Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] (
listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
Cracow Gate in the Old Town is among the most recognizable landmarks of the city.
Another characteristic building in Lublin is the Royal Castle.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
The city was a target of attacks by Tatars, Ruthenes, Yotvingians and Lithuanians and was destroyed a number of times. It received a city charter in 1317. Casimir the Great, appreciating the strategic importance of the site, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.
In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from king Władysław Jagiełło, and with the coming of the peace between Poland and Lithuania developed into a great trade centre carrying a large portion of commerce between the two countries. In 1474 the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship, and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. In the 15th century and 16th century the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. During the 16th century the noble parliaments (sejm) were held in Lublin a number of times. On June 26, 1569, one of the most important ones proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. The Lithuanian name for the city is Liublinas.
Some of the artists and writers of the Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578 the Crown Tribunal was established in the city, this being the highest court of the Lesser Poland region.
Since the second half of the 16th century, Reformation movements developed in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was also established in Lublin around this time. It continued to be a vital part of the city's life until the community ceased to exist during the Nazi Holocaust. Between 1580 and 1764 the Jewish Council of Four Lands Arba Aracot (Sejm of 4 countries) was held in Lublin. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss issue of taxations and other important for Jewish communities issues.
Students came to Lublin from all over Europe to study at the yeshiva there. The yeshiva became a centre of learning of both Talmud and Kabbalah. The great scholarship of those who studied there led to the city being named the "Jewish Oxford"; the Rosh yeshiva received the title of rector and equal rights to those in Polish universities with the permission of the King in 1567.
In the 17th century, the town suffered a decline due to a Russo-Ukrainian invasion in 1655 and a Swedish invasion during the Northern Wars. After the Third of the Partitions of Poland in 1795 Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then since 1809 in the Duchy of Warsaw, and then since 1815 in the Congress Poland under Russian rule. At the beginning of the 19th century a number of modern urban developments took place, with new squares, streets, and public buildings coming into existence. In 1877 a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel was built, together with Lublin Station, which spurred industrial development in the city. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).[1]
The Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the inter war years, the city continued to develop, its population grew, and important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalized as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. The city contained a vibrant Jewish community which formed around 40% of Lublin's population.
After the 1939 German invasion of Poland the city found itself in the General Government. During the German occupation the city's population was a target of severe oppression by the occupiers, with a particularly grim fate reserved for the Jewish inhabitants. German plans were aimed towards turning Lublin into Germanised city with its population of Ethnic Germans growing towards 20-25 %, compared with 10-15% in 1939.[2] Near Lublin, a reservation was set up for Jews according to the Nisko Plan, also known as "Lublin Plan".
The city served as a German headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate the Jews in occupied Poland. Lublin's Jewish population was forced into the Lublin Ghetto established around the area of Podzamcze. The majority of the ghetto's inhabitants, about 26,000 people, was deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around Majdanek, a large concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Most of them were killed by the war's end.
After the war the few Jews who survived in hiding or by escaping to Soviet territory reestablished a small Jewish community in the city, but it quickly shrank to insignificance as most Jews left Poland for Israel and the West in the immediate postwar years. The Majdanek camp, together with the prison established in the Lublin castle, also served as a major centre of terror measures aimed at the non-Jewish population of Lublin and the surrounding district.
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary capital of a Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established in the city, which was to serve as basis for a puppet government. The capital was moved to Warsaw in January 1945. In the postwar years Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding in area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large automobile factory (FSC) was established in the city.
In July 1980, the workers of Lublin and nearby Świdnik began the first in the wave of mass strikes aimed against the Communist regime, which eventually led to the emergence of the Solidarity movement. The first strike began on July 8 in the WSK factory in Świdnik. It then quickly spread to other factories in Lublin and the surrounding region. The railroad network and city transit came to a standstill. Ultimately, 150 factories employing 50,000 workers joined the strike. The strikers used a novel tactic of staying inside their factories and occupying them, instead of marching in the streets where the authorities would have found it easy to use force against them. The workers made demands for their economic situation to be improved. They also made political demands, such as: new elections for the leadership of the trade unions, liquidation of privileges for the Communist party governing class, and the reduction of the bureaucracy in the factories.
The July strikes lasted two weeks. The Communist authorities eventually managed to bring them to an end peacefully, mainly by granting economic concessions to the workers. However, the momentum generated by the Lublin strikes quickly gave rise to a new wave of strikes in the Gdańsk region in August 1980. The workers there used similar tactics as the Lublin workers used a month before, and this time the Communist authorities had to agree to the strikers' demand to set up an independent trade union, which soon became the Solidarity.
The diagram shows population growth in the last 400 years. As of 1999 the population of Lublin was estimated to 359 154, which was the largest number in the history of the city.
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bar:XVII from:0 till:5000
bar:1873 from:0 till:28900
bar:1897 from:0 till:50150
bar:1939 from:0 till:122000
bar:1946 from:0 till:99400
bar:1950 from:0 till:116629
bar:1955 from:0 till:132234
bar:1960 from:0 till:181304
bar:1965 from:0 till:204296
bar:1970 from:0 till:238500
bar:1975 from:0 till:271955
bar:1980 from:0 till:304424
bar:1985 from:0 till:326991
bar:1990 from:0 till:351353
bar:1995 from:0 till:354552
bar:1999 color:cobar2 from:0 till:359154
bar:2000 from:0 till:358933
bar:2005 from:0 till:354967
bar:2010 from:0 till:348450
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textcolor:black fontsize:S
bar:XVII at: 5000 text: 5,0 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1873 at: 28900 text: 28,9 shift:(-10,5)
bar:1897 at: 50150 text: 50,1 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1939 at: 122000 text: 122,0 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1946 at: 99400 text: 99,4 shift:(-8,5)
bar:1950 at: 116629 text: 116,6 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1955 at: 132234 text: 132,2 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1960 at: 181304 text: 181,3 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1965 at: 204296 text: 204,3 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1970 at: 238500 text: 238,5 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1975 at: 271955 text: 272,0 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1980 at: 304424 text: 304,4 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1985 at: 326991 text: 327,0 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1990 at: 351353 text: 351,4 shift:(-14,5)
bar:1995 at: 354552 text: 354,6 shift:(-12,5)
bar:1999 at: 359154 text: 359,2 shift:(-12,5)
bar:2000 at: 358933 text: 358,9 shift:(-12,5)
bar:2005 at: 354967 text: 355,0 shift:(-12,5)
bar:2010 at: 348450 text: 348,5 shift:(-12,5)
</timeline>
DZT Honker produced in Lublin by the DZT Tymińscy factory.
Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik helicopter factory.
Office building complex "Gray Ofice" near Zana street in Lublin.
The Lublin region had the lowest per capita GDP in the European Union until Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 (it was 32% of EU average in 2002). It is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than other regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. While the standard of living in the city of Lublin is considerably higher than in the surrounding countryside, the city's relatively poor economic performance is tied to the poverty of its surrounding region.
Lublin is regional center of IT companies. Thanks to near 100 000 university students each year, and 5 universities in Lublin which teach computer science Masters of Arts, Lublin has big supply of specialized work force. Average salary for specialists in Lublin is 2/3 of that in Warsaw (+- 3000 PLN brutto for programmers for example). That makes it a great place for IT companies, and there are many such companies already. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., Eleader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters there. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take adventage of cheap, educated specialists.
Factories built under the Communist regime in the city have performed poorly in the new market economy. The large car factory FSC (Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) seemed to have a brighter future when acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company in order not to lose its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy is being reoriented towards the service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS).
The prices of land and investing costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area is one of main beneficiaries of the EU development funds-[3] Mr. Jerzy Kwiecinski, the Deputy Secretary of State in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union – new possibilities for foreign investors) said: -
“In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU - every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country”.[4]
In September 2007, the Prime Minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” – the European Economic Development area.[5] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here e.g. Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol and Perła Browary Lubelskie -.[6] At the same time the energy giant Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.
New shopping centres built in Lublin are Lublin Plaza and Galeria Gala, the largest shopping centre in the city, covering 33500 square metres. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new gallery ("Alchemy") between Świętoduska and Lubartowska streets.[7]
Lublin will take an active part in the upcoming EURO 2012 championships, with several preliminary matches being held in the city. This will bring associated investment in infrastructure.
Radio-TV tower in Lublin.
"TVP Lublin" is a TV Station in Lublin which owns a 104-metre-tall concrete TV Tower.[8] It put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel, and later TVP Info.
- Radio stations airing from Lublin:
-
- Radio RMF FM - 89.3 FM,
- Polskie Radio 1 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 90.8 FM,
- Polskie Radio 2 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 91.8 FM,
- Radio Maryja - 97 FM,
- Radio Euro (national station of the Polish Radio) - 99 FM,
- Polskie Radio 3 (national station of the Polish Radio) - 104.2 FM,
- Radio Eska Rock - 106.1 FM,
- Radio Zet - 107 FM,
- Radio RMF Classic - 107.6 MHz
A trolleybus in the center of the city.
From Lublin Station, trains run ten times a day to Warsaw and three times to Kraków as well as all other major cities in Poland. Buses also run from below the castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. The fast train to Warsaw takes around two and half hours and public transport is available from there to Frédéric Chopin Airport, which is only 10 km outside the centre and has flights worldwide. The Polski Express bus service runs seven daily buses from the airport direct to Lublin and the journey takes around three and a half hours (;[9][10] ).
Construction of a new airport at Świdnik, about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin, has been approved and has received EU funding. Construction started in the Fall of 2010 and according to current plans should finish in 2012.[11] The runway will be 2500 m long, able to handle large airliners.[12] The airport will be able to handle 2 mln passengers per year.[13]
The first part of bypass road around Lublin.
As of 2009 no motorways or expressways connect the city with the rest of Poland. In the coming decade the construction of expressways S12, S17 and S19 will improve road access to the city. On December 17, 2009 the bidding process for the construction of S17 expressway around Lublin was started. The construction began in 2010 and will finish in 2012. The project will include building a high capacity bypass road around Lublin, removing most the transit traffic from the city streets and decreasing congestion.
Lublin is not only the biggest city in eastern Poland, but an important culture core city also. Since accession of Poland into the EU, Lublin has been called "Gate to the East." Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian and Belorussian artists, researchers and politicians. Lublin connects the West with the East. Even frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin are a mixture of Catholic motifs with eastern Russian-Byzantine styles.
The premier museum in the city is the Lublin Museum, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland.
Lublin is a city with film-making past. A few important films were recorded here. e.g. Oscar-winning, "The Reader", was partially filmed at the German Majdanek concentration camp, located in Lublin.[14]
In 2008, Lublin in cooperation with Ukrainian Lviv, filmed promotional materials, to promote them as cinematic cities. Films were handed out between film-makers present at Cannes Festival.[15] Action, was sponsored by European Union.
In Lublin, there are currently a few cinemas:
- Cinema City (multiplex)
- Cinema Bajka
- Cinema Chatka Żaka
- Cinema Medyk
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre and the Dominican Church as seen from Castle Greens
There are many cultural organisations, both municipal, governmental and non-governmental, in Lublin.
- Municipal Theatres, with casual playhouses:
- Scenes:
- InVitro Pre-première Scene - Scena Prapremier "InVitro"
- Scena Plastyczna KUL – created by Leszek Mądzik
- Theatre Panopticum
- Teatr ITP
- Teatr Pierwszego Kontaktu
- Cabaret
- Pantomimic group MIMIKA
- Ani Mru-Mru
- PoMimochodem
- Barnstormers"
- Lublin Dance Theatre - Lubelski Teatr Tańca
- Company "Theatre" - Kompania "Teatr"
- Teatr Widzenie
- Teatr Jasny
- Theatrical Group "Collective" - Grupa Teatralna "Kolektyw"
- Enigmatic Theatre of KUL
A street fair in the Old Town.
There are lots of Art-Galleries in Lublin, some of them are run by Private owners, some of them are Municipal, Governmental, NGO's, Associations property. Here are only few most popular:
- "BWA" - Artistic Exhibitions Office - Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych
- "Atu" Gallery
- "Postal Gallery" - Galeria na poczcie
- "Fot-Press" Gallery
- "Galeria Biała"
- Art-Gallery Sceny Plastycznej KUL
- "Pod podłogą" (Under the Floor Gallery)
- Galeria Sztuki "Wirydarz"
- "KONT" Academic Culture Centre Gallery "Chatka Żaka" UMCS
- "Labirynt 2"
- Galeria Grodzka
- Galeria "Po schodach"
- Galeria "Gardzienice"
- Galeria Autorska Michałowski
- Galeria Fotografii "Prospero"
- Galeria "Gala Dom i Wnętrze"
- Galeria Michałowscy
- Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej "Andzelm Gallery"
- Galeria ART
- "31'st Gallery"
- Galeria "Pomost"
- Galeria Sztuki Nieprofesjonalnej "U Lekarzy" (Amateur art-gallery "At doctor's")
- Galeria Przy Bramie (Bramma Cafe)
- Lubelskie Towarzystwo Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych
The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square
Lublin, by some tourists called "little Krakow", has historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town. Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene [16] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.[17] Old buildings, even ruins, creates magic and unique atmosphere of the city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture.
The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded by burgher houses and winding lanes.[18]
A folk music concert during the Jagiellonian Fair
Holy Trinity Chapel and Castle Tower during the Night of Culture
Kozienalia, Lublin Days of Student Culture, beginning with a street parade.
Lublin could be called "The Capital of Festivals", as every year another new one appears. These are just a few of the most significant:
- Karnawał Sztuk-Mistrzów - Carnival Arts-Masters.
- Noc Kultury - Culture Night - usually the first Saturday night of June, hundreds of events whole the city, cultural manifestation of city's potential, admission is totally free - [7].
- OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival, international artists and performers, make art installations in public places in Lublin. - [8]
- Museum Night - like in whole world, Lublin's museums, are opened for visitors.
- Jarmark Jagielloński - Jagiellonian Trades - every year, about 100k of tourists, arriving in Lublin, only to feel middle-age atmosphere.
- Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - an annual students' holiday, usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June, students holiday in Lublin, are the longest in whole Poland. There's usually bunch of student parties, concerts, cultural events, and every year, Main Concert, usually, British artists are invited.
- Słowo daję - Festiwal Opowiadaczy - I give you my word. Storytellers Festival
- Rozstaje Europy - International Festival of Document Film
- Mikołajki Folkowe - International Folk Music Festival ("St. Nicholas Folk Day") - organised by Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
- Strefa Inne Brzmienia ("Different Sounds Area" International Music Festival, which connects Lublin and Lviv citizens together.
- Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
- Noc z Czechowiczem - A Night with Czechowicz - walking the trace, from "Poem about The City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz at first full moon at July, organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
- Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - The oldest songs of Europe - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
- Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
- Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - International Lublin Dance Festival
- Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" - International Theatre Festival "Confrontations"
- Festiwal Kultury Alternatywnej "ZdaErzenia" - Festival of Alternative Culture in Lublin
- Sąsiedzi - Festiwal Teatrów Europy Środkowej - Neighbours - Central European Theatres Festival
- Festiwal "Prowokacje" - Young Polish Fashion Creators Festival
- Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje - Polish Students Theatre Festival
- Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka - International Folk Dance Festival
- Lubelska Scena Rockowa - Lublin Rock Scene
- Taniec Znaku - first in Poland Internet Theatre, project of Lublin Maat Theatre,[19]
- Scena Młodych - Youth Scene, music festival
- Zwierciadła - Mirrors - High School Theatres Revision
- Zaduszki Jazzowe - Jazz All Souls' Day - it takes place in Dominican Order Monastery
- "Invitro" Scena Prapremier - "Invitro" Pre-première Scene [20]
- Solo życia - Classical Music Festival - creator of this festival is composer Mieczysław Jurecki
- Letnia Strefa Muzyki - Summer Music Area - Young polish musicians, promotion, on the small scene, organisators: Akwarela Cafe and Lublins' President Council
In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities which were candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture, as the one and only city from the eastern half of Poland. Lublin won through to the second round of cities aiming to participate in this title with Spain in 2016, but ultimately Wrocław was chosen.
"Lublin is the city that symbolises European idea of integration, universal heritage of democracy and tolerance and the idea of dialogue between the cultures of the West and East. Lublin is a unique place where the cultures and religions meet. Here the East meets West, and the European Union meets Belarus and Ukraine. It is the perfect place of cooperation for European artists living within and outside the European Union. Lublin is a city open to artists, a place where unique initiatives and activities take place. Lublin means the experience of hundreds of years of rich history and cultural heritage which constitutes endless source of inspiration for new generations. European Culture is not only modern museums and enormous festivals, but first of all people and their activities, aims, aspirations, possibilities, potential and the desire for development.The development of culture and being granted the title of European Capital of Culture is a chance for development of one the poorest regions of the European Union.[21]
Mr. Adam Wasilewski, President of Lublin
Since 2007, there are special meetings, enter2016, which anyone could take part in. The City's Marketing Office have created a web page: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish, English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese.
Lublin is also a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
There are six schools of higher education, including Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS) and John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (JPII CUL).
Lublin also hosts a number of private higher education establishments. The Polish Government has plans to establish a new University in Lublin in cooperation with the Ukraine Government, which promises to be one of the most innovative international ventures of recent years.[citation needed] The Polish-Ukrainian Academy will support multicultural exchange, and will highlight Polish and Ukrainian heritage and history. It promises to be a milestone in the rapprochement between Poland and Ukraine, and between Ukraine and the European Union.
Current and former Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:
- Joanna Mucha, PO
- Zyta Gilowska, PIS
- Stanisław Głębocki, Samoobrona
- Arkadiusz Kasznia, SLD-UP
- Elżbieta Kruk, PiS
- Grzegorz Kurczuk, SLD-UP
- Robert Luśnia, LPR
- Andrzej Mańka, PiS
- Gabriela Masłowska, LPR
- Wiktor Osik, SLD-UP
- Zdzisław Podkański, PSL
- Tadeusz Polański, PSL
- Izabella Sierakowska, SLD-UP
- Zygmunt Jerzy Szymański, SLD-UP
- Leszek Świętochowski, PSL
- Marian Widz, Samoobrona
- Józef Żywiec, Samoobrona
- Janusz Palikot, PO
Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency:
Lublin is twinned with:
- ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
- ^ Diemut Majer; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939-1945. JHU Press. p. 759. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg=PA759. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ "Samorząd Miasta Lublin". Um.lublin.pl. http://www.um.lublin.pl/um/index.php?t=200&id=45863. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ internet ART; www.internetart.pl (2007-05-31). "PAIiIZ | News | Inwestycje w Polsce". Paiz.gov.pl. http://www.paiz.gov.pl/nowosci/?id_news=1392&lang_id=1. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Marcin Bielesz (2007-09-27). "Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną". Miasta.gazeta.pl. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html, http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona
- ^ opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa (2007-01-01). "Taki był 2006 rok". Miasta.gazeta.pl. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,3823552.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Przegląd obiektów z emisjami". Emi.emitel.pl. http://emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Lublin - plan miasta, opis miasta, rozkłady jazdy, zdjęcia, noclegi, odległości, hotele i RSS. Turystyka, wczasy, wakacje, wycieczki i noclegi - Lublin, woj. lubelskie". Odleglosci.pl. 2006-12-12. http://www.odleglosci.pl/mapa,polski,Lublin.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin". Rozklad.mortin.pl. http://www.rozklad.mortin.pl/lublin.html. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
- ^ Official airport project page (with maps)
- ^ Airport localization added to a satellite photo, from official project page
- ^ "Budowa lotniska w Świdniku ma ruszyć w tym roku". Polska Agencja Prasowa. 2010-08-28. http://www.pb.pl/a/2010/08/28/Budowa_lotniska_w_Swidniku_ma_ruszyc_w_tym_roku. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ^ The Reader was filmed in Lublin
- ^ "Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności". Film.lublin.eu. 2008-04-08. http://www.film.lublin.eu. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ "Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin". Lsi.lublin.pl. http://www.lsi.lublin.pl/de/deptak1.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ [www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl]; [www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm]; [1]; [2]
- ^ [3]; [4]; [5]
- ^ "Theatre Maat". Di.com.pl. 2008-02-29. http://di.com.pl/news/19616,1,0,Taniec_znaku_w_teatrze_internetowym_takze_mobilnie.html. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "TVP o Scenie InVitro". Ww6.tvp.pl. 2010-09-29. http://ww6.tvp.pl/3173,20080105632771.strona. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "Why Lublin?". Kultura.lublin.eu. http://kultura.lublin.eu/wiadomosci,1,2391,Dlaczego_Lublin.html?locale=pl_PL. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ Council of Europe (2011 [last update]). "Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland". coe.int. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/lublin_en.asp. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- ^ "Побратимские связи г. Бреста" (in (Russian)). City.brest.by. http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська" (in Ukrainian). mvk.if.ua. http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
- ^ "The Municipality of Lublin City". Um.lublin.eu. 1992-10-01. http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
City Council has produced information materials:
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