Exodus
Background information
Origin	Richmond, California, United States
Genres	Thrash metal
Years active	1980–1993 1997–1998 2001–present
Labels	Torrid, Capitol, Century Media, Nuclear Blast
Associated acts	Generation Kill, Blind Illusion, Sepultura, Metallica, Possessed, Testament, Slayer, Anthrax, Megadeth, Piranha, White Zombie
Website	www.exodusattack.com
Members
Rob Dukes Gary Holt Lee Altus Jack Gibson Tom Hunting
Past members
Former members

Exodus is an American thrash metal band formed in 1980 in Richmond, California.^[1] Spanning a career of over 30 years, Exodus has gone through numerous lineup changes, two extended hiatuses, and the deaths of two former band members. Guitarist Gary Holt remains the only constant member of the band, appearing on all their releases. Drummer Tom Hunting is one of the founding members, and departed from the band twice, in 1989 and 2004, but rejoined in 2007.

To date, Exodus has released ten studio albums (one of them is a re-recording of their first album), two live albums and one compilation. The band had particular success in the late 1980s. Their first three albums, Bonded by Blood, Pleasures of the Flesh and Fabulous Disaster, cemented Exodus' reputation as one of the most successful thrash metal bands. The critical praise given to Fabulous Disaster garnered attention from major labels, including Capitol Records, with whom Exodus would eventually sign in 1989. Exodus released two more albums, Impact Is Imminent and Force of Habit, before disbanding in 1993. After a temporary return in 1997-1998, Exodus reformed for a second time in 2001, and since then they have released five more albums, the most recent being 2010's Exhibit B: The Human Condition.

History[link]

Formation and early years (1980–1983)[link]

In 1980, guitarists Kirk Hammett and Tim Agnello, drummer Tom Hunting, bassist Carlton Melson, and vocalist Keith Stewart formed the initial lineup of Exodus. Hammett had named the band after Leon Uris' 1958 novel of the same title.^[1] Bassist Melson would soon be replaced by Jeff Andrews.^[2][3] Before long, Agnello would also leave the group (and music) to pursue a life of ministry in Stockton, California and would be replaced by Hammett's guitar technician Gary Holt.

In 1981, Kirk Hammett met El Cerrito resident Paul Baloff at a North Berkeley house party, a friendship that was started - according to aspiring guitarist Hammett - by both's admiration for punk rock and 1970s heavy metal music; Baloff would then take Stewart's place as vocalist. The quintet would record a demo tape the same year, a release which would be Hammett's only recording with the band. Jeff Andrews would leave immediately after the tape to start an early incarnation of pioneering death metal band, Possessed. In early 1983, Hammett left Exodus to join Metallica and was eventually replaced long term by guitarist Rick Hunolt.

[edit] Bonded By Blood and rise in popularity (1984–1991)

The band recorded their first album Bonded by Blood in the summer of 1984. Audio engineering college student Mark Whitaker, who had attended high school with Paul Baloff, oversaw management and record production for the band at the time. 1984 concert photos from Exodus shows at Aquatic Park's Eastern Front Metal Festival (with Slayer and Suicidal Tendencies) and Ruthie's Inn (with Megadeth and Slayer) were included on the album sleeve inserts. Originally titled "A Lesson In Violence", the album was not released until April 1985 amidst creative and business setbacks. Shortly after touring for Bonded by Blood, Paul Baloff was fired from the band and replaced by Steve "Zetro" Souza, who had previously been the lead vocalist for Legacy, an early incarnation of Testament. Baloff went on to form the band Piranha.

Exodus' line-up remained fairly stable for the next few albums, and the underground success attained with Bonded by Blood would lead to the group's signing to Sony/Combat Records, who distributed the band's second effort Pleasures of the Flesh in 1987. Fabulous Disaster, the group's third full length album, was released in Europe in 1988 and in the US in 1989. A music video for the song "The Toxic Waltz" would receive consistent rotation on MTV's Headbangers Ball in 1989.^[4]

After the success of Fabulous Disaster, Exodus was signed to Capitol Records in early 1990, who released the band's fourth album Impact is Imminent later that year. Prior to recording the album, Tom Hunting was replaced by John Tempesta on drums. In 1991, the band released their first live album, Good Friendly Violent Fun, which was recorded during their 1989 tour.

[edit] Force of Habit, hiatus, and temporary return (1991–2000)

After the release of Good Friendly Violent Fun, the band toured sporadically for a year. Bassist McKillop was replaced by Michael Butler before the group recorded and released their next studio album titled Force of Habit in 1992. This album was a bit of a departure for the band, containing several slower, "heavier" songs with less emphasis on the speed/thrash aspect of their older material. The 11-minute song "Architect of Pain" is a good example of the change of direction, being a much slower, grindier feel than the usual high speed thrash they were known for.

After touring for Force Of Habit was completed, behind the scenes issues as well as a changing musical environment prompted the band to go on indefinite hiatus.

After a few dormant years, Holt, Hunolt, and Hunting briefly reunited with singer Paul Baloff along with new bassist Jack Gibson. They released a live album in 1997 titled Another Lesson in Violence. The group disbanded again shortly after, in part due to a falling out with record label Century Media over the way the live album was promoted, and over an aborted attempt at a live concert video which was filmed but never released due to a financial dispute.

Second reformation (2001–2004)[link]

In 2001, Exodus reformed once again, initially to play the Chuck Billy benefit Thrash of the Titans concert. There was talk of recording a new studio album and the band continued to play local gigs in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.

However, in February 2002 Paul Baloff suffered a seizure/stroke and died. Former vocalist Steve Souza was recruited back into the band to finish the rest of their concert commitments. Although it appeared to outsiders that with Baloff's death Exodus would cease to exist, guitarist Gary Holt was determined to release a new studio record. The result was 2004's Tempo of the Damned released on Nuclear Blast Records. An oddity of the recording sessions was that one track, "Crime Of The Century", was dropped under mysterious circumstances. The song chronicled Exodus's time under Century Media (of which Nuclear Blast is a subsidiary). Although it was publicly denied, rumors swirled that Century Media forced the song off the record. "Crime" was replaced with "Impaler"; a song written back when Kirk Hammett was still in the band, and which was featured on the Another Lesson In Violence live record.

Rob Dukes era (2005–onward)[link]

In 2005, Rick Hunolt decided to leave the band to concentrate on his family life. He was replaced by former Heathen guitarist Lee Altus.

Tom Hunting took leave of the band following a re-occurrence of the nervous problems that led to his temporary departure in 1989. Hunting was replaced with Paul Bostaph who had previously played with Slayer and Testament.

Steve Souza also left under disputed terms in 2005. He was replaced initially by Steev Esquivel (ex-Defiance and Skinlab). The band eventually found a more permanent replacement in Rob Dukes.

The revamped lineup released the album Shovel Headed Kill Machine in 2005. The tour for the album led to extensive travel of the US, Europe, and Japan, as well as their first-ever visit to Australia.

Tom Hunting returned to the band in March 2007 in time to record and release their 8th studio album The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A. They performed at the Wacken Open Air Festival in the summer of 2008. In April 2009, Exodus embarked on a co-headlining North American tour with Kreator and also featuring Belphegor, Warbringer, and Epicurean. Exodus then went on tour supporting Arch Enemy along with Arsis and Mutiny Within.

Exodus released a re-recording of their 1985 debut album Bonded by Blood entitled Let There Be Blood. Gary Holt released the following statement about the band's decision to revisit their debut album: "After many years in the planning and discussion stage, we have finally completed the re-recording of 'Bonded By Blood'. We have decided to call it 'Let There Be Blood' and it is our way of paying homage to [original, late singer] Paul Baloff by showing how relevant these songs we had written together still are. We aren't trying to replace the original; that's impossible anyway. We are just giving these songs the benefit of modern production. It's something we talked about before Paul's death and it's always been important to us to do. We were super excited about entering the studio once again to record these classics, and now it's back to writing the next studio record!"^{[citation needed]}

The album Exhibit B: The Human Condition was recorded in northern California with British producer Andy Sneap (Megadeth, Arch Enemy, Kreator) and released on Nuclear Blast Records in May 2010.^[5] It was announced in January 2010 that Exodus was to be on Megadeth's Rust in Peace 20th Anniversary tour along with Testament. Exodus was featured on the cover of Decibel magazine's June 2010 issue, with a feature article on them.

Exodus co-headlined with Kreator, Suicidal Angels and Death Angel on the Thrashfest 2010 tour in late 2010 and will be one of the headlining bands on the bill for Wacken Open Air 2011 (Announced 23 December 2010).

Exodus toured with Rob Zombie and Slayer in 2011 on their Hell on Earth tour as the opening act. Gary Holt filled in for Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman during the tour after Hanneman contracted necrotizing fasciitis caused by a spider bite.^[6] Holt will be filling in for Hanneman again on their next tour in the summer of 2012. When Exodus tours in the summer of 2012, guitarist Rick Hunolt (who left in 2005) will be filling in for Holt.^[7]

On February 4, 2012 a Paul Baloff Memorial Reunion Concert was held at the Oakland Metro Opera House. Former and current members included Kirk Hammett, Rick Hunolt, Gary Holt, Jeff Andrews, Lee Altus, Rob Dukes, Tom Hunting and Jack Gibson. It was the first they have all played together since 1983.

The band was confirmed for the Graspop Festival in June 2012.^[8]

Band members[link]

Current members[link]

• Gary Holt – guitars (1980–1993, 1997–1998, 2001–present)
• Rob Dukes – vocals (2005–present)
• Lee Altus – guitars (2005–present)
• Jack Gibson – bass (1997–1998, 2001–present)
• Tom Hunting – drums (1980–1989, 1997–1998, 2001–2004, 2007–present)
• Rick Hunolt - guitars (1983-1993, 1997-1998, 2001-2005), live guitar (2012-present)

Former members[link]

Vocalists

• Keith Stewart  (1980) (rehearsals)
• Paul Baloff  (1982–1986, 1997–1998, 2001–2002)
• Steve Souza  (1986–1993, 2002–2004)
• Matt Harvey  (2004) (one Mexico show)
• Steev Esquivel  (2004)

Guitarists

• Kirk Hammett  (1980–1983)
• Tim Agnello  (1980)
• Evan McCaskey  (1983) (one show)
• Mike Maung  (1983)

Bassists

• Carlton Melson  (1980)
• Jeff Andrews  (1980-1983)
• Doug Williams; (1985-1986)
• Rob McKillop  (1983–1991)
• Michael Butler  (1992–1993)

Drummers

• Perry Strickland  (1989) (one US tour)
• John Tempesta  (1989–1993)
• Gannon Hall  (1993) (one US show, one Japanese tour)
• Chris Kontos  (1993) (one US show, two Argentina shows)
• Paul Bostaph  (2005–2007)

Timeline[link]

id:vocals value:yellow legend:Vocals
id:drums value:blue legend:Drums
id:bass value:red legend:Bass guitar
id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar
id:lines value:black legend:Studio albums

at:04/25/1985 color:black layer:back
at:10/07/1987 color:black layer:back
at:11/30/1988 color:black layer:back
at:06/21/1990 color:black layer:back
at:08/17/1992 color:black layer:back
at:03/09/2004 color:black layer:back
at:10/04/2005 color:black layer:back
at:10/23/2007 color:black layer:back
at:10/28/2008 color:black layer:back
at:05/07/2010 color:black layer:back

bar:Kirk;Hammett text:"Kirk Hammett"
bar:Tim;Agnello text:"Tim Agnello"
bar:Gary;Holt text:"Gary Holt"
bar:Mike;Maung text:"Mike Maung"
bar:Evan;McCasky text:"Evan McCaskey"
bar:Rick;Hunolt text:"Rick Hunolt"
bar:Lee;Altus text:"Lee Altus"
bar:Keith;Stewart text:"Keith Stewart"
bar:Paul;Baloff text:"Paul Baloff"
bar:Steve;Souza text:"Steve Souza"
bar:Matt;Harvey text:"Matt Harvey"
bar:Steev;Esquivel text:"Steev Esquivel"
bar:Rob;Dukes text:"Rob Dukes"
bar:Carlton;Melson text:"Carlton Melson"
bar:Jeff;Andrews text:"Jeff Andrews"
bar:Rob;McKillop text:"Rob McKillop"
bar:Michael;Butler text:"Michael Butler"
bar:Jack;Gibson text:"Jack Gibson"
bar:Tom;Hunting text:"Tom Hunting"
bar:Perry;Strickland text:"Perry Strickland"
bar:John;Tempesta text:"John Tempesta"
bar:Chris;Kontos text:"Chris Kontos"
bar:Gannon;Hall text:"Gannon Hall"
bar:Paul;Bostaph text:"Paul Bostaph"

width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
bar:Gary;Holt from:12/01/1980 till:07/01/1993 color:guitar
bar:Gary;Holt from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/1998 color:guitar
bar:Gary;Holt from:01/01/2001 till:end color:guitar
bar:Tim;Agnello from:01/01/1980 till:11/01/1980 color:guitar
bar:Kirk;Hammett from:01/01/1980 till:01/01/1983 color:guitar
bar:Mike;Maung from:01/01/1983 till:05/01/1983 color:guitar
bar:Evan;McCasky from:05/01/1983 till:09/01/1983 color:guitar
bar:Rick;Hunolt from:09/01/1983 till:07/01/1993 color:guitar
bar:Rick;Hunolt from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/1998 color:guitar
bar:Rick;Hunolt from:01/01/2001 till:01/01/2005 color:guitar
bar:Lee;Altus from:01/01/2005 till:end color:guitar
bar:Keith;Stewart from:01/01/1980 till:01/01/1982 color:vocals
bar:Paul;Baloff from:01/01/1982 till:01/01/1986 color:vocals
bar:Paul;Baloff from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/1998 color:vocals
bar:Paul;Baloff from:01/01/2001 till:01/01/2002 color:vocals
bar:Steve;Souza from:01/01/1986 till:07/01/1993 color:vocals
bar:Steve;Souza from:01/01/2002 till:01/03/2005 color:vocals
bar:Matt;Harvey from:03/01/2005 till:06/01/2005 color:vocals
bar:Steev;Esquivel from:06/01/2005 till:09/01/2005 color:vocals
bar:Rob;Dukes from:09/01/2005 till:end color:vocals
bar:Carlton;Melson from:01/01/1980 till:07/01/1980 color:bass
bar:Jeff;Andrews from:07/01/1980 till:01/01/1983 color:bass
bar:Rob;McKillop from:01/01/1983 till:07/01/1991 color:bass
bar:Michael;Butler from:01/01/1992 till:07/01/1993 color:bass
bar:Jack;Gibson from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/1998 color:bass
bar:Jack;Gibson from:01/01/2001 till:end color:bass
bar:Tom;Hunting from:01/01/1980 till:01/01/1989 color:drums
bar:Tom;Hunting from:01/01/1997 till:01/01/1998 color:drums
bar:Tom;Hunting from:01/01/2001 till:05/11/2004 color:drums
bar:Tom;Hunting from:01/01/2007 till:end color:drums
bar:Perry;Strickland from:01/01/1989 till:07/01/1989 color:drums
bar:John;Tempesta from:07/01/1989 till:01/01/1993 color:drums
bar:Chris;Kontos from:01/01/1993 till:04/01/1993 color:drums
bar:Gannon;Hall from:04/01/1993 till:07/01/1993 color:drums
bar:Paul;Bostaph from:01/01/2005 till:01/01/2007 color:drums

Discography[link]

For all releases, see Exodus discography.

• Bonded by Blood (1985)
• Pleasures of the Flesh (1987)
• Fabulous Disaster (1988)
• Impact Is Imminent (1990)
• Force of Habit (1992)
• Tempo of the Damned (2004)
• Shovel Headed Kill Machine (2005)
• The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A (2007)
• Let There Be Blood (2008)
• Exhibit B: The Human Condition (2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Exodus

• Official site
• Official MySpace page
• Exodus – Gary Holt interview @ Metalfan.ro – English

Look up Exodus or exodus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The Book of Exodus is the second book of the Hebrew and the Christian Bible
• The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt is the theme described in the above-mentioned

Exodus or The Exodus may also refer to:

Modern history[link]

• Exodus of 1879 (The Kansas Exodus), in which black Americans known as Exodusters fled the Southern United States for Kansas
• 1959 Tibetan exodus, 80,000 Tibetans crossed the Himalaya for India
• Jewish Exodus from Arab lands, the twentieth century emigration or expulsion of Jews from Arab lands
• 1948 Palestinian exodus, 1949–1956 Palestinian exodus, and the 1967 Palestinian exodus in which Palestinians fled or were expelled from Mandate Palestine, Israel and the West Bank during, and after wars
• SS Exodus, a ship carrying thousands of Jewish refugees in 1947 that was refused entry into Palestine
• Operation Exodus (WWII operation), an Allied operation to repatriate European prisoners of war to Britain in the Second World War
• German exodus from Eastern Europe, the exodus of Germans to the east of Germany's and Austria's post-World War II borders
• Istrian exodus, the exodus of Italians from Istria, Fiume and Dalmatia after World War II
• Jujuy Exodus, the massive evacuation of people from the province of Jujuy, Argentina, in 1812, during the Argentine War of Independence
• The exodus of ethnic Macedonians from Greece, the exodus of Ethnic Macedonians following the Greek Civil War
• 1976 Sahrawi exodus, the exodus of Sahrawis during the Western Sahara War
• Mormon Exodus, the transcontinental migration of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the Midwestern United States to the Salt Lake Valley
• Exodus from Michigan, a mass emigration of people from the American state of Michigan due to economic difficulties.

Literature[link]

• Exodus (poem), an Old English retelling of the Biblical departure
• Exodus (novel), a 1958 novel by Leon Uris, based partly on the story of the Jewish refugee ship by that name
• Exodus (2002 novel), a 2002 science fiction novel by Julie Bertagna
• Z213: Exit, a 2009 fictional diary by Dimitris Lyacos based on the biblical Exodus

Film[link]

• Exodus (1960 film), a film by Otto Preminger based on the novel by Leon Uris
• The Exodus Decoded, a 2006 documentary produced by Simcha Jacobovici claiming to verify the biblical story
• Exodus (2007 British film), a contemporary retelling of the Biblical story of Exodus
• Exodus (2007 Hong Kong film), a film directed by Pang Ho-Cheung
• Exodus: Tales from the Enchanted Kingdom, a 2005 Filipino film

Music[link]

Bands and labels[link]

• Exodus (band), thrash metal band from California
• Exodus (Polish band), Polish symphonic rock band
• Exodus Records, semi-independent label started in 1966

Albums[link]

• Exodus (Bob Marley & The Wailers album)
• Exodus (Andy Hunter album), by DJ Andy Hunter
• Exodus (Ja Rule album), 2005 greatest-hits album by Ja Rule
• Exodus (The New Power Generation album), 1995 album by the New Power Generation
• Exodus (Samael album), 1998 EP by Samael
• Exodus (compilation album), 1998 album featuring various Christian artists
• Exodus (Hikaru Utada album), 2004 album by Hikaru Utada, under the stage-name Utada
• Exodus, final album by Christian rock band Plus One
• Exodus (soundtrack), soundtrack album by Ernest Gold from the 1960 film
• The Exodus (album), a 2002 album by Gospel Gangstaz

Songs[link]

• "Exodus" (Bob Marley & The Wailers song), from the album of the same name
• "Exodus '04", a 2005 single by Hikaru Utada
• "Theme of Exodus", Grammy-award winning piece by Ernest Gold from the 1960 film
• "Exodus", by Ferrante & Teicher
• "The Exodus Song", by Booker T & The MGs from the 1968 album Doin' Our Thing
• Exodus, 2007 track by Noisia featuring KRS-One
• "Exodus", original name of the song "Emigre" by Anti-Flag from the album For Blood and Empire
• "Exodus", by Evanescence from the 1998 Evanescence EP

Entertainment[link]

• Exodus (comics), a Marvel Comics character and former leader of the Acolytes
• Exodus (role-playing game), a post-apocalyptic role-playing game by Glutton Creeper Games
• Exodus (video game), a 1991 video game developed by Color Dreams centering around Moses' journey to The Promised Land
• Exodus (Magic: The Gathering), an expansion to the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game
• Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus, a 1998 video game
• Ground Control II: Operation Exodus, a 2004 real-time tactical game in the Ground Control series
• Ultima III: Exodus, a 1983 computer role-playing game in the Ultima series

Television[link]

• "Exodus" (Battlestar Galactica), a 2006 two part episode of Battlestar Galactica
• "Exodus" (Entourage), an episode of Entourage
• "Exodus" (Stargate SG-1), a 2000 episode of Stargate SG-1
• "Exodus" (Lost), a 2005 three-part episode of Lost
• "Exodus", an episode from season four of ER
• "Exodus" (Smallville), an episode of Smallville
• "The Exodus", a two-part episode from season three of Sliders
• Exodus, the original subtitle of the third volume of Heroes
• "Exodus", episode 10 in the Discovery channel reality series The Colony
• "Exodus", episode 42 in the anime TV series Bakugan Battle Brawlers: New Vestroia
• "Exodus", the pilot episode of the 1985-89 animated series ThunderCats

Sociology[link]

• Rural exodus, the migratory patterns that normally occur in a region following the mechanization of agriculture
• Emigration, the action and the phenomenon of leaving one's native country to settle abroad

Other[link]

• Exodus Refugee Immigration, a refugee resettlement agency in Indianapolis, Indiana
• Exodus Collective, a British organization formed in Luton
• Exodus International, an ex-gay organization
• Christian Exodus, a group promoting mass emigration of Christian fundamentalists to South Carolina
• EXODUS (NGO), an organization to bring international fugitive Jung Myung Seok to justice
• Exodus Communications, a failed internet hosting company

See also[link]

• Hijra (disambiguation)
• Diaspora (disambiguation)
• Human migration, physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up band in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Band may refer to:

Clothing, jewelry, and accessories[link]

• Bands (neckwear), two pieces of cloth fitted around the neck as part of formal clothing for clergy, academics, and lawyers
• Bandolier or bandoleer, an ammunition belt
• Belt (clothing)
• Wedding ring or wedding band
• Strap, an elongated flap or ribbon, usually of fabric or leather

Science and technology[link]

• Band (radio), a range of frequencies or wavelengths used in radio transmission and radar
• Rubber band, a short length of rubber and latex formed in the shape of a loop
• Möbius strip or Möbius band, an artifact with interesting topological features
• Band (mathematics), an idempotent semigroup
• Spectral bands, part of the optical spectra of polyatomic systems
• Metals and semiconductors
  • Valence band
  • Conduction band
  • Band gap

Medicine and biology[link]

• Bird ringing, or bird banding, placing a numbered bands of metal on birds' legs for identification
• A group of animals, such as gorillas or coyotes
  • Herd
  • Flocking (behavior)
• Band cell, a type of white blood cell
• Protein band, see Coomassie
• Gastric band, a weight-control measure

Organizations[link]

• Bands (Italian Army irregulars), military units once in the service of the Italian Regio Esercito
• Brazilian broadcast television network Rede Bandeirantes, nicknamed Band or Band Network
• The Band (wrestling), the Total Nonstop Wrestling name for the professional wrestling stable New World Order

Society and government[link]

• Band society, a small group of humans in a simple form of society
• The primary unit of Native Americans in the United States
• Band (First Nations Canada), the primary unit of First Nations Government in Canada

People[link]

• Band (surname)

Places[link]

• Band, Mureş in Romania
• Bánd, a village in Hungary

Music[link]

• Band, a company of musicians—see Musical ensemble
  • Rock band
  • Concert band
  • School band, a group of student musicians who rehearse and perform instrumental music together
  • Marching band, a group of performers that consist of instrumental musicians who generally perform outdoors and incorporate some type of marching (and possibly other movements) with their musical performance
• The Band, a Canadian-American rock and roll group
  • The Band (album), its eponymous album released in 1969

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "Band"
• All pages with titles containing "Band"
• Banding (disambiguation)
• Drum and bugle corps (disambiguation)
• Stripe (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.