- published: 07 Apr 2012
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- Abid Hamid Mahmud
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Ardabil Province
Ardabil Province (Persian: استان اردبیل, Ostān-e Ardabīl ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north west of the country, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan and the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Its centre is the city of Ardabil. The province was established in 1993 from the eastern part of East Azerbaijan and the northern part of Gilan.
Many tourists come to the region for its cool climate (max 35 °C) during the hot summer months. The winters are bitter cold, with temperatures plummeting to -25°C.
Its famous natural region is the Sabalan mountains. The population of Ardabil province is mainly composed of Azeris, Talish, Tats, Kurds and Persians. The province is considered the coldest province in Iran by many. Large parts of the province are green and forested.
Famous athletes such as Ali Daei and Hossein Rezazade are originally from Ardabil.
Ardabil's capital stands about 70 km from the Caspian Sea and has an area of 18011 km². Neighbouring the Caspian Sea and the Republic of Azerbaijan, the city is of great political and economic significance. The province has been blessed with splendid natural beauty and numerous sights.
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Assembly of Experts
The Assembly of Experts (also Assembly of Experts of the Leadership) of Iran (Persian: مجلس خبرگان رهبری, Majles-e Khobregan or Majles-e Khebregan-e Rahbari), also translated as Council of Experts, is a deliberative body of 86 Mujtahids (Islamic scholars) that is charged with electing and removing the Supreme Leader of Iran and supervising his activities. Members of the assembly are elected from list of candidates by direct public vote to eight-year terms. Current laws require the assembly to meet for at least two days, twice annually. The current chairman of the Assembly is Mahdavi Kani, who was elected in March 2011.
According to the Iranian Constitution, the assembly is in charge of supervising, dismissing and electing the Supreme Leader. In the event of his death, resignation or dismissal, the Experts shall take steps within the shortest possible time to appoint a new Leader. "Whenever the Leader becomes incapable of fulfilling his constitutional duties, or loses one of the qualifications mentioned in the Constitution, or it becomes known that he did not possess some of the qualifications initially, he will be dismissed." The assembly has never dismissed a sitting Supreme Leader, and as all of their meetings and notes are strictly confidential, the assembly has never been known to challenge or otherwise publicly oversee any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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CIDOB Foundation
Coordinates: 41°22′59″N 2°10′5″E / 41.38306°N 2.16806°E / 41.38306; 2.16806
CIDOB, acronym of Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (Centre d'Estudis i Documentació Internacionals a Barcelona in Catalan language; Centro de Estudios y Documentación Internacionales de Barcelona in Spanish), is a Catalan think-tank based in Barcelona, Spain, dedicated to research, document and divulge contents of the different areas of international relations and development studies. The centre defines itself as an organisation that is «an independent, non partisan centre that contributes to ongoing international debates from the perspective of a major Mediterranean metropolis». Legally speaking, CIDOB is a private foundation with a Board of Trustees that includes among its members the main political institutions and universities of Catalonia and Barcelona, in addition to a number of ministries of the Spanish Government. CIDOB is currently the oldest think-tank in Spain, and one of the most influential in its field.
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Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is an American private Ivy League research university located in New York City, New York, United States. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Today the university operates seven Columbia Global Centers overseas in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Santiago and Nairobi.
The university was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. That same year, the university's campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its location in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, where it occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (0.13 km2). The university encompasses twenty schools and is affiliated with numerous institutions, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as the Juilliard School.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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Evin Prison
Evin Prison (Persian: زندان اوین Zendān Evin) is a prison in Iran, located in Evin, northwestern Tehran. It is noted for its political prisoners' wing, where prisoners have been held both before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Due to the number of intellectuals that the prison housed, it was nicknamed "Evin University."
Constructed in 1972 under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Evin Prison is located at the foot of the Alborz mountains on the former home of Ziaeddin Tabatabaee, who briefly served as prime minister in the 1920s. The grounds of the prison included an execution yard, courtroom and separate blocks for common criminals and female inmates. Originally operated by the Shah's security and intelligence service, SAVAK, Evin quickly supplanted Qasr Prison as "the country's Bastille." Initially designed to house 320 inmates (20 in solitary cells and 300 in two large communal blocks), Evin expanded to hold more than 1500 prisoners (including 100 solitary cells for the most important political prisoners) by 1977.
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Garmsar
Garmsar (Persian: گرمسار, also Romanized as Garmsār; formerly, Shahr-e Qeshlāq (Persian: شَهرِ قِشلاق), also, simply Qeshlāq and Qishlaq) is a city in and the capital of Garmsar County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38,891, in 10,951 families.
Garmsar is located about 82 kilometres (51 mi) southeast of Tehran. It lies on the edge of Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert. Many people in the city commute to Tehran due to its proximity. Ghasre Bahram, The Stone Way, Stonvand Castle, the Sar Darre Mountains, and Kavir Desert National Park are tourist attractions located in the area.
Garmsar is also known for its high population of the educated and elite. It is the hometown of current Islamic Republic President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
The county's area measuring 10,686 km2 with a population of 75,000 is located at the climax of the overthrown cone of Habaleh Roud (river). The fertile plain has been a haven to various tribes, which have either migrated hither under pressure or voluntarily. The fertile plain has been a haven to various tribes, which have either migrated hither under pressure or voluntarily. Ethnic diversity in the area has resulted in its being known as the "Island of Tribes". Ethnic diversity in the area has resulted in its being known as the "Island of Tribes".Garmsar is also known for its high rate of academic natives which made the city one of the best cities among all the country.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia (
/ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Khoy
Khoy (Persian: خوی, Azerbaijani: خوی, Armenian: Խոյ, historical Հեր Her ; also Romanized as Khoi, Khvoy, Khowy, Khuy, and Xoy) is a city in and the capital of Khoy County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 178,708, in 45,090 families.
Khoy is located north of the province's capital and largest city Urmia, and 807 km north-west to Tehran. The region's economy is based around agriculture, particularly the production of fruit, grain, and timber. Khoy is nicknamed as the Sunflower city of Iran. As of 2006 census, the city had a population of 178,708, with an estimated 2008 population of 484,409. Azerbaijani is spoken in Khoy, while nearly all inhabitants can also converse in Persian. The main religion is Shia Islam.
Khoy was fortified at various times in its history, most recently by the Qajar dynasty in the Nineteenth Century. It is well known for the tomb of Shams Tabrizi, renowned Iranian poet and mystic.
Khoy was located on the Silk Road. It has been the capital of the Emirate of Khoy (Her), born out of the Armenian Vaspurakan Kingdom between 908 and 1021. Between 1208 and 1210 it was occupied by the forces of Tamar of Georgia. Khoy again came under Iranian rule during the Seljuq period.
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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan (
/ˈkɜrɡɨstæn/ KUR-gi-stan;Kyrgyz & Russian: Кыргызстан, Kyrgyzstan, or Киргизия, Kirgiziya), officially the Kyrgyz Republic is a nation located in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Presidential elections were held in November 2011.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is also closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties.
Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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Mashhad
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census. It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Qom
Qom (Persian: Qom [ɢom], also known as Q'um or Ghom) is a city in Iran. It lies 156 kilometres (97 mi) by road southwest of Tehran and is the capital of Qom Province. At the 2006 census, its population was 957,496, in 241,827 families. It is situated on the banks of the Qom River.
Qom is considered holy by Shi`a Islam, as it is the site of the shrine of Fatema Mæ'sume, sister of Imam `Ali ibn Musa Rida (Persian Imam Reza, 789–816 AD). The city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a significant destination of pilgrimage.
Qom is counted as one of the focal centers of the Shi'a both in Iran and around the globe. Since the revolution the clerical population has risen from around 25,000 to more than 45,000 and the nonnclerical population has more than tripled to about 700,000. Substantial sums of money in the form of alms and Islamic taxes flow into Qom to the ten marja-i taqlid or "Source of Imitation" that reside there. The number of seminary schools in Qom is now over 50, and the number of research institutes and libraries somewhere near 250.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Semnan province
Semnan Province (Persian: استان سمنان, Ostān-e Semnān ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the north of the country, and its center is Semnan. The province of Semnan covers an area of 96,816 square kilometers and stretches along the Alborz mountain range and borders to Dasht-e Kavir desert in its southern parts.
Counties of the province include Semnan, Damghan, Shahrood, Mehdishahr (Sangsar) and Garmsar. In 1996, the province had a population of about 501,000, and in 2005 Semnan city (the capital of the province) had a population of 119,778, and the city of Shahroud, which accounts for being the largest city of this province, had a population of 231,831. [1]
The province is divided into two parts: a mountainous region, and the plains at the foot of the mountains. The former offers a scope for recreational activities as well as being a source for minerals, whereas the latter encompasses some ancient cities of Iran as one of the capitals of the Parthian empire was located here. In Semnan people have local language with special words and slang.the base of this language which it drived from is Pahlavi language the ancient language form Parthian.
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September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or 9/11) were a series of four suicide attacks that were committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, coordinated to strike the areas of New York City and Washington, D.C. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally piloted two of those planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers also intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and intended to pilot the fourth hijacked jet, United Airlines Flight 93, into a target in Washington, D.C.; however, the plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers attempted to take control of the jet from the hijackers. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks including the 227 civilians and 19 hijackers aboard the four planes, none of whom survived.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (Russian: Екатеринбу́рг; IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk], also romanized Ekaterinburg) is the fourth-largest city in Russia with a population of 1,398,889 (2012). Yekaterinburg is situated in the middle of the Eurasian continent, on the border of Europe and Asia.
Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the main industrial and cultural center of the Ural Federal District. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was named Sverdlovsk (Свердло́вск) after the Communist party leader Yakov Sverdlov.
Internationally Yekaterinburg is best known as a city where the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed in 1918.
The city was founded in 1723 by Vasily Tatischev and Georg Wilhelm de Gennin and named after Tsar Peter the Great's wife Catherine I (Yekaterina). The official date of the city's foundation is November 18, 1723. It was granted town status in 1796.
Soon after the Russian Revolution, on July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House in this city. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk the day after. In 1977, the Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin, to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists. He later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the Tsar in 1998.
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Abid Hamid Mahmud
Lieutenant General Abid Al-Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti (Arabic: عبد الحميد محمود التكريتي) was an Iraqi military officer under Saddam Hussein's deposed regime.
Mahmud began his military career as an non-commissioned officer and rose through the ranks, becoming part of Hussein's personal bodyguard, and finally, his personal secretary.
A distant cousin of Hussein, observers regarded Mahmud as being Hussein's right hand man, in constant contact with him and acting as a gatekeeper to access to the leader: he was trusted. With Saddam's son Qusay Hussein, he headed the Iraqi Special Security Organization.
He was designated ace of diamonds in the US administrations most-wanted Iraqi playing cards and fourth on the most-wanted list after Saddam and his sons Uday and Qusay.
He was captured in a joint raid by special operations forces and the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry Regiment of 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, in June 2003. At the time it was recognized as the "greatest success" since the end of major hostilities, and a sign that Saddam Hussein might soon be found.
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Ahmad Mahmoud
Ahmad Mahmoud (Persian: احمد محمود, December 25, 1931 Ahvaz, Iran – October 4, 2002 in Tehran, Iran) was an Iranian novelist.
In his youth he worked as a day laborer, driver, construction worker and suffered imprisonment for leftist political views and oppositionist activities. His first story appeared in Omid-e Iran magazine, and in 1959 Mahmoud began publishing collections of stories with Mul (The Paramour).
Other collections followed: Darya Hanuz Aram Ast (The Sea Is Still Calm) 1960, Bihudegi (Uselessness) 1962, Za'eri Zir-e Baran (A Pilgrim In The Rain) 1968, Pesarak-e Boumi (The Little Native Boy) 1971, and Gharibeh'ha (The Strangers) 1972. Modern Persian Short Stories (1980) features a translation of his 1969 story "Az Deltangi" (On Homesickness) from A Pilgrim In The Rain. Hamsayeha (The Neighbors) appeared in 1974 and gave him immediate status as a novelist.
Dastan-e Yek Shahr (Story Of One City) was published in 1981. Zamin-e Sukhteh (The Scorched Earth) was published in the spring of 1982 in a limited 11,000 copies, with a second printing a year later of 22,000 copies. The three novels are a continuing saga set in Khuzistan during three important periods: The days of nationalization of oil in 1951, the aftermath of the coup d'état which brought the Shah back to the throne in late August 1953, and Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980.
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Arif Mehmood
Arif Mehmood (born on June 26, 1983) is a Pakistani international footballer playing currently for WAPDA FC.
He has been the leading goalscorer in the PPL five times, coming in 2004, 2007, 2008, 2010 and in 2011.
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Faakhir Mehmood
Faakhir Mehmood (Urdu: فاخر محمود) is a Pakistani singer and music composer. He started out his career in a Pakistani musical group called Awaz. However to conflicts of interest the band split and they all went to become solo artists. The band Awaz also consisted of well known musician Haroon.
Faakhir has produced three albums as prior to 2006. His 2000 debut album, Aatish, was a big hit. His song in the album called Dil Na Lagey was the number one song for many weeks and was the best national song of the year 2000.
His latest album is Mantra. On that album there is a song called Jiya Na Jaye, in which Faakhir shares a duet with Indian singer Sunidhi Chauhan. Another song in that album called Mahi Ve won two awards in the India Sangeet Awards, in which he also performed.
One reason why Faakhir's music is popular is because of its unique use of diverse music and lyrics. He has a lot of Western and European influences in his music. His song Dil Ruba which is a track with Spanish influence and his song Kabhi Kabhi Pyar Mein were also instant hits. His single Sub To Suniyeh was also a big hit. As of 2007, Faakhir has decided to take a break on his music career so he can spend more time with his family.
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Hasnat Mehmood
Hasnat Mehmood [ Urdu: حسنات محمود ] is a visual artist who lives and works in Lahore, Pakistan. He was born on 3 March 1978 in Jhelum.
Hasnat Mehmood was trained as a traditional miniature painter from National College of Arts, but in his enthusiastic search for a new language in his art, he transformed the traditional practice into contemporary dialogue. He is a highly progressive, radical artist. Hasnat Mehmood creates contemporary art about a technique that is considered to be a traditional practice. Miniature painting is thought to be the cultural heritage of Pakistan; as such it should remain recognizable as it was practiced in the past. For "purists", the experiments that Hasnat and others take in their approaches to miniature painting render the work to be anything but a miniature painting.
I Love Miniature explores a number of these issues related to the miniature painting movement as it has evolved in Pakistan in the last two decades. In it, Hasnat copied the works of thirteen artists who work in this medium - Shahzia Sikander is perhaps the best-known practitioner of miniature painting in the global contemporary art world. By copying their imagery, Hasnat acknowledges and accepts the criticism of miniature painting that it is simply about copying.
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Karem Mahmoud
Karem Mahmoud (Arabic: كارم محمود) (March 16, 1922 – January 15, 1995), also known as "the Melodious Knight", was a popular Egyptian singer and actor, also popular in the Arab world.
Karem was born on March 16, 1922 in the city of Damanhur, el-Buhayrah Governorate, northern Egypt, 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Alexandria.
As a child, Karem accompanied his elder brother Mohammed in singing religious verses, thereby developing his talent for singing Arabic poetry with precise pronunciation and phonetic discipline.
Even at elementary school, Karem's teachers noted his strong voice and by the time he was seven he had mastered the difficult songs of Sayed Darwish and Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
Despite his youth, Karem was admitted while still a child to the Institute of Arabic Music in Cairo. Karem was tutored by some of the greats of Egyptian music, including Fouad Mahfouz, Darwish el-Hariri, Sheikh Badawi, composer Safar Ali, and oudist Hassan Gharib.
In graduating from the Institute, he achieved the highest grades ever, with an unprecedented distinction.
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Kashif Mehmood
Kashif Mehmood is a Pakistani actor who has helped to change the cinema in Pakistan, leading the revival of cinema through his confident and impressive acting in difficult roles. He has teamed up with director Humayun Saeed in many films and dramas. He is admired for his role as the transvestite Babar in the Pakistani drama Moorat, directed by Humayun Saeed. Kashif Mehmood has played a high role in the revival dramas and media, making him a very important contributor to the world of Pakistani cinema. He is continually increasing in terms of popularity and fame and intends to work in many more dramas and cinema productions in the future.
He started his acting career in 1993, working in stage plays. He was offered minor roles in TV plays. Breakthrough came when he was offered Muuno Bhai’s Zaroorat. It was his first play. After that he produced and acted in Ashiana and worked with senior directors and actors. Although he didn’t get expected monetary returns, he got a lot of fame from that as an actor. Ashiana was his first production and turned out to be successful. He says people still recognize him as Saif from Ashiana.
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Khaled Mahmud
Khaled Mahmud (Bengali: খালেদ মাহমুদ) (born July 26, 1971) is a former Bangladeshi cricketer. A medium-pace bowler and middle-order batsman, he played international cricket for Bangladesh from 1998 to 2006, captaining the team from 2003 to 2004.
Mahmud was born in Dhaka. An all-rounder in domestic cricket, his international success was mostly limited to his bowling in One Day Internationals, peaking with the defeat of Pakistan in the 1999 world cup. His batting record was poor, and in 2003 his Test bowling average rose above 400, the worst of all time, after a wicketless match against Australia, though it quickly fell again.
Mahmud retired from international cricket in 2006, scoring a respectable 36 in his final match.He now serves as the assistant coach of the Bangladesh National cricket team.
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Mahmoud Abbas
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: مَحْمُود عَبَّاس, Maḥmūd ʿAbbās; born 26 March 1935), also known by the kunya Abu Mazen (Arabic: أَبُو مَازِن, Åbú Mázɩn), has been the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since 11 November 2004 and became President of the Palestinian National Authority on 15 January 2005 on the Fatah (فتح Fataḥ) ticket.
Elected to serve until 9 January 2009, he unilaterally extended his term for another year and continues in office even after that second deadline expired. As a result of this, Fatah's main rival, the political party Hamas announced that it would not recognise the extension or view Abbas as rightful president. Abbas was chosen as the President of the State of Palestine by the Palestine Liberation Organization's Central Council on 23 November 2008, a job he had held unofficially since 8 May 2005. Abbas served as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October 2003 when he resigned citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his government. Before being named prime minister, Abbas led the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department.
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Persian: محمود احمدینژاد, Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād [mæhˈmuːd(-e) æhmædiːneˈʒɒːd] ( listen),English: /ɑːkməˈdɪnɨʒɒd/; born 28 October 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, a coalition of conservative political groups in the country. An engineer and teacher from a poor background, Ahmadinejad joined the Office for Strengthening Unity after the Islamic Revolution. Appointed a provincial governor, he was removed after the election of President Mohammad Khatami and returned to teaching. Tehran's council elected him mayor in 2003. He took a religious hard line, reversing reforms of previous moderate mayors. His 2005 presidential campaign, supported by the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, garnered 62% of the runoff election votes, and he became President on 3 August 2005. His second presidency term ends on August 3, 2013. He is not eligible to run for another term under the current Iranian constitution.
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Mahmoud Ahmed
Mahmoud Ahmed (born May 8, 1941) (Amharic: መሀሙድ አህመድ) is an Ethiopian singer of Gurage ancestry. He gained great popularity in Ethiopia in the 1970s and among the Ethiopian diaspora in the 1980s before rising to international fame with African music fans in Europe and the Americas. He remains one of the most well-known Ethiopian music artists in the world.
Born in Addis Ababa's Mercato district, Ahmed was enthralled with the music he heard on Ethiopian radio from in early age. Having done poorly at school, he shined shoes before becoming a handyman at the Arizona Club, which was the after hours hangout of Emperor Haile Sellassie's Imperial Body Guard Band. One night in 1962 when the band's singer didn't show up, Ahmed asked to sing a few songs. He soon became part of the band's regular lineup, where he remained until 1974.
After cutting his first single with Venus Band "Nafqot New Yegodagn"/"Yasdestal" in 1971, Ahmed continued to record with several bands for the Amha and Kaifa record labels throughout the 1970s. The overthrow of Emperor Sellassie and the suspension of musical nightlife under the military government created shifts in the Ethiopian music industry—the Imperial Body Guard Band were no more, and Ahmed continued to make hit records and cassettes with many musicians who remained in the country, including the Dahlack Band, the Ibex Band and the Idan Raichel Project. He also began to release solo cassettes, accompanying himself on the krar, guitar or mandolin.
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Mahmoud Darwish
Mahmoud Darwish (Arabic: محمود درويش) (13 March 1941 – 9 August 2008) was a Palestinian poet and author who won numerous awards for his literary output and was regarded as the Palestinian national poet. In his work, Palestine became a metaphor for the loss of Eden, birth and resurrection, and the anguish of dispossession and exile.
Darwish was born in the village of al-Birwa in the Western Galilee. He was the second child of Salim and Houreyyah Darwish. His family were landowners. His mother was illiterate, but his grandfather taught him to read. After Israeli forces assaulted his village of al-Birwa in June 1948 the family fled to Lebanon first in Jezzin and then in Damour. The village was then razed and destroyed by the Israeli army to prevent its inhabitants from returning to their homes inside the new Jewish state. A year later, Darwish's family returned to the Acre area, which was now part of Israel, and settled in Deir al-Asad. Darwish attended high school in Kafr Yasif, two kilometers north of Jadeidi. He eventually moved to Haifa.
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Mahmoud Guinia
El Maallem Mahmoud Guinia (المعلم محمود ﯕينيا or المعلم محمود كينيا; also spelled Mahmoud Gania is a musician from Morocco. He has appeared on a number of recordings, most notably with Verve recording The Splendid Master Gnawa Musicians of Morocco.
The Guinia family are from the costal town of Essaouira, which is situated around 350 km south of Casablanca. Mahmoud Guinia was originally the second son of the late and great master of gnawa music, Maâllem Boubker Gania (1927–2000) and the famous clairvoyant and "moqaddema" Aicha Qabral. The first son, Ahmed, died as an infant. After Mahmoud was another son, Lahcen "Zitoune", who also died, then there is a sister, Zayda, who has followed in her mother's footsteps, and today also leads a band of sufi women. Then there is another brother, Abdelah, who is also a great master, there was a sister, Chmeia, who died a few years back, and finally there is Mokhtar, who is also a great master.
The origins of the family is West Africa[citation needed], i.e. the area around the famous city of Timbuktu in present day Mali. The family were not abducted as slaves, as so many other Gnawa were, but were employed as soldiers in the sultan's army. They are regarded as the main exponent for the style of Essaouira, the souiri style, although Mahmoud Guinia is married to a woman from Marrakech, with whom he has two sons and a daughter. Both sons are rapidly on the way to become musicians and can be seen in the band at the annual Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira in June.
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Mahmoud Jaballah
Mahmoud Es-Sayyid Jaballah (Arabic: محمود جاب بالله ) is an Egyptian-Canadian who has been detained in Canada without charge on a "security certificate" since August 2001 due to his association with members of al-Jihad. He has consistently defended himself saying that he does not believe in violence, and just because he phones or visits people, does not mean that he shares their beliefs.
While studying at the University of Zagazig in Egypt, Jaballah was involved in a student group named Badr which distributed pamphlets, a weekly periodical and arranged fieldtrips for students. He stated that the University dean eventually expelled the professor who organised the group for his "anti-government political activity".
He was arrested in 1981 and accused of membership in al-Jihad and participating in the assassination of Anwar Sadat, but was found innocent by the courts. He was re-arrested in 1987 and again accused of membership in the group, but the courts again found him innocent of all charges.
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Mahmud Hotaki
Shah Mahmud Hotaki, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: شاہ محمود ہوتکی), also known as Mahmud Ghilzai (1697? — April 22, 1725), was an Afghan ruler of the Hotaki dynasty who defeated and overthrew the Safavid dynasty to become the king of Persia from 1722 until his death in 1725.
He was the eldest son of Mirwais Hotak, the chief of the Ghilzai-Pashtun tribe of Afghanistan, who had made the Kandahar region independent from Persian rule in 1709. When Mirwais died in 1715, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz, but the Ghilzai Afghans persuaded Mahmud to seize power for himself and in 1717 he overthrew and killed his uncle.
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Mahmud I
Mahmud I (Ottoman Turkish: محمود اول), called the Hunchback (Kambur)(August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754.
He was born at the Edirne Palace, the son of Mustafa II (1695–1703); his mother was Valide Sultan Saliha Sabkati. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57).
On 28 September 1730, Patrona Halil with a small group of fellow Janissaries aroused some of the citizens of Constantinople who opposed the reforms of Ahmet III. Sweeping up more soldiers Halil led the riot to the Topkapı Palace and demanded the death of the grand vizer, Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the abdication of Ahmet III. Ahmet III acceded to the demands, had İbrahim Pasha strangled, and agreed to his nephew, Mahmud, becoming sultan.
Mahmud I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Halil rode with the new sultan to the Mosque of Eyub where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with the Sword of Osman was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Halil and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Halil showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make Yanaki Hospodar of Moldavia. However, Yanaki never took charge of this office.
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Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى Mahmud-ı sānī) (20 July 1789 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born in the Topkapi Palace, Constantinople, the posthumously son of Sultan Abdulhamid I. His reign is notable mostly for the extensive administrative, military and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated into the Decree of Tanzimat (Reorganization) that was carried out by his sons Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz I.
His mother was Valide Sultan Naksh-i-Dil Haseki (she was a cousin of Napoleon's wife Josephine. In 1808, Mahmud II's predecessor (and half-brother) Mustafa IV (1807–08) ordered his execution along with his cousin, the deposed Sultan Selim III (1789–1807), in order to defuse the rebellion. Selim III was killed, but Mahmud was safely kept hidden by his mother and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV. The leader of this rebellion, Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, then became Mahmud II's vizier.
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Mahmud Khalid
Mahmud Khalid is a Ghanaian politician and a former Minister of State. He is a member of the National Democratic Congress (Ghana) of Ghana. He served briefly as the Minister for the Upper West Region in the Mills government.
On 11 May 2010, Mahmud Khalid, the Upper West Regional Minister was dismissed by the President of Ghana, John Atta Mills. Khalid suggested members of his party lobbied for his dismissal. Alhaji Issaku Saliah, a former MP for Wa West was nominated as his replacement and approved by parliament on 23 July 2010.
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Mahmud Mahmud
Mahmud Mahmud (1881–1965) was an Iranian politician and historian. He served as Governor of Tehran, Member of Parliament, and Minister of Post and Telegraph.
He also was active academically. He wrote many articles and books, and translated Machiavelli's "Principe" into Persian. His most extensive work was a volume series titled The Political Relations of Iran and Britain in the 19th Century.
He died a blind man at the age of 84 in Tehran.
The following reference was used for the above writing: "Iran in the last 3 Centuries" by Alireza Avsati. Published Tehran, 2003. Vol1 ISBN 964-93406-6-1 Vol2 ISBN 964-93406-5-3
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Mahmud Nazari
Mahmud Nazari (Pashto, Dari: نظري محمود) is a former Nangarhar University lecturer in Afghanistan in Faculty of Agriculture, active writer and Satirist.
After graduated from Habibia High School (1976) in Kabul, He went on to the University of Kabul and obtained (BS) First class degree in Agriculture (1980). After graduating shortly he became a lecturer in Nangarhar University in Faculty of Agriculture.
In 1989 he received a scholarship to Agriculture Institute of Tajikistan for (MSc). After completing his masters Mahmud Nazari returned to Afghanistan continued to teach at the Nangarhar University as a lecturer in the faculty of agriculture.
From 1992 to 1996 he was working as MCI and ADA NGO as the head of fruit improvement department in Afghanistan.
Mahmud Nazari is the author of more than 20 books in Pashto and Dari, published between 1993 and 2010, and currently has his own website www.tanzona.com where most of his work can be accessed.
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Mahmud of Ghazni
Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غَزنوی / Maḥmūd-e Ġaznawī; November 2, 971 – April 30, 1030), actually Yamīn ad-Dawlah Abdul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd Ibn Sebüktegīn, was the most prominent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty who ruled from 997 until his death in 1030 in the eastern Iranian lands and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Mahmud turned the former provincial city of Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan into the wealthy capital of an extensive empire which covered most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, as well as Pakistan and North-West India. He was also the first ruler to carry the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power, though preserving the ideological link to the suzerainty of the Caliph.
In 994, Mahmud joined his father Sebüktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period the Samanid state became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali[citation needed], the General Behtuzun as well as the neighbouring Buyids and Qarakhanids. Mahmud took over his father's kingdom in 998. In 1002, Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Sistan, dethroned Khalaf I, last of the Saffarid amirs, and ended the Saffarid dynasty.
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Mahmud Shah Durrani
Mahmud Shah Durrani (1769 – April 18, 1829; Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: محمود شاہ درانی) was born Prince and ruler of the Durrani Empire (Afghanistan) between 1801 and 1803, and again between 1809 and 1818. An ethnic Pashtun, he was the son of Timur Shah Durrani and grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Mahmud Shah Durrani was the half-brother of his predecessor, Zaman Shah.On July 25, 1801, Zaman Shah was deposed, and Mahmud Shah ascended to ruler-ship. He then had a chequered career; he was deposed in 1803, restored in 1809, and finally deposed again in 1818.
His son Shahzada Kamran Durrani was always in trouble with Amir Fateh Khan Barakzai, the brother of Dost Muhammad Khan. After the assassination of Fateh Khan Barakzai the fall of the Durrani Empires begun. King Mahmud Shah Durrani died in 1829. The country was then ruled by Shuja Shah Durrani; another of his half-brothers.
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Mahmud Tarzi
Mahmūd Bēg Tarzī (August 23, 1865 in Ghazni - November 22, 1933 in Istanbul) (Pashto: محمود طرزۍ, Persian: محمود بیگ طرزی) was one of Afghanistan's greatest intellectuals. He is known as the father of Afghan journalism. As a great modern thinker, he became a key figure in the history of Afghanistan, following the lead of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey by working for modernization and secularization, and strongly opposing religious extremism and obscurantism. Tarzi emulated the Young Turks coalition.
Mahmud Tarzi was born in 1865 in the city of Ghazni, Afghanistan. An ethnic Pashtun, his father was Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi, a leader of the Mohammadzai royal house and a well-known poet. In 1881, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan exiled Mahmud Tarzi's father and family - who would end up living in Turkey. On a second trip to Damascus in 1891, Tarzi married the daughter of Sheikh Saleh Al-Mossadiah, a muezzin of the Umayyad mosque. Tarzi would stay in Turkey until the age of 35, where he learned fluent Pashto, Persian, Turkish, French, Arabic, and Urdu.
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Mahmut Bezgin
Mahmut Bezgin (born March 1, 1986 in Gaziantep, Turkey) is a Turkish footballer, who is currently playing for Turkish side Gaziantepspor. He is 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) tall and weighs 80 kg (180 lb; 13 st).
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Mahmut Boz
Mahmut Boz (born April 16, 1991 in Eskişehir, Turkey) is a Turkish football player. He currently plays for Karşıyaka. He plays the defender position.
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Mahmut Cuhruk
Mahmut Cuhruk (b. 1925 in Yozgat, Turkey) was a Turkish judge. He was president of the Constitutional Court of Turkey from March 2, 1988 until March 1, 1990.
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Mahmut Demir
Mahmut Demir (21 January 1970 in Amasya, Turkey), is a former Turkish Olympic medalist, World and European champion sports wrestler in the Super heavyweight class (>100 kg). He won the gold medal at the 1996 Olympics in Men's Freestyle wrestling.
He was born on 21 January 1970 in Suluova district of Amasya Province in northern Turkey. Mahmut Demir began wrestling in 1984. Already in 1986, he gained his first medal at the Balkan Juniors Championships in Yugoslavia. During his wrestling career, he won several medals at international competitions, besides his World and European champion titles. At the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Mahmut Demir earned the gold medal defeating Aleksei Medvedev from Belarus, the son of the legendary Olympic champion Alexander Medved in the final match.
Mahmut Demir retired from the active sports in 1997. He is married and has with two children.
A sports hall in his hometown Suluova is named after him, where the 2006 European Champion Clubs Freestyle Wrestling Cup was held. He is the honorary president of Amasya Şekerspor Kulübü, a club dedicated to wrestling sports in his hometown.
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Mahmut Hoşgiz
Mahmut Hoşgiz (born 16 September 1975) is a Turkish footballer.
Born in Hafik, Sivas, Hoşgiz played professional football for Sivasspor in the TFF First League, where he was club captain. He also previously played for Petrolofisi, Eyüpspor and Tokatspor.
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Mahmut Tekdemir
Mahmut Tekdemir (born 20 January 1988) is a Turkish professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor in the Süper Lig.
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Mahmut Yıldırım
Mahmut Yıldırım, better known as Yeşil (literally: "Green", 1953; Yenidal, Solhan, Bingöl Province), was a Turkish contract killer of Zaza origin. He worked for Mehmet Eymür, former chairman of the National Intelligence Organization's (MİT) defunct Counter-Terrorism Department. He also used the alias Ahmet Demir.
He is wanted for the killing of eight people.
He disappeared in 1998. Ergenekon suspect Semih Tufan Gülaltay says Eymür introduced him to Yeşil.
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Mahmut Özgener
Mahmut Özgener (born 1963 İzmir) has been the 38th president of the Turkish Football Federation. He succeeded Hasan Doğan, who died of a heart attack in Bodrum. He was incumbent for a relatively short period, beginning on 14 February 2008 until his death on July 5, 2008.
Özgener was born in İzmir, where he completed his primary, secondary and high school education.
He is married and has two children. Özgener speaks also English and French. He was the chairman of Altay club before his duty in TFF.
Cengiz Topel Yıldırım was replaced by Ahmet Gökçek as club chairman of Ankaragücü. Since Ahmet Gökçek was previously on Ankaraspor board as a volunteer, TFF rejected this replacement. Melih Gökçek, who is honorary chairman of Ankaraspor and Ahmet Gökçek's father, accused him of being subjective.
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Mahmut Şenol
Mahmut Şenol (born on November 23, 1958) is a contemporary Turkish author and journalist. He has published 6 books as of September, 2011:
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Mehmood Ali
Mehmood Ali Khan (Hindi: महमूद अली Urdu: محمود علی) (29 September 1932 – 23 July 2004), popularly known simply as Mehmood (Hindi: महमूद Urdu: محمود ), was an Indian actor, director and producer best known for playing comic roles in Hindi films. During his career of more than four decades, he worked in over 300 Hindi films.
Mehmood was one of eight children born to actor and dancer Mumtaz Ali in Bombay. Mehmood had an elder sister and six younger siblings. His sister, Minoo Mumtaz, was also a successful dancer and character actress in Bollywood movies. He started acting reluctantly as a child in Bombay talkie films like Kismet[disambiguation needed
]. Some of his early jobs before he concentrated only on acting were driving, doing odd jobs, and selling poultry. He worked as director P. L. Santoshi's driver. Later, Santoshi's son Rajkumar Santoshi cast Mehmood in his venture Andaz Apna Apna. He was hired to teach table tennis to Meena Kumari in those days. He later married her sister Madhu. After getting married and becoming a father, he decided to act to earn a better living. He got a small break as a murder victim in the film C.I.D.. He started off by doing small unnoticed roles in films like Do Bigha Zameen and Pyaasa. He later went on to act in lead roles, but he was appreciated for his comedy, some of which was in the Hyderabad region Urdu accent.
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Mehmood Bhatti
Mehmood Bhatti is an internationally acclaimed Pakistani French fashion designer based in Paris. Mehmood is originally from Lahore and a graduate of the Government College University; in 1977 he left for Paris for an MBA degree “without any money. However, he soon found employment at a retail boutique, first as a cleaner, then a packager, working his way up to become a gregarious salesman. By 1980, he was interested to pursue a career in fashion and opened his own retail outlet. Within a short span of time, he expanded his business; today, there are over five hundred designers working for him. His multi-million dollar transatlantic company Bhatti is located in ten countries and had a turnover of 150 million francs, for which he received a special medallion “Travail et Merite” from the Paris City Hall.
On 23 March 2004 Bhatti received the Sitara-i-Imtiaz, the highest honour bestowed to a civilian. Much of Bhatti’s early life has been documented in his autobiography, Paris Mein Doosra Janam (Another Life in Paris) and the docu-film La Verite Si Je Mens (The Truth If I Lie). In 1990 he was recognized as best manufacturer of the Sentier, and in 1996 his documentary was seen by more than nine million people. In 2010, Bhatti praised the Lahore Fashion Week, claiming it was "a befitting reply to terrorists." Bhatti is known to have been involved in an affair with Pakistani television actress Resham.
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Mehmood Quaraishy
Mehmood Quraishy, born February 4, 1942, in Kenya, was a Kenyan cricketer who played three One day Internationals in the 1975 World Cup for East Africa. He also appeared in one first-class cricket match in the 1975 season, having earlier played one match for a team called "Coast Cricket Association XI" against a touring team from Pakistan International Airlines in 1964 at Mombasa.
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Mehmud Khurd
Sultan Mehmud Khurd was the last ruler of the sarkar of Pakhli in Hazara, Pakistan. One of his brothers, Sultan Qiassuddin, was Wali-e-Tanawal, and the Wali-e-Upper Tanawal was Sultan Sahwaj. His brother, Sultan Muqarrab, was Wali-e-Dhamtor.
Sultan Maqarrab revolted against Sultan Mehmud Khud, but was defeated by the Delhi Sultanate. This incident weakened the Turks[clarification needed].
Pakhli had two important governments: one between Battagram and Thakot ruled by Shamsher Khan and the other of Kashmir ruled by Sultan Kamal. Both of the rulers were close relatives of Turkish rulers of Pakhli.
In 1713, Sultan Khurd went to Delhi. One of the Sultan's daughters was married to Syed Jalal Baba, who took advantage of Khurd's absence to invite the Swatis to invade Pakhli. The conspiracy succeeded. Shamsher Khan, a general loyal to Khurd, resisted at the Jhanjal fort of Thakot. After a siege of several[weasel words] months, Baba's forces defeated Shamsher Khan, who was killed in combat.
After the fall of Jhanjer, there was no resistance; due to the ages of the Sultan's sons and the conspiracy of Baba, the Turks could not offer resistance. Swatis entered Hazara, pushing the Turks into areas of Hazara and Kashmir. The Turks retained small jagirs and have never been fully eliminated from the locations. They settled in Behali of the Mansehra District, and in Mankrai of the Haripur District. Pakhli was the only state in India which retained its independence; Mughals exempted the citizens from paying taxes.
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Rashid Mahmood
Rashid Mahmod (born Muhammad Rashid Mahmood Kashmiri, 4 June 1949) is one of the most versatile and most casted actors in all of Pakistan's film and drama industry.[citation needed]
Rashid Mahmod (born in Karachi - Pakistan, 18 June 1967) is one of the most versatile and most casted Designer and Artists from Pakistan.[citation needed]
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Sajid Mahmood
Sajid "Saj" Iqbal Mahmood (Urdu: ساجد اقبال محمود, Sājid Iqbāl Maḥmūd; born 21 December 1981 in Bolton, Greater Manchester) is an English cricketer of Pakistani descent. He is a right-arm fast-medium bowler who plays international cricket for England and county cricket for Lancashire.
Sajid Mahmood's grandfather, Llal Khan, emigrated from Rawalpindi in Pakistan to England with his family in 1968. The family settled in Halliwell, a residential area of Bolton. Sajid Mahmood was born on 21 December 1981, the son of Shahid Mahmood, and grew up with his family. He has a sister and two brothers and is first cousin to boxer Amir Khan. Khan is five years younger than Mahmood and the two cousins stay close, having grown up living near to each other.
Mahmood began playing club cricket in the Bolton Leagues, and played well enough to be signed by Lancashire in 2002. He made his debut for Lancashire in 2002 whilst on a scholarship with the club.
He won the NBC Denis Compton Award in 2003; in the same year, he inadvertently broke the hands of Lancashire team-mate Andrew Flintoff and England A team-mate Alex Gidman, an early indicator of his pace. In September 2003, Mahmood was one of England 14 cricketers selected to train with the England Cricket Board's National Academy during the winter.
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Salim Mehmud
Dr. Salim Mehmud, also known as Salim Mehmood, is a Pakistani rocket scientist and a nuclear engineer. He is the former chaiman of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO). He has served as chief scientist at the Defence Science and Technology Organization. Currently, he is the chief Scientific and Technological Advisor at the Ministry of Communications of Pakistan.
Mehmud took his B.Sc. in Physics and a B.A. in Mathematics in 1955 from the Punjab University. The same year, he was admitted at the Punjab University's Graduate Program, and continued his research in Physics. He graduated and received his M.Sc. in Physics and Electronics from Punjab University in 1957. The same year, he joined Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as Engineer Officer (EO) and served in Nuclear Engineering Division. However, he was awarded a scholarship by former Chairman of PAEC Nazir Ahmad to continued his higher studies, and traveled to United States.
There, he attended North Carolina State University where he received his double M.Sc. in Physics and M.S. in Electrical engineering in 1959. The same year, he began his post-graduate research work at Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education which he did until 1961. In 1964, he studied Nuclear engineering with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), also at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as part of the Atoms for Peace Program. In 1961, he took his M.Sc. in Nuclear engineering, followed by Ph.D. in Nuclear engineering from Oak Ridge National Laboratory under the supervision of Dr. William "Bill" Nelson in 1964.
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Shaaban Mahmoud
Shaaban Mahmoud (Arabic: شعبان محمود محمود; born June 30, 1981 in Egypt) is an Egyptian football player who plays for Itesalat. He was a member of the Egyptian Olympic Team.
Mahmoud played for Egypt at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina.
4 For EgyptWorld Youth Cup Bronze Medalist with Egyptian Olympic Team 2001
Francophone Games' Bronze Medalist with Egyptian Olympic Team 2001
African Youth Cup of Nations 3rd place 2001
9 For Zamalek 2 Egyptian League title (2002/2003 & 2003/2004)
2 Egyptian Super Cup (2000/2001 & 2001/2002)
1 Egyptian Cup Titles (2001/2002)
1 African Champions League title (2002)
1 African Super Cup title (2002)
1 Arab Club Championship Title (2003)
1 Egyptian Saudi Super Cup (2003)
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Shabana Mahmood
Shabana Mahmood (17 September 1980) is a British Labour Party politician and barrister, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham, Ladywood since the May 2010 general election.
Mahmood was born and raised in Birmingham and is the daughter of the Birmingham Labour Party's chairman. Her family roots are in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. She graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford, where she was president of the Junior Common Room.
Mahmood, Rushanara Ali and Yasmin Qureshi, elected at the same time, are Britain's first female Muslim MPs. She supported Ed Miliband in the Labour leadership election. She became a Shadow Home Office Minister in 2010 and has been swiftly promoted to Shadow Minister of State for Higher Education.
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Shahid Mahmood
Shahid Mahmood (Urdu: شاہد محمود) (born March 17, 1939, Lucknow, British India) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in one Test in 1962. He is known for being the first man from Pakistan to take all ten wickets in a first class innings. He again replicated the feat some years later.
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Tahir Mahmood
Dr. Tahir Mahmood, Member, Law Commission of India, is a renowned jurist specializing in Islamic Law, Hindu Law, Religion and Law and Law Relating to Minorities. He has been Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, Chairman, National Commission for Minorities, Member, National Human Rights Commission and Jurist-Member, Ranganath Misra Commission. Dr. Mahmood is well-known in India and abroad for his expertise in religion and the law, human rights and civil liberties, especially the law relating to the educational rights of Minorities. He is a globally noted authority on Islamic Law, Legal Systems of the Arab World and Hindu Law, subjects on which he has written and edited more than two dozen books and 500 research papers.
His academic work, which focuses on his progressive interpretation of these laws, is widely acclaimed and has been cited by the Supreme Court of India and many State High Courts in more than 20 judgments besides being prescribed by many Indian and foreign Universities for higher legal studies.
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Younis Mahmoud
Younis Mahmoud Khalef (Arabic: يونس محمود خلف; born 2 March 1983 in Al-Dibs, Kirkuk, Iraq) is an Iraqi football striker who currently playes for Al-Wakrah. He was recently removed from his previous club, Al-Gharafa in Qatar despite being the top goal scorer in the league for the third time in five years. He is also the captain of the Iraq national football team. In 2007, he captained the Iraq football team to Asian Cup glory.
Younis Mahmoud called up to the Iraqi U-19 squad; scored 4 goals from 8 matches but he was also sent-off twice.
In March 2002, while many were questioning his temperament and lack of experience, coach Adnan Hamad named Younis in his squad for Iraq's training camp in Italy and gave him his first start against Serie B club Cagliari Calcio and later went on to score. A month after landing both the Iraqi league and cup, Younis made his first full international debut against Syria but failed to score; his first goal came in dramatic style as he netted in the 90th minute in the WAFF Championship final against Jordan to put the game into extra-time; where Haidar Mahmoud headed in the winner. His 6 goals at the Emir Abdullah Al-Faisal Cup including a hat-trick in the 5-1 win over Al-Nasr turned several heads; he earned even more praise with 7 goals in the 2004 Asian Cup qualifiers with four goals in a 5-1 drubbing of Bahrain. Younis was nominated for the 2003 Asian Young Footballer of the Year.
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Mahmoud, Mahmoud Ben Filmography
- Les suspects (2004)
- Les siestes Grenadine (1999)
- Les siestes Grenadine (1999)
- Poussière de diamant (1991)
- Poussière de diamant (1991)
- Traversées (1984)
- Traversées (1984)
Mahmoud Filmography
Mahmoud Filmography
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@AxeerStudio | كام واحد | Kam Wa7ed | Mahmoud El Esseily & ZAP Tharwat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Ew3a | fb.com | twitter.com | youtube.com Call Center "Ew3a": 16563 Axeer Studio | fb.com | twitter.com
http://wn.com/@AxeerStudio_|_كام_واحد_|_Kam_Wa7ed_|_Mahmoud_El_Esseily_ZAP_Tharwat
Ew3a | fb.com | twitter.com | youtube.com Call Center "Ew3a": 16563 Axeer Studio | fb.com | twitter.com
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Israel, and a potential strike on Iran. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_on_Israel
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Israel, and a potential strike on Iran. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 52715
- author: CNN
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on homosexualty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad shares his views on homosexuality. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_on_homosexualty
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad shares his views on homosexuality. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 74262
- author: CNN
Dieudonné Mahmoud 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:29
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
DIEUDONNE - MAHMOUD - PARTIE 1 Profitez-en avant suppression(par le soleil)!!!loool
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Mahmoud_1
DIEUDONNE - MAHMOUD - PARTIE 1 Profitez-en avant suppression(par le soleil)!!!loool
- published: 28 May 2012
- views: 253778
- author: bobo danger
Dieudonné - Mahmoud
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:33
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Le meilleur pour moi Ma chaine youtube ayant été jugé non conforme aux règles, je suis dans l'incapacité de vous faire partager d'avantages de film .. Cependant et comme je ne compte pas en rester la, j'ai décider de créer une nouvelle chaine qui s'intitule phantomyoursense ou j'y mettrais tout les autres films que je souhaite vous faire partager !
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Mahmoud
Le meilleur pour moi Ma chaine youtube ayant été jugé non conforme aux règles, je suis dans l'incapacité de vous faire partager d'avantages de film .. Cependant et comme je ne compte pas en rester la, j'ai décider de créer une nouvelle chaine qui s'intitule phantomyoursense ou j'y mettrais tout les autres films que je souhaite vous faire partager !
- published: 02 Sep 2012
- views: 67996
- author: Phan tom
Ahmadinejad addresses UN General Assembly (Live cut version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:05
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad making his last speech at the UN General Assembly as he finishes the second and last term as president. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/Ahmadinejad_addresses_UN_General_Assembly_Live_cut_version
Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad making his last speech at the UN General Assembly as he finishes the second and last term as president. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 107521
- author: RussiaToday
Talk to Al Jazeera - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:44
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
The Iranian president talks to Al JAzeera's Tony Harris about the latest diplomatic spat with the US and Saudi Arabia, the Arab spring, and Iranian politics.
http://wn.com/Talk_to_Al_Jazeera_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad
The Iranian president talks to Al JAzeera's Tony Harris about the latest diplomatic spat with the US and Saudi Arabia, the Arab spring, and Iranian politics.
- published: 19 Oct 2011
- views: 67434
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Mahmoud Ahmed- Aynotche Terab
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Mahmoud Ahmed- Aynotche Terabu An ethiopian Classic
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Mahmoud Ahmed- Aynotche Terabu An ethiopian Classic
- published: 27 Dec 2008
- views: 54702
- author: axum3000
MabsoutFeMakanak-photo-Mahmoud ElEsseily مبسوط فى مكانك-صور-محمود العسيلى
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Mabsout Fe Makanak - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily مبسوط فى مكانك - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
http://wn.com/MabsoutFeMakanak-photo-Mahmoud_ElEsseily_مبسوط_فى_مكانك-صور-محمود_العسيلى
Mabsout Fe Makanak - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily مبسوط فى مكانك - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 111875
- author: MazzikaRecords
Dress Rehearsal Rag - Leonard Cohen (1971)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Dress_Rehearsal_Rag_Leonard_Cohen_1971
Unipolar World Will Lead to War: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to RT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:18
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Speaking on the UN summit sidelines, Iran's leader says the biggest trouble facing the world is domination by the United States. In an exclusive interview with RT, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad explains how he wants to change the existing world order.
http://wn.com/Unipolar_World_Will_Lead_to_War_Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_to_RT
Speaking on the UN summit sidelines, Iran's leader says the biggest trouble facing the world is domination by the United States. In an exclusive interview with RT, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad explains how he wants to change the existing world order.
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 59384
- author: RussiaToday
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf mix in 3 episode. (2 of 3) Simply the best shooting guard ever seen!
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Abdul-Rauf
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf mix in 3 episode. (2 of 3) Simply the best shooting guard ever seen!
- published: 05 Jan 2007
- views: 97727
- author: oo00jam00oo
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad drops clue about Robert Levinson, ex-FBI agent who vanished 5 years ago in Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
There may be a break this morning in the search for retired FBI agent Robert Levinson. He vanished five-and-a-half years ago while working in Iran. Since then, his family and the FBI have pleaded with the Iranian government for information. Now, CBS News' interview with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad may shed some light on the case. As world leaders gather in New York for the United Nations General Assembly, their motorcades are bound to pass one of the many billboards asking for their help in locating Levinson. But the intended audience for the ad campaign may be just one man: Ahmadinejad. (In an interview to air Wednesday on "CTM," Ahmadinejad spoke to Charlie Rose and Norah O'Donnell about the threat of an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities, and how his country would respond. Watch a preview from that interview below.) CBS News has learned that the Iranian leader may have the answers to the mystery that has consumed Levinson's family. As CBS News walked through Times Square with Christine Levinson and her son Daniel, neither of them were prepared to see the face of Robert Levinson staring back from an electronic billboard. The picture on the billboard was taken from a mysterious video that the family received nearly two years ago. Levinson, pale and gaunt, being held somewhere, and pleading for help. "I have been treated well and I need the help of the United States government," he said on the tape. "I immediately knew it was Bob, and so I watched carefully ...
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_drops_clue_about_Robert_Levinson,_ex-FBI_agent_who_vanished_5_years_ago_in_Iran
There may be a break this morning in the search for retired FBI agent Robert Levinson. He vanished five-and-a-half years ago while working in Iran. Since then, his family and the FBI have pleaded with the Iranian government for information. Now, CBS News' interview with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad may shed some light on the case. As world leaders gather in New York for the United Nations General Assembly, their motorcades are bound to pass one of the many billboards asking for their help in locating Levinson. But the intended audience for the ad campaign may be just one man: Ahmadinejad. (In an interview to air Wednesday on "CTM," Ahmadinejad spoke to Charlie Rose and Norah O'Donnell about the threat of an attack on Iran's nuclear facilities, and how his country would respond. Watch a preview from that interview below.) CBS News has learned that the Iranian leader may have the answers to the mystery that has consumed Levinson's family. As CBS News walked through Times Square with Christine Levinson and her son Daniel, neither of them were prepared to see the face of Robert Levinson staring back from an electronic billboard. The picture on the billboard was taken from a mysterious video that the family received nearly two years ago. Levinson, pale and gaunt, being held somewhere, and pleading for help. "I have been treated well and I need the help of the United States government," he said on the tape. "I immediately knew it was Bob, and so I watched carefully ...
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 12
- author: koydumnoktabelkison
Adeny Baaiesh - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ادينى بعيش - صور - محمود العسيلى
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Adeny Baaiesh - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ادينى بعيش - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
http://wn.com/Adeny_Baaiesh_photo_Mahmoud_El_Esseily_ادينى_بعيش_صور_محمود_العسيلى
Adeny Baaiesh - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ادينى بعيش - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 109146
- author: MazzikaRecords
Nazra Fe Eineky-photo-Mahmoud El Esseily نظره فى عنيكى-صور-محمود العسيلى
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Nazra Fe Eineky - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily نظره فى عنيكى - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
http://wn.com/Nazra_Fe_Eineky-photo-Mahmoud_El_Esseily_نظره_فى_عنيكى-صور-محمود_العسيلى
Nazra Fe Eineky - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily نظره فى عنيكى - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 57250
- author: MazzikaRecords
Set El Setat - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ست الستات - صور - محمود العسيلى
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Set El Setat - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ست الستات - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
http://wn.com/Set_El_Setat_photo_Mahmoud_El_Esseily_ست_الستات_صور_محمود_العسيلى
Set El Setat - photo - Mahmoud El Esseily ست الستات - صور-ألبوم دنيا جديده - محمود العسيلى
- published: 04 Oct 2012
- views: 70242
- author: MazzikaRecords
Mahmoud ShabaR Khayef
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Mahmoud ShabaR Official Page www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_ShabaR_Khayef
Mahmoud ShabaR Official Page www.facebook.com
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 2
- author: Mahmoud ShabaR
Inside Story - Mahmoud Darwish remembered - 14 Aug 08 - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:21
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
The life of the Arab world's most celebrated poet is over. We ask: How will all those touched by the work of Mahmoud Darwish remember him? In this day and age, Can the pen mobilize the conscious of the masses to pick up the sword? Mahmoud Darwish was, after all, a poet not a politician.
http://wn.com/Inside_Story_Mahmoud_Darwish_remembered_14_Aug_08_Part_1
The life of the Arab world's most celebrated poet is over. We ask: How will all those touched by the work of Mahmoud Darwish remember him? In this day and age, Can the pen mobilize the conscious of the masses to pick up the sword? Mahmoud Darwish was, after all, a poet not a politician.
- published: 15 Aug 2008
- views: 41684
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Dieudonné Mahmoud 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:21
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
MAHMOUD - PARTIE 3
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Mahmoud_3
Dieudonné Mahmoud 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:31
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
MAHMOUD - PARTIE 2
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Mahmoud_2
Dieudonné - Le cancer (version dvd collector Mahmoud)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:02
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Sketch de Dieudonné sur le cancer, enregistré le 27/04/11 à Nyon et extrait de la version collector du DVD de Mahmoud, disponible à la vente sur iamdieudo.com
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Le_cancer_version_dvd_collector_Mahmoud
Sketch de Dieudonné sur le cancer, enregistré le 27/04/11 à Nyon et extrait de la version collector du DVD de Mahmoud, disponible à la vente sur iamdieudo.com
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 43547
- author: Teddy Roland
Mahmoud ShabaR yarab
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Mahmoud ShabaR Official Page www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_ShabaR_yarab
Mahmoud ShabaR Official Page www.facebook.com
- published: 10 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: Mahmoud ShabaR
Dieudonné - Mahmoud 4/5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:45
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Spectacle de Dieudonné M'bala M'bala. Partie 5 ici : www.youtube.com Pour toute l'actualité concernant Dieudonné, voir aussi : www.dieudonne-officiel.com
http://wn.com/Dieudonné_Mahmoud_4_5
Spectacle de Dieudonné M'bala M'bala. Partie 5 ici : www.youtube.com Pour toute l'actualité concernant Dieudonné, voir aussi : www.dieudonne-officiel.com
- published: 19 Aug 2012
- views: 31662
- author: Skira13
photo: AP / Jacques Brinon
10 Jan 2013
PARIS. Three Kurdish women, including one of the founders of a militant group battling Turkish troops since 1984, were "executed" at a Kurdish center in Paris, the interior minister said on Thursday. Turkey's Anadolu news agency identified one of the victims as Sakine Cansiz, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party, or PKK ... He called it a "totally intolerable act." ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
08 Jan 2013
MOSCOW, January 8 (RIA Novosti) – At least 17 billion Earth-size planets may inhabit the Milky Way galaxy, SPACE.com reported citing a new study by US astronomers ... That translates to a minimum of 17 billion planets as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way ... Over a hundred of candidates have been confirmed as planets so far, NASA said....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / NSW Rural Fire Service, James Morris
10 Jan 2013
Tammy Holmes, second from left, holds 2-year-old Charlotte Walker, left, and Esther Walker, 4, as they find refuge in water as fires rage nearby in Tasmania last week. Joining them were, from right, Caleb Walker, 6, Matilda Walker, 11, and Liam Walker, 9. Record temperatures across southern Australia cooled Wednesday, but the reprieve from the summer's extreme heat is expected to be brief. (Provided by the Holmes family) ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
photo: AP / Channi Anand
09 Jan 2013
JAMMU, India (Reuters) - India slammed arch-rival Pakistan on Wednesday over a fire fight in the disputed territory of Kashmir in which two of its soldiers were killed, and said the mutilation of one of the bodies was "inhuman". India's Defence Minister A.K. Antony waits to speak at a plenary session of the 11th International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) Asia Security Summit ... REUTERS/Tim Chong ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Alexandre Meneghini
10 Jan 2013
Mexican has enacted a law that will ensure that the victims and relatives of crime are compensated with payments and social services from the state. The law, enacted by President Enrique Pena Nieto on Wednesday, comprises the creation of a fund to pay relatives up to $70,000 in compensation for an innocent victim killed in attacks by drug gangs ... “There are thousands of people who have suffered the ravages of violence ... Share ... ....(size: 18.3Kb)
Xinhua
11 Jan 2013
CAIRO, Jan. 10 (Xinhua) -- Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi on Thursday received an invitation from his Iranian counterpart Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to visit Tehran, Egypt's presidential spokesman Yasser Ali said ... This is the second time for Salehi to visit Egypt under Morsi's leadership, after his last visit in September 2012 ... Editor. yan. 分享. ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Irish Times
11 Jan 2013
MARK WEISS in Jerusalem. Palestinian activists claim the use by the Israeli security forces of a foul-smelling liquid, dubbed “the skunk”, against protesters and, in some instances, private homes, may be putting lives at risk ... Harmless substances ... But Mahmoud Tamimi (48), a father of five, claims an examination by the Palestinian West Bank university of Bir Zeit has revealed dangerous chemicals in the skunk ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
The New York Times
11 Jan 2013
The Palestinian Authority, which governs parts of the West Bank not under Israeli control, is in financial crisis ... Related ... Times Topic ... After Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, won an upgrade for the status of Palestine as a nonmember observer state at the United Nations General Assembly last fall, Israel retaliated by withholding the $100 million in monthly tax revenues it collects on behalf of the Palestinians ... Last year, Mr ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
Bloomberg
11 Jan 2013
“Trojan Women” on the Tel Aviv stage is a cosmopolitan production of an anti-war tale. The ancient Greek tragedy is told in Arabic, Japanese and Hebrew. The audience needs the translations provided on screens ... 22 ... 2010, when Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu refused to extend a 10-month building freeze in the West Bank settlements and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas declined to negotiate unless all construction was halted ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
BBC News
11 Jan 2013
Amid strict Western sanctions and allegations of economic mismanagement, Iran is suffering a critical drug shortage. A growing number of Iranians in the US have taken it upon themselves to send medicine to their loved ones back home ... "I want to scream ... Last month, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sacked Health Minister Marziyeh Vahid Dastjerdi, the only woman minister in the history of the Islamic Republic ... Amateur pharmacists....(size: 7.8Kb)
Huffington Post
10 Jan 2013
<a href=""http.//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/8022125/Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-his-outlandish-quotes.html">Referring</a>" to U.N. sanctions in June 2010.Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ... Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ... <a href=""http.//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7816442/Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-in-quotes.html">Speaking</a>" of the Holocaust in September 2009.Mahmoud Ahmadinejad....(size: 8.5Kb)
noodls
10 Jan 2013
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Director-General denounces killing of Syrian TV journalist Suhail Mahmoud Al-Ali. The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, today expressed grave concern over the continued killing of journalists in Syria following the death of reporter Suhail Mahmoud Al-Ali on 4 January....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
10 Jan 2013
Mahmoud Hussein, Muslim Brotherhood Secretary-General, announced that the Muslim Brotherhood's General Shura Council will hold a regular meeting on Friday and Saturday January 11 and 12, 2013 to discuss the following topics. ... Mahmoud Hussein, Muslim Brotherhood Secretary-General, announced that the Muslim Brotherhood's General Shura Council will ......(size: 3.4Kb)
Jakarta Globe
10 Jan 2013
Cairo ... “I was once asked. If I came to power, would I let Christian women remain unveiled? And I said ... “The case of promotion of virtue and prevention of vice is within the jurisdiction of the authorities and not individuals or groups,” said Brotherhood spokesman Mahmoud Ghozlan ... “He advocates what I believe is right,” said Ahmed Mahmoud, 18, in Cairo ... 7 ... “Only we can control ourselves,” said taxi driver Waleed Mahmoud, 36 ... Reuters ....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: AP / Rodrigo Abd
10 Jan 2013
Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez is nearly synonymous with Latin American socialism. As the firebrand leader struggles in hospital with cancer, experts debate his political achievements ... 'Controversial politician' ... Dr. Antonio Guedes ... Chávez (left) and Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad share views ... And he is aligned with controversial leaders such as Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Daily Press
10 Jan 2013
CAIRO (Reuters) - Shi'ite Iran, increasingly isolated over its nuclear programme, tried to improve ties with Egypt on Thursday, playing down differences over Syria and seeking to reduce sectarian tensions by courting the country's top Sunni scholar ... Tehran (Iran). Egypt. Government ... Saudi Arabia ... Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ... He conveyed President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's greetings to Mursi, and said the Egyptian leader had been invited to Iran again....(size: 7.9Kb)
Fox News
10 Jan 2013
In this image released by the Egyptian Presidency, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, right, meets with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas at the Presidential Palace in Cairo, Egypt, Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2013 ... U.N.-mediated contacts between Israel and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas concerning the Palestinians in Syria marked the first time in years the two sides have dealt with a practical problem linked to the refugee issue ... ___ ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
Khaleej Times
10 Jan 2013
ON JANUARY 3, Mahmoud Abbas, acting in his capacities as President of the State of Palestine and Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, signed ‘Decree No. 1 for the year 2013’ ... After citing the November 29 General Assembly Resolution, Article 1 of the decree states ... It is both legally and politically noteworthy that, in signing this decree, Mahmoud Abbas has listed only the first two titles ... John V....(size: 4.9Kb)
For the village in Iran, see Mahmud, Iran.
| Mahmud | |
|---|---|
| Gender | Male |
| Origin | |
| Word/Name | Arabic |
| Meaning | "The praised one", "Worthy of reverence", and "Laudable or commendable". |
| Other names | |
| Alternative spelling | Mahmood, Mahmoud, Mahmut, Makhmud, Mehmood, Mehmud |
Mahmud is the primary transliteration of the Arabic given name, Arabic: محمود, Maḥmūd, that comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root of Ḥ-M-D "Praise".
Despite sharing the same triconsonantal root, this name is distinct from the name Muhammad. One of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's many names is Mahmud.[citation needed]
The name is common in most parts of the Islamic world; it is used as a given name for males, while the variant Mahmuda is given to females.[citation needed]
|
Given name[link]
- Mahmud I, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 1730-1754
- Mahmud II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 1808-1839
- Mahmud II of Great Seljuk, Sultan of Baghdad 1118
- Mahmud of Ghazni, ruler of Ghazni 997-1030
- Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran
- Mahmoud Ahmed, Ethiopian musician
- Mehmood Ali, Indian actor
- Mehmood Bhatti, Pakistani fashion designer
- Mahmut Celal Bayar, third President of Turkey
- Mahmut Bezgin, Turkish footballer
- Mahmut Boz, Turkish footballer
- Mahmut Cuhruk, Turkish judge
- Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet
- Mahmut Demir, Turkish sport wrestler
- Mahmoud Guinia, Moroccan singer
- Maulana Mehmud Hasan, Indian independence activist
- Mahmut Hoşgiz, Turkish footballer
- Mahmud Hotaki, Afghan ruler
- Mahmud Khalid, Ghanaian politician
- Mehmud Khurd, Pakistani ruler
- Mahmud al-Kashgari, Turkish scholar
- Mahmoud Jaballah, Egyptian-Canadian Jihad member
- Mahmud Mahmud, Iranian politician
- Mahmoud el-Meliguy, Egyptian Actor
- Mahmud Al-Nashaf, Israeli Arab politician
- Mahmud Nazari, Afghan academic
- Mahmoud Abdel Salam Omar, Egyptian businessman
- Mahmut Özgener, Turkish Football Federation president
- Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt 1945-1946 & 1946-1948
- Mehmood Quaraishy, Kenyan cricketer
- Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf, American basketball player
- Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Malacca), Sultan of Malacca 1488-1528
- Mahmud Shah Durrani, ruler of Afghanistan 1801-1803 & 1809-1818
- Mehmood Sham, Pakistani journalist
- Mahmut Şenol, Turkish author
- Mehmood ul Hassan Kaukab Al-Tabrezi, Pakistani poet
- Mahmud Tarzi, Afghan journalist
- Mahmut Tekdemir, Turkish footballer
- Mahmut Yıldırım, Kurdish contract killer
- Mahmut Yilmaz, German footballer
Surname[link]
- Abid Hamid Mahmud, Iraqi general
- Ahmad Mahmoud, Iranian novelist
- Arif Mehmood, Pakistani footballer
- Arshad Mehmood (composer), Pakistani actor and music composer
- Arshad Mehmood (singer), Pakistani singer
- A. T. Mahmud, Indonesian songwriter
- Faakhir Mehmood, Pakistani singer
- Hasnat Mehmood, Pakistani artist
- Karem Mahmoud, Egyptian singer
- Kashif Mehmood, Pakistani actor
- Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer
- Sajid Mahmood, English cricketer
- Salim Mehmud, Pakistani rocket scientist
- Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, Pakistani nuclear engineer
- Shaaban Mahmoud, Egyptian footballer
- Shabana Mahmood, British politician
- Shahid Mahmood, Pakistani cricketer
- Rashid Mahmood, Pakistani actor
- Tahir Mahmood, Indian jurist
- Younis Mahmoud, Iraqi footballer
Animals[link]
- Mahmoud (elephant), an elephant associated with the Year of the Elephant in Islamic history
- Mahmoud (horse), Epsom Derby winner in 1936
 |
This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. |
 |
This page or section lists people with the surname Mahmud. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. |
http://wn.com/Mahmud
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Mahmoud
http://de.wn.com/Mahmoud
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (July 2011) |
| Mahmoud El Esseily محمود العسيلي |
|
|---|---|
| Born | (1982-12-10) December 10, 1982 (age 29) Cairo, Egypt |
| Occupations | singer, actor |
Mahmoud Mohamed Ashraf Hussein Abd El Halim El Esseily (Arabic: محمود محمد أشرف حسين عبد الحليم العسيلي) (born 10 December 1982)[1] is an Egyptian singer and actor.
Films[link]
- Khaleeg Neama (2007)
References[link]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | El Esseily, Mahmoud |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 10 December 1982 |
| Place of birth | Cairo, Egypt |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
  |
This Egyptian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 |
This article on an African singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_El_Esseily
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_El_Esseily
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mahmoud Ahmadinejad محمود احمدینژاد |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| 6th President of Iran | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 3 August 2005 |
|
| Vice President | Parviz Davoodi Mohammad-Reza Rahimi |
| Supreme Leader | Ali Khamenei |
| Preceded by | Mohammad Khatami |
| Mayor of Tehran | |
| In office 20 June 2003 – 3 August 2005 |
|
| Deputy | Ali Saeedlou |
| Preceded by | Mohammad-Hassan Malekmadani |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf |
| Governor of Ardabil | |
| In office 1 May 1993 – 28 June 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Hossein Taheri (East Azerbaijan) |
| Succeeded by | Javad Negarandeh |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-10-28) 28 October 1956 (age 55) Aradan, Iran |
| Political party | Alliance of Builders (2003–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Islamic Society of Engineers (1990–2005) |
| Spouse(s) | Azam Farahi (1981–present)[1] |
| Children | Mehdi Alireza Fatemeh |
| Residence | Sa'dabad Palace (Official) Gisha (Private) |
| Alma mater | Iran University of Science and Technology |
| Profession | Civil engineer |
| Religion | Usuli Twelver Shia Islam |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
 |
This article contains Persian text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters written left-to-right, instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Persian script. |
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Persian: محمود احمدینژاد, Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād [mæhˈmuːd(-e) æhmædiːneˈʒɒːd] ( listen),[2][3][4] English: /ɑːkməˈdɪnɨʒɒd/; born 28 October 1956[5][6]) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, a coalition of conservative political groups in the country. An engineer and teacher from a poor background,[7] Ahmadinejad joined the Office for Strengthening Unity[8] after the Islamic Revolution. Appointed a provincial governor, he was removed after the election of President Mohammad Khatami and returned to teaching.[9] Tehran's council elected him mayor in 2003.[10] He took a religious hard line, reversing reforms of previous moderate mayors.[11] His 2005 presidential campaign, supported by the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, garnered 62% of the runoff election votes, and he became President on 3 August 2005.[12][13] His second presidency term ends on August 3, 2013. He is not eligible to run for another term under the current Iranian constitution.
Ahmadinejad is a controversial figure both within Iran and internationally. He has been criticized domestically for his economic lapses and disregard for human rights. He launched a gas rationing plan in 2007 to reduce the country's fuel consumption, and cut the interest rates that private and public banking facilities could charge.[14][15][16] He supports Iran's nuclear energy program. His election to a second term in 2009 was widely disputed[17][18] and caused widespread protests domestically and drew significant international criticism.[19]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Ahmadinejad was born near Garmsar in the village of Aradan, in Semnan province. His father, Ahmad, was an ironworker, grocer, barber, blacksmith and religious Shi'a who taught the Qur'an.[20] His mother, Khanom, was a Seyyede, an honorific title given to those believed to be direct bloodline descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[20] Ahmadinejad's father changed his name from "Saborjhian"[21] or "Sabaghian"[22] when Ahmadinejad was four years old to avoid discrimination when the family moved to Tehran, as the rural name indicated a lowly social standing. Sabor is Persian for thread painter,[23] a once common occupation within the Semnan carpet industry. Ahmadinejad was chosen as it means from the race of Ahmad, one of the names given to Muhammad.
In 1976, Ahmadinejad took Iran's national university entrance contests. According to his autobiography, he was ranked 132nd out of 400,000 participants that year,[24] and soon enrolled in the Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) as an undergraduate student of civil engineering. He earned his PhD (1997) in transportation engineering and planning from Iran University of Science and Technology, located at Tehran, when he was the Mayor of Ardabil Province, located at the north-west of the country.
Supporters of Ahmadinejad consider him a "simple man" who leads a "modest" life.[25] As president, he wanted to continue living in the same house in Tehran his family had been living in, until his security advisers insisted that he move. Ahmadinejad had the antique Persian carpets in the Presidential palace sent to a carpet museum, and opted instead to use inexpensive carpets. He is said to have refused the V.I.P. seat on the Presidential plane, and that he eventually replaced it with a cargo plane instead.[9][26] Also upon gaining Iran's presidency, Ahmadinejad held his first cabinet meeting in the Imam Reza shrine at Mashhad, an act perceived as "pious".[27]
Administrative and academic careers[link]
Some details of Ahmadinejad's life during the 1980s are not publicly known, but it is known that he held a number of administrative posts in the province of West Azerbaijan, Iran.[9]
Many reports say that after Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, Ahmadinejad joined the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution[10] and served in their intelligence and security apparatus,[10] but his advisor Mojtaba Samareh Hashemi says "He has never been a member or an official member of the Revolutionary Guards", having been a Basiji-like volunteer instead.[28]
Ahmadinejad was accepted to a Master of Science program at his alma mater in 1986. He joined the faculty there as a lecturer in 1989,[7][29] and in 1997 received his doctorate in civil engineering and traffic transportation planning.[7][10]
Embassy siege[link]
Main article: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the 1979 hostage crisis
Shortly after being elected president, some western media outlets published claims that Ahmadinejad was among the students who stormed the US embassy in Tehran, sparking the Iran hostage crisis. This claim has been denied by the Iranian government, the Iranian opposition as well as a CIA investigation on the matter.
Early political career[link]
After the Islamic Revolution, Ahmadinejad became a member of the Office for Strengthening Unity,[8] an organization developed to prevent students from sympathizing or allying with the budding Mojahedin-e Khalq.[8]
He first took political office as unelected governor to both Maku and Khoy in West Azarbaijan Province during the 1980s.[10] He eventually became an advisor to the governor general of Kurdistan Province for two years.[7][29] During his doctoral studies at Tehran, he was appointed governor general of Ardabil Province from 1993 until Mohammad Khatami removed him in 1997 [29] when he returned to teaching.[10]
Mayor of Tehran[link]
In 2003, a 12 percent turnout elected conservative candidates from the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran to the City Council of Tehran.[7] The Council appointed Ahmadinejad mayor.[10]
As mayor, he reversed changes made by previous moderate and reformist mayors. He put religious emphasis on the activities of cultural centres they had founded, publicised the separation of elevators for men and women in the municipality offices,[11] and suggested that people killed in the Iran–Iraq War be buried in major city squares of Tehran. He also worked to improve the traffic system and put an emphasis on charity, such as distributing free soup to the poor.
After his election to the presidency, Ahmadinejad's resignation as the Mayor of Tehran was accepted on 28 June 2005. After two years as mayor, Ahmadinejad was one of 65 finalists for World Mayor in 2005, selected from 550 nominees, only nine of them from Asia.[30] He was among three strong candidates for the top ten list, but his resignation made him ineligible.[30]
Presidency[link]
Further information: Government of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005–present)
2005 campaign[link]
Ahmadinejad was not widely known when he entered the presidential election campaign as he had never run for office before, (he had only been mayor of Tehran for two years and had been appointed not elected[31]), although he had already made his mark in Tehran for rolling back earlier reforms. He was/is a member of the Central Council of the Islamic Society of Engineers, but his key political support is inside the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran (Abadgaran or Developers).[32] He was also helped by support from supreme leader Ali Khamenei, who some described Ahmadinejad as a "protege" of.[33]
Ahmadinejad generally sent mixed signals about his plans for his presidency, perhaps to attract both religious conservatives and the lower economic classes.[34] His campaign slogan was: "It's possible and we can do it".[35]
In the campaign, he took a populist approach. He emphasized his own modest life, and compared himself with Mohammad Ali Rajai, Iran's second president. Ahmadinejad said he planned to create an "exemplary government for the people of the world" in Iran. He was a "principlist", acting politically based on Islamic and revolutionary principles. One of his goals was "putting the petroleum income on people's tables", meaning Iran's oil profits would be distributed among the poor.[36]
Ahmadinejad was the only presidential candidate who spoke out against future relations with the United States. He told Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting the United Nations was "one-sided, stacked against the world of Islam."[37] He opposed the veto power of the UN Security Council's five permanent members: "It is not just for a few states to sit and veto global approvals. Should such a privilege continue to exist, the Muslim world with a population of nearly 1.5 billion should be extended the same privilege." He defended Iran's nuclear program and accused "a few arrogant powers" of trying to limit Iran's industrial and technological development in this and other fields.
In his second round campaign, he said, "We didn't participate in the revolution for turn-by-turn government....This revolution tries to reach a world-wide government." He spoke of an extended program using trade to improve foreign relations, and called for greater ties with Iran's neighbours and ending visa requirements between states in the region, saying that "people should visit anywhere they wish freely. People should have freedom in their pilgrimages and tours."[35]
Ahmadinejad described Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi, a senior cleric from Qom as his ideological and spiritual mentor. Mesbah founded the Haghani School of thought in Iran. He and his team strongly supported Ahmadinejad's 2005 presidential campaign.[38]
2005 election[link]
Main article: Iranian presidential election, 2005
Ahmadinejad won 62 percent of the vote in the run-off poll against Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei authorized his presidency on 3 August 2005.[12][13] Ahmedinejad kissed Khamenei's hand during the ceremony to show his loyalty.[39][40]
2005 cabinet appointments[link]
| Ministry | Minister |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Mohammadreza Eskandari |
| Commerce | Masoud Mirkazemi |
| Communication and Information Technology | Mohammad Soleimani |
| Cooperatives | Mohammad Abbasi |
| Culture and Islamic Guidance | Hossein Saffar Harandi |
| Defense and Armed Forces Logistics | Mostafa Mohammad Najjar |
| Economy and Financial Affairs | Hossein Samsami |
| Education | Alireza Aliahmadi |
| Energy | Parviz Fattah |
| Foreign Affairs | Manoucher Mottaki |
| Health and Medical Education | Kamran Bagheri Lankarani |
| Housing and Urban Development | Mohammad Saeedikia |
| Industries and Mines | Aliakbar Mehrabian |
| Intelligence | Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Ejehei |
| Interior | Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi[41] |
| Justice | Gholam Hossein Elham |
| Labour and Social Affairs | Mohammad Jahromi |
| Petroleum | Rostam Ghassemi |
| Roads and Transportation | Hamid Behbahani |
| Science, Research, and Technology | Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi |
| Welfare and Social Security | Abdolreza Mesri |
Iran's President is constitutionally obliged to obtain confirmation from the parliament for his selection of ministers.[42] Ahmadinejad presented a short-list at a private meeting on 5 August, and his final list on 14 August. The Majlis rejected all of his cabinet candidates for the oil portfolio and objected to the appointment of his allies in senior government office.[36] The Majlis approved a cabinet on 24 August.[43] The ministers promised to meet frequently outside Tehran and held their first meeting on 25 August in Mashhad, with four empty seats for the unapproved nominees.[44]
2006 Councils and Assembly of Experts election[link]
Main articles: Iranian councils election, 2006 and Iranian Assembly of Experts election, 2006
Ahmadinejad’s team lost the 2006 city council elections,[45] and his spiritual mentor, Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi, was ranked sixth on the country's Assembly of Experts.[citation needed] In the first nationwide election since Ahmadinejad became President, his allies failed to dominate election returns for the Assembly of Experts and local councils. Results, with a turnout of about 60%, suggested a voter shift toward more moderate policies. According to an editorial in the Kargozaran independent daily newspaper, "The results show that voters have learned from the past and concluded that we need to support.. moderate figures." An Iranian political analyst said that "this is a blow for Ahmadinejad and Mesbah Yazdi's list."[45]
2009 presidential election[link]
Main article: Iranian presidential election, 2009
On 23 August 2008, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei announced that he "sees Ahmadinejad as president in the next five years," a comment interpreted as indicating support for Ahmadinejad's reelection.[46] 39,165,191 ballots were cast in the election on 12 June 2009, according to Iran's election headquarters. Ahmadinejad won 24,527,516 votes, (62.63%). In second place, Mir-Hossein Mousavi, won 13,216,411 (33.75%) of the votes.[47] The election drew unprecedented public interest in Iran.
2012 parliamentary elections[link]
Ahmadinejad suffered a defeat in March/May 2012 parliamentary elections with Ayatollah Khamenei’s "Principalist" allies winning about three quarters of the parliaments 290 seats, and Ahmadinejad supporters far fewer.[48]
2009 Iranian election protests[link]
Main article: 2009 Iranian election protests
As of April 2011[update], the election results remain in dispute with both Mousavi and Ahmadinejad and their respective supporters who believe that electoral fraud occurred during the election. Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei formally endorsed Ahmadinejad as President on 3 August 2009, and Ahmadinejad was sworn in for a second term on 5 August 2009.[49] Iran's Constitution stipulates term limits of two terms for the office of President.[50] Several Iranian political figures appeared to avoid the ceremony. Former presidents Mohammad Khatami, and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who is currently head of the Expediency Discernment Council, along with opposition leader Mir Hossein Mousavi, did not attend the ceremony.[51] Opposition groups asked protesters on reformist websites and blogs to launch new street demonstrations on the day of the inauguration ceremony.[52] On inauguration day, hundreds of riot police met opposition protesters outside parliament. After taking the oath of office, which was broadcast live on Iranian state television, Ahmadinejad said that he will "protect the official faith, the system of the Islamic revolution and the constitution".[49] France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States announced that they would not send the usual letters of congratulation.[49]
2009 cabinet appointments[link]
Ahmadinejad announced controversial ministerial appointments for his second term. Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei was briefly appointed as first vice president, but opposed by a number of Majlis members and by the intelligence minister, Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i. Mashaei followed orders to resign. Ahmadinejad then appointed Mashaei as chief of staff, and fired Mohseni-Eje'i.[53]
On July 26, 2009, Ahmadinejad's government faced a legal problem after he sacked four ministers. Iran's constitution (Article 136) stipulates that, if more than half of its members are replaced, the cabinet may not meet or act before the Majlis approves the revised membership.[54] The Vice Chairman of the Majlis announced that no cabinet meetings or decisions would be legal, pending such a re-approval.[55]
The main list of 21 cabinet appointments was announced on August 19, 2009.[56] On September 4, Majlis approved 18 of the 21 candidates, and rejected three, including two women. Sousan Keshavarz, Mohammad Aliabadi, and Fatemeh Ajorlou were not approved by Majlis for the Ministries of Education, Energy, and Welfare and Social Security respectively. Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi is the first woman approved by Majlis as a minister in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[57]
Domestic policy[link]
Economic policy[link]
See also: Economy of Iran
In Ahmadinejad's first four years as president, Iran's real GDP reflected growth of the economy. Inflation and unemployment have also decreased under Ahmadinejad due to better economic management and ending the unsustainable spending and borrowing patterns of previous administrations .[58][59] Ahmadinejad has increased spending by 25 percent and has supported subsidies for food and petrol. He also initially refused a gradual increase of petrol prices, saying that after making necessary preparations, such as a development of public transportation system, the government will free up petrol prices after five years.[60] Interest rates were cut by presidential decree to below the inflation rate. One unintended effect of this stimulation of the economy has been the bidding up of some urban real estate prices by two or three times their pre-Ahmadinejad value by Iranians seeking to invest surplus cash and finding few other safe opportunities. The resulting increase in the cost of housing has hurt poorer, non-property owning Iranians, the putative beneficiaries of Ahmadinejad's populist policies.[61] The Management and Planning Organisation, a state body charged with mapping out long-term economic and budget strategy, was broken up and its experienced managers were fired.[62]
In June 2006, 50 Iranian economists wrote a letter to Ahmadinejad that criticized his price interventions to stabilize prices of goods, cement, government services, and his decree issued by the High Labor Council and the Ministry of Labor that proposed an increase of workers' salaries by 40 percent. Ahmadinejad publicly responded harshly to the letter and denounced the accusations.[63][64] Ahmadinejad has called for "middle-of-the-road" compromises with respect to Western-oriented capitalism and socialism. Current political conflicts with the United States have caused the central bank to fear increased capital flight due to global isolation. These factors have prevented an improvement of infrastructure and capital influx, despite high economic potential.[58] Among those that did not vote for him in the first election, only 3.5 percent said they would consider voting for him in the next election.[65] Mohammad Khoshchehreh, a member of Iranian parliament that campaigned for Ahmadinejad, said that his government "has been strong on populist slogans, but weak on achievement."[66] President Ahmadinejad has changed almost all of his economic ministers, including oil, industry and economy, since coming to power in 2005. In an interview with Fars News Agency on April 2008, Davoud Danesh Jaafari who acted as minister of economy in President Ahmadinejad’s cabinet, harshly criticized Ahmadinejad’s economic policy: "During my time, there was no positive attitude towards previous experiences or experienced people and there was no plan for the future. Peripheral issues which were not of dire importance to the nation were given priority. Most of the scientific economic concepts like the effect of liquidity on inflation were put in question."[67] In response to these criticisms, Ahmadinejad accused his minister of not being "a man of justice" and declared that the solution to Iran’s economic problem is "the culture of martyrdom".[68] In May 2008, the Petroleum minister of Iran admitted that the government illegally invested 2 billion dollars to import petrol in 2007. At Iranian parliament, he also mentioned that he simply followed the president's order.[69][70]
While his government had 275 thousand billion toman oil income, the highest in Iranian history, Ahmadinejad’s government had the highest budget deficit since the Iranian revolution.[71]
During his presidency, Ahmadinejad launched a gasoline rationing plan to reduce the country's fuel consumption. He also instituted cuts in the interest rates that private and public banking facilities could charge.[14][15][72] He issued a directive that the Management and Planning Organization be affiliated to the government.[73] In May 2011 Ahmadinejad announced that he would temporarily run the Oil Ministry.[74]
Family planning and population policy[link]
See also: Family planning in Iran
In October 2006, Ahmadinejad began calling for the scrapping of Iran's existing birth control policies, which discouraged Iranian couples from having more than two children. He told MPs that Iran could cope with 50 million more people than the current 70 million. In November 2010 he urged Iranians to marry and reproduce earlier, "We should take the age of marriage for boys to 20 and for girls to about 16 and 17."[75] His remarks have drawn criticism and been called ill-judged at a time when Iran was struggling with surging inflation and rising unemployment, estimated at around 11 percent. Ahmadinejad’s call was reminiscent of a call for Iranians to have more children made by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979. The policy increased Iran's population by 16 million in seven years[76] but was eventually reversed in response to the resultant economic strain.[77]
In 2008, the government sent the "Family Protection Bill" to the Iranian parliament. Women's rights activists criticized the bill for removing protections from women, such as the requirement that a husband obtain his wife's consent before bringing another wife into the family. Women's rights in Iran are more religiously based than those in secular countries.[78]
Housing[link]
The first legislation to emerge from his newly formed government was a 12 trillion rial (US$1.3 billion) fund called "Reza's Compassion Fund",[79] named after Shi'a Imam Ali al-Rida. Ahmadinejad's government said this fund would tap Iran's oil revenues to help young people get jobs, afford marriage, and buy their own homes.[80] The fund also sought charitable donations, with a board of trustees in each of Iran's 30 provinces. The legislation was a response to the cost of urban housing, which is pushing up the national average marital age (currently around 25 years for women and 28 years for men). In 2006 the Iranian parliament rejected the fund. However, Ahmadinejad ordered the administrative council to execute the plan.[81]
Human rights[link]
According to a report by Human Rights Watch, "Since President Ahmadinejad came to power, treatment of detainees has worsened in Evin Prison as well as in detention centers operated clandestinely by the Judiciary, the Ministry of Information, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps."[82] Again according to Human Rights Watch, "Respect for basic human rights in Iran, especially freedom of expression and assembly, deteriorated in 2006. The government routinely tortures and mistreats detained dissidents, including through prolonged solitary confinement." Human Rights Watch described the source of human rights violations in contemporary Iran as coming from the Judiciary, accountable to Ali Khamenei, and from members directly appointed by Ahmadinejad.
Responses to dissent have varied. Human Rights Watch writes that "the Ahmadinejad government, in a pronounced shift from the policy under former president Mohammed Khatami, has shown no tolerance for peaceful protests and gatherings." In December 2006, Ahmadinejad advised officials not to disturb students who engaged in a protest during a speech of his at the Amirkabir University of Technology in Tehran,[83][84] although speakers at other protests have included among their complaints that there had been a crackdown on dissent at universities since Ahmadinejad was elected.[85]
In April 2007, the Tehran police, which is under Khamenei's supervision, began a crackdown on women with "improper hijab." This led to criticism from associates of Ahmadinejad.[86]
In 2012, Ahmadinejad claimed that AIDS was created by the West in order to weaken poorer countries, and repeated a previous claim that homosexual Iranians did not exist.[87]
Universities[link]
See also: Higher education in Iran
In 2006, the Ahmadinejad [88] government reportedly forced numerous Iranian scientists and university professors to resign or to retire. It has been referred to as "second cultural revolution".[89][90] The policy has been said to replace old professors with younger ones.[91] Some university professors received letters indicating their early retirement unexpectedly.[92] In November 2006, 53 university professors had to retire from Iran University of Science and Technology.[93]
In 2006, Ahmadinejad's government applied a 50 percent quota for male students and 50 percent for female students in the university entrance exam for medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. The plan was supposed to stop the growing presence of female students in the universities. In a response to critics, Iranian minister of health and medical education, Kamran Bagheri Lankarani argued that there are not enough facilities such as dormitories for female students. Masoud Salehi, president of Zahedan University said that presence of women generates some problems with transportation. Also, Ebrahim Mekaniki, president of Babol University of Medical Sciences, stated that an increase in the presence of women will make it difficult to distribute facilities in a suitable manner. Bagher Larijani, the president of Tehran University of Medical Sciences made similar remarks. According to Rooz Online, the quotas lack a legal foundation and are justified as support for "family" and "religion."
December 2006 student protest[link]
On 11 December 2006, some students disrupted a speech by Ahmadinejad at the Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) in Tehran. According to the Iranian Student News Agency, students set fire to photographs of Ahmadinejad and threw firecrackers. The protesters also chanted "death to the dictator." It was the first major public protest against Ahmadinejad since his election. In a statement carried on the students' Web site,[citation needed] they announced that they had been protesting the growing political pressure under Ahmadinejad, also accusing him of corruption, mismanagement, and discrimination. The statement added that "the students showed that despite vast propaganda, the president has not been able to deceive academia." It was also reported that some students were angry about the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust.[94]
In response to the students' slogans, the president said: "We have been standing up to dictatorship so that no one will dare to establish dictatorship in a millennium even in the name of freedom. Given the scars inflicted on the Iranian nation by agents of the US and British dictatorship, no one will ever dare to initiate the rise of a dictator."[95] It was reported that even though the protesters broke the TV cameras and threw hand-made bombs at Ahmadinejad,[96] the president asked the officials not to question or disturb the protesters.[97][98] In his blog, Ahmadinejad described his reaction to the incident as "a feeling of joy" because of the freedom that people enjoyed after the revolution.[99]
One thousand students also protested the day before to denounce the increased pressure on the reformist groups at the university. One week prior, more than two thousand students protested at Tehran University on the country's annual student day, with speakers saying that there had been a crackdown on dissent at universities since Ahmadinejad was elected.[94][100]
Nuclear program[link]
See also: Nuclear program of Iran
Ahmadinejad has been a vocal supporter of Iran's nuclear program, and has insisted that it is for peaceful purposes. He has repeatedly emphasized that building a nuclear bomb is not the policy of his government. He has said that such a policy is "illegal and against our religion."[101][102] He also added at a January 2006 conference in Tehran that a nation with "culture, logic and civilization" would not need nuclear weapons, and that countries that seek nuclear weapons are those that want to solve all problems by the use of force.[103] In a 2008 interview Ahmadinejad elaborated that countries striving to obtain nuclear weapons are not politically progressive nations and those who possess them and continually make new generations of such bombs are "even more backward".[104]
In April 2006, Ahmadinejad announced that Iran had successfully refined uranium to a stage suitable for the nuclear fuel cycle. In a speech to students and academics in Mashhad, he was quoted as saying that Iran's conditions had changed completely as it had become a nuclear state and could talk to other states from that stand.[105] On 13 April 2006, Iranian news agency, IRNA, quoted Ahmadinejad as saying that the peaceful Iranian nuclear technology would not pose a threat to any party because "we want peace and stability and we will not cause injustice to anyone and at the same time we will not submit to injustice."[106] Nevertheless, Iran's nuclear policy under Ahmadinejad's administration has received much criticism, spearheaded by the United States and Israel. The accusations include that Iran is striving to obtain nuclear arms and developing long-range firing capabilities—and that Ahmadinejad issued an order to keep UN inspectors from freely visiting the nation's nuclear facilities and viewing their designs, in defiance of an IAEA resolution.[107][108][109][110] Following a May 2009 test launch of a long-range missile, Ahmadinejad was quoted as telling the crowd that with its nuclear program, Iran was sending the West a message that "the Islamic Republic of Iran is running the show."[111]
Despite Ahmadinejad's vocal support for the program, the office of the Iranian president is not directly responsible for nuclear policy. It is instead set by the Supreme National Security Council. The council includes two representatives appointed by the Supreme Leader, military officials, and members of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government, and reports directly to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, who issued a fatwa against nuclear weapons in 2005.[112] Khamenei has criticized Ahmadinejad's "personalization" of the nuclear issue.[113]
Ahmadinejad vowed on February 2008, that Iran will not be held back from developing its peaceful nuclear program[114] and has stated that at least 16 different peaceful uses for nuclear technology have so far been identified.[104] Ahmadinejad has stressed the importance of the right to peaceful nuclear development. Iranian opposition leader, Mousavi, has even stated that giving up the country's nuclear program would be "irreparable" and that the Iranian people support the nuclear program. "No one in Iran will accept suspension," Mousavi has said, adding that if elected, his policy would be to work to provide "guarantees" that Tehran's nuclear activities would never divert to non-peaceful aims.[115]
In October 2009 the United States, France and Russia proposed a U.N.-drafted deal with Iran regarding its nuclear program, in an effort to find a compromise between Iran's stated need for a nuclear reactor and the concerns of those who are worried that Iran harbors a secret intent on developing a nuclear weapon. After some delay in responding, on October 29, Ahmadinejad seemed to change his tone towards the deal. "We welcome fuel exchange, nuclear co-operation, building of power plants and reactors and we are ready to co-operate," he said in a live broadcast on state television.[116] However, he added that Iran would not retreat "one iota" on its right to a sovereign nuclear program.[117]
Domestic criticism and controversies[link]
Alleged corruption[link]
Ahmadinejad has been criticized for attacking private "plunderers" and "corrupt officials," while engaging in "cronyism and political favouritism". Many of his close associates have been appointed to positions for which they have no obvious qualifications, and "billion dollar no-bid contracts" have been awarded to the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps (IRGC), an organization with which he is strongly associated.[118]
Other statements[link]
In June 2007, Ahmadinejad was criticized by some Iranian parliament members over his remark about Christianity and Judaism. According to Aftab News Agency, Ahmadinejad stated: "In the world, there are deviations from the right path: Christianity and Judaism. Dollars have been devoted to the propagation of these deviations. There are also false claims that these [religions] will save mankind. But Islam is the only religion that [can] save mankind." Some members of Iranian parliament criticized these remarks as being fuels to religious war.[119][120]
Conservative MP Rafat Bayat has accused Ahmadinejad for a decline in observance of the required hijab for women, calling him "not that strict on this issue".[121] Ahmadinejad has been also accused of indecency by people close to Rafsanjani,[122] after he publicly kissed the hand of a woman who used to be his school teacher.[123]
The UN and football stadiums[link]
Two statements that have brought criticism from some religious authorities concern his speech at the United Nations, and the attendance of women at football matches. In a visit to group of Ayatollahs in Qom after returning from his 2005 speech to the UN General Assembly, Ahmadinejad stated he had "felt a halo over his head" during his speech and that a hidden presence had mesmerized the unblinking audience of foreign leaders, foreign ministers, and ambassadors. According to at least one source (Hooman Majd), this was offensive to the conservative religious leaders because an ordinary man cannot presume a special closeness to God or any of the Imams, nor can he imply the presence of the Mahdi.[124]
In another statement the next year, Ahmadinejad proclaimed (without consulting the clerics beforehand), that women be allowed into football stadiums to watch male football clubs compete. This proclamation "was quickly overruled" by clerical authorities, one of whom, Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Fazel Lankarani "refused for weeks to meet with President Ahmadinejad" in early 2007.[124]
Iran constitution conflict[link]
In 2008, a serious conflict emerged between the Iranian President and the head of parliament over three laws approved by Iranian parliament: "the agreement for civil and criminal legal cooperation between Iran and Kyrgyzstan", "the agreement to support mutual investment between Iran and Kuwait", and "the law for registration of industrial designs and trademarks". The conflict was so serious that the Iranian leader stepped in to resolve the conflict. Ahmadinejad wrote a letter to parliament speaker Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, furiously denouncing him for an "inexplicable act" in bypassing the presidency by giving the order to implement legislation in an official newspaper.[125] President Ahmadinejad accused the head of parliament of violating Iranian constitutional law. He called for legal action against the Parliament speaker.[126][127] Haddad-Adel responded to Ahmadinejad accusing him of using inappropriate language in his remarks and letters.[128]
Ali Kordan[link]
Main article: Ali Kordan
In August 2008, Dr Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, appointed Ali Kordan as Iran's interior minister. Kordan's appointment has been criticized by Iranian parliamentarians, media and analysts after it came to light that a doctoral degree allegedly awarded to Ali Kordan was fabricated, and that the putative issuer of the degree, Oxford University, had no record of Ali Kordan receiving any degree from the University.[129] It was also revealed that he had been jailed in 1978 for moral charges.[130][131] Fabrication of legal documents is punishable in Iranian law with one to three years of imprisonment and in the case of government officials, the maximum sentence (three years) is demanded.[citation needed]
In November 2008, President Ahmadinejad announced that he was against impeachment of Ali Kordan by Iranian parliament. He refused to attend the parliament on the impeachment day.[132] Ali Kordan was expelled from Iranian interior ministry by Iranian parliament on 4 November 2008. 188 MPs voted against Ali Kordan. An impeachment of Kordan would push Ahmadinejad close to having to submit his entire cabinet for review by parliament, which is led by one of his chief political opponents. Iran's constitution requires that step if more than half the cabinet ministers are replaced, and Ahmadinejad has replaced nine of 21.[133] [134]
Conflict with Parliament[link]
On February 2009 after Supreme Audit Court of Iran reported that $1.058 billion of surplus oil revenue in the (2006–2007) budget hasn't been returned by the government to the national treasury,[135][136] Ali Larijani, Iran's parliamentary speaker, called for further investigations to make sure the missing funds are returned to the treasury as soon as possible.[137] Ahmadinejad criticized the National Audit Office for what he called its "carelessness", saying the report "incites the people" against the government.[138] The head of the parliament Energy Commission, Hamidreza Katouzian, reported: The government spent $5 billion to import fuel, about $2 billion more than the sum parliament had authorized. Katouzian quoted Iran's Oil Minister, Gholam-Hossein Nozari, as saying that President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had ordered the extra purchase.[139]
In May 2011 several members of parliament threatened to initiate impeachment proceedings against Ahmadinejad after his merger of eight government ministries and the firing of three ministers without parliament’s consent. According to the Majles News Web site, MP Mohammad Reza Bahonar stated, "legal purging starts with questions, which lead to warnings and end with impeachment." On May 25 parliament voted to investigate another allegation, that Ahmadinejad had committed election irregularities by giving cash to up to nine million Iranians before the 2009 presidential elections. The vote came within hours after the allegations appeared in several popular conservative news sites associated with supreme leader Ali Khamenei, suggesting the supreme leader supported the investigation.[140] The disputes were seen as part of the clash between Ahmadinejad and other conservatives and former supporters, including supreme leader Khamenei, over what the conservatives see as Ahmadinejad's confrontational policies and abuse of power.[140][141]
Relations with Supreme Leader[link]
Early in his presidency, Ahmadinejad was sometimes described as "enjoy[ing] the full backing" of the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei,[142] and even as being his "protege."[143] In Ahmadinejad's 2005 inauguration the supreme leader allowed Ahmadinejad to kiss his hand and cheeks in what was called "a sign of closeness and loyalty,"[144] and after the 2009 election fully endorsed Ahmadinejad against protesters.[145] However as early as January 2008 signs of disagreement between the two men developed over domestic policies,[142] and by 2010-11 several sources detected a "growing rift" between Ahmadinejad and Khamenei.[146] The disagreement has been described as centering on Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, a top adviser and close confidant of Ahmadinejad[147] and opponent of "greater involvement of clerics in politics",[148] who was First Vice President of Iran until being ordered to resign from the cabinet by the supreme leader. In 2009 Ahmadinejad dismissed Intelligence minister Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i, an opponent of Mashaei. In April 2011, another Intelligence minister, Heydar Moslehi, resigned after being asked to by Ahmadinejad, but was reinstated by the supreme leader[143] within hours.[149] Ahmadinejad declined to officially back Moslehi's reinstatement for two weeks and in protest engaged in an "11-day walkout" of cabinet meetings, religious ceremonies, and other official functions.[146][149] Ahmadinejad's actions led to angry public attacks by clerics, parliamentarians and military commanders, who accused him of ignoring orders from the supreme leader.[147] Conservative opponents in parliament launched an "impeachment drive" against him,[148] four websites with ties to Ahmadinejad reportedly were "filtered and blocked",[143] and several people "said to be close" to the president and Mashaei (such as Abbas Amirifar and Mohammed Sharif Malekzadeh) were arrested on charges of being "magicians" and invoking djinns.[146] On 6 May 2011 it was reported that Ahmadinejad had been given an ultimatum to accept the leader's intervention or resign,[150] and on 8 May he "apparently bowed" to the reinstatement, welcoming back Moslehi to a cabinet meeting.[147] The events have been said to have "humiliated and weakened" Ahmadinejad, though the president has denied that there was any rift between the two,[147] and according to the semiofficial Fars News Agency stated that his relationship with the supreme leader "is that of a father and a son."[148]
Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign policy of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
During Ahmadinejad's tenure as President of Iran the foreign policy of the country took a different approach from the previous administration. Relations with the West generally soured while relations with other parts of the world, including Africa and Latin America, were on the ascendance. In light of the calls for sanctions on Iran for its nuclear weapons programme, Ahmadinejad and his foreign minister, Manouchehr Mottaki, traveled extensively throughout the two regions, as well as hosted other leaders. Relations with the ALBA states, and Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, in particular, were most strengthened. Relations with America during the Bush administration and Israel were weakened.
Ahmadinejad is an outspoken critic of the United States, Israel, and the United Kingdom.[151][152]
Israel and Palestine[link]
Main article: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
He abides by Iran's long-standing policy of refusing to recognize Israel as a legitimate state.[153]
He was embroiled in controversy regarding statements he made about the Holocaust and for commenting that "the occupying regime" would, according to various translations, be eliminated, or "vanish from the pages of time." The New York Times reported this as a call for the destruction of the State of Israel when the phrase was translated as "wiped off the map" by Ahmadinejad's official website and Iranian state run media.[154][155][156] However, American academic Juan Cole says the word "map" doesn't appear in the original Farsi quote. It has also been claimed that he said that "Israel's regime will be wiped off the map", not the actual state.[157] On April 21, 2012, Dan Meridor, Israel's Deputy Prime Minister, was reported by the Blaze [158] saying that President Ahmadinejad did not use the exact phrase ’Wiped off the Map’.
He advocates "free elections" for the region, and believes Palestinians need a stronger voice in the region's future.[159] Criticism of him in the West has been coupled with accusations of describing the Holocaust as a myth[160][161] and of statements influenced by "classic anti-Semitic ideas,"[162] which has led to accusations of anti-Semitism,[163] though he has denied these accusations, saying that he "respects Jews very much" and that he was not "passing judgment" on the Holocaust.[152][164][165][166]
On Quds Day in September 2010 criticized the Palestinian Authority over its president's decision to renew direct peace talks with Israel saying the talks are "stillborn" and "doomed to fail", urging the Palestinians to continue armed resistance to Israel.[167][168] He said that Mahmoud Abbas had no authority to negotiate on behalf of the Palestinians.[169][170] Nabil Abu Rudeineh, a spokesman for the Palestinian Authority, fired back, saying, Ahmadinejad "does not represent the Iranian people,..., is not entitled to talk about Palestine, or the President of Palestine"[171][172]
United States[link]
In September 2010 he caused yet-another controversy at the 65th session of the United Nations General Assembly by claiming that most people believed the United States government was behind the 9/11 attacks and later called for an inquiry, stating: "The fact-finding mission can shed light on who the perpetrators were, who is al-Qaeda... where does it exist? Who was it backed by and supported? All these should come to light."[173] The speech triggered a mass walkout, and the U.S. president Barack Obama described the claims as "inexcuseable", "offensive" and "hateful".[174] In 2010, Ahmadinejad reiterated the 9/11 conspiracy, and wrote:
"Establishing an independent and impartial committee of investigation, which would determine the roots and causes of the regrettable event of 9/11, is the demand of all the peoples of the region and the world. [...] Any opposition to this legal and human demand means that 9/11 was premeditated in order to achieve the goals of occupation and of confrontation with the nations.[175]
He made similar comments in 2011.[176]
Personal life[link]
He was married to Azam Sadat Farahi on 12 June 1981 in Tehran.[178] Farahi was a classmate of Ahmadinejad when he studied at the Iran University of Science and Technology. They have three children, including one daughter, Fatemeh, and two sons, Mehdi and Alireza.[179] His older son, Mehdi, married the daughter of Ahmadinejad's chief of staff, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei in 2007, and his younger son, Alireza, is married to the niece of former military general, Mahmoud Kaveh.[180] All of his children studied at the Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic).[181] His son in law is Mehdi Khorshidi.[182]
See also[link]
- 2006 Iranian sumptuary law controversy
- Advisors to the president: Hamid Mowlana, Mohammad-Ali Ramin, Ali Akbar Javanfekr
- Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi
- Politics of Iran
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- ^ Pronunciations for محمود احمدینژاد
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- ^ "سوابق اخلاقي". Rooz online. 2008-08-14. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822005850/http://www.roozonline.com/archives/2008/08/post_8726.php. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
- ^ "تصویر سند بازداشت عوض علی کردان به اتهام ازاله بکارت" (in Persian). Peykeiran. 2008-08-18. http://www.peykeiran.com/iran_news_body.aspx?ID=52649. Retrieved 2008-08-18. [dead link]
- ^ "IC Publications". Africasia.com. http://www.africasia.com/services/news/newsitem.php?area=mideast&item=081104102917.yxb25ese.php. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (2008-11-04). "Scandal, Fistfight Erupt Over Impeachment Move in Iran". washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/03/AR2008110301757.html?hpid=moreheadlines. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ "Middle East | Iran minister sacked over forgery". BBC News. 2008-11-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7707963.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
- ^ Roshanak Taghavi (2009-02-07). "Iran Missing More Than $1 Bln In Surplus Oil Revenue – Report". Dow Jones Newswires. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20090207-700479.html?mod=. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
- ^ "Iran examines missing oil revenue". United Press International. 2009-02-16. http://www.upi.com/Energy_Resources/2009/02/16/Iran_examines_missing_oil_revenue/UPI-25891234800966/. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Iran looks into missing $1B oil money". presstv. 2009-02-05. http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=84719§ionid=351020102. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Oil Money Report Rejected". Iran newspaper. 2009-02-21. http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3346/html/economy.htm#s364827. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
- ^ "Majlis searching for $1B missing oil money". presstv. 2009-02-15. http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=85792§ionid=351020102. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ a b Is Ahmadinejad on His Way Out? Insdie Iran | May 25th, 2011 *articles published on May 25 to multiple popular conservative pro-Khamenei news sites accused the president (Farsi language) of giving $80 dollars per person to as many as 9 million Iranians before the June 2009 elections. Shortly after the publication of these stories, within a matter of hours, the Iranian parliament voted to investigate these allegations (Farsi language). ]
- ^ Ayatollah: Iran’s president ‘bewitched’ by senior aide, Thomas Erdbrink, Washington Post, 15 May 2011,
- ^ a b Fathi, Nazila (2008-01-07). "Ahmadinejad loses favor with Khamenei, Iran's top leader". Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/07/world/africa/07iht-tehran.4.9063096.html. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ a b c Clash Over Mashaei Reveals Fissures Within the Iranian Regime, 04/26/11
- ^ Ahmadinejad gets key endorsement as Iran president,(Agencies), Updated: 2009-08-04
- ^ Ayatollah Ali Khamenei backs Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in address at Friday prayers, By Damien McElroy, Foreign Affairs Correspondent, 19 Jun 2009
- ^ a b c Saeed Kamali Dehghan (2011-05-05). "Ahmadinejad allies charged with sorcery". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/05/ahmadinejad-allies-charged-with-sorcery. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ a b c d Iranian lawmakers warn Ahmadinejad to accept intelligence chief as political feud deepens, Associated Press, April 20, 2011
- ^ a b c Spy flap weakens Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, LA Times, May 2, 2011
- ^ a b Iran's Ahmadinejad survives worst storm of his presidency csmonitor.com, By Scott Peterson, May 9, 2011
- ^ Iran's supreme leader tells Ahmadinejad: accept minister or quit, Saeed Kamali Dehghan, guardian.co.uk, 6 May 2011
- ^ "Ahmadinejad blames West for AIDS". Associated Press via The Jerusalem Post. July 29, 2008. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1215331135767.
- ^ a b President Ahmadinejad, Part 2 CBS via YouTube
- ^ "Iran president says UN sanctions unlikely", CNN, April 24, 2006.
- ^ "Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service". President.ir. 2008-06-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20110716100837/http://www.president.ir/en/?ArtID=10114. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad says Israel will "disappear"". Reuters. 2008-06-03. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL0261250620080603.
- ^ Fathi, Nazila (2005-27-10). "Wipe Israel 'off the map' Iranian says". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/26/world/africa/26iht-iran.html. Retrieved 2005-27-10.
- ^ Steele, Jonathan. Lost in translation, The Guardian, June 14, 2006.
- ^ . http://news.yahoo.com/israeli-deputy-pm-ahmadinejad-didn-t-actually-israel-215412630.html;_ylt=AqKsX8kVzpOfG3Lv5jhPV1q1qHQA;_ylu=X3oDMTQ4ZWNndXNqBG1pdANUb3BTdG9yeSBXb3JsZFNGIE1pZGRsZUVhc3RTU0YEcGtnAzc0NGY2YmE3LTQ1YzctM2Y0My05ODkzLWY3Y2E3MjUzOGI1OARwb3MDMQRzZWMDdG9wX3N0b3J5BHZlcgM4N2ZkNzYyMC04YmZjLTExZTEtYjNiZi1iY2NjYzNhMjk1ZGY-;_ylg=X3oDMTFrM25vcXFyBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdAMEcHQDc2VjdGlvbnMEdGVzdAM-;_ylv=3.
- ^ "UN Scrutiny Won't Make Iran Quit Nuclear Effort, President Says" Naila Fathi, New York Times. January 15, 2006.U.N. Scrutiny Won't Make Iran Quit Nuclear Effort, President Says - New York Times
- ^
- "Holocaust comments spark outrage", BBC News, Accessed 14-12-2005.
- "Iran leader's comments attacked", BBC News, Accessed 27-01-2008.
- Esfandiari, Golnaz. "Iran: President's Latest Comments About Israel Spark Further Condemnation". Radio Free Europe. Accessed 28-01-2008.
- Vick, Karl and Mary Jordan. "World Leaders Condemn Iranian's Call to Wipe Israel 'Off the Map'". Washington Post. Accessed 28-10-2005.
- "NCC Condemns Ahmadinejad’s Holocaust Statement". National Council of Churches. Accessed 16-12-2007.
- Slackman, Michael. "In Tehran, a riposte to the Danish cartoons". The New York Times, Accessed 24-09-2007.
- "Germans Protest Against Ahmadinejad, Racism As Cup Opens". Deutsche Welle, Accessed 11-06-2006.
- "Annan: 'Dismay' over Iranian comments on Israel". CNN. Accessed 27-09-2007.
- Fathi, Nazila. "Text of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Speech". New York Times. Accessed 17-10-2006.
- "Iran vote seen as referendum on Ahmadinejad". The Boston Globe. Accessed 27-12-2006.
- Bronner, Ethan. "Just How Far Did They Go, Those Words Against Israel?" The New York Times. Accessed 11-06-2006.
- "Ahmadinejad misunderstood, says Iran". The Daily Times of Pakistan. Retrieved 22-02-2006.
- ^ "Iranian leader: Holocaust a 'myth'". CNN. 14-12-2006.[dead link]
- ^ "Diplomats walk out as Ahmadinejad rails against Israel in UN". Haaretz. 2009-09-24. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1116678.html.
- ^
- "Iran team face mass protest", The Guardian, Accessed 11-06-2007.
- "Eurovision may ban Israeli entry due to lyrics on nuclear war", Haaretz, Accessed 03-02-2007.
- "Iran's Rhetoric on Holocaust Anger German Muslims", Deutsche Welle, Accessed 18-02-2007.
- Smith-Spark, Laura. "Racism fears dog World Cup build-up". BBC News. Accessed 26-05-2006.
- "Annan condemns Holocaust denial". BBC News. Accessed 27-01-2006.
- "He was defeated by the even more hard-line and anti-Semitic Mahmoud Ahmadinejad...". Joel C. Rosenberg. Epicenter: Why the Current Rumblings in the Middle East Will Change Your Future, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2006, p. 109, ISBN 978-1-4143-1135-7
- "Israel Wants West to Deal More Urgently With Iran" The New York Times. Accessed 28-03-2008.
- "NCC Condemns Ahmadinejad’s Holocaust Statement", National Council of Churches. Retrieved 16-12-2005.
- ^ Namiech, Ophelie (2009-10-02). "How a nice Jewish girl met Iranian madman Mahmoud Ahmadinejad". New York: Nydailynews.com. http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2009/10/02/2009-10-02_how_a_nice_jewish_girl_met_iranian_madman_mahmoud_ahmadinejad.html. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad's speech @ Columbia university – a transcript". 25 September 2007. http://ahmadinejadspeech.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
- ^ "Iranian leader 'not anti-Semite'". BBC. 21 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5368458.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-08. "'Some people think if they accuse me of being anti-Jew they can solve the problem. No, I am not anti-Jew. I respect them very much.'"
- ^ Middle East peace talks are 'doomed to fail', says Ahmadinejad | World news | guardian.co.uk. Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-02-03.
- ^ Iran's Ahmadinejad calls on Palestinians to fight on. Reuters. Retrieved on 2011-02-03.
- ^ Jeremy Bowen (2010-09-03). "Mid-East talks doomed, says Iranian leader Ahmadinejad". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11175834. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ Video: Ahmadinejad pours scorn on Middle East peace talks. Telegraph (2010-09-03). Retrieved on 2011-02-03.
- ^ Iran continues back-and-forth barbs with Palestinians over peace talks – CNN. Articles.cnn.com (2010-09-05). Retrieved on 2011-02-03.
- ^ Progress of Middle East peace talks 'a surprise'. The Australian (2010-09-06). Retrieved on 2011-02-03.
- ^ "YouTube: Full speech by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at UN". Russia Today. 23 September 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4phNuwx8Hs. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ^ "Barack Obama condemns Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's UN speech". BBC. 2010-09-25. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11407326. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
- ^ In Beirut, Iranian President Ahmadinejad Reiterates 9/11 Conspiracy, Accuses the West in Al-Hariri Assassination The Middle East Media Research Institute. Special Dispatch No.3304. October 18, 2010
- ^ Cohen, Dudi. "Iranian president questions Holocaust, 9/11." Ynetnews. 25 June 2011. 25 June 2011.
- ^ Hanrahan, Mark (2011-09-28). "Al Qaeda Calls On Mahmoud Ahmadinejad To End 'Ridiculous' 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Huffington Post September 28, 2011". Huffingtonpost.com. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/28/al-qaeda-ahmadinejad-end-911-theories_n_985265.html. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ^ funshahd (2009-07-12). "Where and When Ahmadinejad was marrie?". Funshad.com. http://www.funshad.com/View/aroosi-ahmadinejad.html. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Bio: Ahmadinejad". Fr.j post.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961353570&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad's younger son was married". onlineha.con. 2011-03-12. http://www.onlineha.com/19365-%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF/. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
- ^ "Iran's Ahmadinejad Heckled at University". Newsmax.com. 2006-12-12. http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/12/11/164728.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
- ^ "President's Family". Tabnak.ir. http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/193596/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Further reading[link]
- Harris, David (2004), The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam, New York: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-32394-9
- "Referral of Iranian President Ahmadinejad on the Charge of Incitement to Commit Genocide" by Justus Reid Weiner, Esq., with Amb. Meir Rosenne, Prof. Elie Wiesel, Amb. Dore Gold, Irit Kohn, Adv., Amb. Eytan Bentsur, and MK Dan Naveh
- Ali Rahnema, Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad, Cambridge University Press, 2011 (Reviewed in The Montréal Review), ISBN 978-0-521-18221-8
External links[link]
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- Official website of the President of Iran
- Blog of President Ahmadinejad
- Biography at CIDOB Foundation
- Video Archive of President Ahmadinejad at Irannegah.com
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on Charlie Rose
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at Dawn
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at Ha'aretz
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- People Who Mattered: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Time, 16 December 2006
- The Results As They Came In, Andrew Sullivan, The Atlantic, 13 June 2009
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Hossein Taheri as Governor of East Azerbaijan |
Governor of Ardabil 1993–1997 |
Succeeded by Javad Negarandeh |
| Preceded by Mohammad-Hassan Malekmadani |
Mayor of Tehran 2003–2005 |
Succeeded by Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf |
| Preceded by Mohammad Khatami |
President of Iran 2005–present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Mehdi Chamran |
Leader of Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2004–present |
Incumbent |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Abdelaziz Bouteflika |
Chairperson of the Group of 15 2006–2010 |
Succeeded by Mahinda Rajapaksa |
| Order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Ali Khamenei as Supreme Leader |
Order of Precedence of Iran as President |
Succeeded by Ali Larijani as Speaker of Parliament |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | 6th President of Iran |
| Date of birth | 28 October 1956 |
| Place of birth | Aradan, Iran |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/Mahmud Ahmadineyad
http://ru.wn.com/Ахмадинежад, Махмуд
http://cs.wn.com/Mahmúd Ahmadínežád
http://pt.wn.com/Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
http://pl.wn.com/Mahmud Ahmadineżad
http://hi.wn.com/महमूद अहमदीनेज़ाद
http://it.wn.com/Mahmud Ahmadinejad
http://id.wn.com/Mahmud Ahmadinejad
http://nl.wn.com/Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
http://fr.wn.com/Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Leonard Cohen | |
|---|---|
 Leonard Cohen in 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Leonard Norman Cohen |
| Born | (1934-09-21) 21 September 1934 (age 77) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Folk, folk rock, rock, pop rock, spoken word, synthpop |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, poet, novelist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1956-present |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Associated acts | Sharon Robinson, Jennifer Warnes, Phil Spector, John Lissauer |
Leonard Norman Cohen, CC GOQ (born 21 September 1934) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, and novelist. His work often explores religion, isolation, sexuality, and interpersonal relationships.[1] Cohen has been inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is also a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour.
While giving the speech at Cohen's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2008, Lou Reed described Cohen as belonging to the "highest and most influential echelon of songwriters."[2]
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Cohen was born on 21 September 1934 in Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Roslyn Elementary School. His mother, Marsha Klinitsky,[3] of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry, emigrated from Lithuania while his great-grandfather emigrated from Poland.[4][5] He grew up in Westmount on the Island of Montreal. His grandfather was Lyon Cohen, founding president of the Canadian Jewish Congress. His father, Nathan Cohen, who owned a substantial Montreal clothing store, died when Cohen was nine years old. On the topic of being a Kohen, Cohen has said that, "I had a very Messianic childhood." He told Richard Goldstein in 1967. "I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest."[6] Cohen attended Westmount High School, beginning in 1948 where he was involved with the Student Council and studied music and poetry.[7] He became especially interested in the poetry of Federico Garcia Lorca.[7] As a teenager, he learned to play the guitar, and formed a country-folk group called the Buckskin Boys. Although he initially played a regular acoustic guitar as a teenager, he soon switched to playing a classical guitar after meeting a young Spanish flamenco guitar player who taught him "a few chords and some flamenco."[7]
Poetry and novels[link]
In 1951, Cohen enrolled at McGill University, where he became president of the McGill Debating Union and won the Chester MacNaughton Prize for Creative Writing for a series of four poems titled "Thoughts of a Landsman." He graduated in 1955 with a B.A. degree.[7] His literary influences during this time included William Butler Yeats, Irving Layton, Walt Whitman, Federico Garcia Lorca and Henry Miller.[8] His first published book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies (1956), was published by Louis Dudek (who taught poetry at McGill and was a mentor to Cohen) as the first book in the McGill Poetry Series while Cohen was still an undergraduate student. The book contained "poems written largely when Cohen was between the ages of fifteen and twenty," and Cohen dedicated the book to his late father.[7] The famous and influential Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye wrote a review of the book in which he gave Cohen "restrained praise."[7]
After completing an undergraduate degree, Cohen spent a term in McGill's law school and then a year (1956-7) at the School of General Studies at Columbia University. Cohen described his graduate school experience as "passion without flesh, love without climax".[9] Consequently, Cohen left New York and returned to Montreal in 1957, working various odd jobs and focusing on the writing of fiction and poetry, including the poems for his next book, The Spice-Box of Earth (1961), which was the first book that Cohen published through the Canadian publishing company McClelland & Stewart. Fortunately, his father's will provided him with a modest trust income, sufficient to allow him to pursue his literary ambitions for the time, and The Spice-Box of Earth was successful in helping to expand the audience for Cohen's poetry, helping him reach out to the poetry scene in Canada, outside the confines of McGill University. The book also helped Cohen gain critical recognition as an important new voice in Canadian poetry. One of Cohen's biographers, Ira Nadel, stated that "reaction to the finished book was enthusiastic and admiring. . .[noting that] the critic Robert Weaver found it powerful and declared that Cohen was 'probably the best young poet in English Canada right now.'"[7]
Cohen continued to write poetry and fiction throughout much of the 1960s and preferred to live in quasi-reclusive circumstances after he bought a house on Hydra, a Greek island in the Saronic Gulf. While living and writing on Hydra, Cohen published the poetry collection Flowers for Hitler (1964), and the novels The Favourite Game (1963) and Beautiful Losers (1966). His novel The Favourite Game was an autobiographical bildungsroman about a young man who discovers his identity through writing. Beautiful Losers received a good deal of attention from the Canadian press and stirred up controversy because of a number of sexually graphic passages.[7] In 1966 Cohen also published Parasites of Heaven, a book of poems. Both Beautiful Losers and Parasites of Heaven received mixed reviews and sold few copies.[7]
Subsequently, Cohen published less, with major gaps, concentrating more on recording songs. In 1978, he published his first book of poetry in many years, Death of a Lady's Man (not to be confused with the album he released the previous year with the similar title, Death of a Ladies' Man). It wasn't until 1984 that Cohen published his next book of poems, Book of Mercy, which won him the Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry. The book contains 50 prose-poems, influenced by the Bible, Torah, and Zen-Buddhist writings. Cohen himself referred to the pieces as "prayers".[citation needed]
In 1993, Cohen published Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, and in 2006, after 10 years of delays, additions and rewritings, Book of Longing. During the late 1990s and 2000s, many of his poems were first published on his fan website The Leonard Cohen Files [10][11]
Cohen's writing process, as he told an interviewer in 1998, is "...like a bear stumbling into a beehive or a honey cache: I'm stumbling right into it and getting stuck, and it's delicious and it's horrible and I'm in it and it's not very graceful and it's very awkward and it's very painful and yet there's something inevitable about it."[12]
In 2011, Cohen was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for literature.
Recording career[link]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1967, disappointed with his lack of financial success as a writer, Cohen moved to the United States to pursue a career as a folk music singer-songwriter. During the 1960s, he was a fringe figure in Andy Warhol's "Factory" crowd. Warhol speculated that Cohen had spent time listening to Nico in clubs and that this had influenced his musical style.[13] His song "Suzanne" became a hit for Judy Collins and was for many years his most covered song. After performing at a few folk festivals, he came to the attention of Columbia Records representative John H. Hammond. At this time, Cohen recorded at least one demo acetate (possibly for some subsidiary of Polygram[14]), supported by his close companion at the time, Joni Mitchell.
Cohen's first album was Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967). Although Hammond was originally supposed to produce the record, he became sick and was replaced by the producer John Simon.[7] Unfortunately, Simon and Cohen clashed over instrumentation and mixing. Cohen wanted the album to have a spare sound, but Simon felt that the songs could benefit from arrangements that included strings and horns. According to biographer Ira Nadel, although Cohen was able to make changes to the mix, some of Simon's additions "couldn't be removed from the four-track master tape."[7] Nevertheless, the album became a cult favorite in the US, as well as in the UK, where it spent over a year on the album charts.[15] Several of the songs on that first album were covered by other popular folk artists, including James Taylor, and Judy Collins. Cohen followed up that first album with Songs from a Room (1969) (featuring the often-recorded "Bird on the Wire") and Songs of Love and Hate (1970). Both of these albums were produced in Nashville by famed producer Bob Johnston, who helped Cohen achieve the sparer sound that he'd been after on his first album; Johnston also joined Cohen on two subsequent live tours, playing organ and piano.[16]
In 1970, Cohen toured for the first time, with dates in the United States, Canada and Europe, and appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival. He toured again in Europe and Israel in 1972 with some of the same band-mates, including Charlie Daniels and his producer Bob Johnston. Both tours were represented on the Live Songs LP, while Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 was released in 2009. The 1972 tour was also filmed by Tony Palmer; the film Bird on a Wire (with which Cohen was unhappy) was shown re-cut under Cohen's guidance in 1974, but released only in 2010, reconstructed according to Palmer's original version.
In 1971, Cohen's music was used in the soundtrack to Robert Altman's film McCabe & Mrs. Miller. When Cohen was on a stay in Nashville, Altman phoned to ask permission to use some tracks off Songs of Leonard Cohen. Coincidentally, earlier that same day, Cohen had seen Altman's then-current film Brewster McCloud in a local theater. He hadn't paid attention to the credits so when Altman asked permission to use Cohen's songs in his new film, Cohen had to ask him who he was. Altman mentioned his hit film MASH, but Cohen had never heard of it. When Altman mentioned his lesser-known Brewster McCloud, Cohen replied, "Listen, I just came out of the theater. I saw it twice. You can have anything of mine you want!"[7]
Beginning around 1974, Cohen's collaboration with pianist and arranger John Lissauer created a live sound praised by the critics. They toured together in 1974 in Europe, and in US and Canada in late 1974 and early 1975, in support of Cohen's record New Skin for the Old Ceremony. In late 1975 Cohen performed a short series of shows in the US and Canada with a new band, in support of his Best Of release. However, none of the recordings from the three live tours with John Lissauer were ever officially released.
In 1976 Cohen, now without Lissauer, embarked on a new major European tour, with a new band and major changes in his sound and arrangements, again, in support of his The Best of Leonard Cohen release (in Europe retitled as Greatest Hits). One of the band members was Laura Branigan, and the set-list included unreleased songs "Everybody's Child" (a.k.a. "Blessed Is the Memory") and "Storeroom" (both released as bonus tracks to 2007 reissue of Songs of Leonard Cohen), and the new song "Do I Have to Dance All Night?" (which was released as a single with the song "The Butcher" in a single available in Europe only).[17] From April to July, Cohen gave 55 shows, including his first appearance at the famous Montreux Jazz Festival.
After the European tour of 1976, Cohen again attempted a new change in his style and arrangements - his new 1977 record, Death of a Ladies' Man (one year later, in 1978, Cohen also released a volume of poetry with the coyly revised title, Death of a Lady's Man), was co-written and produced by Phil Spector, known as the inventor of the "wall of sound" technique, which backs up pop music with many layers of instrumentation, an approach very different from Cohen's usually minimalist instrumentation. The recording of the album was fraught with difficulty—Spector reportedly mixed the album in secret studio sessions, and Cohen said Spector once threatened him with a crossbow. Cohen thought the end result "grotesque,"[18] but also "semi-virtuous."[19] The record was released by Spector's label, Warner, and was returned to Columbia's Cohen catalogue in the late 1980s. Cohen did not take part in the album's promotion, but in his tours of 1979, 1980 and 1985, he performed two songs from the album, "Memories" and "Iodine". However, Cohen chose not to include any of the album's songs on his later compilations More Best of Leonard Cohen and The Essential Leonard Cohen.
In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences. Beginning with this record, praised in 2001 by Cohen as his favourite,[citation needed] Cohen began to co-produce his albums. Produced by Cohen and Henry Lewy (Joni Mitchell's sound engineer), Recent Songs included performances by Passenger, an Austin-based jazz-fusion band that met Cohen through Mitchell. The band helped Cohen create a new sound by featuring instruments like the oud, the Gypsy violin and the mandolin. The album was supported by Cohen's major tour with the new band, and Jennifer Warnes and Sharon Robinson on the backing vocals, in Europe in late 1979, and again in Australia, Israel and Europe in 1980. The tour was filmed by Harry Rasky as The Song of Leonard Cohen, and the film was broadcast on television in 1980.[citation needed] Cohen also gave a couple of major TV appearances in 1979, including German's ZDF television.[citation needed] In 2000 Columbia released an album of live recordings of songs from the 1979 tour, entitled Field Commander Cohen: Tour of 1979; the album (with a different track list) was originally rejected by the label in 1980.
During 1970s, Cohen toured twice with Jennifer Warnes as a back-up singer (in 1972 and 1979). Warnes would become a fixture on Cohen's future albums, receiving full co-vocals credit on Cohen's 1985 album Various Positions (although the record was released under Cohen's name, the inside credits say "Vocals by Leonard Cohen and Jennifer Warnes"). In 1987, she recorded an album of Cohen songs, Famous Blue Raincoat.[20]
1980s[link]
In early 1980s, Cohen co-wrote the rock musical film Night Magic with Lewis Furey, starring Carole Laure and Nick Mancuso (voice-over by Furey); the LP was released in 1985. At that time, Cohen also worked on an unfinished album of his poetry recitations with producer Henry Lewy, before turning back to John Lissauer. Lissauer produced Cohen's next record Various Positions, which was released in late 1984. The LP included "Dance Me to the End of Love", which was promoted by Cohen's first video clip, directed by French photographer Dominique Issermann, and the frequently covered "Hallelujah". Columbia declined to release the album in the United States. Cohen supported the release of the album with his biggest tour to date, in Europe and Australia, and with his first tour in Canada and United States since 1975. Anjani Thomas, who would become Cohen's partner, and a regular member of Cohen's recording team, joined his touring band. The band performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and the Roskilde Festival. They also gave a series of highly emotional and politically controversial concerts in Poland, which was under martial law and performed the song "The Partisan," regarded as the hymn of the Polish Solidarity movement.[21] During the 80s, almost all Cohen's songs were performed in Polish language by Maciej Zembaty.[22]
In 1986, Cohen appeared in the episode "French Twist" of the TV series Miami Vice. In 1987, Jennifer Warnes's tribute album Famous Blue Raincoat helped restore Cohen's career in the US. The following year he released I'm Your Man, which marked a drastic change in his music. Synthesizers ruled the album and Cohen's lyrics included more social commentary and dark humor. The album, self-produced by Cohen, remains one of Cohen's most acclaimed albums, and was promoted by iconic black and white video shot by Dominique Issermann at the beach of Normandy. Cohen supported the record with series of television interviews, and an extensive tour of Europe, Canada and US. Many shows were broadcast on European and US television and radio stations, while Cohen performed for the first time in his career on PBS's Austin City Limits show; he also performed at the Roskilde Festival again, among other dates.[23] The tour gave the basic structure to typical Cohen's concert which he used in his tours in 1993, 2008–09 and 2010. The selection of performances from the late 1980s was released in 1994 on Cohen Live. None of the concerts was released in its entirety, although some were bootlegged. Parts of one of three Royal Albert Hall concerts were used in BBC documentary The Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, which was released on laser disc and video tape.
1990s[link]
The use of the album track "Everybody Knows" (co-written by Sharon Robinson) in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume helped expose Cohen's music to a younger audience. The song also featured prominently in fellow Canadian Atom Egoyan's 1994 film, Exotica. In 1992, Cohen released The Future, which urges (often in terms of biblical prophecy) perseverance, reformation, and hope in the face of grim prospects. Three tracks from the album - "Waiting for the Miracle", "The Future" and "Anthem" - were featured in the movie Natural Born Killers, which helped Cohen reach a younger audience in the United States.
As with I'm Your Man, the lyrics on the The Future were dark, and made references to political and social unrest. The title track is reportedly a response to the L.A. unrest of 1992. Cohen promoted the album with two music videos, for "Closing Time" and "The Future", and supported the release with the major tour through Europe, United States and Canada, with the same band as in his 1988 tour, including a second appearance at the PBS's Austin City Limits. Some of the Scandinavian shows were broadcast live on the radio. The selection of performances, mostly recorded on the Canadian leg of the tour, was released on 1994 Cohen Live album, but none of the new songs from the album itself were included in the live album.
In 1993 Cohen also published his book of selected poems and songs, Stranger Music, on which he had worked since 1989. It includes a number of new poems from the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In 1997, Cohen oversaw the selection and release of More Best of Leonard Cohen album, which included a previously unreleased track, "Never Any Good", and an experimental piece "The Great Event". The first was left over from Cohen's unfinished mid-1990s album, which was announced to include songs like "In My Secret Life" (already recited as song-in-progress in 1988) and "A Thousand Kisses Deep",[24] both later re-worked with Sharon Robinson for 2001 album Ten New Songs.
In 1994, Cohen retreated to the Mt. Baldy Zen Center near Los Angeles, beginning what became five years of seclusion at the center.[20] In 1996, Cohen was ordained as a Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Jikan, meaning "silence". He served as personal assistant to Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi. Japanese songwriter and poet Masato Tomobe stated he admires Cohen and this made him better recognized in Japan around this time.
Although around 2000 there was a public impression that Cohen would not resume recording or publishing, he returned to Los Angeles in May 1999. He began to contribute regularly to The Leonard Cohen Files fan website, emailing new poems and drawings from Book of Longing and early versions of new songs, like "A Thousand Kisses Deep" in September 1998[25] and Anjani Thomas's story sent on 6 May 1999, the day they were recording "Villanelle for our Time"[26] (released on 2004 Dear Heather album). The section of The Leonard Cohen Files with Cohen's online writings has been titled "The Blackening Pages".[27]
2000s[link]
[edit] Post-monastery records: Ten New Songs, Dear Heather and Anjani's Blue Alert
After two years of production, Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, featuring a heavy influence from producer and co-composer Sharon Robinson. The album, recorded at Cohen's and Robinson's home studios, includes the song "Alexandra Leaving", a transformation of the poem "The God Abandons Antony", by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. The album was a major hit for Cohen in Canada and Europe, and he supported it with the hit single "In My Secret Life" and accompanying video shot by Floria Sigismondi.
In October 2004, Cohen released Dear Heather, largely a musical collaboration with jazz chanteuse (and current romantic partner) Anjani Thomas, although Sharon Robinson returned to collaborate on three tracks (including a duet). As light as the previous album was dark, Dear Heather reflects Cohen's own change of mood - he has said in a number of interviews that his depression has lifted in recent years, which he attributed to Zen Buddhism. In an interview following his induction into the Canadian Songwriters' Hall of Fame, Cohen explained that the album was intended to be a kind of notebook or scrapbook of themes, and that a more formal record had been planned for release shortly afterwards, but that this was put on ice by his legal battles with his ex-manager. He decided not to promote the album at all, but in 2005 he released a home video accompanying the song "Because Of", shot by his daughter Lorca Cohen, while there were no official album singles.
Blue Alert, an album of songs co-written by Anjani and Cohen, was released on 23 May 2006 to positive reviews. Sung by Anjani, who according to one reviewer "...sounds like Cohen reincarnated as woman...though Cohen doesn't sing a note on the album, his voice permeates it like smoke."[28] The album includes a recent musical setting of Cohen's "As the mist leaves no scar", a poem originally published in The Spice-Box of Earth in 1961 and adapted by Phil Spector as "True Love Leaves No Traces" on Death of a Ladies' Man album. Blue Alert also included Anjani's own version of "Nightingale", performed by her and Cohen on his Dear Heather, as well the country song "Never Got to Love You", apparently made after an early demo version of Cohen's own 1992 song "Closing Time". During the 2010 tour, Cohen was closing his live shows with the performance of "Closing Time" which included the recitation of verses from "Never Got to Love You". The title song, "Blue Alert", and "Half the Perfect World" were covered by Madeleine Peyroux on her 2006 album Half the Perfect World, while the third covered song, "Crazy To Love You", was included in the albums Japanese edition.
Before embarking on his 2008-2010 world tour, and without finishing the new album which has been in work since 2006 (new song, "The Street", was recited by Cohen in 2006 on KCRW radio, and he also played two new songs from demo tape, "Book of Longing" and "Puppets"[29]), Cohen contributed few tracks to other artists' albums - new version of his own "Tower of Song" was performed by him, Anjani Thomas and U2 in 2006 tribute film Leonard Cohen I'm Your Man (the video and track were included on the film's soundtrack and released as B-side of U2's single "Window in the Skies", reaching No 1 in Canadian Singles Chart), in 2007 he recited "The Sound of Silence" on album Tribute to Paul Simon: Take Me to the Mardi Gras and "The Jungle Line" by Joni Mitchell, accompanied by Herbie Hancock on piano, on Hancock's Grammy-winning album River: The Joni Letters, while in 2008 he recited the poem "Since You've Asked" on album Born to the Breed: A Tribute to Judy Collins.
2005 financial issues[link]
On 8 October 2005, Cohen alleged that his longtime former manager, Kelley Lynch, misappropriated over US $5 million from Cohen's retirement fund leaving only $150,000.[30][31] Cohen was sued in turn by other former business associates.[30] These events placed him in the public spotlight, including a cover feature on him with the headline "Devastated!" in Canada's Maclean's magazine.[31] In March 2006, Cohen won a civil suit and was awarded US $9 million by a Los Angeles County superior court. Lynch, however, ignored the suit and did not respond to a subpoena issued for her financial records.[32] As a result it has been widely reported that Cohen may never be able to collect the awarded amount.[33] In 2007, US. District Judge Lewis T. Babcock dismissed a claim by Cohen for more than US $4.5 million against Colorado investment firm Agile Group, and in 2008 he dismissed a defamation suit that Agile Group filed against Cohen.[34] Cohen has been under new management since April 2005.
[edit] Book of Longing
Cohen's book of poetry and drawings, Book of Longing, was published in May 2006; in March a Toronto-based retailer offered signed copies to the first 1500 orders placed online. All 1500 sold within hours. The book quickly topped bestseller lists in Canada. Around the time of the release, RJ Smith wrote an essay about Cohen in Poetry magazine, in which he noted, "The pieces in Book of Longing are casual, but never so casual that the old horndog doesn’t have muscle or bite."[35] On 13 May 2006, Cohen made his first public appearance in thirteen years, at an in-store event at a bookstore in Toronto. Approximately 3000 people turned up for the event, causing the streets surrounding the bookstore to be closed. He sang two of his earliest and best-known songs: "So Long, Marianne" and "Hey, That's No Way To Say Goodbye", accompanied by the Barenaked Ladies and Ron Sexsmith. Also appearing with him was Anjani, the two promoting her new CD along with his book.[36]
In 2006, Philip Glass composed music to Cohen's 2006 book of poetry Book of Longing. Following the series of live performances which included Glass on keyboards, Cohen's recorded spoken text, four voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and bass-baritone), and other instruments, and as well the screenings of Cohen's artworks and drawings, Glass' label Orange Mountain Music released a double CD with the recording of the work, entitled Book of Longing. A Song Cycle based on the Poetry and Artwork of Leonard Cohen.[37]
2008-2010 World Tour[link]
2008 tour[link]
13 January 2008, Cohen quietly announced a long-anticipated concert tour.[38] The tour, Cohen's first in 15 years, began 11 May in Fredericton, New Brunswick to wide critical acclaim, and was extended until Winter of 2010.[39] The schedule of the first leg in Summer of 2008 encompassed Canada and Europe, including performances at The Big Chill,[40] the Montreal Jazz Festival, and on the Pyramid Stage at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June 2008.[41] His performance at Glastonbury was hailed by many as the highlight of the festival,[42] and his performance of "Hallelujah" as the sun went down received a rapturous reception and a lengthy ovation from a packed Pyramid Stage field.[43] He also played two shows in London's O2 Arena, and in Dublin he gave a "milestone concert", while in Dublin he was the first performer to play an open air concert at IMMA (Royal Hospital Kilmainham) ground, performing there on 13, 14 and 15 June 2008. In 2009, the performances were awarded Ireland's Meteor Music Award as the best international performance of the year.
In September, October and November 2008, Cohen gave a marathon tour of Europe, including stops in Austria, Ireland, Poland, Romania, Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia. In London, he played two more shows at the O2 Arena and two additional shows at the Royal Albert Hall.
[edit] Live in London
On 21 March 2009, Cohen released Live in London, recorded on 17 July 2008 at London's O2 Arena and released on DVD and as a two-CD set. The album contains 25 songs and is over two-and-a-half hours long. It was the first official DVD in Cohen's recording career. The quotation on the album referred to one hundred five-star reviews the tour gained in the international press in 2008.
2009 tour[link]
The third leg of Cohen's World Tour 2008-2009 encompassed New Zealand and Australia from 20 January to 10 February 2009.[44] In January 2009, The Pacific Tour first came to New Zealand. Simon Sweetman in The Dominion Post (Wellington) of 21 January wrote "It is hard work having to put this concert in to words so I'll just say something I have never said in a review before and will never say again: this was the best show I have ever seen." The Sydney Entertainment Centre show on 28 January sold out rapidly, which motivated promoters to announce a second show at the venue. The first performance was well-received, and the audience of 12,000 responded with five standing ovations. In response to hearing about the devastation to the Yarra Valley region of Victoria in Australia, Cohen donated $200,000 to the Victorian Bushfire Appeal in support of those affected by the extensive Black Saturday bushfires that razed the area just weeks after his performance at the Rochford Winery in the A Day on the Green concert.[45] Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper reported: "Tour promoter Frontier Touring said $200,000 would be donated on behalf of Cohen, fellow performer Paul Kelly and Frontier to aid victims of the bushfires."[46]
On 19 February 2009, Cohen played his first American concert in fifteen years at the Beacon Theatre in New York City.[47] The show, showcased as the special performance for fans, Leonard Cohen Forum members and press, was the only show in the whole three-year tour which was broadcast on the radio (NPR) and available as the free podcast.
The North American Tour of 2009 opened on 1 April and included the performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday, 17 April 2009, in front of one of the largest outdoor theatre crowds in the history of the festival. His performance of Hallelujah was widely regarded as one of the highlights of the festival, thus repeating the major success of the 2008 Glastonbury appearance. The performance has been included on 2010 Songs from the Road live release. During this leg, Cohen regularly performed new song, "Lullaby".
On 1 July 2009, Cohen started his marathon European tour, his third in two years. The itinerary mostly included sport arenas and open air Summer festivals in Germany, UK, France, Spain, Ireland (the show at O2 in Dublin won him the second Meteor Music Award in a row), but also performances in Serbia in the Belgrade Arena, in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, and again in Romania. On 3 August, Cohen gave an open air show at the Piazza San Marco in Venice.
On 18 September 2009, on the stage at a concert in Valencia, Spain, Cohen suddenly fainted halfway through performing his song "Bird on the Wire", the fourth in the two-act set list; Cohen was brought down backstage by his band members and then admitted to local hospital, while the concert was suspended.[48] It was reported that Cohen had stomach problems, and possibly food poisoning.[49] Three days later, on 21 September, on his 75th birthday, he performed in Barcelona. The show, last in Europe in 2009 and rumoured to be the last European concert ever, attracted many international fans, who lighted the green candles honouring Cohen's birthday, leading Cohen to give a special speech of thanks for the fans and Leonard Cohen Forum.
The last concert of this leg was held in Tel Aviv, Israel, on 24 September, three days after Cohen's 75th birthday, at Ramat Gan Stadium. The event was surrounded by public discussion due to a cultural boycott of Israel proposed by a number of musicians.[50] Nevertheless, tickets for the Tel Aviv concert, Cohen's first performance in Israel since 1980, sold out in less than 24 hours.[51] It was announced that the proceeds from the sale of the 47,000 tickets would go into a charitable fund in partnership with Amnesty International and would be used by Israeli and Palestinian peace groups for projects providing health services to children and bringing together Israeli veterans and former Palestinian fighters and the families of those killed in the conflict.[52] However, on 17 August 2009, Amnesty International released a statement saying they were withdrawing from any involvement with the concert and its proceeds.[53] Amnesty International later stated that its withdrawal was not due to the boycott but "the lack of support from Israeli and Palestinian NGOs."[54] The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) led the call for the boycott, claiming that Cohen was "intent on whitewashing Israel's colonial apartheid regime by performing in Israel."[55] On 24 September at the Ramat Gan concert, Cohen was highly emotional about the Israeli-Palestinian NGO Bereaved Families for Peace. He mentioned the organization twice, saying "It was a while ago that I first heard of the work of the 'Bereaved Parents for Peace'. That there was this coalition of Palestinian and Israeli families who had lost so much in the conflict and whose depth of suffering had compelled them to reach across the border into the houses of the enemy. Into the houses of those, to locate them who had suffered as much as they had, and then to stand with them in aching confraternity, a witness to an understanding that is beyond peace and that is beyond confrontation. So, this is not about forgiving and forgetting, this is not about laying down one's arms in a time of war, this is not even about peace, although, God willing, it could be a beginning. This is about a response to human grief. A radical, unique and holy, holy, holy response to human suffering. Baruch Hashem, thank God, I bow my head in respect to the nobility of this enterprise."[56] At the end of the show he blessed the crowd by the Priestly Blessing, a Jewish blessing offered by Kohanim. Cohen's surname derives from this Hebrew word for priest, thus identifying him as a Kohen.[57]
The sixth leg of the 2008-2009 world tour went again to US, with fifteen shows in October and November, with the "final" show in San Jose. The final leg included two new songs, "Feels So Good" and "The Darkness". But at that point, Cohen's "World Tour 2010" was already announced with the European dates in March.
The 2009 world tour earned a reported $9.5 million, putting Cohen at number 39 on Billboard magazine's list of the year's top musical "money makers."[58]
Live releases[link]
On 14 September 2010, Sony Music released a live CD/DVD album, Songs from the Road, showcasing Cohen's 2008 and 2009 live performances. The previous year, Cohen's performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Music Festival was released as a CD/DVD combo. The DVD version included interviews with Kris Kristofferson and others.
2010 tour[link]
Cohen's 2008-2009 world tour was prolonged into 2010. Originally scheduled to start in March, the first dozen of the original European dates were postponed to September and October due to Cohen's lower-back injury.[59] Officially billed as the "World Tour 2010", the tour started on 25 July 2010 in Arena Zagreb, Croatia, where in the week of the show 16 of Cohen's albums simultaneously entered the Croatian Top 40,[60] while Cohen's work was presented by the translation of Book of Mercy, two of Cohen's biographies, and with selection of poems in major literary magazine Quorum, while there was also the translation of Linda Hutcheon's work on Cohen's literary output. In December 2010, the national daily newspaper Vjesnik ranked Cohen's show among the five most important cultural event in Croatia in 2010, in the poll among dozen of intellectuals and writers; it was the only event ranked which was not actually Croatian.[61] The tour continued through August, with stops in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland, where on 31 July 2010 Cohen performed at Lissadell House in County Sligo. It was Cohen’s eighth Irish concert in just two years after a hiatus of more than 20 years.[62] On 12 August, Cohen played the 200th show of the tour in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden, where he had already played in October 2008; the show was four hours long.
The Fall leg of the European tour started in early September with an open-air show in Florence, Italy, and continued through Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria, where Cohen performed at the famous open-air opera stage of Römersteinbruch bei St. Margarethen im Burgenland, and then continued with dates in France, Poland, Russia (Moscow's State Kremlin Palace), Slovenia and Slovakia.[63] In Slovenia's brand new Arena Stožice, Cohen accepted Croatia's Porin music award for best foreign live video programme, which he won for his Live in London DVD.[64] Cohen's last European show was held in Sibamac Arena, in Bratislava, Slovakia. The shows in late September and October were performed without Sharon Robinson, who left this tour leg due to heavy illness; the setlist omitted songs co-written by her, but old Cohen standards were added instead.
The third leg of the 2010 tour started on 28 October in New Zealand and continued in Australia, including an open-air concert at Hanging Rock near Melbourne. It was the first show ever organised at the site. The tour finished with seven special dates added in Vancouver, Portland, Victoria and Oakland, with two final shows in Las Vegas' The Colosseum at Caesars Palace on 10 and 11 December. The very last concert on 11 December was the 246th show on the world tour which started on 11 May 2008.
The world tour 2010 was covered daily on the Flickr photo blog which was edited by Cohen's road manager, entitled Notes from the Road.
2010s[link]
In August 2011, Cohen completed work on the studio album, Old Ideas, with producer Ed Sanders.[65][66] The album was released on 27 January 2012.[67] The lyric for the song "Going Home" was originally published as a poem in The New Yorker magazine in January 2012, prior to the record's release.[68] The album received uniformly positive reviews from publications like Rolling Stone,[69] the Chicago Tribune,[70] and The Guardian.[71] At a record release party for the album in January 2012, Cohen spoke with The New York Times reporter Jon Pareles who states that "mortality was very much on his mind and in his songs [on this album]." Pareles goes to characterize the album as "an autumnal album, musing on memories and final reckonings, but it also has a gleam in its eye. It grapples once again with topics Mr. Cohen has pondered throughout his career: love, desire, faith, betrayal, redemption. Some of the diction is biblical; some is drily sardonic."[72]
"Hallelujah"[link]
Main article: Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
"Hallelujah" was first released on Cohen's studio album Various Positions in 1984. While the song initially had limited success it found greater popular acclaim through a cover by John Cale in 1991, which later formed the basis for a cover by Jeff Buckley. In recent years "Hallelujah" has been performed by almost 200 artists in various languages.[73] Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); the Canadian Recording Industry Association; the Australian Recording Industry Association; and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry show that, prior to late 2008, more than five million copies of the song sold in compact-disc format. It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been featured in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs.[74]
Themes[link]
Recurring themes in Cohen's work include love, sex, religion, depression, and music itself. He has also engaged with certain political themes, though sometimes ambiguously so. "Suzanne" mixes a wistful type of love song with a religious meditation, themes that are also mixed in "Joan of Arc". "Famous Blue Raincoat" is from the point of view of a man whose marriage has been broken by his wife's infidelity with his close friend, and is written in the form of a letter to that friend. "Everybody Knows" is about sexual relationships during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s in which "the naked man and woman are just a shining artifact of the past."
Cohen is Jewish, and he has drawn from Jewish religious and cultural imagery throughout his career. Examples include "Story of Isaac", and "Who by Fire", the words and melody of which echo the Unetaneh Tokef, an 11th-century liturgical poem recited on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. Broader Jewish themes sound throughout the album Various Positions. "Hallelujah," which has music as a secondary theme, begins by evoking the biblical King David composing a song that "pleased the Lord" and continues with references to Bathsheba and Samson. The lyrics of "Whither Thou Goest", performed by him and released in his album Live in London, are adapted from the Bible (Ruth 1:16-17, King James Version). "If It Be Your Will" also has a strong air of religious resignation.
Having suffered from depression during much of his life (although less so recently), Cohen has written much (especially in his early work) about depression and suicide. Beautiful Losers and "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy" are about suicide; darkly comic "One of Us Cannot Be Wrong" mentions suicide; "Dress Rehearsal Rag" is about a last-minute decision not to commit suicide. An atmosphere of depression pervades "Please Don't Pass Me By" and "Tonight Will Be Fine." As in the aforementioned "Hallelujah," music itself is the subject of "Tower of Song," "A Singer Must Die," and "Jazz Police."
Themes of political and social justice also recur in Cohen's work, especially in later albums. In "Democracy," he both acknowledges political problems and celebrates the hopes of reformers: "from the wars against disorder/ from the sirens night and day/ from the fires of the homeless/ and the ashes of the gay/ Democracy is coming to the USA." He has made the observation in "Tower of Song" that "the rich have got their channels in the bedrooms of the poor/ And there's a mighty judgment coming." In the title track of The Future he recasts this prophecy on a pacifist note: "I've seen the nations rise and fall/ …/ But love's the only engine of survival." In "Anthem", he promises that "the killers in high places [who] say their prayers out loud/ [are] gonna hear from me."
War is an enduring theme of Cohen's work that—in his earlier songs and early life—he approached ambivalently. Challenged in 1974 over his serious demeanor in concerts and the military salutes he ended them with, Cohen remarked, "I sing serious songs, and I'm serious onstage because I couldn't do it any other way...I don't consider myself a civilian. I consider myself a soldier, and that's the way soldiers salute."[75] In "Field Commander Cohen" he imagines himself as a soldier of sorts, socializing with Fidel Castro in Cuba—where he had actually visited at the height of US-Cuba tensions in 1961, allegedly sporting a Che Guevara-style beard and military fatigues. This song was written immediately following Cohen's front-line stint with the Israeli air force, the "fighting in Egypt" documented in a passage of "Night Comes On." In 1973, Cohen, who had traveled to Jerusalem to sign up on the Israeli side in the Yom Kippur War, had instead been assigned to a USO-style entertainer tour of front-line tank emplacements in the Sinai Desert, coming under fire.
Deeply moved by encounters with Israeli and Arab soldiers, he left the country to write "Lover Lover Lover." This song has been interpreted as a personal renunciation of armed conflict, and ends with the hope his song will serve a listener as "a shield against the enemy." He would later remark, "'Lover, Lover, Lover' was born over there; the whole world has its eyes riveted on this tragic and complex conflict. Then again, I am faithful to certain ideas, inevitably. I hope that those of which I am in favour will gain."[76] Asked which side he supported in the Arab-Israeli conflict, Cohen responded, "I don't want to speak of wars or sides ... Personal process is one thing, it's blood, it's the identification one feels with their roots and their origins. The militarism I practice as a person and a writer is another thing.... I don't wish to speak about war."[77]
His recent politics continue a lifelong predilection for the underdog, the "beautiful loser." Whether recording "The Partisan", a French Resistance song by Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier, or singing his own "The Old Revolution," written from the point of view of a defeated royalist, he has throughout his career expressed in his music sympathy and support for the oppressed. Although Cohen's fascination with war is often as a metaphor for more general cultural and personal issues, as in "New Skin for the Old Ceremony," by this measure his most militant album.
Cohen blends pessimism about political/cultural issues with humour and, especially in his later work, with gentle acceptance. His wit contends with his stark analysis as his songs are often verbally playful and cheerful. In "Tower of Song" the famously raw-voiced Cohen sings ironically that he was "born with the gift of a golden voice." The generally dark "Is This What You Wanted?" contains playful lines "You were the whore and the beast of Babylon/ I was Rin Tin Tin." In concert he often plays around with his lyrics ("If you want a doctor/ I'll examine every inch of you" from "I'm Your Man" sometimes becomes "If you want a Jewish doctor..."). He may introduce one song by using a phrase from another song or poem—for example, introducing "Leaving Green Sleeves" by paraphrasing his own "Queen Victoria," "This is a song for those who are not nourished by modern love."
Cohen has also recorded such love songs as Irving Berlin's "Always" or the more obscure soul number "Be for Real" (originally sung by Marlena Shaw).
Personal life[link]
Romantic relationships[link]
Leonard Cohen lived at Hydra, Greece in 1960 with Marianne C. Stang Jensen Ihlen (born in Norway 1935), and the song "So long Marianne" was written to and about her. Their relationship lasted for most of the 1960s.
Cohen had a relationship beginning in the 1970s with the Los Angeles artist Suzanne Elrod, with whom he has two children: a son, Adam, born in 1972, and a daughter, Lorca, named after poet Federico García Lorca, born in 1974. Adam Cohen began a career as a singer-songwriter in the mid-1990s and fronts a band called Low Millions, while Lorca took the part in her father's tour team during the 2008-2010 world tour as photographer and videographer. She also shot Cohen's video for the song "Because Of" in 2004, while her "Backstage Sketch" was included on Cohen's 2010 DVD Songs from the Road. She has directed and shot video clips for The Webb Sisters and Kamila Thompson. On 2 February 2011, Lorca gave birth to a daughter, Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen in a co-parenting relationship with biological father Rufus Wainwright and his partner, Jorn Weisbrodt.[78]
Cohen has said that "cowardice" and "fear" prevented him from ever actually marrying Elrod.[79][80] Elrod took the cover photograph on Cohen's Live Songs album and is pictured on the cover of the Death of a Ladies' Man album. She is also the "Dark Lady" of Cohen's 1978 book Death of a Lady's Man. Cohen and Elrod split up in 1979.
"Suzanne", one of his best-known songs, refers to Suzanne Verdal, the former wife of his friend, the Québécois sculptor Armand Vaillancourt, rather than Elrod.[81]
In the 1980s, Cohen was in a relationship with the French photographer Dominique Issermann, who shot his first two music videos for the songs "Dance Me To The End Of Love" and "First We Take Manhattan." Today Issermann is most famous for her photo sessions with Carla Bruni[82] and for her fashion photography for magazines like Elle; in 2010 she was the official photographer of Cohen's world tour. Her photographs were used for the covers of his 1993 book Stranger Music and his album More Best of Leonard Cohen and for the inside booklet of Cohen's 1988 record I'm Your Man (which is dedicated to Issermann with words: "All these songs are for you, D. I.").[83]
In the 1990s, Cohen was romantically linked to actress Rebecca De Mornay.[84] De Mornay co-produced Cohen's 1992 album The Future, which is also supposedly dedicated to her with an inscription which quotes Rebecca's coming to the well from the Book of Genesis chapter 24[85] and giving drink to Eliezer's camels, after he prayed for the help; Eliezer ("God is my help" in Hebrew) is Cohen's Hebrew name, and Cohen sometimes referred to himself as "Eliezer Cohen" or even "Jikan Eliezer."[86]
In the 2000s, Cohen has been romantically involved with Anjani Thomas. Together they wrote the album Blue Alert in 2006, produced by Cohen. Thomas co-produced and co-wrote some songs on Cohen's 2004 album Dear Heather and was involved in the recording of Cohen's 2012 record, Old Ideas.
Religious beliefs and practices[link]
Cohen is described as an observant Jew in an article in The New York Times:
Mr. Cohen keeps the Sabbath even while on tour and performed for Israeli troops during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. So how does he square that faith with his continued practice of Zen? "Allen Ginsberg asked me the same question many years ago," he said. "Well, for one thing, in the tradition of Zen that I've practiced, there is no prayerful worship and there is no affirmation of a deity. So theologically there is no challenge to any Jewish belief."[87]
Cohen has been involved with Buddhism since the 1970s and was ordained a Buddhist monk in 1996; however he is still religiously Jewish: "I'm not looking for a new religion. I'm quite happy with the old one, with Judaism."[88]
In his concert in Ramat Gan, Israel, on 24 September 2009, Cohen spoke Jewish prayers and blessings to the audience in Hebrew. He opened the show with the first sentence of Ma Tovu. At the middle he used Baruch Hashem, and he ended the concert reciting the blessing of Birkat Cohanim.[89]
Since the late 1970s Cohen has been associated with Buddhist monk and teacher Kyozan Joshu Sasaki (a.k.a. Roshi), regularly visiting him at Mount Baldy Zen Center and serving him as personal assistant during Cohen's own reclusion into Mt. Baldy monastery in the 1990s. Roshi appears as regular motif or addressee in Cohen's poetry, especially in the Book of Longing, and also took part in 1997 documentary about Cohen's monastery years, Leonard Cohen: Spring 1996. Cohen's 2001 album Ten New Songs is dedicated to Joshu Sasaki.
Cultural references[link]
Cohen is mentioned in the Nirvana song "Pennyroyal Tea" from the band's 1993 release, In Utero. Kurt Cobain wrote, "Give me a Leonard Cohen afterworld/ So I can sigh eternally." Cohen, after Cobain's suicide, was quoted as saying "I'm sorry I couldn't have spoken to the young man. I see a lot of people at the Zen Centre, who have gone through drugs and found a way out that is not just Sunday school. There are always alternatives, and I might have been able to lay something on him."[90]
Awards, titles and honours[link]
- 1964 the Québec Literary Competition Prize (awarded 1923-70 by the Province of Québec) The Favourite Game (Cohen's first novel)
- 1968 Governor General's Award (English language poetry or drama) for Selected Poems 1956–1968. (Refused)
- 1970 Honorary degree from Dalhousie University
- 1984 The Golden Rose, the main award at the international television festival Rose d'Or in Montreux, for I am a Hotel, made-for-TV short musical film written by Cohen and based on his songs.
- 1985 Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry for Book of Mercy
- 1986 Genie Award for Best Original Song for "Angel Eyes" from Night Magic (with Lewis Furey)
- 1988 Columbia Records Crystal Globe Award from CBS for I'm Your Man. The award is for artists who sell more than five million copies of an album in foreign territories
- 1989 Nominated for Juno Awards for Canadian Entertainer of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year
- 1991 Officer of the Order of Canada
- 1991 Induction into the Juno/Canadian Music Hall of Fame
- 1991 Nominated for a Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year.
- 1992 Honorary degree from McGill University, Montreal.
- 1993 Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year. The video for Closing Time, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, won for Best Video. He was also nominated as Producer of the Year (with co-producer Leanne Ungar, for "Closing Time").
- 1993 Governor General's Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement.
- 1994 Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year and was nominated for the Juno Award for Album of the Year (for The Future). The video for The Future, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, was nominated for Juno Award for Best Video.
- 1996 Ordained a Rinzai Buddhist monk.
- 2001 Nagroda Muzyczna Fryderyk, the annual Polish music award, for best foreign album (Ten New Songs).
- 2002 Nominated for Juno Award as Best Songwriter Cohen (with Sharon Robinson) for "Boogie Street", "In My Secret Life", and "You Have Loved Enough").
- 2002 Nominated for the Juno Award for Best Video for "In My Secret Life", directed by Floria Sigismondi. Ten New Songs nominated for Best Pop Album, and he was nominated for Best Artist.
- 2002 SNEP Award Cohen for more than 100,000 copies sold of Ten New Songs in France.
- 2003 Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.[91]
- 2004 Inclusion in Canada Reads 2005 with Beautiful Losers
- 2005 Induction into the Canadian Folk Music Walk of Fame.
- 2006 Induction into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2007 Grammy for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters.[92]
- 2008 Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[93]
- 2008 Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.[94]
- 2009 Long Listed for the Polaris Music Prize for Live in London [95]
- 2009 Nominated for Mojo Honours Lists for Best Live Act category.[96]
- 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2008 show in Dublin's IMMA's Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
- 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 2010 A second Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2009 show in Dublin's O2.
- 2010 Porin Award in Croatia in category of foreign video programme, for his Live in London DVD.[97]
- 2010 Induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2011 Glenn Gould Prize[98]
- 2011 Prince of Asturias Awards, Literature, Spain
- 2012 Inaugural PEN Award for Song Lyrics of Literary Excellence. Chuck Berry received same award.[99][100]
Discography[link]
Main article: Leonard Cohen discography
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Songs of Leonard Cohen | 27 December 1967 |
| Songs from a Room | April 1969 |
| Songs of Love and Hate | March 1971 |
| New Skin for the Old Ceremony | August 1974 |
| Death of a Ladies' Man | November 1977 |
| Recent Songs | September 1979 |
| Various Positions | December 1984 |
| I'm Your Man | February 1988 |
| The Future | 24 November 1992 |
| Ten New Songs | 9 October 2001 |
| Dear Heather | 26 October 2004 |
| Old Ideas | 31 January 2012 |
Poetry[link]
- Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957.[101]
Tribute albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Famous Blue Raincoat | 1987 |
| I'm Your Fan | 1991 |
| Tower of Song | 1995 |
| Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man | 2006 |
| Cohen - The Scandinavian Report | 2009 |
Publications[link]
Collections: poems and songs[link]
- Let Us Compare Mythologies. Montreal: Contact Press [McGill Poetry Series], 1956.[102] reissued 2007
- The Spice-Box of Earth. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1961.[102]
- Flowers for Hitler. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1964.[102]
- Parasites of Heaven. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1966.[102]
- Selected Poems 1956–1968. New York, Toronto: Viking, McClelland & Stewart, 1968.[102]
- The Energy of Slaves. London,Toronto: Cape, McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN 0-7710-2204-2 ISBN 0771022034 New York: Viking, 1973.[102]
- Selected Poetry of Leonard Cohen. Penguin Classics, 1978.[102]
- Death of a Lady's Man. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978. ISBN 0-7710-2177-1 London, New York: Viking, Penguin, 1979.[102] - reissued 2010
- Book of Mercy.London: Cape, 1984.[102] - reissued 2010
- Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs. London, New York, Toronto: Cape, Pantheon, McClelland & Stewart, 1993.[102] ISBN 0-7710-2230-1
- The Lyrics of Leonard Cohen. London, Omnibus, 1998.[102] ISBN 0-7119-7141-2 2nd edition, 2009.
- God is Alive. Magic is Afoot. Sarah Perkins and Ian Jackson illus. Toronto: Stoddart, 2000.[102] ISBN 0-7737-6180-2
- Book of Longing. London, New York, Toronto: Penguin, Ecco, McClelland & Stewart, 2006.[102] (poetry, prose, drawings) ISBN 978-0-7710-2234-0
- Poems and Songs (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets) 2011
Novels[link]
- The Favorite Game. London, New York, Toronto: Secker & Warburg, Viking P, McClelland & Stewart, 1963.[102] Reissued as The Favourite Game. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1994. ISBN 978-0-7710-9954-0
- Beautiful Losers. New York, Toronto: Viking Press, McClelland & Stewart, 1966. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1991. ISBN 978-0-7710-9875-8 McClelland & Stewart [Emblem], 2003.[102] ISBN 978-0-7710-2200-5
Film and television[link]
- Cohen was the subject of the 1965 documentary Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen, directed by Donald Brittain and Don Owen and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. This film, which pre-dates Cohen's career as a songwriter, explores his career as a well-known Canadian poet.[103] Cohen also appeared in Owen's 1967 film The Ernie Game, which was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.[104]
- Cohen's music also appeared the following year in the 1966 NFB animated short Angel.
- In 1968 Cohen performed on the BBC, both on the Julie Felix Show and in his own special, split into two thirty minute shows. The first clip still exists, while the second is only available as a bootleg CD.[105]
- Cohen makes a cameo appearance performing "The Stranger Song" in the Canadian film The Ernie Game (1968), which is based on the stories of Bernard Cole Spencer.
- Cohen's music was popular among the directors of the New German Cinema, and appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore (1971) and Werner Herzog's Stroszek (1977).
- Cohen's 1970 performance at the Isle of Wight Festival was filmed by Murray Lerner, but remained unreleased until 2009 when it was released as Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970, and included Lerner's 2009 documentary material.
- Robert Altman's 1971 western McCabe and Mrs. Miller used three Cohen songs on its soundtrack, as well the instrumental parts of The Stranger Song performed by Cohen. Multiple record singles were released during the film's distribution.[106]
- In 1972, Cohen's European tour was filmed by British director Tony Palmer; the re-edited material appeared in 1974 under the title Bird On a Wire and exists only as a bootleg VHS tape. Palmer's authorised and restored film was released in 2010.[107]
- In October 1979, Cohen recorded a show for German TV show RockPop Special, available only as a bootleg. The show is often rebroadcast by the German satellite TV channel 3Sat.[108]
- The Song Of Leonard Cohen, a 1980 documentary by Harry Rasky, featuring Irving Layton, includes highlights from Cohen's 1979 European tour and tracks from the LP Recent Songs.
- In 1983, Cohen wrote and starred in made-for-TV short musical film I am a Hotel, based on his songs. It won the Golden Rose award at the Rose d'Or television festival in Montreux in 1984.
- In 1985, Cohen co-wrote and co-composed Night Magic (starring Carole Laure) with fellow Quebecker, Lewis Furey.
- Cohen is subject of the BBC documentary Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, filmed during his 1988 tour.[109]
- Cohen appeared as villain Francois Zolan in the "French Twist" episode of the American television series Miami Vice (season 2, episode 17), originally broadcast on 21 February 1986.
- In 1988, Spanish TV station RTE televised the full version of Cohen's show in San Sebastian, 20 May, later aired in number of European countries and still rerun on the Spanish TV. It remains the only completely televised Cohen show.
- In 1989, Cohen gave his first major performance on US television on Austin City Limits[110] (recorded in November 1988). He performed for the show again in July 1993. Both programs have been often rebroadcast by the PBS.
- "Everybody Knows" and "If It Be Your Will" play prominent parts in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume
- Three of Cohen's songs from his album The Future ("Waiting for the Miracle", "Anthem", and "The Future") are used in Oliver Stone's 1994 film Natural Born Killers. Songs from this album have also appeared in the films Wonder Boys (2000), starring Michael Douglas and The Life of David Gale (2003), starring Kevin Spacey.
- In 1994, Cohen narrated NFB-produced documentary The Tibetan Book of the Dead.
- Cohen's years at the Mt. Baldy Zen Centre were the subject of 1997 French documentary Leonard Cohen: Spring 96 by Armelle Brusq, released on DVD in 2009.
- In 2001, Cohen's song Hallelujah was used on the soundtrack of Shrek, in a version by John Cale.
- The Favourite Game (Le Jeu de l'ange), based on his novel of the same title, was released in Canada in 2003.
- Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man was released in 2006. It features a 2005 tribute concert to Cohen, "Came So Far For Beauty", held at the Sydney Opera House and produced by Hal Willner. The film, directed by Lian Lunson, has appearances by Nick Cave, Beth Orton, Antony of Antony and the Johnsons, Rufus and Martha Wainwright, and a performance of "Tower of Song" by Cohen and U2. The film also features Cohen recalling significant parts of his life and career.
- Cohen is the subject of a two-part documentary, Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1934-1977 (2007) and Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1978-2006 (2008), available separately on DVD.
See also[link]
- Music of Canada
- List of Quebec musicians
- Music of Quebec
- Culture of Quebec
- List of people with depression
References[link]
- ^ de Melo, Jessica (11 December 2009). "Leonard Cohen to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2010 Grammys". Spinner Canada. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nmaflNd4. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame press release, "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Announces its Inductees for 2008," 13 December 2007. http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement
- ^ The International Whos Who 2004 retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (24 May 1985). The Midday Show With Ray Martin. with Ray Martin. ABC. Sydney. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/raymartin1985.php. Retrieved 1 October 2008. "My – my mother was from Lithuania which was a part of Poland and my great-grandfather came over from Poland to Canada.".
- ^ Leonard Cohen Biography : Leonard Cohen was born to a Polish father and a Lithuanian-Jewish mother in Quebec in 1934.
- ^ Williams, P. (n.d.) Leonard Cohen: The Romantic in a Ragpicker's Trade
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nadel, Ira B. Various Position: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Pantheon Books: New York, 1996.
- ^ Adria, Marco, "Chapter and Verse: Leonard Cohen," Music of Our Times: Eight Canadian Singer-Songwriters (Toronto: Lorimer, 1990), p. 28.
- ^ Nadel, Ira Bruce (1996). Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Toronto: Random House. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=passion+without+flesh+leonard+cohen&source=bl&ots=IiIQ4fcaoP&sig=rjJ-dP0y3rzuFCPq6mK9aa8tgkM&hl=en&ei=v91_TpeiDufiiALNrYW6Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ The Leonard Cohen Files
- ^ The Blackening Pages
- ^ Iyer, Pico (22 October 2001). "Listening to Leonard Cohen | Utne Reader". Utne.com. http://www.utne.com/Spirituality/Leonard-Cohen-Interview-at-Buddhist-Monk-Mountain-Retreat.aspx. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Warhol, Andy: Popism. Orlando: Harcourt Press, 1980.
- ^ "• View topic - Please help identify this acetate master". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1207. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ "Sixties crooner Leonard Cohen makes comeback concert tour". London Evening Standard. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nlWizAPg. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ Louis Black, "First We Take Berlin", Austin Chronicle, 2007, http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=11798
- ^ Pictures of various European records with recording
- ^ de Lisle, T. (2004)Hallelujah: 70 things about Leonard Cohen at 70
- ^ Fitzgerald, J. (2001) Beautiful loser, beautiful comeback. The National Post, 24 March 2001.
- ^ a b Rohter, Larry (24 February 2009). "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/arts/music/25cohe.html. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ WARSAW 1985 by Daniel Wyszogrodzki, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/warsaw85.html
- ^ Covers by Maciej Zembaty, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/cover4.html
- ^ "Tour of 1988 in Europe". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/88.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ News and Future Plans, 1995 http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/news0.html
- ^ A Thousand Kisses Deep, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/kisses.html
- ^ "Anjani Thomas". Leonardcohenfiles.com. 18 May 1999. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/anjani.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ The Blackening Pages, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mirror.html
- ^ (n.d.) "blue alert 2006" - Reviews.
- ^ Book of Longing (Song) & Puppets-YouTube (KCRW Demo Version) http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=22253&p=238048
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (8 October 2005). "Cohen stays calm as $5m disappears". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/08/usa.topstories3. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ a b Macklem, Katherine; Gillis, Charlie; Johnson, Brian D. (22 August 2005). Leonard Cohen Goes Broke. MacLean's. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012813. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011, available from The Canadian Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
- ^ "Leonard Cohen awarded $9 million in civil suit". CTV.ca. 2 March 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060302/leonard_cohen_060302/20060302?hub=Canada. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen 'unlikely' to recover stolen millions: Funds taken by ex-manager going to be hard to recover". NME. 3 March 2006. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/22406. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Defamation Suit Against Songwriter Cohen Is Dropped (Update2)". Bloomberg News. 17 June 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aYT7tI_tphK4&refer=canada. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ Smith, RJ. "Man of the Moment." Poetry
- ^ (2006) "Cohen returns to limelight with bestselling book" CBC Online. Sunday, 14 May 2006.
- ^ Book of Longing - Philip Glass and Leonard Cohen, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/glassCD.html
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen: TOUR 2008". Leonardcohenforum.com. 13 January 2008. http://leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=10031&sid=522ff761187a6889ff88870fd90c5dcd. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "2008 Tour schedule". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=10365. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen reveals details of world tour | News". Nme.Com. 11 March 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/35054. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury headliners revealed". BBC News. 8 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7234000/7234884.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury 2008 - Leonard Cohen". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2008/artists/leonardcohen/?comment=response. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury says 'Hallelujah' to Leonard Cohen". Nme.com. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/37738. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View forum - The Pacific Tour 2009". leonardcohenforum.com. 2009. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewforum.php?f=31. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (10 February 2009). "Leonard Cohen donates £90,000 to Australian bushfire victims". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/10/leonard-cohen-australian-bushfire-donation. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen donates concert profits to bushfire relief fund". Herald Sun. 11 February 2009. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25037004-5012974,00.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Dazzles At New York Tour Warm-Up". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/leonard-cohen-dazzles-at-new-york-tour-warm-1003943330.story. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen OK after fainting on stage". CBC News. 19 September 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/09/19/cohen-collapse.html. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen collapses on stage". BBC News. 19 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8264447.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Kliger, Rachelle (13 July 2009). "Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off". mideast.jpost.com (Jerusalem Post). http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246443798463&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen's blessed summer finale". Jerusalem Post. 26 September 2009. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253820682564&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Haaretz on proceeds from Tel Aviv concert". 2 August 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/leonard-cohen-s-tel-aviv-concert-sells-out-in-a-day-1.281246. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Amnesty International and the Leonard Cohen Fund for Reconciliation, Tolerance and Peace" (PDF). Public document. Amnesty International. 17/Aug/2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/025/2009/en/4f6becdc-e532-4f64-a755-c598a6c16e91/mde150252009en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ A concert for tolerance and peace? For shame! by Chris Selley, National Post, 8 September 2009.
- ^ Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off by Rachelle Kliger, Jerusalem Post, 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Cohen laudes the Bereaved Families for Peace". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLGWXsAp7GA. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Cohen blesses crowd with the Priestly Blessing". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo9WrFRI0xY. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Music's Top 40 Money Makers". Billboard. 26 February 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/money-makers-page-1-1004071200.story. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen postpones European tour after injury". Nme.com. 6 February 2010. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/49613. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard's 16 albums in Croatian Top 40". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=22807. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Najveci kultruni dogadjaji u Hrvatskoj 2010. godine http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2010/12/28/18A18.PDF (in Croatian)
- ^ "Leonard Cohen at Lissadell House". Lissadellhouse.com. http://www.lissadellhouse.com/cohen.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ by jarkko » 2 November 2009, 7:56 pm (2 November 2009). "Leonard Cohen Tour Dates 2010". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=19806. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen receives the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=253034#p253034. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Re: Leonard Cohen Talks About First New Album of the Decade, by Jarkko Arjatsalo http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=266822#p266822
- ^ "OLD IDEAS - THE NEW ALBUM - January 31, 2012". Leonardcohenforum.com. 22 August 2011. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=282835#p282835. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Leonard Cohen website
- ^ "Leonard Cohen’s “Going Home”". Culture Desk (The New Yorker). 16 January 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/01/leonard-cohens-going-home-new-song.html. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ By Joe Levy (2012-01-26). "Old Ideas | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/old-ideas-20120126. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Kot, Greg (24 January 2012). "Album review: Leonard Cohen, 'Old Ideas'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-24/entertainment/chi-leonard-cohen-album-review-old-ideas-reviewed-20120124_1_leonard-cohen-album-review-12th-studio-album. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Costa, Maddy (26 January 2012). "Leonard Cohen: Old Ideas – review". Culture > Music (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/jan/26/leonard-cohen-old-ideas-review?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (29 January 2012). "Final Reckonings, a Tuneful Fedora and Forgiveness". Music (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/arts/music/leonard-cohen-reckons-with-god-in-old-ideas.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Arjatsalo, J., Riise, A., & Kurzweil, K. (11 July 2009). A Thousand Covers Deep: Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists. The Leonard Cohen Files. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ^ Appleyard, Bryan (9 January 2005)."Hallelujah! — One Haunting Ballad Has Been the Soundtrack to Many Lives Recently. But Why? Bryan Appleyard on Leonard Cohen’s Uber-Song". The Times.
- ^ "1974 Interview from "Leonard Cohen" by Manzano". Webheights.net. 12 October 1974. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/spain1.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ (2001) "Cohen: Lover Lover Lover est né là-bas... Le monde entier a les yeux rivés sur ce conflit tragique et complexe. Alors, je suis fidèle à certaines idées, forcément. J'espère que ceux dont je suis partisan vont gagner.." L'Express, France, 04 octobre 2001
- ^ (1974)[1] 1974 in Barcelona, Spain. Published in 'Leonard Cohen' by Alberto Manzano, published in 1978.
- ^ "For Immediate Release:". News Archive. www.rufuswainwright.com. 02 February 2011. http://www.rufuswainwright.com/news/RW_Archive.aspx#2b042ae6-9780-44dc-8358-c8e038aa81b6:640386. Retrieved 2012-02-20. "Darling daughter Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen was born on February 2, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to proud parents Lorca Cohen, Rufus Wainwright and Deputy Dad Jorn Weisbrodt."
- ^ "Transcript of Stina Lundberg's Interview in Paris, 2001". Webheights.net. 2001. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/sl2001.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1305765,00.html. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "The Story of Suzanne". BBC Radio 4 interview with Suzanne Verdal McCallister (leonardcohenfiles.com). 6 June 1998. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/verdal.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "Dominique Issermann". Carla Bruni-Sarkozy. 1 May 2010. http://www.carlabrunisarkozy.org/en/dominique-issermann/. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1988 for the album, 2012 for the website). "I'm Your Man" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album8.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1 June 1993). "Knowing Rebecca de Mornay Like Only Leonard Cohen Can". Interview magazine. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/priv1.htm. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1992 for the album, 2012 for the website). "The Future" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). A Record by Leonard Cohen. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album9.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ The Online Jewish Book Community (JBooks.com) (June 2006). "Book of Longing (Review)". Reviews & Articles. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/bookoflonging/reviews12.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ See Larry Rohter, "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual." The New York Times, 25 February 2009. For an extended discussion of the Jewish mystical and Buddhist motifs in Cohen's songs and poems, see Elliot R. Wolfson, "New Jerusalem Glowing: Songs and Poems of Leonard Cohen in a Kabbalistic Key," Kabbalah: A Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 15 (2006): 103-152.
- ^ "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?" The Guardian. 17 September 2004.
- ^ "Cohen using Jewish prayers and blessings in Hebrew in his concert in Israel". Forward.com. http://www.forward.com/articles/115181/. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/sep/17/2.
- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. Order of Canada citation. Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 26 May 2010
- ^ Leopold, Todd (4 February 2008). "Herbie Hancock rides on the 'River'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/04/herbie.hancock/index.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Indictees for 2008". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201220931/http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement/. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Quarante-neuf personnalités nommées ou promues dans l'Ordre national du Québec" (in French). Government of Quebec. 3 June 2008. http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.qc.ca/salle-de-presse/communiques/2008/juin/2008-06-03-en.shtml. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "CBC Radio3 Announces Polaris Prize Longlist", 15 June 2009
- ^ MOJO Honours List 2009: Nominees Announced
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen wins the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=21769&p=229671. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Glenn Gould Prize. Arts Journal
- ^ "Chuck Berry, Leonard Cohen Get First PEN Songwriting Awards". RollingStone Music. 28 February 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/chuck-berry-leonard-cohen-get-first-pen-songwriting-awards-20120227. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark; Goldstein, Meredeth (26 February 2012). "Leonard Cohen and Chuck Berry celebrated at the JFK Library". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/names/2012/02/leonard-cohen-and-chuck-berry-celebrated-the-jfk-library/pme86jnpLDKP4XYIMJi3XN/index.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "F.R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, 7 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Search results: Leonard Cohen, Open Library, Web, 10 May 2011.
- ^ "''Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen''". Nfb.ca. 5 May 2010. http://www.nfb.ca/film/ladies_and_gentlemen_mr_leonard_cohen. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "IMDB.com: Awards for The Ernie Game". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060375/awards. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "''Leonard Cohen BBC-TV Summer 1968''". Likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com. 31 August 2007. http://likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com/2007/08/leonard-cohen-bbc-tv-summer-1968.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "McCabe and Mrs. Miller". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mccabe.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Bird on a Wire DVD". Leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com. 13 May 2010. http://leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Rockpop Special". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/rockpop.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Songs from the life of Leonard Cohen". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/bbc-life.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Austin City Limits, 1988 & 1993". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/austin.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Cohen, Leonard (1993), Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-2230-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=9jHBP53SgjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Ratcliff, Maurice (1999), The complete guide to the music of Leonard Cohen, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-7508-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJseVKmKtqwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Scobie, Stephen (2000), Intricate preparations: writing Leonard Cohen, ECW Press, ISBN 1-55022-433-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=MASx22brbYMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Nadel, Ira (1997), Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen' (1st ed.), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-71732-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Various%20Positions%3A%20A%20Life%20of%20Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Hofmann, Philipp (2010), Corporeal Cartographies: The Body in the Novels of Leonard Cohen, Lit Publishing House, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-643-11035-0|3-643-11035-0]], http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-11035-0
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Cohen |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Leonard Cohen |
- Official website
- The Leonard Cohen Files
- Bird on a Wire (1972) at TCM Movie Morlocks
- Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews, Vol. 33 (Fall/Winter, 1993). The Proceedings of the Leonard Cohen Conference, Red Deer College, 22-24 Oct. 1993.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cohen, Leonard Norman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 21 September 1934 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
File:Robert-Levinson.png
Robert "Bob" Levinson, last known picture.
Robert A. “Bob” Levinson (born March 10, 1948) is an American private detective and former FBI agent.[1] He disappeared in March 2007 when visiting Iran's Kish Island while researching a cigarette-smuggling case. He had previously worked on an inquiry into the murder of American Paul Klebnikov in Moscow.[2]
Contents |
Iranian involvement[link]
The Iranian government has stated that it has no information about the case, but officials from the U.S. State Department have cast doubt on the Iranian government's claims.[3]
On September 5, 2007 Iran blocked a US request to allow Swiss diplomats to go to Kish Island to look for the luggage or other traces of Levinson.[4]
Family Investigation[link]
Media reported in August 2007 that Christine Levinson, wife of Robert, was planning a trip to Iran with their oldest son. The Department of State stressed that there was a travel warning to that country and they would be doing so at their own risk.[3] Iran announced on September 23, 2007, that she would be allowed to visit the country.[5]
In December 2007, Christine Levinson and her son traveled to Iran to attempt to learn more about Levinson's disappearance. That trip yielded nothing new.[6] In July 2008, Christine said that she wanted to travel to Iran again soon.[7]
Interview with Iranian president[link]
In an interview with NBC's Brian Williams, Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was questioned regarding Levinson's case and its status. He responded:
There was a claim made some time ago, some people came over, the gentleman’s family came over. They talked and met with our officials and were given our responses. I see no reason for a person who was given an Iranian visa and — came into Iran, arrived in Iran through official channels, to have problems here. Our security officials and agents have expressed their willingness to assist the FBI, if the FBI has any information about his travels around the world.
We have said that we are ready to help, to assist with that matter. There are certain information that only FBI at the moment have. I am not an expert in that field, as you might appreciate, so I’m not going to make a judgment here whether that information, as they say, it is true and only held by the FBI or other parties for that matter.[8]
U.S. Government Investigation[link]
On January 13, 2009, U.S. Senator Bill Nelson revealed during Hillary Clinton's confirmation hearing that he believes Robert Levinson is being held in a secret prison in Iran. "The door has been closed at every turn," Nelson said during Clinton's confirmation hearing. "We think he is being held by the government of Iran in a secret prison."[9]
According to The New York Times, Levinson had been meeting with Dawud Salahuddin, (an American convert to Islam wanted for the 1980 murder of an Iranian dissident in the US) "just before he went missing."[10][11]
Current Status[link]
File:Levinsonproofoflife fmt1.ogv
Video released December 9, 2011 of family pleading to the kidnappers. Contains Hostage video of Robert Levinson sent to the family in November 2010.
It is unknown who is holding Levinson captive. On March 3, 2011, U.S. Department of State officials announced that there is evidence that Levinson is alive and being held somewhere in Southwest Asia.[12] According to the Associated Press, Levinson's family received "irrefutable proof" of life late in 2010.[13] On December 9, 2011, the family released the hostage video dated from November 2010.[14]
On March 6, 2012, approaching the five-year anniversary of Robert Levinson's captivity, The Federal Bureau of Investigation offered a $1 million reward for information leading to his safe recovery and return. In addition, a campaign was launched, using billboards, radio messages, flyers, and a telephone hotline to publicize this reward and obtain information of his whereabouts.[15]
References[link]
- ^ "Intrigue Surrounds Former FBI Agent Who Disappeared in Iran Two Months Ago". Associated Press. 2007-05-10. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/10/america/NA-GEN-US-Iran-Missing.php. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ^ Horton, Scott (April 2007). "American FBI Alumnus Goes Missing in Iran". Harper's Magazine. http://harpers.org/archive/2007/04/horton-missing-in-iran. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ a b "U.S. woman plans trip to Iran to search for missing former FBI agent husband". International Herald Tribune. 2007-08-02. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/02/america/NA-GEN-US-Iran-Missing-Man.php.
- ^ Wright, Robin (September 5, 2007). "Iran Rejects Search for Traces of Ex-FBI Agent, U.S. Says". The Washington Post: p. A14. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/04/AR2007090400884.html. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ "Iran: Missing American's family can visit". CNN. September 23, 2007. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/09/23/iran.levinson/. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ Levinson, Daniel (June 22, 2008). "Missing a Father in Iran". The Washington Post: p. B07. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/20/AR2008062002274.html. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ "Wife of ex-FBI agent to repeat Iran visit in search of her husband". Payvand. July 15, 2008. http://www.payvand.com/news/08/jul/1147.html. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ "Transcript: ‘Response ... will be a positive one’" (NBC Nightly News). msnbc.com. July 28, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25887437/page/4/. Retrieved 2008-08-08.
- ^ "Senator Says Former FBI Agent Who Vanished in 2007 Is in Secret Iran Prison". Fox News. January 13, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,479842,00.html.
- ^ "Just Another American Hit Man, Actor and Journalist Living in Iran" By Robert Mackey September 16, 2009
- ^ Former FBI agent held in Iran: report, Apr 13, 2007
- ^ "Ex-FBI agent Robert Levinson missing in Iran 'is alive'". BBC News. March 3, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12641909.
- ^ By ADAM GOLDMAN and MATT APUZZO Associated Press (2011-03-03). "Years After Vanishing in Iran, US Man Proven Alive - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=13049751. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ "Robert Levinson, missing ex-FBI agent in hostage video: 'Help me'", by Associated Press, December 9, 2011
- ^ "FBI — $1 Million Reward Offered for Missing Retired Agent". Fbi.gov. http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2012/march/levinson/levinson. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
External links[link]
- Help Bob Levinson
- Help find Bob Levinson FBI website, retrieved 7 March 2012.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Levinson, Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1947 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robert_Levinson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Levinson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Mahmud is the primary transliteration of the Arabic given name, Arabic: محمود, Maḥmūd, that comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root of Ḥ-M-D "Praise".
Despite sharing the same triconsonantal root, this name is distinct from the name Muhammad. One of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's many names is Mahmud.[citation needed]
The name is common in most parts of the Islamic world; it is used as a given name for males, while the variant Mahmuda is given to females.[citation needed]
