Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi[1], Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.
Tangier's sport team I.R.T. (or Ittihad Riadi de Tanger) is the main football club and has the most followers. Tangier will be one of the host cities for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, played at the new Ibn Batouta Stadium and in other cities in Morocco.[2]
The modern Tanjah (Anglicised as Tangier) is an ancient Berber and Phoenician town, founded by Carthaginian colonists in the early 5th century BC. Its name is possibly derived from the Berber goddess Tinjis (or Tinga), and it remains an important city for the Berbers. Ancient coins call it Tenga, Tinga, and Titga with Greek and Latin authors giving numerous variations of the name.
According to Berber mythology, the town was built by Sufax, son of Tinjis, the wife of the Berber hero Änti (Greek Antaios, Latin Antaeus). The Greeks ascribed its foundation to the giant Antaios, whose tomb and skeleton are pointed out in the vicinity, calling Sufax the son of Hercules by the widow of Antaeus. The cave of Hercules, a few miles from the city, is a major tourist attraction. It is believed that Hercules slept there before attempting one of his twelve labours.
The commercial town of Tingis came under Roman rule in the course of the 1st century BC, first as a free city and then, under Augustus, a colony (Colonia Julia, under Claudius), capital of Mauritania Tingitana of Hispania. It was the scene of the martyrdoms of Saint Marcellus of Tangier. In the 5th century AD, Vandals conquered and occupied "Tingi" and from here swept across North Africa.
A century later (between 534 and 682), Tangier fell back to the (Eastern) Roman empire, before coming under Arab (Umayyad) control in 702. Due to its Christian past, it is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[3]
When the Portuguese started their expansion in Morocco, by taking Ceuta in 1415, Tangier was always a primary goal. They failed to capture the city in 1437 but finally occupied it in 1471 (see List of colonial heads of Tangier). The Portuguese rule (including Spanish rule during the Iberian Union, 1580–1640) lasted until 1662, when it was given to Charles II of England as part of the dowry from the Portuguese Infanta Catherine of Braganza, becoming English Tangier. The English gave the city a garrison and a charter which made it equal to English towns. The English planned to improve the harbour by building a mole. With an improved harbour the town would have played the same role that Gibraltar later played in British naval strategy. The mole cost £340,000 and reached 1,436 feet long, before being blown up during the evacuation.[4]
An attempt of Sultan Moulay Ismail of Morocco to seize the town in 1679 was unsuccessful; but a crippling blockade imposed by him ultimately forced the English to withdraw. The English destroyed the town and its port facilities prior to their departure in 1684. Under Moulay Ismail the city was reconstructed to some extent, but it gradually declined until, by 1810, the population was no more than 5,000.
The United States dedicated its first consulate in Tangier during the George Washington administration.[5] In 1821, the Legation Building in Tangier became the first piece of property acquired abroad by the U.S. government—a gift to the U.S. from Sultan Moulay Suliman. It was bombarded by the French Prince de Joinville in 1844.
Garibaldi lived in exile at Tangier in late 1849 and the first half of 1850, following the fall of the revolutionary Roman Republic.
Tangier's geographic location made it a centre for European diplomatic and commercial rivalry in Morocco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By the opening of the 20th century, it had a population of about 40,000, including 20,000 Muslims, 10,000 Jews, and 9,000 Europeans (of whom 7,500 were Spanish). The city was increasingly coming under French influence, and it was here in 1905 that Kaiser Wilhelm II triggered an international crisis that almost led to war between his country and France by pronouncing himself in favour of Morocco's continued independence.
In 1912, Morocco was effectively partitioned between France and Spain, the latter occupying the country's far north (called Spanish Morocco) and a part of Moroccan territory in the south, while France declared a protectorate over the remainder. The last Sultan of independent Morocco, Moulay Hafid, was exiled to the Sultanate Palace in the Tangier Kasbah after his forced abdication in favour of his brother Moulay Yusef. Tangier was made an international zone in 1923 under the joint administration of France, Spain, and Britain under an international convention signed in Paris on December 18, 1923. Ratifications were exchanged in Paris on May 14, 1924. The convention was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on September 13, 1924.[6] The convention was amended in 1928.[7] The governments of Italy, Portugal and Belgium adhered to the convention in 1928, and the government of the Netherlands in 1929.
The International zone of Tangier had a 373 square kilometer area and, by 1939, a population of about 60,000 inhabitants.[8]
Spanish troops occupied Tangier on June 14, 1940, the same day Paris fell to the Germans. Despite calls by the writer Rafael Sánchez Mazas and other Spanish nationalists to annex "Tánger español", the Franco regime publicly considered the occupation a temporary wartime measure.[9] A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter's abolition of the city's international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area. The territory was restored to its pre-war status on August 31, 1945.[11] Tangier joined with the rest of Morocco following the restoration of full sovereignty in 1956.
Originally, the city was part of the larger province of Mauretania Caesariensis, which included much of Northern Africa. Later the area was subdivided, with the eastern part keeping the former name and the newer part receiving the name of Mauretania Tingitana. It is not known exactly at what period there may have been an episcopal see at Tangier in ancient times, but in the Middle Ages Tangier was used as a titular see (i.e., an honorific fiction for the appointment of curial and auxiliary bishops), placing it in Mauretania Tingitana. For the historical reasons given above, one official list of the Roman Curia places the see in Mauretania Caesarea.
Towards the end of the 3rd century, Tangier was the scene of the martyrdom of Saint Marcellus of Tangier, mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 30 October, and of St. Cassian, mentioned on 3 December.
Under the Portuguese domination, there was a Bishop of Tangier who was a suffragan of Lisbon but in 1570 the diocese was united to the diocese of Ceuta. Six Bishops of Tangier from this period are known, the first, who did not reside in his see, in 1468. During the era of the protectorate over Morocco, Tangier was the residence of the Prefect Apostolic of Morocco, the mission having been founded on November 28, 1630, and entrusted to the Friars Minor. At the time it had a Catholic church, several chapels, schools, and a hospital. The Prefecture Apostolic was raised to the status of a Vicariate Apostolic of Marocco April 14, 1908, and on November 14, 1956, became the Archdiocese of Tangier.[12]
The city also has the Anglican church of Saint Andrew.
Tangier has been reputed as a safe house for international spying activities.[13] Its position during the Cold War and other spying periods of the 19th and 20th centuries is legendary.
Tangier acquired the reputation of a spying and smuggling centre and attracted foreign capital due to political neutrality and commercial liberty at that time. It was via a British bank in Tangier that the Bank of England in 1943 for the first time obtained samples of the high-quality forged British currency produced by the Nazis in "Operation Bernhard".
The city has also been a subject for many spy fiction books and films. (See Tangier in popular culture below.)
Tangier has a mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with heavier rainfall than most parts of North Africa owing to its exposed location. The summers are hot and sunny - ideal for the city’s beaches - and the winters are occasionally wet but very mild: frost is unknown.
| Climate data for Tangier (1961-1990) |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
16.2
(61.2) |
16.8
(62.2) |
17.9
(64.2) |
19.2
(66.6) |
21.9
(71.4) |
24.9
(76.8) |
28.3
(82.9) |
28.6
(83.5) |
27.3
(81.1) |
23.7
(74.7) |
19.6
(67.3) |
17.0
(62.6) |
21.78
(71.21) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
12.5
(54.5) |
13.1
(55.6) |
14.0
(57.2) |
15.2
(59.4) |
17.7
(63.9) |
20.6
(69.1) |
23.5
(74.3) |
23.9
(75.0) |
22.8
(73.0) |
19.7
(67.5) |
15.9
(60.6) |
13.3
(55.9) |
17.68
(63.83) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
8.8
(47.8) |
9.4
(48.9) |
10.1
(50.2) |
11.2
(52.2) |
13.4
(56.1) |
16.2
(61.2) |
18.7
(65.7) |
19.1
(66.4) |
18.3
(64.9) |
15.6
(60.1) |
12.2
(54.0) |
9.7
(49.5) |
13.56
(56.40) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) |
103.5
(4.075) |
98.7
(3.886) |
71.8
(2.827) |
62.2
(2.449) |
37.3
(1.469) |
13.9
(0.547) |
2.1
(0.083) |
2.5
(0.098) |
14.9
(0.587) |
65.1
(2.563) |
134.6
(5.299) |
129.3
(5.091) |
735.9
(28.972) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) |
11.2 |
11.4 |
10.1 |
9.3 |
6.1 |
3.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
3.1 |
8.0 |
11.1 |
12.0 |
87.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
170.5 |
169.5 |
232.5 |
252.0 |
297.6 |
306.0 |
344.1 |
331.7 |
276.0 |
238.7 |
180.0 |
167.4 |
2,966 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory[14] |
The prefecture is divided administratively into the following:[15]
| Name |
Geographic code |
Type |
Households |
Population (2004) |
Foreign population |
Moroccan population |
Notes |
| Assilah |
511.01.01. |
Municipality |
6245 |
28217 |
66 |
28151 |
|
| Bni Makada |
511.01.03. |
Arrondissement |
47384 |
238382 |
74 |
238308 |
|
| Charf-Mghogha |
511.01.05. |
Arrondissement |
30036 |
141987 |
342 |
141645 |
|
| Charf-Souani |
511.01.06. |
Arrondissement |
25948 |
115839 |
273 |
115566 |
|
| Tanger-Medina |
511.01.07. |
Arrondissement |
40929 |
173477 |
2323 |
171154 |
|
| Al Manzla |
511.03.01. |
Rural commune |
555 |
3031 |
0 |
3031 |
|
| Aquouass Briech |
511.03.03. |
Rural commune |
787 |
4132 |
3 |
4129 |
|
| Azzinate |
511.03.05. |
Rural commune |
920 |
4895 |
0 |
4895 |
|
| Dar Chaoui |
511.03.07. |
Rural commune |
877 |
4495 |
0 |
4495 |
1424 residents live in the center, called Dar Chaoui; 3071 residents live in rural areas. |
| Lkhaloua |
511.03.09. |
Rural commune |
2405 |
12946 |
1 |
12945 |
|
| Sahel Chamali |
511.03.11. |
Rural commune |
1087 |
5588 |
2 |
5586 |
|
| Sidi Lyamani |
511.03.13. |
Rural commune |
1883 |
10895 |
1 |
10894 |
1101 residents live in the center, called Sidi Lyamani; 9794 residents live in rural areas. |
| Boukhalef |
511.81.03. |
Rural commune |
3657 |
18699 |
4 |
18695 |
3187 residents live in the center, called Gueznaia; 15512 residents live in rural areas. |
The multicultural placement of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities and the foreign immigrants attracted writer and composer Paul Bowles, playwright Tennessee Williams, the beat writers William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, the painter Brion Gysin and the music group the Rolling Stones, who all lived in or visited Tangier during different periods of the 20th century.
It was after Delacroix that Tangier became an obligatory stop for artists seeking to experience the colors and light he spoke of for themselves—with varying results. Matisse made several sojourns in Tangier, always staying at the Grand Hotel Villa de France. "I have found landscapes in Morocco," he claimed, "exactly as they are described in Delacroix's paintings." The Californian artist Richard Diebenkorn was directly influenced by the haunting colors and rhythmic patterns of Matisse's Morocco paintings.
Antonio Fuentes was born in Tangier in 1905 from a Spanish family. An article in La Gazette du Maroc described Antonio Fuentes as the Picasso of Tangier,[16] and he died in the city 90 years later.[17]
In the 1940s and until 1956 when the city was an International Zone, the city served as a playground for eccentric millionaires, a meeting place for secret agents and all kinds of crooks, and a mecca for speculators and gamblers, an Eldorado for the fun-loving "Haute Volée". During World War II the Office of Strategic Services operated out of Tangier for various operations in North Africa.[18]
Around the same time, a circle of writers emerged which was to have a profound and lasting literary influence. This included Paul Bowles, who lived and wrote for over half a century in the city, Tennessee Williams and Jean Genet as well as Mohamed Choukri (one of North Africa's most controversial and widely read authors), Abdeslam Boulaich, Larbi Layachi, Mohammed Mrabet and Ahmed Yacoubi. Among the best known works from this period is Choukri's For Bread Alone. Originally written in Classical Arabic, the English edition was the result of close collaboration with Bowles (who worked with Choukri to provide the translation and supplied the introduction). Tennessee Williams described it as "a true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact." Independently, William S. Burroughs lived in Tangier for four years and wrote Naked Lunch, whose locale of Interzone is an allusion to the city.
After several years of gradual disentanglement from Spanish and French colonial control, Morocco reintegrated the city of Tangier at the signing of the Tangier Protocol on October 29, 1956. Tangier remains a very popular tourist destination for cruise ships and day visitors from Spain and Gibraltar.
A satellite image of Tangier
Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial centre after Casablanca. The industrial sectors are diversified: textile, chemical, mechanical, metallurgical and naval. Currently, the city has four industrial parks of which two have the status of free economic zone (see Tangier Free Zone).
Tangier's economy relies heavily on tourism. Seaside resorts have been increasing with projects funded by foreign investments. Real estate and construction companies have been investing heavily in tourist infrastructures. A bay delimiting the city centre extends for more than seven kilometres. The years 2007 and 2008 will be particularly important for the city because of the completion of large construction projects currently being built. These include the Tangier-Mediterranean port ("Tanger-Med") and its industrial parks, a 45,000-seat sports stadium, an expanded business district, and a renovated tourist infrastructure.
Agriculture in the area of Tangier is tertiary and mainly cereal.
The infrastructure of this city of the strait of Gibraltar consists of a port that manages flows of goods and travellers (more than one million travellers per annum) and integrates a marina with a fishing port.
Artisanal trade in the old medina (old city) specializes mainly in leather working, handicrafts made from wood and silver, traditional clothing, and shoes of Moroccan origin.
The city has seen a fast pace of rural exodus from other small cities and villages. The population has quadrupled during the last 25 years (1 million inhabitants in 2007 vs. 250,000 in 1982). This phenomenon has resulted in the appearance of peripheral suburban districts, mainly inhabited by poor people, that often lack sufficient infrastructure.
The city's postcode is 90 000.
American Legation entrance
Tangier mint tea at Hafa Café
Passport entry stamp from the port of Tangier,
Tanger in French.
A railroad line connects the city with Rabat, Casablanca and Marrakech in the south and Fès and Oujda in the east. The service is operated by ONCF. The Rabat-Tanger expressway connects Tangier to Fès via Rabat (250 km), Settat via Casablanca (330 km) and Tanger-Med port. The Ibn Batouta International Airport (formerly known as Tangier-Boukhalef) is located 15 km south-west of the city centre.
The new Tanger-Med Port is managed by the Danish firm A. P. Moller-Maersk Group and will free up the old port for tourist and recreational development.
Tangier's Ibn Batouta International Airport and the rail tunnel will serve as the gateway to the "Moroccan Riviera" the coast between Tangier and Oujda. Traditionally the north coast was an impoverished and underdeveloped region of Morocco but it has some of the best beaches on the Mediterranean and is likely to see rapid development.
The Ibn Batouta International Airport has been being expanded and modernized to accommodate more flights. The biggest airline at the airport is Royal Air Maroc. In addition, a TGV high-speed train system is being built. It will take a few years to complete, and will become the fastest train system in North Africa.
Most of the inhabitants of Tangier speak Darija, a variety of Moroccan Arabic. About 25% of the city inhabitants speak Tarifit Berber in their daily lives. Written Arabic is used in government documentation and on road signs together with French. French is used in universities and large businesses. English and Spanish are well understood in all hotels and tourist areas. Some Berber language writings are starting to become more visible in some areas of Tangiers, following the recent recognition of the Berber language as an official language of Morocco alongside Arabic, in the Moroccan constitution.
Tangier offers four different types of educational systems: Arabic, French, Spanish and English. Each of these systems offer classes starting from Pre-Kindergarten up to the 12th grade, Baccalaureat, or High school diploma.
Many universities are located both inside and outside the city. Universities like the "Institut Superieur International de Tourisme" (ISIT), which is a school that offers diplomas in various departments, offer courses ranging from business administration to hotel management. The institute is among one of the most prestigious tourism schools in the country. Other colleges such as the "Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion" (ENCG-T) is among the biggest business schools in the country as well as "Ecole Nationale des Sciences appliquées" (ENSA-T), a rising engineering school for applied sciences.
There are more than a hundred Moroccan primary schools, dispersed across the city.
Tangier was the subject of many artistic works, including novels, films and music.
- Tanger A Norwegian book by the author Thure Erik Lund. Jostein Bøhn, one of the main characters has it as a final destination point in his journey.
- Le dernier ami by Tahar Ben Jelloun. The two protagonists were born in Tangier and the city is revisited many times in the book.
- Jour de silence à Tanger by Tahar Ben Jelloun.
- "Streetwise" by Mohamed Choukri
- Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs – relates some of the author's experiences in Tangier. (See also Naked Lunch (film))
- The poem "America" by Allen Ginsberg
- Desolation Angels by Jack Kerouac relates him living with William Burroughs and other Beat writers in Tangier.
- Interzone by Burroughs – It talks about a fictionalized version of Tangier called Interzone (aka International Zone)
- Let It Come Down is Paul Bowles's second novel, first published in 1952
- The Loom of Youth by Alec Waugh – a controversial semi-autobiographical novel relating homosexual experiences of Waugh in the city of Tangier.
- Two Tickets to Tangier by Francis Van Wyck Mason, an American novelist and historian
- Modesty Blaise; a fictional character in a comic strip of the same name and a series of books created by Peter O'Donnell – In 1945 a nameless girl escaped from a displaced person (DP) camp in Karylos, Greece. She took control of a criminal gang in Tangier and expanded it to international status as "The Network". After dissolving The Network and moving to England she maintained a house on a hillside above Tangier and many scenes in the books and comic strips are located here.
- Carpenter's World Travels: From Tangier to Tripoli – a Frank G. Carpenter travel guide (1927)
- The Thief's Journal by Jean Genet – Includes the protagonist's experiments in negative morality in Tangier (1949)
- The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho
- The Crossroads of the Medterranean by Henrik de Leeuw- chronicles the author's journey through Morocco and Tunisia in the early 1950s and includes many pages describing Tangier, notably the Petit Socco as a food market with mountain dwellers (the jebli) selling their produce and 'the street of male harlots', where they ply 'their shameful trade'.
- The Gold Bug Variations by Richard Powers
- The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain includes a mixed bag of comments on his visit to Tangier, ending with: "I would seriously recommend to the Government of the United States that when a man commits a crime so heinous that the law provides no adequate punishment for it, they make him Consul-General to Tangier."
- Seed by Mustafa Mutabaruka – An African-American dancer struggling with the death of his father meets an enigmatic young woman and her companion in Tangier.
- Au grand socco by Joseph Kessel – A Moroccan Tangerine boy shares his adventures in the great socco.
- Antaeus (magazine) was first published in Tangier by Daniel Halpern and Paul Bowles before being shifted to New York
- Tangier Gazette was founded by William Augustus Bird (aka Bill Bird) in Tangier
- Inception featuring Leonardo DiCaprio – 2010
- The Living Daylights – a James Bond movie where he hunts Brad Whitaker down at his Tangier headquarters
- From Russia with Love – the fictional character in "James Bond", Red Grant was recruited by "SPECTRE" in Tangier in 1962, whilst on the run from the law
- Tangier Incident – an American agent posing as a black market operator, is in Tangier on a mission to stop the plans of three atomic scientists who are there to pool their secrets and sell them in a package to the Communists.
- Man from Tangier (a.k.a. Thunder Over Tangier) – 1957
- Tangiers, 1908 was one of the unaired Young Indiana Jones Chronicles episodes
- Flight to Tangier (Charles Marquis Warren) – 1953
- Tangier an episode of the television series Passport to Danger starring Cesar Romero – 1955
- The Nautch of Tangier (aka The Witchmaker) – 1969
- Tangier (film) featuring María Montez, Robert Paige, and Sabu Dastagir – 1946
- Espionage in Tangiers. A thriller of a secret agent out to snag a dangerous molecular ray-gun – 1966
- That Man from Tangier (in Spanish Aquel Hombre de Tanger) featuring Sara Montiel
- The Bourne Ultimatum, an espionage movie featuring Matt Damon – Jason Bourne tracks a man through the city who has information on his (Bourne's) past. – 2007
- The Wind and the Lion – Based on the Perdicaris incident of 1904, this film, starring Sean Connery, Candice Bergen, and Brian Keith, takes place largely in Tangier. The film's Tangier, however, was actually created in the Spanish cities of Seville and Almeria.
- Prick Up Your Ears, Joe Orton (Gary Oldman) and Kenneth Halliwell (Alfred Molina) visit Tangier, the scene represents the 88 day holiday that Joe Orton took after the failure of his play Loot.
- The Sheltering Sky, starring John Malkovich and Debra Winger. Bernardo Bertolucci's adaptation of the novel by Paul Bowles. Married American artists Port and Kit Moresby travel aimlessly through North Africa, searching for new experiences that could give sense to their relationship. But the flight to distant regions only leads both deeper into despair. – 1990
"Intrigue in Tangiers" English band featuring Roger Hill & Mel Jones. Since 2008 "Intrigue in Tangiers" have released 6 studio albums and a "best of".
- Lancelot Addison – an English chaplain and the author of West Barbary, or a Short Narrative of the Revolutions of the Kingdoms of Fex and Morocco (1671)
- José Luis Alcaine – a Spanish-born cinematographer
- Bill Bird – an American journalist and the founder of Tangier Gazette
- Paul Bowles – an American writer and composer. Lived in Tangier for 52 years and died in Tangier
- Joseph McPhillips III – an American theater director and the headmaster of The American School of Tangier. Died in Tangier
- Jane Bowles – an American writer. Wife of Paul Bowles
- William S. Burroughs – an American novelist, essayist, social critic, painter and spoken word performer. Burroughs lived in Tangier four years.
- Truman Capote – an American novelist and writer, who visited Tangier.
- João de Castro – a Portuguese naval officer and fourth viceroy of the Portuguese Indies
- Ira Cohen – an American poet, publisher, photographer and filmmaker; he published one issue of a magazine called Gnaoua
- Eugène Delacroix – a French Romantic painter
- Jim Ede – a notable English art collector
- Malcolm Forbes – the publisher of Forbes magazine
- Allen Ginsberg, Bob Guccione, and Jack Kerouac visited Burroughs, a fellow Beat, but they never lived in Tangier
- Sean Gullette – American actor and writer
- Dustin Tarver – American Adventurer and writer
- Brion Gysin – an English writer and painter
- Mohamed Hamri – a Moroccan painter, described as the 'Picasso of Morocco'[20]
- Friedrich von Holstein – a German statesman
- Barbara Hutton – a wealthy American socialite dubbed by the media as the "Poor Little Rich Girl" because of her troubled life, lived in Tangier during the summer months from 1947 to 1975
- Bernard-Henri Lévy – a French journalist and intellectual
- Gavin Lambert – an American (British-born) biographer, novelist and Hollywood screenwriter(and close friend of Paul Bowles), who lived 15 years in Tangier
- Henri Matisse – a notable French painter
- Mohamed Mrabet – a Moroccan storyteller
- Joe Orton – British playwright
- Ion Perdicaris – a U.S.-Greek playboy who was the centre of the infamous Perdicaris incident, a kidnapping that aroused international conflict in 1904
- George John Pinwell – an English painter
- Reichmann family (including Edward below) – a rich immigrant Jewish family from Austro-Hungary and Canada
- Edward Reichmann – an Austro-Hungarian and Canadian businessman
- David Roberts – a Scottish painter
- Yves Saint-Laurent (designer) – a French fashion designer
- J. Slauerhoff – a Dutch poet and novelist
- Kenneth Williams – a British humourist
- George Owen Wynne Apperley RA RI (1884-1960) A British artist – built his house "Villa Apperley" in the Marshan district in 1932.
Faro, Portugal (since 1954)
Algeciras, Spain- Cádiz, Spain
Bizerta, Tunisia
Liège, Belgium (since 2006)
Metz, France- Moulins, France
Pasadena, California, United States of America
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- ^ [1]. History and present condition of the Barbary states, by Michael Russel (1835). Retrieved on 2012-04-10.
- ^ Morocco then South Africa to host Cups. FIFA.com (2011-01-29). Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^
"Tingis". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- ^ E. M. G. Routh — Tangier: England's lost Atlantic outpost, 1912; M.Elbl, “(Re)claiming Walls: The Fortified Médina of Tangier under Portuguese Rule (1471–1661) and as a Modern Heritage Artefact,” Portuguese Studies Review 15 (1–2) (2007; publ. 2009): 103–192.
- ^ Power, Faith, and Fantasy: In the beginning, for America, was the Middle East, Matt Buckingham, Wweek, February 14, 2007.
- ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 28, pp. 542–631.
- ^ Text in League on Nations Treaty Series, vol. 87, pp. 212–251.
- ^ "City states". http://countries-cities.generalanswers.org/. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ^ Payne, S.G. The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1987. 268.
- ^ text of the Final Act of the Conference Concerning the Reestablishment of the International Regime in Tangier, Department of State Bulletin, October 21, 1945, pp. 613–618
- ^ Annuario Pontificio 2010, p. 721
- ^ Pennell, C. R. (1999). "Wars: The second World War in Morocco". Morocco since 1830: A History. New York University Press. p. 257. ISBN 1-85065-426-3.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Tangier, Morocco". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/mor_al/tangier_e.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^ "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004". Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com. http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ La Gazette Du Maroc. La Gazette Du Maroc. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ www.antoniofuentes.org. www.antoniofuentes.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ The American Legation at Tangier, Morocco[dead link]
- ^ La Gazette Du Maroc. http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?r=7&sr=971&n=553&id_artl=15416
- ^ The Guardian, 28 April 2008
Coordinates: 35°46′N 5°48′W / 35.767°N 5.8°W / 35.767; -5.8
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Capital: Tangier
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