the Indus Water Treaty.Just before his death, Nehru had sent Kashmir strongman Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah to Pakistan to negotiate a peace settlement, the minister said, adding that Abdullah regretted that had Nehru not died in 1964, he (Abdullah) would have come back with peace....(size: 3.7Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Jan 2013
The minister said India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had some degree of initial contempt towards Pakistan, became generous to it at the end of his career by conceding the Indus Water Treaty. Just before his death, Nehru had sent Kashmir strongman Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah to Pakistan to negotiate a peace settlement, the minister ......(size: 4.7Kb)
The Hindu
24 Jan 2013
K.S. Eshwarappa, president of the State unit of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) said on Wednesday that he was confident the State government would complete its term and there was no threat to its stability ... On MLA Nehru Olekar’s statement that the BJP’s days were over, Mr. Eshwarappa said the former Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi could not finish the BJP. “Who is he (Mr ... Yeddyurappa quit, Mr ... Halappa....(size: 3.4Kb)
Deccan Herald
24 Jan 2013
Noted Indian scientist Dr C N R Rao has been conferred with China's top science award for his important contributions in boosting Sino-India scientific cooperation ... Rao, 79, founder of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, shared the 2012 award with Herbert Jaeckle of Germany's Max Planck Society and Russian space physicist G A Zherebtsov ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Indian Express
24 Jan 2013
Noted Indian scientist Dr C N R Rao has been conferred with China's top science award for his important contributions in boosting Sino-India scientific cooperation ... Rao, 79, founder of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, shared the 2012 award with Herbert Jaeckle of Germany's Max Planck Society and Russian space physicist G A Zherebtsov ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
(Source. Beijing Municipal Government). China's top science academy on Wednesday gave its 2012 Award for International Scientific Cooperation to three scientists from India, Germany, and Russia, respectively ... Professor C.N.R. Rao from India's Jawaharlal Nehru University, Herbert Jaeckle from Germany's Max Planck Society and Russian space physicist G.A. Zherebtsov shared the award for 2012 ... distributed by ... (noodl. 17301955) ....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Times of India
24 Jan 2013
... Mutha river, but kept open the questions of law involved, the National Green Tribunal in Delhi has issued a bailable warrant against the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), the state irrigation department and the JNNURM ( Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) in a separate case alleging illegal construction on the river bed....(size: 2.0Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
24 Jan 2013
A STRICT landowner and farmers in Haryana fighting for their rights is the theme of the film. Heartthrob Imran Khan plays Matru, the landowner’s right-hand man who secretly rallies with the farmers in their fight. Matru is a law graduate from Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi who returns home to work with landowner-industrialist Harry Mandola when he fails to get a job in the city ... Much of the film was shot in the countryside ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
The Siasat Daily
24 Jan 2013
Beijing, January 23.. Three scientists from India, Germany and Russia won the 2012 Award for International Scientific Cooperation at the China's top science academy Wednesday, Xinhua reported. Indian professor C.N.R. Rao from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Herbert Jaeckle from Germany's Max Planck Society and Russian space physicist G.A ... Rao is devoted to the research of solid-state and structural chemistry ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0)....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Times of India
23 Jan 2013
A reforms committee of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) has apprised the Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) regarding the move by the central government for housing for the ......(size: 1.0Kb)
DNA India
23 Jan 2013
Delhi Metro services will be partially curtailed during the Republic Day parade on January 26 and the Beating Retreat ceremony on January 29, a Delhi Metro official said ... "As for Line Six (Central Secretariat to Badarpur), passenger services will be available from Badarpur to Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium," the statement added ... "On Line Six, passenger services will be available only from Badarpur to Jawaharlal Nehru stadium ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Hindu
23 Jan 2013
Dr. Pushkar grossly misreads the central arguments of our article. First, we do not argue “that vast disparities in wealth between the West and the rest explains why third-rate institutions are found in poor countries.” ... (Ajay Gudavarthy and Nissim Mannathukkaren are with Jawaharlal Nehru University, and Dalhousie University, Canada, respectively.). Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
23 Jan 2013
AHMEDABAD. After spending many years in silence, the Sabarmati Ashram will get back its music which was its life and soul ... This year, Pandit Bholanath Mishra, an eminent vocalist of the Benaras Gharana, will sing Bhakti songs on January 30. "Music was an integral part of ashram life ... In 1963, the Ashram was declared a museum and inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
| Jawaharlal Nehru जवाहरलाल नेहरू |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| 1st Prime Minister of India | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 |
|
| Monarch | George VI (1947-1950) |
| President | Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
| Governor General | The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Chakravarti Rajagopalachari |
| Deputy | Vallabhbhai Patel |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) |
| Minister of Defence | |
| In office 31 October 1962 – 14 November 1962 |
|
| Preceded by | V. K. Krishna Menon |
| Succeeded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| In office 30 January 1957 – 17 April 1957 |
|
| Preceded by | Kailash Nath Katju |
| Succeeded by | V. K. Krishna Menon |
| In office 10 February 1953 – 10 January 1955 |
|
| Preceded by | N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar |
| Succeeded by | Kailash Nath Katju |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office 13 February 1958 – 13 March 1958 |
|
| Preceded by | Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar |
| Succeeded by | Morarji Desai |
| In office 24 July 1956 – 30 August 1956 |
|
| Preceded by | Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh |
| Succeeded by | Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar |
| Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 |
|
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1889-11-14)14 November 1889 Allahabad, North-Western Provinces, British India |
| Died | 27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) New Delhi, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse(s) | Kamala Kaul |
| Children | Indira Gandhi |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge Inns of Court |
| Profession | Barrister |
| Religion | None (Agnostic atheism)[1][2][3] |
| Signature |  |
Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen), Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964[4]), often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian lawyer, politician and statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1951 and 1952. Nehru contributed to the establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young. Rising to become Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic leader, advocating complete independence for India from the British Empire. Throughout his life, Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who would later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India respectively.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861–1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863–1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family in Allahabad, North-Western Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), British India. He was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys' school Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
On 7 February 1916, Nehru married sixteen-year-old Kamala Kaul. In the first year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. Much modern speculation has revolved around whether, during the final days of the British in India, Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten, the wife of Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, were romantically involved.[11]
Life and career[link]
Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence. Nehru's appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India.
Successor to Gandhi[link]
On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, "Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor."[12]
Political apprenticeship[link]
Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.
Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled "A Tryst With Destiny"
"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity."[13]
However, this period was marked with intense communal violence. This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State. Jaswant Singh, a senior leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India.[14][15]
In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehru's official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehru's chief of staff.
Economic policies[link]
Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy. Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government's investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural production. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the "new temples of India"), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched India's programme to harness nuclear energy.
For most of Nehru's term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production. Nehru's industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[16] yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth at 2.5% per annum (mocked by leftist economist Raj Krishna as a "Hindu rate of growth"), chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population.ff
Education and social reform[link]
File:Nehru in Kashmir House, Doon School.JPG
Nehru's visit to the Doon School in 1950 became the initiating factor in driving the Educational Reforms. He was impressed by Doon's public school model and later sent his grandson Rajiv Gandhi to receive education there.[17]
Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition. Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.
Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[18][19][20][21]
A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehru's socialist ideology.[22]
Anti Hindu Image[link]
Both Nehru and his father Motilal(of Swaraj Party) were termed anti-hindu by many noted leaders many of who dont even belong to far right organisation. Though Nehruvians try to focus his social reforms specially for Hindu Women but the same congress party and Nehru did not dare to change or interfere in the Muslim Personal laws. Recently Supreme Court of India while praising Hindus for their tolerance noted that Hindu did not react severely to changes and many of them accepted reforms whereas Congress Party and Nehru followers allowed Muslim Personal Law to continue which gives almost no right to any Muslim Women regarding Divorce, alimony etc.[23]. Leaders such as Madan Mohan Malviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, Morarji Desai and Vallabh Bhai Patel termed the Nehru family typically "Anti Hindu". [24]. His double speak was exposed when though he was "proud" of being secular but he remained in close touch with Sheikh Abdullah who was a core anti-hindu. Many leaders publicly termed Nehru family a muslim family who eat beef and is using their fake Kashmiri Pandit identity to get votes from Upper caste Hindus.[25]. In 1951 he advised India's first President Rajendra Prasad not to inaugrate Somnath Temple, completely rejecting the "Anti-Hindu" advice of Nehru , Mr Prasad Inaugrated the temple and mentioned that secularism dont means "Rejecting Your Own Religion , it only means not to discriminate on the basis of religion". Sardar Patel was another congress leader who publicly criticized Nehru and himself went to Somnath to tackle the typical anti-hindu comments of Nehru.[26]
Indo-Sino War[link]
Indo-Sino war was the biggest jolt to Nehru's image, it further strengthened Hindu Nationalists opinion that Nehru is a "Spineless Leader" who cannot lead India succesfully. Nehruvians in the past three four decades have tried to wipe out all the views who represent Nehru in extremely poor light. But many of the distinguished intellectuals many of them having no links with Hindu Organisation have publicly criticized Nehru Policies. General KS Thimayya and Cariappa both of them being India's top general with Thimayya being the only Indian(Undivided India) who was given the post of Brigadier during British Empire rule in World War criticized Nehru for his double speak and weak Character. He further expressed shock over the violations of rules through which he installed BM Kaul a novice army officer who served in the Engineers regiment as the chief of army during 1962 war. Many of the letters and documents have been suppressed by the Nehruvians and Gandhians who just cant listen the criticism of their "Gods". However almost all the senior army officials noted the weak leadership of Nehru as the chief reason for India's defeat. Nehru claimed that India will emerge as a non-violent country hence it dont need any army but this day-dreaming of Nehru was busted when Pakistan attacked Kashmir in 1947 using proxy soldiers in the disguise of Tribal militia.[27][28]
National security and foreign policy[link]
See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement
Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War.
On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Recognising the People's Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea.[29] He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc.
Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the UN but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN, he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him.
His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.
File:53bogra nehru.jpg
Jawaharlal Nehru (right) with Muhammad Ali Bogra, Prime Minister of Pakistan (left), during his 1953 visit to Karachi
Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons.[30] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction." He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.[31]
In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U.S., which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region.
"We, who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way and practiced non-violence, should now be, in a sense, glorifying our army, navy and air force. It means a lot. Though it is odd, yet it simply reflects the oddness of life. Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, whom we have lost, but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. We cannot live carefree assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defense methods and a well-equipped army, navy and air force."[32][33]
Nuclear weapons program[link]
Nehru envisioned the developing of nuclear weapons and established the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) in 1948.[34] Nehru also called Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, a nuclear physicist, who was entrusted with complete authority over all nuclear related affairs and programs and answered only to Nehru himself.[34] Indian nuclear policy was set by unwritten personal understanding between Nehru and Bhabha.[34] Nehru famously said to Bhabha, "Professor Bhabha take care of Physics, leave international relation to me".[34] From the outset in 1948, Nehru had high ambition to developed this program to stand against the industrialized states and the basis of this program was to establish an Indian nuclear weapons capability as part of India's regional superiority to other South-Asian states, most particularly Pakistan.[34]
Nehru also told Bhabha, later it was told by Bhabha to Raja Rammanna that,
"We must have the capability. We should first prove ourselves and then talk of Gandhi, non-violence and a world without nuclear weapons.[34] "
Final years[link]
Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of "dynastism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet.[35] Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections.[35] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was "hurt" by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father.[4]
Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to liberate Goa in 1961 from Portuguese occupation, and then he formally annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized for the use of military force.
In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well.
File:Nehrudeath.jpg
Nehru lying in state, 1964.
From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "Forward Policy" of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India.[36] China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of India's military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his government's insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U.S. military aid, but Nehru's health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust.[37] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He was "taken ill in early hours" of 27 May 1964 and died in "early afternoon" on same day, and his death was announced to Lok Sabha at 1400 local time; cause of death is believed to be heart attack.[38] Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.
Legacy[link]
As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education[citation needed], reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[39] Indian Institutes of Technology,[40] and the Indian Institutes of Management.
| "Nehru was a great man... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don't think others might have succeeded in doing." – Sir Isaiah Berlin[41] |
In addition, Nehru's stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate or perish."[42]
Commemoration[link]
In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas ("Children's Day") in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory. Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap and the "Nehru Jacket", and his mannerisms. Nehru's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Party's manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government.
Nehru's personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.
Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru's memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru's residence in Delhi is preserved as the Teen Murti House now has Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, and one of five Nehru Planetariums that were set in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Allahabad and Pune. The complex also houses the offices of the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund', established in 1964 under the Chairmanship of Dr S. Radhakrishnan, then President of India. The foundation also gives away the prestigious 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship', established in 1968.[43] The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family's legacy.
In popular culture[link]
Many documentaries about Nehru's life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times: in Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegal's 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehru's The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj.[44] In Ketan Mehta's film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Girish Karnad's historical play, Tughlaq (1962) is an allegory about the Nehruvian era. It was staged by Ebrahim Alkazi with National School of Drama Repertory at Purana Qila, Delhi in 1970s and later at the Festival of India, London in 1982.[45][46]
Writings[link]
Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Toward Freedom.
Awards[link]
In 1955 Nehru was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[47]
See also[link]
- Glimpses of World History written by Jawaharlal Nehru
- Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
- Letters from a Father to His Daughter a collection of letters written by Jawaharlal Nehru to his daughter Indira.
- List of political families
- Nehru jacket
- The Discovery of India written by Jawaharlal Nehru
- Tryst with destiny the historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, considered in modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British Empire in India.
References[link]
- ^ "The Montreal Gazette". Google News Archive. 9 June 1964. p. 4. http://news.google.co.in/newspapers?id=LZotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jp4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7168,1579610.
- ^ Ramachandra Guha (23 September 2003). "Inter-faith Harmony: Where Nehru and Gandhi Meet Times of India". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLEBRInter-faith-Harmony-Where-Nehru-and-Gandhi-Meet/articleshow/196028.cms.
- ^ In Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography, An Autobiography (1936), and in the Last Will & Testament of Jawaharlal Nehru, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2nd series, vol. 26, p. 612,
- ^ a b Marlay, Ross; Clark D. Neher (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 368. ISBN 0-8476-8442-3. http://books.google.com/?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PA368.
- ^ Khilnani, Sunil. The Idea of India. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (4 June 1999). p 168.
- ^ Tharoor, Shashi. Nehru: The Invention of India. Arcade Publishing: 2003. p 11.
- ^ Ghose, Sankar. Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography. Allied Publishers: 1993. p 8.
- ^ Zachariah, Benjamin. Nehru. Routledge: 2004. pp. 17–19 ISBN 0-415-25016-1
- ^ Matthew, H.C.G. and Harrison, Brian Howard. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: in Association with the British Academy: from the Earliest Times to the Year 2000. Oxford University Press: 2004. p. 344 ISBN 0-19-861411-X
- ^ Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Harvard University Press: 1976. p 20.
- ^ "Nehru-Edwina were in love: Edwina's daughter". The Indian Express. 15 July 2007. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=89537. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
- ^ Science & culture, Volume 30. Indian Science News Association. 1964. http://books.google.com/?id=0y0DAAAAIAAJ&q=%22It+will+require+much+more+than+difference+of+opinion+to+estrange+us%22&dq=%22It+will+require+much+more+than+difference+of+opinion+to+estrange+us%22.
- ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (8 August 2006). "Wikisource" (PHP). http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tryst_With_Destiny. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
- ^ Thapar, Karan (17 August 2009). "Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant". ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/99323-37.html.
- ^ "After Advani, Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer". The Economic Times. 17 August 2009. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/After-Advani-Jaswant-turns-Jinnah-admirer/articleshow/4900326.cms.
- ^ Farmer, B. H. (1993). An Introduction to South Asia. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 0-415-05695-0. http://books.google.com/?id=UNINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA120.
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Nehrus_and_the_Gandhis.html?id=Im8eAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
- ^ Som, Reba (1994-02). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?". Modern Asian Studies 28 (1): 165–194. DOI:10.1017/S0026749X00011732. JSTOR 312925.
- ^ Basu, Srimati (2005). She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 81-86706-49-6. http://books.google.com/?id=mXgX8rrW6JsC&pg=PA3. "The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law...it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects."
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 328. ISBN 0-415-32919-1. http://books.google.com/?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA328. "One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women..."
- ^ Forbes, Geraldine; Geraldine Hancock Forbes, Gordon Johnson (1999). Women in Modern India. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-521-65377-0. http://books.google.com/?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA115. "It is our birthright to demand equitable adjustment of Hindu law...."
- ^ The Bourgeoisie Comes of Age in India. Marxists.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-14.
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LhNvjm3M7VgC&pg=PA234&dq=NEHRU+ANTI+HINDU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CpjIT_XcKcLirAePsZzXDg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=NEHRU%20ANTI%20HINDU&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA44&dq=NEHRU+ANTI+HINDU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CpjIT_XcKcLirAePsZzXDg&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=NEHRU%20ANTI%20HINDU&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q0fUEZDsvqoC&pg=PA45&dq=NEHRU+ANTI+HINDU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kZrIT5uoO8TorQeZttXRDg&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=NEHRU%20ANTI%20HINDU&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xm05ptRAYdkC&pg=PA185&dq=NEHRU+somnath+temple+anti+hindu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ypvIT9aTO4izrAfF4J3SDg&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=NEHRU%20somnath%20temple%20anti%20hindu&f=false
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/18chin.htm
- ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ezWdMyQkEjUC&pg=PT71&dq=nehru+responsible+for+1962+defeat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mqDIT4O6C4zirAfHwJykDg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=nehru%20responsible%20for%201962%20defeat&f=false
- ^ Robert Sherrod (19 January 1963). "Nehru:The Great Awakening". The Saturday Evening Post 236 (2): 60–67.
- ^ Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him. Panchsheel Publishers. p. 131.
- ^ Dua, B. D.; James Manor (1994). Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 141, 261. ISBN 1-85065-180-9. http://books.google.com/?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PA141.
- ^ Indian Express, 6 October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of National Defence Academy (India).
- ^ Mahatma Gandhi's relevant quotes, "My non-violence does not admit of running away from danger and leaving dear ones unprotected. Between violence and cowardly flight, I can only prefer violence to cowardice. Non-violence is the summit of bravery." "I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." "I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour." – All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words. UNESCO. pg. 85 – 108.
- ^ a b c d e f Sublet, Carrie. "Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha". Nuclearweaponarchive.ord. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org. http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Bhabha.html. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ a b Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 250. ISBN 0-395-73097-X. http://books.google.com/?id=0eolM37FUWYC&pg=PA250.
- ^ Noorani, A.G. "Perseverance in peace process", Frontline, 29 August 2003.
- ^ Embree, Ainslie T., ed. (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian History. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0-684-18899-6.
- ^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 27 | 1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies. BBC News. Retrieved on 17 March 2011.
- ^ "Introduction". AIIMS. http://www.aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm.
- ^ "Institute History". http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php. , Indian Institute of Technology
- ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo, Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (London 2000), pp. 201–2
- ^ Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism". Foreign Affairs 34 (2): 620–636. DOI:10.2307/20031191.
- ^ History Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, Official website.
- ^ The Last Days of the Raj (2007) (TV)
- ^ AWARDS: The multi-faceted playwright Frontline (magazine), Vol. 16, No. 3, 30 Jan. – 12 Feb. 1999.
- ^ Sachindananda (2006). "Girish Karnad". Authors speak. Sahitya Akademi. p. 58. ISBN 81-260-1945-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=PGWa7v08JikC&pg=PT82.
- ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)". Ministry of Home affairs. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Further reading[link]
 |
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. |
- A Tryst With Destiny historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947
- Nehru: The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor (November 2003) Arcade Books ISBN 1-55970-697-X
- Jawaharlal Nehru (Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar) (July 2003) The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-565324-6
- Autobiography:Toward freedom, Oxford University Press
- Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work by M. Chalapathi Rau, National Book Club (1 January 1966)
- Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau. [New Delhi] Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973]
- Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru, Children's Book Trust
- Nehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher (1959). London:Oxford University Press.
- After Nehru, Who by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
- Nehru: The Years of Power by Geoffrey Tyson (1966). London: Pall Mall Press.
- Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India.
- Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin (1988). "Commanding Heights". New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc.. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharla.pdf.
- "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism." by Selig S. Harrison Foreign Affairs vol. 34, no. 2 (1956): 620–636.
- “Nehru, Jawaharlal.” by Ainslie T. Embree, ed., and the Asia Society. Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner’s Sons. New York. (1988): 98–100.
- “Nehru: The Great Awakening.” by Robert Sherrod. Saturday Evening Post vol. 236, no. 2 (19 January 1963): 60–67.
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- Nehru biography at Harappa.com
- India Today's profile of Nehru
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- Jawaharlal Nehru Quotations
- Booknotes interview with Stanley Wolpert on Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny, December 29, 1996.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | Prime Minister of India 1947–1964 |
Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda Acting |
| Minister of External Affairs 1947–1964 |
||
| Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1950–1964 |
||
| Preceded by N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar |
Minister of Defence 1953–1955 |
Succeeded by Kailash Nath Katju |
| Preceded by Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh |
Minister of Finance 1956 |
Succeeded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar |
| Preceded by Kailash Nath Katju |
Minister of Defence 1957 |
Succeeded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon |
| Preceded by Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar |
Minister of Finance 1958 |
Succeeded by Morarji Desai |
| Preceded by Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon |
Minister of Defence 1962 |
Succeeded by Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nehru, Jawaharlal |
| Alternative names | जवाहरलाल नेहरू, جواهر لال نهرو |
| Short description | 1st Prime Minister of India |
| Date of birth | 14 November 1889 |
| Place of birth | Allahabad, United Provinces, British India |
| Date of death | 27 May 1964 |
| Place of death | New Delhi, Delhi, India |
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