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Copperbelt Province in Zambia covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt, and farming and bush areas to the south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973 and the nationalization of the copper mines by the government of Kenneth Kaunda. The province adjoins Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is similarly mineral-rich.

The main cities of the Copperbelt are Kitwe, Ndola, Mufulira, Luanshya, Chingola and Chililabombwe. Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi, but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill, now recovering.

Wildlife areas[link]

For more detail see Copperbelt Province in the Wildlife of Zambia

There are no national parks in this most urban and industrial of Zambia's provinces. Other parks with wildlife aspects:

• Chembe Bird Sanctuary west of Kitwe includes crocodiles and Sitatunga as well as plentiful bird life.
• Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage (established mainly to rescue captive non-indigenous chimpanzees).

Districts[link]

Districts of Copperbelt

Copperbelt Province is divided into 10 districts:

• Chililabombwe
• Chingola
• Kalulushi
• Kitwe
• Luanshya
• Lufwanyama
• Masaiti
• Mpongwe
• Mufulira
• Ndola

Geology[link]

Brochantite on Chrysocolla, Rokana Mine, Kitwe.

The Copperbelt region of Zambia and Congo D.R. is a 500 million year old mountain chain, the Lufilian Arc, which formed when two large pieces of continental crust, the Kalahari craton and the Congo craton, collided. This collision was one of the many that happened between 700 and 500 million years ago to form the Gondwana supercontinent.

This collision is thought to have remobilised base metals, largely already present in the sediments that had accumulated in the basin between the two cratons. These brines then concentrated the base metals either along stratigraphic boundaries, or along fractures, faults or within structurally controlled 'traps' (such as the nose of a fold). The collision also produced crustal shortening, during which the stratigraphic sequence was tectonically pushed northwards on top of the Congo Craton.

The Lufilian Arc contains two diamictites, megaconglomerates of glacial origin. One of those is correlated with the Sturtian glaciation, while another correlates with the Marinoan Glaciation, both global glaciation events that had profound influence on the history of the planet.

The Lufilian Arc is correlated along trend to the west with the Damara Orogen in Namibia, which also hosts large mineral deposits.

v t e Districts of Zambia Central Chibombo District Kabwe District Kapiri Mposhi District Mkushi District Mumbwa District Serenje District Copperbelt Chililabombwe District Chingola District Kalulushi District Kitwe District Luanshya District Lufwanyama District Masaiti District Mpongwe District Mufulira District Ndola District Eastern Chadiza District Chama District Chipata District Katete District Lundazi District Mambwe District Nyimba District Petauke District Luapula Chiengi District Kawambwa District Mansa District Milenge District Mwense District Nchelenge District Samfya District Lusaka Chongwe District Kafue District Luangwa District Lusaka District Northern Chilubi District Chinsali District Isoka District Kaputa District Kasama District Luwingu District Mbala District Mpika District Mporokoso District Mpulungu District Mungwi District Nakonde District Northwestern Chavuma District Kabompo District Kasempa District Mufumbwe District Mwinilunga District Solwezi District Zambezi District Southern Choma District Gwembe District Itezhi-Tezhi District Kalomo District Kazungula District Livingstone Mazabuka District Monze District Namwala District Siavonga District Sinazongwe District Western Kalabo District Kaoma District Lukulu District Mongu District Senanga District Sesheke District Shangombo District

Coordinates: 13°00′S 28°00′E / 13°S 28°E / -13; 28

Native copper, Mufulira Mine

The Copper Belt or Copperbelt (usually spelled as one word) is the copper mining area of Central Africa which runs in Zambia (Copperbelt Province) and Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga Province). This area gave name to the Copperbelt Province, around the towns of Ndola, Kitwe, Chingola, Luanshya and Mufulira. In some contexts it excludes the Katangese Copperbelt of the Democratic Republic of Congo, around Lubumbashi.

History[link]

The discovery of copper in Zambia by the Western world is owed partly to the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who in 1895 led and oversaw the massive Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition which established that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa.^[1] Along the Kafue River in then Northern Rhodesia, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States, and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets.^[2] In his report to the British South Africa Company Burnham had this to say about the region:^[3]

About 200 miles north of the Falls on the Incalla river, and twelve miles from the Kafukwe (Ed: now known as the Kafue River) and still on the high plateau is probably one of the greatest copper fields on the continent. The natives have worked this ore for ages, as can be seen by their old dumps, and they work it to-day. The field is very extensive, and reaches away to Katanga... The natives inhabiting this part of the country are skilled workmen, and have traded their handiwork with all comers, even as far afield as the Portuguese of the West Coast and the Arabs of the East. These natives, being miners and workers of copper and iron, and being permanently located in the ground, would give the very element needed in developing these fields.

The increasing use of copper bids fair to make it one of the most valuable products a country can have.... The copper mines of Montana and Arizona have proven of more value than the gold mines, regardless of the fact that the copper had to be hauled two thousand miles by rail to the seaboard, and the coal and coke to smelt it hauled hundreds of miles to the mines. So far as natural difficulties are concerned, this northern field can be fed from the coal deposits of the valley of the Zambezi (Ed: Burnham had previously discovered the massive coal fields at Hwange), and the product shipped to the East Coast at a less expense than the product of Montana and Arizona can be laid on the dock at New York.

Many years later, the British South Africa Company built towns along the river a railroad to transport the copper through Mozambique.^[4]

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mines in Zambia

Coordinates: 12°47′45″S 28°23′19″E / 12.79573°S 28.38867°E / -12.79573; 28.38867

One Man may refer to:

• One Man (album), a 1998 album by Mark King
• One Man (film), a 1977 Canadian film
• One Man (horse), an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse
• One Man, a 2002 album by American R&B singer Tank

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Rupiah Banda
President of Zambia
In office 29 June 2008 – 23 September 2011 Acting: 29 June 2008 – 2 November 2008
Vice President	George Kunda
Preceded by	Levy Mwanawasa
Succeeded by	Michael Sata
Vice President of Zambia
In office 9 October 2006 – 2 November 2008
President	Levy Mwanawasa
Preceded by	Lupando Mwape
Succeeded by	George Kunda
Personal details
Born	(1937-02-13) 13 February 1937 (age 75) Gwanda, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)
Political party	Movement for Multi-Party Democracy
Spouse(s)	Hope Mwansa Makulu (Deceased) Thandiwe Banda
Alma mater	Addis Ababa University Lund University Wolfson College, Cambridge
Religion	Anglicanism[1]

Rupiah Bwezani Banda (born 13 February 1937) is a Zambian politician who was President of Zambia from 2008 to 2011.

During the Presidency of Kenneth Kaunda, Banda held important diplomatic posts and was active in politics as a member of the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Years later, he was appointed as Vice-President by President Levy Mwanawasa in October 2006, following the latter's re-election.^[2] He took over Mwanawasa's presidential responsibilities after Mwanawasa suffered a stroke in June 2008,^[3] and following Mwanawasa's death in August 2008, he became acting President. As the candidate of the governing Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), he narrowly won the October 2008 presidential election, according to official results.^[4]

Opposition leader Michael Sata defeated Banda in the September 2011 presidential election, and Sata accordingly succeeded Banda as President on 23 September 2011.^[5]

Early life and diplomacy[link]

Banda was born in the town of Miko, Gwanda, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); his parents had come from Northern Rhodesia to find employment prior to his birth, and he was sponsored by a local Dutch Reformed Church preacher (and later, the family of B. R. Naik) to continue his education into adulthood. He became involved in politics when he joined the youth wing of the UNIP in 1960. Banda married his first wife, Hope Mwansa Makulu (deceased), in 1966 and the couple had three sons together. Banda also has two sons from previous relationships and a set of fraternal twins from his current marriage.

He was the UNIP's representative in Northern Europe in the early 1960s,^[6] and in 1965 he was appointed as Zambia's Ambassador to Egypt (the United Arab Republic). While there, he became friends with UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, and the decision to allow UNITA to open offices in Lusaka at that time has been attributed to Banda's influence.^[7] Banda became Ambassador to the United States on April 7, 1967.^[8] He served as Ambassador to the U.S. for about two years, then returned to Zambia to serve as Chief Executive of the Rural Development Corporation for about two years and subsequently as General Manager of the National Agriculture Marketing Board for a similar length of time. He was then appointed as Permanent Representative to the United Nations, and while in this position he also headed the U.N. Council for Namibia. After about a year at the U.N., he was appointed to the Zambian Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs.^[6] During his brief stint as Foreign Minister (1975–1976^[9]), Banda was occupied by the task of attempting to broker a cease-fire in Angola.^[6]

Politics[link]

Banda was elected as a Member of Parliament for Munali Constituency in 1978 and was re-elected to that seat in 1983. Although he was defeated in the 1988 election, he took the issue to court. He also served for a time as Minister of State for Mines.^[6]

In 1991, he was defeated in Munali Constituency by Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) candidate Ronald Penza. Although he initially intended to run again for the seat in the 1996 election, he supported the UNIP's boycott of the election.^[6]

After President Mwanawasa was re-elected in September 2006, he appointed Banda as Vice-President on October 9, 2006 along with a new cabinet. He later joined the MMD after his appointment.^[10] Banda's appointment was widely viewed as a means of rewarding eastern Zambians for supporting the MMD in the election, as this was the first time that easterners had done so.^[2]

Prior to a planned summit of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in August 2007, Banda was sent by Mwanawasa to improve relations with neighboring Zimbabwe following Mwanawasa's criticism of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe.^[11]

As acting president[link]

After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke while attending an African Union summit in Egypt on June 29, 2008, Banda became acting President.^[3] He subsequently delivered a series of optimistic but vague updates on Mwanawasa's health. These updates were greeted with widespread skepticism, but Banda insisted that he had "no reason to lie".^[12]

As Vice-President, Banda also acted as the leader of government business in the National Assembly; however, when the National Assembly met on August 5, 2008, following Mwanawasa's stroke, Banda appointed the Minister of Defense, George Mpombo, to lead the government's parliamentary business instead.^[13]

Mwanawasa never recovered from his stroke and died while still hospitalized in Paris on August 19, 2008. Expressing "immense grief and deep sorrow", Banda announced his death to the nation and declared a seven-day period of national mourning, urging Zambians to "remain calm and mourn our President with dignity".^[14] Banda officially took over as acting President prior to a new presidential election, which according to the constitution should be called within 90 days of Mwanawasa's death.^[15]

Banda filed an application to stand as the candidate of the MMD on August 26, 2008. On the same day, the MMD in Eastern Province released a statement in support of Banda's candidacy.^[16] The MMD National Executive Committee chose Banda as the party's presidential candidate in a secret ballot on September 5. He had been widely expected to win, and he received 47 votes against 11 for Ngandu Magande, the Minister of Finance. On this occasion, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs".^[17]

The presidential by-election was held on October 30. Initial results showed Banda's main challenger, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF), in the lead, but as votes from rural areas were counted, Banda steadily closed the gap and ultimately overtook Sata. Final results on November 2 showed Banda with 40% of the vote against 38% for Sata. Banda was sworn in at State House on the same day, using his speech on the occasion to call for unity. The PF alleged fraud and refused to recognize Banda's victory, while Sata's supporters rioted in Lusaka and Kitwe.^[4]

Presidency[link]

Banda with Brazilian President Lula da Silva (left).

As President, Rupiah Banda is focused on economic development, travelling abroad to promote Zambian trade to other world leaders. In December 2010 he travelled to Egypt to meet with President Hosni Mubarak.^[18]

In mid-2009 it was announced that the MMD National Executive Committee had chosen Banda as the party's candidate for the 2011 presidential election. Some criticized this, arguing that the nomination process should be open to other candidates; Mpombo, the Defense Minister, resigned from his post in July 2009 while criticizing the process as undemocratic. President Banda has since welcomed others to challenge him for the nomination at the MMC Conventions taking place across the country.^[19]

After taking office, Banda dismantled much of the anticorruption effort put into place by his predecessor, Mwanawasa.^[20]

Defeat[link]

Michael Sata, leader of the opposition Patriotic Front, defeated Bwezani Banda in the September 2011 presidential election, ending his three year long presidency.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Campaign Website
• Wayback Machine: Archived 2007 biography of Rupiah Banda from "Famous Zambians" Geocities website
• Long interview with Rupiah Banda

v t e Presidents of Zambia Kenneth Kaunda Frederick Chiluba Levy Mwanawasa Rupiah Banda Michael Sata Italics denote acting Presidents

v t e Vice-Presidents of Zambia • Reuben Kamanga(1964–1967) • Simon Kapwepwe (1967–1970) • Mainza Chona (1970–1973) • No such post between 1973–1991. Replaced with Secretary General of Ruling Party and Prime Minister • Levy Mwanawasa (1991–1994) • Godfrey Miyanda (1994–1997) • Christon Tembo (1997–2001) • Enoch Kavindele (2001–2003) • Nevers Mumba (2003–2004) • Lupando Mwape (2004–2006) • Rupiah Banda (2006–2008) • George Kunda (2008–2011) • Guy Scott (2011–present)