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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
wn.com/Amiens -
Ancient Corinth
Coordinates: 37°54′19″N 22°52′49″E / 37.9053455°N 22.8801924°E / 37.9053455; 22.8801924
Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos) was a city-state (polis) on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece, roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta. The modern town of Corinth is located approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, systematic archaeological investigations of the Corinth Excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city, and recent excavations conducted by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought important new facets of antiquity to light.
Neolithic pottery suggests that the site of Corinth was occupied from at least as early as 6500BC, and continually occupied into the Early Bronze Age , when, it has been suggested, the settlement acted as a centre of trade However, there is a dramatic drop in ceramic remains during the Early Helladic II phase, and only sparse ceramic remains in the EHIII and MH phases; thus it appears that the area was very sparsely inhabited in the period immediately before the Myceanaean period. While pottery dating to the Mycenaean period is negligable at the site of Corinth, there was a settlement on the coast near Lechaion which traded across the Corinthian Gulf; the site of Corinth itself was likely not heavily occupied again until around 900BC, when it is believed the Dorians settled there.
wn.com/Ancient_Corinth -
Ani
Ani (Armenian: Անի) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval Armenian city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, near the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The city is located on a triangular site, visually dramatic and naturally defensive, protected on its eastern side by the ravine of the Akhurian River and on its western side by the Bostanlar or Tzaghkotzadzor valley. The Akhurian is a branch of the Araks River and forms part of the current border between Turkey and Armenia. Called the "City of 1001 Churches", Ani stood on various trade routes and its many religious buildings, palaces, and fortifications were amongst the most technically and artistically advanced structures in the world.
At its height, Ani had a population of 100,000–200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.
wn.com/Ani -
Aomori Prefecture
Aomori Prefecture (青森県, Aomori-ken?) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku Region. The capital is the city of Aomori.
Until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Aomori prefecture was known as Mutsu Province.
The prefecture came into existence in 1871. Aomori Town was established in 1889. The town was incorporated as a city in 1898 with a population of 28,000. On May 3, 1910 a fire broke out in the Yasukata district. Fanned by strong winds, the fire quickly devastated the whole city. The conflagration claimed 26 lives and injured a further 160 residents. It destroyed 5,246 houses and burnt 19 storage sheds and 157 warehouses. At 10:30 p.m. on July 28, 1945 a squadron of American B29 bombers bombed over 90% of the city.
Radio Aomori (RAB) made its first broadcast in 1951. Four years later, the first fish auctions were held. 1958 saw the completion of the Municipal Fish Market as well as the opening of the Citizen's Hospital. In the same year, the Tsugaru Line established a rail connection with Minmaya Village at the tip of the peninsula.
wn.com/Aomori_Prefecture -
Ara Pacis
The Ara Pacis Augustae (Latin, "Altar of Augustan Peace"; commonly shortened to Ara Pacis) is an altar to Peace, envisioned as a Roman goddess. It was commissioned by the Roman Senate on 4 July 13 BC to honor the triumphal return from Hispania and Gaul of the Roman emperor Augustus, and was consecrated on 30 January 9 BC by the Senate to celebrate the peace established in the Empire after Augustus's victories. The altar was meant to be a vision of the Roman civil religion. It sought to portray the peace and fertile prosperity enjoyed as a result of the Pax Augusta (Latin, "Augustan peace") brought about by the military supremacy of the Roman empire, and act as a visual reminder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that was bringing it about.
The Ara Pacis stood within an enclosure elaborately and finely sculpted entirely in gleaming white marble, depicting scenes of traditional Roman piety, in which the Emperor and his family were portrayed in the act of offering sacrifices to the gods. Various figures bring forth cattle to be sacrificed. Some have their togas drawn over their heads, like a hood; this signifies that they are acting in their official capacity as priests. Others wear laurel crowns, traditional symbols of victory. Men, women, and children all approach the gods. Themes of civil peace are linked to themes of the dynastic Julio-Claudian claims, and the importance of religion as a civilizing force, in rites of which some were consciously being revived for the occasion, according to Augustus himself.
wn.com/Ara_Pacis -
Armenia
Armenia
i/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
wn.com/Armenia -
Ballsbridge
Balls Bridge (Irish: Droichead na Dothra, meaning "Dodder bridge") is a bridge in Dublin, Ireland, situated in "Pembroke" which spans the River Dodder on the south side of the city. It is a three arch stone bridge and was built in 1791. Pembroke is an exclusive area and is known to contain very expensive property. Though this name is little known and the area is instead called after the bridge, being called "Ballsbridge" in common use. The sign on the bridge still proclaims it as "Ball's Bridge" in recognition of the fact that the original bridge in this location was built and owned by a Mr. Ball.
Ballsbridge was once part of the Pembroke Township.
The bridge itself forms the centre of the Ballsbridge suburb which extends northwards towards the Grand Canal along Northumberland Road up to Haddington Road and Shelbourne Road, extends southwards along the Merrion Road towards Merrion and along Anglesea Road towards Donnybrook, and westwards to encompass the area around Pembroke Road, Clyde Road, Elgin Road, and Herbert Park. The park also forms part of Ballsbridge's nebulous border with Donnybrook.
wn.com/Ballsbridge -
Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
wn.com/Belarus -
Bolsena
Bolsena is a town and comune of Italy, in the province of Viterbo in northern Lazio on the eastern shore of Lake Bolsena. It is 10 km (6 mi) north-north west of Montefiascone and 36 km (22 mi) north-west of Viterbo. The ancient Via Cassia, today's highway SR143, follows the lake shore for some distance, passing through Bolsena.
While it is fairly certain that the city is the successor to the ancient Roman town of Volsinii (sometimes termed Volsinii Novi – New Volsinii – to distinguish it from the Etruscan city), scholarly opinion is sharply divided as to whether Volsinii was the same as the ancient Etruscan city of Velzna or Velsuna (sometimes termed Volsinii Veteres – Old Volsinii), the other candidate being Orvieto, 20 km (12 mi) NE. George Dennis pointed out that the town of Bolsena has no Etruscan characteristics; for example, Etruscan cities were built on defensible crags, which the hill on which the castle is situated is not. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder said that a bolt from Mars fell on Bolsena, "the richest town in Tuscany" and that the city was entirely burned up by this bolt. The population moved to another site, which Dennis thought was Bolsena. The new city was named after the old, hence Roman Bolsena has an Etruscan name. Dennis suggests a number of crags in the area including Orvieto but does not favor Orvieto on the grounds that it is too far away.
wn.com/Bolsena -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
British Museum
Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.519459°N 0.126931°W / 51.519459; -0.126931
The British Museum, in London, is widely considered to be one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million works, is amongst the finest, most comprehensive, and largest in existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection, most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, are the objects of intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin.
wn.com/British_Museum -
Bundestag
The Bundestag (Federal Diet; pronounced [ˈbʊndəstaːk]) is a legislative body in Germany. In practice Germany is governed by a bicameral legislature, of which the Bundestag serves as the lower house and the Bundesrat the upper house. The Bundestag was established by the German Basic Law of 1949, as the successor to the earlier Reichstag. Norbert Lammert is the current President of the Bundestag.
With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire (Deutsches Reich) in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin. Two decades later, the current parliament building was erected. The Reichstag delegates were elected by direct and equal male suffrage (and not the three-class electoral system prevailing in Prussia until 1918). The Reichstag did not participate in the appointment of the Chancellor until the parliamentary reforms of October 1918. After the Revolution of November 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Constitution, women were given the right to vote for (and serve in) the Reichstag, and the parliament could use the no-confidence vote to force the chancellor or any cabinet member to resign. In March 1933, one month after the Reichstag fire, the then president, Paul von Hindenburg, a retired war hero, gave Hitler ultimate power through Enabling Act of 1933, he remained at the post of Federal Government Chancellor (though he called himself the Führer). After this the Reichstag met only rarely to unanimously rubber-stamp the decisions of the government. It last convened on 26 April 1942.
wn.com/Bundestag -
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia (for endonyms, see below), is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mt. Elbrus. Politically, the Caucasus region is separated between northern and southern parts.
The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus.
The Ciscaucasus contains the larger majority of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, also known as the Major Caucasus mountains. It includes Southwestern Russia and northern parts of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia, on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey, on the east by the Caspian Sea, and on the south by Iran. It includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. All of Armenia, Azerbaijan (excluding the northern parts) and Georgia (excluding the northern parts) are in South Caucasus.
wn.com/Caucasus -
Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( /ˈkoʊpənheɪɡən/ or /ˈkoʊpənhɑːɡən/; Danish: København pronounced [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] (
listen), Latin: Hafnia) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012 (2012 -01-01)[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012 (2012 -04-01)[update]). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.
Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.
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Dholavira
Dholavira (Gujarati: ધોળાવીરા) is an archaeological site in Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kachchh district of Gujarat state in western India, which has taken its name from a modern village 1 km south of it. The site of Dholavira, locally known as Kotada timba contains ruins of an ancient Harappan city. It is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It is located on the Khadir bet island in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Great Rann of Kutch. The site is surrounded by water in the monsoon season. The site was occupied from c.2650 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE. It was briefly abandoned and reoccupied until c.1450 BCE.
The site was discovered in 1967-8 by J. P. Joshi and is the fifth largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent, and has been under excavation almost continuously since 1990 by the Archaeological Survey of India. Eight large urban centers have been discovered: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Ganeriwala, Rakhigarhi, Kalibangan, Rupar, Dholavira, and Lothal.
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Dublin
Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɨn/; locally /ˈdʊbᵊlən/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə], occasionally Duibhlinn) is the capital and most populous city of Ireland. The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubhlinn, meaning "black pool". Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and the centre of the Dublin Region.
Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century; it was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe. Dublin entered a period of stagnation following the Act of Union of 1800, but it remained the economic centre for most of the island. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, the new parliament, the Oireachtas, was located in Leinster House. Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland.
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European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "commissioners" ). There is one member per member state, though members are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. One of the 27 is the Commission President (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso) proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament. The Council then appoints the other 26 members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and then the 27 members as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. The first Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 and its successor, under the same President, took office in 2010.
The term "Commission" is used either in the narrow sense of the 27-member College of Commissioners (or College) or to also include the administrative body of about 23,000 European civil servants who are split into departments called Directorates-General and Services. The internal working languages of the Commission are English, French and German. The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are based in the Berlaymont building of Brussels.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Havana
Havana (/həˈvænə/; Spanish: La Habana, [la aˈβana] ( listen)) is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of 726.75 km2 (280.60 sq mi) — making it the largest city by area, the most populous city, and the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean region. The city extends mostly westward and southward from the bay, which is entered through a narrow inlet and which divides into three main harbours: Marimelena, Guanabacoa and Atarés. The sluggish Almendares River traverses the city from south to north, entering the Straits of Florida a few miles west of the bay.
Havana was founded by the Spanish in the 16th century and due to its strategic location it served as a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the continent becoming a stopping point for the treasure laden Spanish Galleons on the crossing between the New World and the Old World. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish-American War.
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Ilkley Moor
Ilkley Moor is part of Rombalds Moor, the moorland between Ilkley and Keighley in West Yorkshire, England. The moor, which rises to 402 m (1,319 ft) above sea level is famous as the inspiration for the Yorkshire "county anthem" On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at.
During the Carboniferous period (325 million years ago), Ilkley Moor was part of a sea level swampy area fed by meandering river channels coming from the north. The layers in the eroded bank faces of stream gullies in the area represent sea levels with various tides depositing different sorts of sediment. Over a long period of time the sediments were cemented and compacted into hard rock layers. Geological forces lifted and tilted the strata a little towards the south-east, producing many small fractures, or faults. Since the end of the Carboniferous time there has been erosion and more than a thousand metres of the coal-bearing rocks have been completely removed from the area. During the last million years, Ice Age glaciers modified the shape of the Wharfe valley, deepening it, smoothing it and leaving behind glacial debris. The millstone grit not only gives character to the town of Ilkley but gives the area its acid soils, heather moors, soft water and rocky scars.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
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Khuzestan province
Khuzestan Province (Persian: استان خوزستان, Ostān-e Khūzestān is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq's Basra Province and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahwaz and covers an area of 63,238 km². Other major cities include Behbahan, Abadan, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, Bandar Imam, Dezful, Shushtar, Omidiyeh, Izeh, Baq-e-Malek, Mah Shahr, Dasht-i Mishan/Dasht-e-Azadegan, Ramhormoz, Shadegan, Susa, Masjed Soleiman, Minoo Island and Hoveizeh.
Historically, Khuzestan is what historians refer to as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiyā, which is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz" refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or Huja (as in the inscription at the tomb of King Darius I at Naqsh-e Rostam, (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources) where it is recorded as inscription as "Hauja" or "Huja"). This is in conformity with the same evolutionary process where the Old Persian changed the name Sindh into Hind/Hindustan. In Middle Persian the term evolves into "Khuz" and "Kuzi" The pre-Islamic Partho-Sassanid Inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khwuzestan. As the most ancient Iranian province, it is often referred to as the "birthplace of the nation," as this is where the history of the Persian Empire begins.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( listen); Russian: Киев) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangians rule, the city became a capital of the Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
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La Olmeda
The palatial Late Antique Roman villa at La Olmeda is situated in Pedrosa de la Vega in the province of Palencia (Castile and León, Spain), near the banks of the Carrión. Long known as the provenance of chance finds, it was finally professionally excavated from 1968, and was a declared a Bien de Interés Cultural, 3 April 1996.
The site was donated in 1984 to the Diputación de Palencia by its proprietor and discoverer, Javier Cortes Álvarez de Miranda, who had supported the archaeological investigation of the site from 1969 to 1980. It is open to the public, while a museum dedicated to the finds is housed in the nearby church of San Pedro de Saldaña.
The agrarian villa was effected in several stages, beginning in the second quarter of the fourth century and extending in use at least to the end of the fifth. The villa complex centers on the elite quarters of rigorously symmetrical disposition, wherein twenty-seven rooms, twelve with mosaic floors, are disposed around a central patio crossed with mosaic paths in geometric patterns and linked round its perimeter by a wide peristyle. This main building housed the poentior, with its oecus or reception hall, centered in the east wing featuring a particularly resplendently mosaiced floor (illustration, right). Slightly raised semicircular apses mark its northeastern and northwestern end rooms. The main body of the villa communicated with a baths by a grand passageway. The principal front of the main block faces south, with a porticoed gallery ending in octagonal tower blocks. The residential quarters face north with two rectangular corner towers.
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Lambach Abbey
Lambach Abbey (Stift Lambach) is a Benedictine monastery in Lambach in Austria.
A monastery was founded in about 1040 by Count Arnold II of Lambach-Wels. His son, Bishop Adalbero of Würzburg (later canonised), changed the monastery into a Benedictine abbey ten year later. Since 1056 it has been a Benedictine abbey. During the 17th and 18th centuries a great deal of work in the Baroque style was carried out, much of it by the Carlone family. Lambach escaped the dissolution of the monasteries of Emperor Joseph II in the 1780s. It was however dissolved by the National Socialists in 1941, in the Operation Klostersturm, and the premises were used for the accommodation of a Nazi school and training institution. The Benedictines were exiled or forced into state labour work. In 1897/98 Adolf Hitler had lived in the town of Lambach (with his parents). He went to the secular Volksschule at which Benedictine teachers were employed. The dispossessed monastic community returned to Lambach Abbey after the end of World War II.
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Liao Dynasty
The Liao Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 辽朝; traditional Chinese: 遼朝; pinyin: Liáo Cháo; Khitan language: Mos Jælut), also known as the Khitan Empire (simplified Chinese: 契丹国; traditional Chinese: 契丹國; pinyin: Qìdān Guó; Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur), was an empire in East Asia that ruled over Mongolia and portions of Kazakhstan, the Russian Far East, and northern China proper between 907–1125. It was founded by the Khitan Great Khan Abaoji around the time of the collapse of the Han Chinese Tang Dynasty.
The Liao Empire was destroyed by the Jurchen of the Jin Dynasty in 1125. However, remnants of its people, led by Yelü Dashi, established Western Liao Dynasty, also known as Kara-Khitan Khanate, which ruled over parts of Central Asia for almost a century before being conquered by Genghis Khan's Mongolian army.
The Khitan were a Mongolic tribe who originally formed a part of Tanshihuai's Xianbei state before submitting along with the Kumo Xi to the Yuwen chieftains after the state's disintegration. They considered themselves descendants of the legendary Qishou Khagan, who was descended from Tanshihuai (reigned 157–181). The Kumo Xi and Khitan separated as one body from the Yuwen after the Yuwen were defeated by Murong Huang of the Murong tribe in 344. In 388 the Khitan separated from the Kumo Xi. This began the written history of the Khitan as an independent tribe. In the period of Zhenjun (r. 440–449) they 'asked for paying tribute' (any presentation of gifts by foreigners were seen as submissive 'tribute') and presented famous steeds to the court of the Northern Wei. In the Xianzu period (466–470) Mofuhe Hechen of the Khitan leading the eight Khitan tribes (Xiwandan, Hedahe, Fufuyu, Yuling, Rilian, Pijie, Li and Tuliuyu) presented famous steeds and high quality fur to the Northern Wei at their capital Datong and the Khitan were 'allowed' to trade in the area of modern-day Miyun County of Beijing City.
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Lothal
Lothal (Gujarati: લોથલ loˑt̪ʰəl) is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Located in Bhāl region of the modern state of Gujarāt and dating from 2400 BCE. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from February 13, 1955 to May 19, 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. Lothal's dock—the world's earliest known, connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert of today was a part of the Arabian Sea.It was a vital and thriving trade center in ancient times, with its trade of beads, gems and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia and Africa. The techniques and tools they pioneered for bead-making and in metallurgy have stood the test of time for over 4000 years.
Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka taluka of Ahmedabad district. It is six kilometers (south-east) of the Lothal-Bhurkhi railway station on the Ahmedabad-Bhavnagar railway line. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Dholka. The nearest cities are Dholka and Bagodara. Resuming excavation in 1961, archaeologists unearthed trenches sunk on the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, bringing to light the inlet channels and nullah ("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. The findings consist of a mound, a township, a marketplace, and the dock. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of Indus-era antiquities in India are displayed.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Majiabang culture
The Majiabang culture (馬家浜文化) was a Neolithic culture that existed at the mouth of the Yangtze River, primarily around the Taihu area and north of Hangzhou Bay in China. The culture was spread throughout southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. Initially, archaeologists had considered the Majiabang sites and sites in northern Jiangsu to be part of the same culture, naming it the Qingliangang culture. Archaeologists later realized that the northern Jiangsu sites were of the Dawenkou culture and renamed the southern Jiangsu sites as the Majiabang culture. The Majiabang culture coexisted with the Hemudu culture for over a thousand years as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two cultures.
Majiabang people cultivated rice. At Caoxieshan and Chuodun, sites of the Majiabang culture, archaeologists excavated paddy fields, indicating the centrality of rice to the economy . In addition faunal remains excavated from Majiabang archaeological sites indicated that people had domesticated pigs. However, the remain of sika and roe deer have been found, showing that people were not totally reliant on agricultural production. Archaeological sites also bear evidence that Majiabang people produced jade ornaments.
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Marlik
Marlik is an ancient site near Roudbar in Gilan, north of Iran. The site of a royal cemetery, and artifacts found at this site date back to 3,000 years ago. According to G.N.Kurochkin, the archeological monuments Indo-Iranians and show similarities to the descriptions of the Avesta Yashts.
G.N. Kurochkin, "Archeological search for the Near Eastern Aryans and the royal cemetery of Marlik in northern Iran", nnales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Series B ISSN 0066-2011, 1993, vol. 271 (1), pp. 389-395 (10 ref.) [1]
Coordinates: 36°49′50″N 49°27′33″E / 36.83056°N 49.45917°E / 36.83056; 49.45917
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Microsoft
Coordinates: 47°38′22.55″N 122°7′42.42″W / 47.6395972°N 122.12845°W / 47.6395972; -122.12845
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, United States that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft is one of the largest software corporations in the world.
Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. The company has diversified into the video game industry with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles and the consumer electronics and digital services market MSN, the Zune and the Windows Phone OS. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees (Forbes 400 list revealed that in March 2011 both Jon Shipley and Nathan Myhrvold lost their billionaire status). In May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications for $8.5 billion.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Navajo Nation
The Navajo Nation (Navajo: Naabeehó Bináhásdzo) is a semi-autonomous Native American-governed territory covering 27,425 square miles (71,000 km2), occupying portions of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico. It is the largest land area assigned primarily to a Native American jurisdiction within the United States.
In English, the initial name for the area was "Navajo Indian Reservation," governed since 1923 by the "Navajo Tribal Council." On April 15, 1969, the official name on the seal used by the government was changed to "Navajo Nation," stating that from that day on "all correspondence, stationary [sic], letterheads [...] of the Navajo Tribe use the designation 'Navajo Nation' to locate the tribe." In 1994, a proposal to change the official designation from "Navajo" to "Diné" was rejected by the council. They said the name Diné represented the time of suffering before the Long Walk, and that Navajo is the appropriate designation for the future.
In Navajo, the geographic entity with its legally defined borders is known as "Naabeehó Bináhásdzo." This contrasts with "Diné Bikéyah" and "Naabeehó Bikéyah" for the general idea of "Navajoland." More importantly, neither of these designations should be confused with "Dinétah," the term used for the traditional homeland of the Navajo people, situated in the area between the mountains Dookʼoʼoosłííd (San Francisco Peaks), Dibé Ntsaa (Hesperus Mountain), Sisnaajiní (Blanca Peak), and Tsoodził (Mount Taylor).
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Nydam Mose
Nydam Mose ("Nydam Bog") is an archaeological site located at Øster Sottrup, a town located in Sundeved, eight kilometres from Sønderborg, Denmark.
In the Iron Age. the site of the bog was a sacred lake, where the weapons and ships of vanquished armies were offered to the indigenous gods in thanks for victory over the fallen enemy. Many items were deliberately destroyed (broken or hacked into pieces) in ritual sacrificial acts, from the period 200 to 400AD. Nydam Bog has played a role in the Danish national claim for Southern Jutland.
The first known finds from the bog date from the 1830s, when a local farmer gave old swords and shields as toys to his children.
Amongst numerous other items, three boats were found in Nydam Bog. In particular, the 23 metre long oak boat, commonly known as "the Nydam Boat", maintains a distinguished position amongst Danish Iron Age finds, as it is the oldest known rowing vessel in Northern Europe. The oak (egetræsbåden) boat is on display at the archaeological museum in Gottorp Castle, Schleswig, Germany.
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Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
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Qinghai
Coordinates: 36°00′N 96°00′E / 36°N 96°E / 36; 96
Qinghai ( listen (help·info)) (Chinese: 青海; pinyin: Qīnghǎi; Wade–Giles: Ching Hai, pronounced [tɕʰíŋxàɪ̯]); Oirat Mongolian: Көкнуур (transcribed into Cyrillic); Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་; Salar:[citation needed]) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. It borders Gansu on the northeast, the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast, and Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest.
A large part of Qinghai's area, until the early 20th century most often referred to by its Mongol name Kokonur in English, lies outside of China proper and has been an ethnic melting pot for centuries, mixing Tibetan, Han Chinese, Mongol, and Turkic influences. The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the Han Dynasty about 2000 years ago. It was a battleground during the Tang and subsequent Chinese dynasties when they fought against successive Tibetan tribes.
In the middle of 3rd century CE, nomadic people related to Xianbei migrated to pasture lands around Koko Nur (Qinghai Lake) and established Tuyuhun Kingdom. Since the 7th century, Tuyuhun Kingdom was attacked by both the Tibetan Empire and Tang Dynasty as both of them sought control over trade routes. Military conflicts severely weakened the kingdom and it was incorporated into the Tibetan Empire. After the disintegration of the Tibetan Empire, small local factions emerged. They were under titular authority of China and Tibet but maintained their autonomy. During the period of Mongol Yuan Dynasty's administrative rule of Tibet, majority of Qinghai belonged to one of the three commandaries of the Tibetan region divided at that time, namely Amdo (Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ; Chinese: 安多; pinyin: Ānduō).
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Ramsø
Until January 1, 2007 Ramsø was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Roskilde County on the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in east Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 76 km², and had a total population of 9,320 (2005). Its last mayor was Poul Lindor Nielsen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Viby Sjælland. Other towns and villages in the municipality were Gadstrup, Skalstrup, Snoldelev and Ørsted.
The municipality was created in 1970 due to a kommunalreform ("Municipality Reform") that combined a number of existing parishes:
Ramsø municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with existing Gundsø and Roskilde municipalities to form the new Roskilde municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 212 km² and a total population of 79,441 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Sjælland ("Zealand Region").
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan (i/səˈskætʃɨwən/ or /səˈskætʃɨwɑːn/) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588,276 square kilometres (227,100 sq mi). Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.
As of April 2011, the population of Saskatchewan was estimated at 1,053,960. Residents primarily live in the southern half of the province. Of the total population, 257,300 live in the province's largest city, Saskatoon, while 210,000 live in the provincial capital, Regina. Other major cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current and North Battleford.
Saskatchewan was first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774, having also been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups. It became a province in 1905. Saskatchewan's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. Its major industries are agriculture, mining, and energy. "In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon.
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Snoldelev Stone
The Snoldelev Stone, listed as DR 248 in the Rundata catalog, is a 9th century runestone that was originally located at Snoldelev, Ramsø, Denmark.
The Snoldelev Stone, which is 1.25 meters in height, is decorated with a design of three drinking horns interlocking as incomplete Borromean rings (similar to the Diane de Poitiers three crescents emblem), and a swastika. The triple horn motif has been compared to a triskelion, or to the valknut symbol. The stone was first noted in 1810, and was turned over to the national Antiquities Commission in 1811. The runestone is now housed at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, Denmark.
The inscription on the Snoldelev Stone shows an early version of the Younger Futhark. Like the late Elder Futhark Björketorp Runestone, it uses an a-rune
which has the same form as the h-rune has in the long-branch version of the younger futhark. This a-rune is transliterated with capital A below. The Snoldelev runestone also retains the elder futhark haglaz rune (
) for the h-phoneme and this is represented by capital H in the transliteration below. The last character in the runic text is damaged, but is clearly a 
, and represents the first use of this rune for an 'm' in Denmark. The text is arranged in two lines of different size. It has been suggested that this may have been done in imitation of Merovingian or Carolingian manuscripts, which have the first line in long slender characters with the following lines in shorter, stubbier text.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sutton Hoo
Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge, in the English county of Suffolk, is the site of two 6th- and early 7th-century cemeteries. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, now held in the British Museum in London.
Sutton Hoo is of a primary importance to early medieval historians because it sheds light on a period of English history that is on the margin between myth, legend and historical documentation. Use of the site culminated at a time when Rædwald, the ruler of the East Angles, held senior power among the English people and played a dynamic if ambiguous part in the establishment of Christian rulership in England; it is generally thought most likely that he is the person buried in the ship. The site has been vital in understanding the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of East Anglia and the whole early Anglo-Saxon period.
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Swastika Stone
Coordinates: 53°55′08″N 1°51′43″W / 53.91889°N 1.86194°W / 53.91889; -1.86194
The Swastika Stone is a stone adorned with a Swastika located on the Woodhouse Crag, on the Northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire. The design has a double outline with five curved arms enclosing several so-called 'cup' marks, the like of which can be found on other stones nearby.
The design is unique in the British Isles, so its close similarity to Camunian rose designs in Italy have led some to theorize that the two are connected. In fact, the troops stationed in Ilkley during Roman occupation were recruited from the Celtic Lingones. This tribe was native to Gaul, but in around 400 BCE, some migrated across the Alps to the Adriatic coast. Some believe the Ilkley Lingones were recruited from here rather than from Gaul. It is possible that the Italian Lingones passed through the Valcamonica region at some point, took on the swastika designs they found as part of their tribal symbolism, and carved it on the nearby moor when stationed in Ilkley.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Taranto
Taranto (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtaːranto] ( listen); Latin: Tarentum; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς Tarās; Modern Greek: Τάραντας Tarantas; Tarantino "Tarde") is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base.
It is the third-largest continental city of Southern Italy: according to 2010 estimates, it has a population of 195 882.
Taranto is an important commercial and military port. It has well-developed steel and iron foundries, oil refineries, chemical works, some shipyards for building warships, and food-processing factories.
Taranto's pre-history dates back to 706 BC when it was founded as a Greek colony. The ancient city was situated on a peninsula on which the modern city has been built over the ancient Greek city of which only a few ruins remain including part of the city wall, two temple columns dating to the 6th century BC and tombs.
The islets of S. Pietro and S. Paolo (St. Peter and St. Paul) protect the bay, called Mar Grande (Big Sea), where the commercial port is located. Another bay, called Mar Piccolo (Little Sea), is formed by the peninsula of the old city, and has flourishing fishing. Mar Piccolo is a military port with strategic importance.
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Troy
Coordinates: 39°57′27″N 26°14′20″E / 39.9575°N 26.23889°E / 39.9575; 26.23889
Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἴλιον, Ilion, and Τροία, Troia; Latin: Trōia and Īlium;Hittite: Wilusa or Truwisa;Turkish: Truva) was a city, both factual and legendary, located in northwest Anatolia in what is now Turkey, southeast of the Dardanelles and beside Mount Ida. It is best known for being the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. Metrical evidence from the Iliad and the Odyssey seems to show that the name Ἴλιον (Ilion) formerly began with a digamma: Ϝίλιον (Wilion). This was later supported by the Hittite form Wilusa.
A new city called Ilium was founded on the site in the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus. It flourished until the establishment of Constantinople and declined gradually during the Byzantine era.
In 1865, English archaeologist Frank Calvert excavated trial trenches in a field he had bought from a local farmer at Hisarlık, and in 1868, Heinrich Schliemann, wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also began excavating in the area after a chance meeting with Calvert in Çanakkale. These excavations revealed several cities built in succession. Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert and took over Calvert's excavations on the eastern half of the Hissarlik site, which was on Calvert's property. Troy VII has been identified with the Hittite Wilusa, the probable origin of the Greek Ἴλιον, and is generally (but not conclusively) identified with Homeric Troy.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (Bashkir: Урал тауҙары, Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, Uralskiye gory, or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan. Their eastern side is usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic.
The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and Ural economic region. They are rich in various deposits, including metal ores, coal, precious and semi-precious stones, and since the 18th century have been the major mineral base of Russia.
As attested by Sigismund von Herberstein, in the 16th century Russians called the range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (Урал, Ural), first appearing in the 16th-17th century when the Russian expansion into Siberia was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might be a borrowing from either Turkic (Bashkir, where the same name is used for the range), or Ob-Ugric. From the 13th century, in Bashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave which later turned into the Ural Mountains.
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West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire, which is landlocked, consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south-east).
West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres (783 sq mi), continues to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference.
West Yorkshire encompasses the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up and biggest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.
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Winchester Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral situated in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is one of the largest cathedrals in England, with the longest nave and greatest overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe. Dedicated to the Holy Trinity, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and Saint Swithun, it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed cathedral.
The cathedral was originally founded in 642 on an immediately adjoining site to the north. This building became known as the Old Minster. It became part of a monastic settlement in 971. Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, before being moved to the new Norman cathedral. So-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are also housed in the present cathedral.[citation needed] The Old Minster was demolished in 1093.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
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Alexander Cunningham
Sir Alexander Cunningham KCIE CSI (23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British archaeologist and army engineer, known as the father of the Archaeological Survey of India. Both his brothers, Francis Cunningham and Joseph Cunningham became well known for their work in British India.
Born in London to the Scottish poet Allan Cunningham, he had his early education at Christ's Hospital, London. He later studied at the M.E.I Company's Seminary at Addiscombe, and at the R.E. Estate at Chatham. He joined the Bengal Engineers at the age of 19 as a Second Lieutenant and spent the next 28 years in the service of British Government of India. Soon after arriving in India in June 1833, a meeting with James Prinsep sparked his lifelong interest in Indian archaeology and antiquity. He was ADC to Lord Auckland, the Governor-General of India from 1836 to 1840. On 30 March 1840, he married Alicia Maria Whish, daughter of Martin Whish B.C.S. He was appointed as Colonel R.E in 1860. Cunningham retired in 1861, having attained the rank of Major General.
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Alfred Rosenberg
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (help·info) (12 January 1893 – 16 October 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the Nazi Party. Rosenberg was first introduced to Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eckart; he later held several important posts in the Nazi government. He is considered one of the main authors of key Nazi ideological creeds, including its racial theory, persecution of the Jews, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to "degenerate" modern art. He is also known for his rejection of Christianity, having played an important role in the development of Positive Christianity, which he intended to be transitional to a new Nazi faith. At Nuremberg he was tried, sentenced to death and executed by hanging as a war criminal.
Rosenberg was born in 1893 in Reval (today's Tallinn, in Estonia, then part of the Russian Empire) to a family of Baltic Germans: his father, Waldemar Wilhelm Rosenberg, was a wealthy merchant from Latvia, his mother, Elfriede, was from Estonia. (Tallinn archivist J. Rajandi claimed in the 1930s that Rosenberg's family had Estonian origins).
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Aryan
Aryan /ˈɛərjən/ is an English language loanword derived from the Sanskrit ārya ('Noble'). In present-day academia, the terms "Indo-Iranian" and "Indo-European" have, according to many, made most uses of the term 'Aryan' minimal, and 'Aryan' is now mostly limited to its appearance in the term "Indo-Aryan" to represent (speakers of) North, West and Central Indian languages.
Western notions of an "Aryan race" rose to prominence in late-19th and early-20th century racialist thought, an idea most notably embraced by Nazi ideology (see master race). The Nazis believed that the "Nordic peoples" (who were also referred to as the "Germanic peoples") represent an ideal and "pure race" that was the purest representation of the original racial stock of those who were then called the Proto-Aryans. The Nazis declared that the Nordics were the true Aryans because they claimed that they were more "pure" (less racially mixed with non-native Indo-European peoples) than other people of what were then called the Aryan peoples (now generally called the Indo-European peoples).
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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
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Bashkirs
The Bashkirs (Bashkir: Башҡорттар, Başqorttar) are a Turkic people indigenous to Bashkortostan extending on both parts of the Ural mountains, on the place where Europe meets Asia. Groups of Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Samara and Saratov Oblasts of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and other countries. They speak the Kypchak-based Bashkir language. The Bashkirs are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab.
There is no universally accepted etymology of the word "Bashqort". Several suggested theories are:
The Bashkirs as a Kipchak group form in the early medieval period in the context of the Turkic migrations. Besides their Turkic ancestry,Ugrian and Iranian contributions have also been discussed in Russian ethnographic literature. Genetically, R1b1a1 (2011 name) has been found to occur with comparatively high frequency among the Bashkirs in Bashkortostan (62/471 = 13.2%). Accordance with all paleontological and anthropological findings presume the roots of the Bashkir people likely to the Andronovo culture.
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Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (/ˈjʊŋ/ YUUNG; German: [ˈkarl ˈɡʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration. Jung is one of the best known researchers in the field of dream analysis and symbolization. While he was a fully involved and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring tangential areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, and sociology, as well as literature and the arts.
Jung considered individuation, a psychological process of integrating the opposites including the conscious with the unconscious while still maintaining their relative autonomy, necessary for a person to become whole. Individuation is the central concept of analytical psychology.
Many psychological concepts were first proposed by Jung, including the archetype, the collective unconscious, the complex, and synchronicity. Popular psychometric instruments like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), have been principally developed from Jung's theories.
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Carl Sagan
Carl Edward Sagan ( /ˈseɪɡɪn/; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books. He advocated scientifically skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Sagan is known for his popular science books and for the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which he narrated and co-wrote. The book Cosmos was published to accompany the series. Sagan wrote the novel Contact, the basis for a 1997 film of the same name.
Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Ukrainian Jewish family. His father, Sam Sagan, was an immigrant garment worker from Kamenets-Podolsk, Ukraine; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, a housewife. Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya Clara, in Sagan's words, "the mother she never knew." Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey, in 1951.
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Charles De Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
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Claudia Roth
Claudia Benedikta Roth (born May 15, 1955 in Ulm) is a German Green Party politician and one of the two current party chairs, together with Cem Özdemir.
Claudia Benedicta Roth began her artistic work, which she always regarded as also being political, in the 1970s as a trained artistic director at a theatre in Memmingen. She then worked at the municipal theatre in Dortmund and the Hoffmanns-Comic-Teater, and subsequently became involved with the political rock band "Ton Steine Scherben".
She came into contact with the Green party on election campaign tours. In 1985, she became press spokesperson for the Greens in the Bundestag, despite being a newcomer to this line of work.
In July 1989, she was elected for the first time as a Member of the European Parliament for the Greens.
Amongst other things, she was a member of two committees of inquiry in the European Parliament, namely the Committee of Inquiry into Racism and Xenophobia and the Committee of Inquiry into Links between Organized Crime and Drugs, as well as of the EC-Turkey Joint Parliamentary Committee.
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Eric von Rosen
Count Carl Gustaf Bloomfield Eric von Rosen (born June 2, 1879 in Stockholm, died April 25, 1948 Skeppsholmen, Stockholm) was a Swedish Honorary doctor, patron, explorer and ethnographer.
von Rosen was married to baroness Mary Fock (1886–1967) with whom he had six children: Bjorn (b. 1905), Mary (b. 1906), Carl Gustaf von Rosen (b. 1909), Birgitta (b. 1913), Egil (b. 1919), and Anna (b. 1926). Eric von Rosen's father was count Carl Gustaf von Rosen and his mother was Ella Carlton Moore of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was brother to count Clarence von Rosen.
Von Rosen became brother-in-law to Hermann Göring when his wife's sister, Carin von Kantzow, married Göring. Everything had started when Göring was flying Eric von Rosen in bad weather from Stockholm to Rockelstad Castle, at the lake Båven in Sörmland, Sweden. Due to bad weather conditions, Göring had to stay at the castle. There he became acquainted with the sister of von Rosen's wife, Carin von Kantzow. She was at that time married to a Swedish officer, but would be his big love and future wife.
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First Nations
First Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The total population is nearly 700,000 people. Under the Employment Equity Act, First Nations are a "designated group", along with women, visible minorities, and persons with physical or mental disabilities. They are not defined as a visible minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada.
The term First Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of the Americas located in what is now Canada, except for the Arctic-situated Inuit, and peoples of mixed European-First Nations ancestry called Métis. The singular, commonly used on culturally politicized reserves, is the term First Nations person (when gender-specific, First Nations man or First Nations woman). A more recent trend is for members of various nations to refer to themselves by their tribal or national identity only, e.g., "I'm Haida," or "We're Kwantlens," in recognition of the distinctiveness of First Nations ethnicities.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Guido von List
Guido Karl Anton List, better known as Guido von List (October 5, 1848 – May 17, 1919) was an Austrian/German (Viennese) poet, journalist, writer, businessman and dealer of leather goods, mountaineer, hiker, dramatist, playwright, and rower, but was most notable as an occultist and völkisch author who is seen as one of the most important figures in Germanic revivalism, Germanic mysticism, Runic Revivalism and Runosophy in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and continues to be so today.
He is the author of Das Geheimnis der Runen (The Secret of the Runes), which is a detailed study of the Armanen Futharkh, his intellectual world-view (as realised in the years between 1902 and 1908), an introduction to the rest of his work and is widely regarded as the pioneering work of Runology in modern occultism.
Guido von List was born in Vienna in the Austrian Empire to Karl Anton List, a prosperous middle class leather goods dealer, and Maria List (née Killian). He grew up in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna. Like the majority of his fellow Austrians at that time, his family was Roman Catholic, and he was christened "Guido Anton List" as an infant in St Peter's Church in Vienna on October 8, 1848.
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Heinrich Böll
Heinrich Theodor Böll (December 21, 1917 – July 16, 1985) was one of Germany's foremost post-World War II writers. Böll was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize in 1967 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972.
Böll was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Catholic, pacifist family that later opposed the rise of Nazism. He refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s. He was apprenticed to a bookseller before studying German at the University of Cologne. Conscripted into the Wehrmacht, he served in France, Romania, Hungary and the Soviet Union, and was wounded four times before he was captured by Americans in April 1945 and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp.
Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His first novel, Der Zug war pünktlich (The Train Was on Time), was published in 1949. Many other novels, short stories, radio plays and essay collections followed, and in 1972 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was the first German-born author to receive this award since Nelly Sachs in 1966. His work has been translated into more than 30 languages, and he is one of Germany's most widely read authors. His best-known works are Billiards at Half-past Nine, The Clown, Group Portrait with Lady, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum, and The Safety Net, apart from many short stories.
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Heinrich Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann (German pronunciation: [ˈʃliːman]; (January 6, 1822 – December 26, 1890) was a German businessman and amateur archaeologist, and an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. Schliemann was an archaeological excavator of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His work lent weight to the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflect actual historical events.
Schliemann was born in Neubukow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1822. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a Protestant minister. The family moved to Ankershagen in 1823 (today in their house is the museum of Heinrich Schliemann). Heinrich's mother, Luise Therese Sophie, died in 1831, when Heinrich was nine years old. After his mother's death, his father sent Heinrich to live with his uncle. When he was eleven years old, his father paid for him to enroll in the Gymnasium (grammar school) at Neustrelitz. Heinrich's later interest in history was initially encouraged by his father, who had schooled him in the tales of the Iliad and the Odyssey and had given him a copy of Ludwig Jerrer's Illustrated History of the World for Christmas in 1829. Schliemann later claimed that at the age of 8, he had declared he would one day excavate the city of Troy.
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Hilda Ellis Davidson
Dr. Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson (born Hilda Roderick Ellis, 1 October 1914 - January 2006) was an English antiquarian and academic, writing in particular on Germanic paganism and Celtic paganism. Davidson used literary, historical and archaeological evidence to discuss the stories and customs of Northern Europe. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe (Penguin Books, 1964) is considered one of the most thorough and reputable sources on Germanic mythology. Like many of her publications, it was credited under the name H. R. Ellis Davidson. Davidson was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and was president of the Council of the Folklore Society from 1974 to 1976, and served on the council from 1956 to 1986. Davidson has been cited as having "contributed greatly" to the study of Norse mythology.
Hilda Roderick Ellis was born at Bebington, Wirral, Cheshire, in 1914. She was educated at Park High School for Girls, Birkenhead. Later, Davidson received a First Class Honours degree from Newnham College, Cambridge, in English, Archaeology and Anthropology, and afterward studied pagan Scandinavian religion for her doctorate. In 1943, Davidson, under her maiden name Hilda Ellis, published her first book; The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Davidson was a lecturer at Royal Holloway College from 1939 to 1944 and after that at Birbeck College. In 1949, she joined the Folklore Society.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.
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Joseph Campbell
Joseph John Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work is vast, covering many aspects of the human experience. His philosophy is often summarized by his phrase: "Follow your bliss."
Joseph Campbell was born and raised in White Plains, New York in an upper middle class Irish Catholic family. As a child Campbell became fascinated with Native American culture after his father took him to see the American Museum of Natural History in New York where he saw on display featured collections of Native American artifacts. He soon became versed in numerous aspects of Native American society, primarily in Native American mythology. This led to Campbell's lifelong passion for myth and to his study and mapping of the cohesive threads in mythology that appeared to exist among even disparate human cultures.
In 1921 he graduated from the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut.
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Kingdom of Kush
The Kingdom of Kush or Kush was an ancient African state centered on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan.
Established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, it was centered at Napata in its early phase. After king Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by Psamtik I in 656 BC.
During Classical Antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia. The Kushite kingdom with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. The Kushite capital was subsequently captured by the Beja Dynasty, who tried to revive the empire. The Kushite capital was eventually captured and destroyed by the kingdom of Axum. After the collapse of the Kushite empire several states emerged in its former territories, among them Nubia.
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Koban culture
The Koban culture (ca. 1100 to 400 BC) is a late Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the northern and central Caucasus. It is preceded by the Colchian culture of the western Caucasus and the Kharachoi culture further east.
It is named after the village of Koban, Northern Ossetia, where in 1869 battle-axes, daggers, decorative items and other objects were discovered in a kurgan. Later, further sites were uncovered in the central Caucasus.
Many, such as Amjad Jaimoukha, believe the Koban culture was primarily Nakh.
The most well-studied site was on the outskirts of Serzhen-Yurt (in modern Chechnya), which was a major center from around 11th century BCE to around the 7th century BCE.
The remains include dwellings, cobble bridges, altars, iron objects, bones, and clay and stone objects. There were sickles and stone grain grinders. Grains that were grown included wheat, rye and barley. Cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, pigs and horses were kept. There were shops, where artisans worked on and sold pottery, stone-casting, bone-carving, and stone-carving. There is evidence of an advanced stage of metallurgy. There was differentiation of professionals organized within clans.
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Marija Gimbutas
Marija Gimbutas (Lithuanian: Marija Gimbutienė) (Vilnius, January 23, 1921 – Los Angeles, United States February 2, 1994), was a Lithuanian-American archeologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe", a term she introduced, and for her Kurgan hypothesis, the current most widely accepted of the Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses among scholars. Gimbutas's conclusions that Neolithic sites in Lithuania and across Europe pointed to long-term stable egalitarian societies with women at the center materially and spiritually earned a mixed reception by other scholars, but became a keystone of the matriarchal studies movement and the Goddess movement.
Gimbutas was born as Marija Birutė Alseikaitė to Veronika Janulaitytė-Alseikienė and Danielius Alseika in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Her parents were members of the Lithuanian intelligentsia, a social class which rose from the farming class during imperial Russian rule. Her mother received a doctorate in ophthalmology at the University of Berlin in 1908 and became the first female physician in Lithuania, while her father had received his medical degree from the University of Tartu in 1910. After the 1917 Russian Revolution, Gimbutas' parents had founded the first Lithuanian hospital in the capital. During this period, her father also served as the publisher of the newspaper Vilniaus Žodis and the cultural magazine Vilniaus Šviesa and was an outspoken proponent of Lithuanian independence during the war against Poland. Gimbutas' parents were connoisseurs of traditional Lithuanian folk arts and frequently invited contemporary musicians, writers, and authors to their home, such as Vydūnas, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, and Jonas Basanavičius. With regard to her strong cultural upbringing, Gimbutas said:
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Nagavanshi
The Nagavanshi (Sanskrit: नाग वंशी) dynasty is one of the ancient Kshatriya dynasties of India. The Vedas do not mention Kshatriyas of either Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi, Nagavanshi, Agnivanshi or such Vanshas or lineages. The Puranas, of debatable dating, constructed such genealogies. The Puranas were supposedly written from the Gupta Period onwards (See: Puranas). Bhavishyapuran mentions 12 heavenly serpents like Takshak, Vasuki, Sheshnag, Anantnag etc. and Swastik as the weapon of Takshak. Swastik is a sacred symbol for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. On Hindu temples and homes, statues of the Buddha and Mahavir swastik symbol is quite common. Divine serpent Sheshnag is considered as the bed of lord Vishnu. While lord Shiva is always shown with a serpent around neck. All those things clearly indicate relationship between Nagavanshi dynasties and present Indian society.
A copper plate inscription from the Gupta Period relates to the Nagas being elevated to Kshatriya-hood (26). The copper plates of this period relate to the Nagas being defeated by the Guptas; and subsequently being married into them. One example is that of the King Chandragupta II who married Queen Kuber Naga. The Nagas were mentioned as a non-aryan snake worshipping tribe of ancient India (27). However, puranic legends constructed the genealogy of the Nagavanshis as a sub-clan of Suryavansha also known as Sooryavamsham .
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Oleg of Novgorod
Oleg of Novgorod (Slavic: Олег, Old Norse: Helgi) was a Varangian prince (or konung) who ruled all or part of the Rus' people during the early 10th century.
He is credited with moving the capital of Rus' from Novgorod the Great to Kiev and, in doing so, he laid the foundation of the powerful state of Kievan Rus'. He also launched at least one attack on Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. According to East Slavic chronicles, Oleg was supreme ruler of the Rus' from 882 to 912. This traditional dating has been challenged by some historians, who point out that it is inconsistent with such other sources as the Schechter Letter, which mentions the activities of certain khagan HLGW of Rus' as late the 940s, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I. The nature of Oleg's relationship with the Rurikid ruling family of the Rus', and specifically with his successor Igor of Kiev, is a matter of much controversy among historians.
According to the Primary Chronicle, Oleg was a relative (likely brother-in-law) of the first ruler, Rurik, and was entrusted by Rurik to take care of both his kingdom and his young son Ingvar, or Igor. Oleg gradually took control of the Dnieper cities, captured Kiev (previously held by the Varangian warlords, Askold and Dir) and finally moved his capital from Novgorod there. The new capital was a convenient place to launch a raid against Tsargrad (Constantinople) in 911. According to the chronicle, the Byzantines attempted to poison Oleg, but the Rus' leader demonstrated his oracular powers by refusing to drink the cup of poisoned wine. Having fixed his shield to the gate of the imperial capital, Oleg won a favourable trade treaty, which eventually was of great benefit to both nations. Although Byzantine sources did not record these hostilities, the text of the treaty survives in the Primary Chronicle.
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Sami people
The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are the indigenous people inhabiting the Arctic area of Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of far northern Sweden, Norway, Finland, the Kola Peninsula of Russia, and the border area between south and middle Sweden and Norway. The Sámi are the only indigenous people of Scandinavia recognized under the international conventions of Indigenous peoples, and hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe.Sami ancestral lands span an area of approximately 388,350 km2 (150,000 sq. mi.), which is approximately the size of Sweden, in the Nordic countries. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. The Sami languages are endangered.
Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding, with which about 10% of the Sami are connected and 2,800 actively involved on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.
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Savitri Devi
Savitri Devi Mukherji (September 30, 1905 — October 22, 1982) was the pseudonym of the Greek writer Maximiani Portas, who was a Nazi intelligence operative in India during World War II. She wrote about animal rights movements and was a leading light of the Nazi underground during the 1960s.
A critic of the Abrahamic religions, Savitri Devi was an animal-rights activist who authored the book The Impeachment of Man in 1959 and was a proponent of Hinduism and Nazism, synthesizing the two, proclaiming Adolf Hitler to have been sent by Providence, much like an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu. She believed Hitler was a sacrifice for humanity which would lead to the end of the Kali Yuga induced by who she felt were the powers of evil, the Jews. Her writings have influenced neo-Nazism and Nazi occultism. Among Savitri Devi's ideas was the classifications of "men above time", "men in time" and "men against time". Rejecting Judeo-Christianity, she believed in a form of pantheistic monism; a single cosmos of nature composed of divine energy-matter.
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Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (Finnish pronunciation: [urhɔ kɑlɛʋɑ kekːɔnɛn] ( listen); 3 September 1900 - 31 August 1986), was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950–1953, 1954–1956) and later as the eighth and longest-serving President of Finland (1956–1982). Kekkonen continued the “active neutrality” policy of his predecessor President Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a doctrine which came to be known as the “Paasikivi–Kekkonen line”. Under it, Finland retained its independence while being able to trade with both NATO members and those of the Warsaw Pact.
The son of Juho Kekkonen and Emilia Pylvänäinen, Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi, in the Savo region of Finland and spent his childhood in Kainuu. His family were farmers (though not poor tenant farmers, as some of his supporters later claimed). His father was originally a farm-hand and forestry worker who rose to become a forestry manager and stock agent at Halla Ltd. Claims made that Kekkonen's family had lived in a rudimentary farmhouse with no chimney were later proved to be false—a photograph of Kekkonen's childhood home had been retouched to remove the chimney. His school years did not go smoothly. During the Finnish Civil War, Kekkonen fought for the White Guard (Kajaani chapter), fighting in Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Viipuri, and taking part in mop-up operations, including leading a firing squad in Hamina. He later admitted to having killed a man in battle, but wrote in his memoirs that he was randomly selected by his company commander to follow a squad escorting ten prisoners, where the squad turned out to be a firing squad, and then to give the actual order to aim and fire.
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William Edington
William Edington (died 6 or 7 October 1366) was an English bishop and administrator. He served as bishop of Winchester from 1346 until his death, Keeper of the wardrobe from 1341 to 1344, treasurer from 1344 to 1356, and finally as chancellor from 1356 until he retired from royal administration in 1363. Edington’s reforms of the administration — in particular of royal finances — had wide-ranging consequences, and contributed to the English military efficiency in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. As bishop of Winchester he was responsible for starting an extensive rebuilding of Winchester Cathedral, and for founding Edington Priory, the church of which still stands today.
Edington's parents were Roger and Amice of Edington near Westbury, Wiltshire. Though it has been claimed that he was educated at Oxford, there seems to be no support for this. His first patron, however, was the Oxford chancellor Gilbert Middleton, who was also a royal counsellor. When Middleton died in 1331, Edington entered the service of Middleton’s friend, Adam Orleton, bishop of Winchester. Through Orleton, Edington’s abilities were brought to the attention of King Edward III, and in 1341 the king named him keeper of the wardrobe. The position was an important one; the wardrobe functioned as the treasury while the king was on campaign, and Edward strongly resisted any attempts to limit this royal prerogative.
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Wu Zetian
Wu Zetian (simplified Chinese: 武则天; traditional Chinese: 武則天; pinyin: Wǔ Zétiān, Mandarin pronunciation: [ù tsɯ̯ʌ̌ tʰi̯ɛ́n]) (17 February 624 – 16 December 705), personal name Wu Zhao (武曌), often referred to as Tian Hou (天后) during the Tang Dynasty and Empress Consort Wu (武后, Wǔ Hòu) in later times, was the only woman in the history of China to assume the title of Empress Regnant (Huangdi). As de facto ruler of China first through her husband and her sons from 665 to 690, not unprecedented in Chinese history, she then broke all precedents when she founded her own dynasty in 690, the Zhou (周) (interrupting the Tang Dynasty), and ruled personally under the name Sacred and Divine Empress Regnant (聖神皇帝) and variations thereof from 690 to 705. Her rise and reign has been criticized harshly by Confucian historians but has been viewed in a different light after the 1950s.
Wu was born in Lizhou (利州) (modern day Guangyuan City in Sichuan Province) in 624, the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu of Tang’s reign. In the same year, a total eclipse of the Sun was visible across China. Her father Wu Shihuo was engaged in the timber business and the family was relatively well off. During the final years of Emperor Yang of Sui, Li Yuan (李淵) (who would go on to become Emperor Gaozu of Tang), whilst holding appointments in both Hedong and Taiyuan, Li stayed in the Wu household many times and became close to the Wu family. After Li Yuan overthrew Emperor Yang, he was generous to the Wu family, providing them with money, grain, land and clothing. Once the Tang Dynasty became established, Wu Shihou held a succession of senior ministerial posts including governor of Yangzhou, Lizhou and Jingzhou (荊州) (modern day Jiangling County, Hubei Province).
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Swastika - True meaning(watch in HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
[watch in HQ]Things everyone should know about this symbol , Swastika. As I've noticed that many don't know much about this sign and think of it as a symbol of war , hatred or evil I have decided to make a video explaining its conotations. The music used is "Heart Sutra" by Imee Ooi , in Sanskrit. You can purchase it here 1. iTunes: itunes.apple.com 2. amazon: www.amazon.com 3. Google Play: play.google.com
http://wn.com/Swastika_True_meaningwatch_in_HQ
[watch in HQ]Things everyone should know about this symbol , Swastika. As I've noticed that many don't know much about this sign and think of it as a symbol of war , hatred or evil I have decided to make a video explaining its conotations. The music used is "Heart Sutra" by Imee Ooi , in Sanskrit. You can purchase it here 1. iTunes: itunes.apple.com 2. amazon: www.amazon.com 3. Google Play: play.google.com
SWASTIKA Original trailer restored
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Trailer for the legendary 1973 documentary SWASTIKA. Directed by Philippe Mora, written by Mora and Lutz Becker and produced by Sandy Lieberson and David Puttnam. It created an international uproar and acclaim when it premiered in Cannes in 1973, revealing Eva Braun's home movies for the first time as part of a narrative history of life inside Nazi Germany. Virtually every documentary made about the Third Reich since the film's premiere contains scenes from Swastika. It is now in DVD release special edition in UK, Australia, Germany and the United States. Washington Post: " Swastika is the most potent of anti-Nazi films."
http://wn.com/SWASTIKA_Original_trailer_restored
Trailer for the legendary 1973 documentary SWASTIKA. Directed by Philippe Mora, written by Mora and Lutz Becker and produced by Sandy Lieberson and David Puttnam. It created an international uproar and acclaim when it premiered in Cannes in 1973, revealing Eva Braun's home movies for the first time as part of a narrative history of life inside Nazi Germany. Virtually every documentary made about the Third Reich since the film's premiere contains scenes from Swastika. It is now in DVD release special edition in UK, Australia, Germany and the United States. Washington Post: " Swastika is the most potent of anti-Nazi films."
- published: 30 Dec 2010
- views: 15396
- author: harddrivepictures
Swastika Symbol of Peace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
A brief history of the swastika and it's origins around the world. Includes some information on the Swastika Rehabilitation Day. Special thanks to Kevin MacLeod for providing some of the background music.
http://wn.com/Swastika_Symbol_of_Peace
A brief history of the swastika and it's origins around the world. Includes some information on the Swastika Rehabilitation Day. Special thanks to Kevin MacLeod for providing some of the background music.
- published: 18 Jun 2011
- views: 30169
- author: proswastika
Television Under The Swastika - The History Of Nazi Television (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:45
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
:"Recently uncovered footage long buried in East German archives confirms that televisions first revolution occurred under the Third Reich. From 1935 to 1944 Berlin studios churned out the worlds first regular TV programming replete with the evening news street interviews sports coverage racial programs and interviews with Nazi officials" Contrary to popular belief, it wasn`t the English or the American media that first created the concept of television `programming` as we know it today (what an appropriate term in retrospect) the dubious honour in fact belongs to the Nazi Party who in March 1935, began its national television service. This was the first non-experimental public television service and it in fact took England another twenty one months to begin its service, which began on November 11th 1936. Given the fact that America television is now the fountain head of programming for the planet in terms of supply and the ideological inspiration for the form and content of television programming, it is perhaps surprising to hear it took the Americans another two years before they began broadcasting on a daily commercial basis in 1939. When one watches "Television Under The Swastika", one is immediately struck by the familiarity of the content in terms of our current western reality tunnel. The mind-numbing schedule of sports, human interest stories, cooking programs, political broadcasts and `enter(train)ment` is uncomfortably recognisable to those who still choose the ...
http://wn.com/Television_Under_The_Swastika_The_History_Of_Nazi_Television_1999
:"Recently uncovered footage long buried in East German archives confirms that televisions first revolution occurred under the Third Reich. From 1935 to 1944 Berlin studios churned out the worlds first regular TV programming replete with the evening news street interviews sports coverage racial programs and interviews with Nazi officials" Contrary to popular belief, it wasn`t the English or the American media that first created the concept of television `programming` as we know it today (what an appropriate term in retrospect) the dubious honour in fact belongs to the Nazi Party who in March 1935, began its national television service. This was the first non-experimental public television service and it in fact took England another twenty one months to begin its service, which began on November 11th 1936. Given the fact that America television is now the fountain head of programming for the planet in terms of supply and the ideological inspiration for the form and content of television programming, it is perhaps surprising to hear it took the Americans another two years before they began broadcasting on a daily commercial basis in 1939. When one watches "Television Under The Swastika", one is immediately struck by the familiarity of the content in terms of our current western reality tunnel. The mind-numbing schedule of sports, human interest stories, cooking programs, political broadcasts and `enter(train)ment` is uncomfortably recognisable to those who still choose the ...
- published: 05 Jan 2012
- views: 15405
- author: Paul Harvey
Vádló Bitófák - Swastika
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
KFT - Afrika Egy kissé más megközelítésben, a Vádló Bitófák feldolgozásában. A Voltunk, Vagyunk, Leszünk című lemezről.
http://wn.com/Vádló_Bitófák_Swastika
KFT - Afrika Egy kissé más megközelítésben, a Vádló Bitófák feldolgozásában. A Voltunk, Vagyunk, Leszünk című lemezről.
- published: 28 Apr 2009
- views: 87799
- author: Zorghent
The Occult History Of The Third Reich The Enigma of the Swastika
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:39
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
UPDATE: Here are all the vid links in the series The Occult History of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler www.youtube.com The Occult History of the Third Reich The.SS.Blood.and Soil. www.youtube.com The Occult History Of The Third Reich The Enigma of the Swastika www.youtube.com The Occult History Of The Third Reich - Himmler The Mystic www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Occult_History_Of_The_Third_Reich_The_Enigma_of_the_Swastika
UPDATE: Here are all the vid links in the series The Occult History of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler www.youtube.com The Occult History of the Third Reich The.SS.Blood.and Soil. www.youtube.com The Occult History Of The Third Reich The Enigma of the Swastika www.youtube.com The Occult History Of The Third Reich - Himmler The Mystic www.youtube.com
- published: 24 May 2011
- views: 6008
- author: scottwebb
Alex Jones - The Swastika
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
www.infowars.com
http://wn.com/Alex_Jones_The_Swastika
Primal Scream - Swastika Eyes [Chemical Brothers Remix]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Remix of 'Swastika Eyes' by Primal Scream from the album 'XTRMNTR' by Primal Scream.
http://wn.com/Primal_Scream_Swastika_Eyes_Chemical_Brothers_Remix_
Remix of 'Swastika Eyes' by Primal Scream from the album 'XTRMNTR' by Primal Scream.
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 34788
- author: hoppingfruit
Curb Your Enthusiasm- Greg the fashion,swastika loving flamboyant kid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
All copyrighted/trademarked media is owned by their respective companies. Videos uploaded are commentary in nature, as defined under the 'Fair use' policy of copyright.Property of HBO. Larry is talking with his girlfriend's son and the kid seems to be too enthusiastic about the swastika
http://wn.com/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm_Greg_the_fashion,swastika_loving_flamboyant_kid
All copyrighted/trademarked media is owned by their respective companies. Videos uploaded are commentary in nature, as defined under the 'Fair use' policy of copyright.Property of HBO. Larry is talking with his girlfriend's son and the kid seems to be too enthusiastic about the swastika
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 181119
- author: intersanctum
Primal Scream - Swastika Eyes (lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Your soul dont burn You dark the sun you Rain down fire on everyone Scabs, police, government thieves Venal psychic amputees Parasitic your syphilitic Parasitic your syphilitic Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes Ill vent my spleen Ill keep my dreams My flesh my bones my soul I own My minds a weapon immune from infection Blood in my eyes, my vision is clear Parasitic your syphilitic Parasitic your syphilitic Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes I see your autosuggestion psychology Elimination policy A military industrial Illusion of democracy Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes
http://wn.com/Primal_Scream_Swastika_Eyes_lyrics
Your soul dont burn You dark the sun you Rain down fire on everyone Scabs, police, government thieves Venal psychic amputees Parasitic your syphilitic Parasitic your syphilitic Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes Ill vent my spleen Ill keep my dreams My flesh my bones my soul I own My minds a weapon immune from infection Blood in my eyes, my vision is clear Parasitic your syphilitic Parasitic your syphilitic Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes I see your autosuggestion psychology Elimination policy A military industrial Illusion of democracy Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes You got Swastika eyes, swastika eyes, swastika eyes
- published: 04 Aug 2009
- views: 94165
- author: CHMusicVids
02: Týr - Shadow Of The Swastika
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
The second song of the album "The Lay of Thrym" by the Faroese folk metal band "Týr". Tyr's offcial website: www.myspace.com Lyrics: You who think the hue of your hide means you are to blame And your father's misdeeds are his son's to carry in shame Not mine I'll take no part You can shove the sins of the your father where no light may pass And kiss my Scandinavian ass Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast You who think the hue of your hide means you get to blame The black for your own faults and so bring humanity shame Make sure you count me out of the ranks of your inbred morons With your sewer gas and kiss my Scandinavian ass Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast
http://wn.com/02_Týr_Shadow_Of_The_Swastika
The second song of the album "The Lay of Thrym" by the Faroese folk metal band "Týr". Tyr's offcial website: www.myspace.com Lyrics: You who think the hue of your hide means you are to blame And your father's misdeeds are his son's to carry in shame Not mine I'll take no part You can shove the sins of the your father where no light may pass And kiss my Scandinavian ass Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast You who think the hue of your hide means you get to blame The black for your own faults and so bring humanity shame Make sure you count me out of the ranks of your inbred morons With your sewer gas and kiss my Scandinavian ass Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast Pages of the past How long will they last? A lie lost in the legacy of fools left us this parody unsurpassed Pages of the past How long will they last? The shadow of the Swastika by fools' fears now for far too long has been cast
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 172479
- author: JorisKanters
Primal Scream - Swastika Eyes live Glastonbury 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Primal Scream playing Swastika Eyes live at Glastonbury festival 2003
http://wn.com/Primal_Scream_Swastika_Eyes_live_Glastonbury_2003
Primal Scream playing Swastika Eyes live at Glastonbury festival 2003
- published: 09 Dec 2007
- views: 187914
- author: crelp74
swastika eyes - primal scream
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:09
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
video i made with corel video pro...CAPITALISM, COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM, WHATEVERISM...they will all screw you over...PEOPLE POWER!!!
http://wn.com/swastika_eyes_primal_scream
video i made with corel video pro...CAPITALISM, COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM, WHATEVERISM...they will all screw you over...PEOPLE POWER!!!
- published: 17 Sep 2010
- views: 9939
- author: moonbase68
Curb Your Enthusiasm- Flamboyant kid makes swastika pillow sham for Susie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
All copyrighted/trademarked media is owned by their respective companies. Videos uploaded are commentary in nature, as defined under the 'Fair use' policy of copyright.I earn no money from these videos.Property of HBO. Larry decides to buy another gift for the kid, apparently a violin, but the kid likes his sewing machine, and he made a little gift for Susie, pillow sham with swastika.
http://wn.com/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm_Flamboyant_kid_makes_swastika_pillow_sham_for_Susie
All copyrighted/trademarked media is owned by their respective companies. Videos uploaded are commentary in nature, as defined under the 'Fair use' policy of copyright.I earn no money from these videos.Property of HBO. Larry decides to buy another gift for the kid, apparently a violin, but the kid likes his sewing machine, and he made a little gift for Susie, pillow sham with swastika.
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 87301
- author: intersanctum
Swastika - the Symbol of Buddha part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
A video done by Falun Gong practitioners to clarify the origin of the Swastika and why it has no relation to Hitler - Part2 was flagged cause it contained swastikas! (duh!) BUT You can download the entire video here: fgmtv.org Actually if in a religious or historical context the Swastika symbols are not forbiden at all (not even in Germany) nor does it violate YouTube's terms of use. (and it can't be because of copyright reasons either cause i know the guy who made the video and have his permission). Anyway - even though there is nothing wrong with part 2 and part2 is VERY outspoken against Hitler- it was still flagged by some people who either didn't understand or didn't listen to it.
http://wn.com/Swastika_the_Symbol_of_Buddha_part_1
A video done by Falun Gong practitioners to clarify the origin of the Swastika and why it has no relation to Hitler - Part2 was flagged cause it contained swastikas! (duh!) BUT You can download the entire video here: fgmtv.org Actually if in a religious or historical context the Swastika symbols are not forbiden at all (not even in Germany) nor does it violate YouTube's terms of use. (and it can't be because of copyright reasons either cause i know the guy who made the video and have his permission). Anyway - even though there is nothing wrong with part 2 and part2 is VERY outspoken against Hitler- it was still flagged by some people who either didn't understand or didn't listen to it.
- published: 20 Jun 2007
- views: 20170
- author: Emmanuel Goldstein
primal scream Reading 2006 swastika eyes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
primal scream Reading festival 2006 swastika eyes
http://wn.com/primal_scream_Reading_2006_swastika_eyes
primal scream Reading festival 2006 swastika eyes
- published: 12 Oct 2006
- views: 36834
- author: Carl Hall
Lüger - Swastika Sweetheart
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Artist: LÜGER Title: SWASTIKA SWEETHEART Label: GIRADISCOS Director: DAVIDE CRESPO Download the whole album at luger.bandcamp.com.
http://wn.com/Lüger_Swastika_Sweetheart
Artist: LÜGER Title: SWASTIKA SWEETHEART Label: GIRADISCOS Director: DAVIDE CRESPO Download the whole album at luger.bandcamp.com.
- published: 08 Dec 2010
- views: 41131
- author: acidmamma
Fripp & Eno - Swastika Girls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:00
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Track #2 from the 1973 album "No Pussyfooting"
http://wn.com/Fripp_Eno_Swastika_Girls
Track #2 from the 1973 album "No Pussyfooting"
- published: 17 Dec 2010
- views: 47614
- author: Choriextremo
Primal Scream - Swastika Eyes (Jagz Kooner Mix) (audio only)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
From the album XTRMNTR.
http://wn.com/Primal_Scream_Swastika_Eyes_Jagz_Kooner_Mix_audio_only
Marilyn Manson Pretty as a swastika ( $ ) Lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Marilyn Manson - Pretty as a swastika $ The High End of Low (2009 Deluxe Edition) Lyrics When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside I want to smash into your face, like a plain and drown in between your legs Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside I'd die for your sins If you don't kill me while I'm trying, baby Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside One of us is a knife One of us is ripe, baby Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry
http://wn.com/Marilyn_Manson_Pretty_as_a_swastika_Lyrics
Marilyn Manson - Pretty as a swastika $ The High End of Low (2009 Deluxe Edition) Lyrics When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside I want to smash into your face, like a plain and drown in between your legs Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside I'd die for your sins If you don't kill me while I'm trying, baby Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika When I see you in the sun you're as pretty as a swastika Take you down, down from the inside Take you down, down from the inside One of us is a knife One of us is ripe, baby Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts Let me show you where it hurts There's more than one way, to make you cry
- published: 27 Jul 2009
- views: 113221
- author: shantixoxo
Stop With The Swastika Emblems: Black Ops 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
**PLEASE LEAVE A RATING** TWITTER!! twitter.com TWITCH!! twitch.tv Audio file(s) provided by www.audiomicro.com Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops ...
http://wn.com/Stop_With_The_Swastika_Emblems_Black_Ops_2
**PLEASE LEAVE A RATING** TWITTER!! twitter.com TWITCH!! twitch.tv Audio file(s) provided by www.audiomicro.com Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops, blops, two, "black ops 2 (video game)", "blops2 (video game)", scorestreak, score, streak, orbital vsat, warthog, lodestar, VTOL Warship, K9 Unit, Swarm, emblem, editor, tutorial, how to make, playercard, multiplayer, gameplay, footage, new, release, nuketown 2025, midnight, livestream, live stream, streaming, call of duty, tips, tricks, spots, weapons, perks, create, a, class, pick, ten, 10, maps, Lefty, 643 Productions Black Ops 2, ii, blackops ...
- published: 18 Nov 2012
- views: 35244
- author: LeftyOX
Fripp and Eno ~ Swastika Girls Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
This is side 2 of No Pussyfooting...from the 1973 vinyl...enjoy
http://wn.com/Fripp_and_Eno_~_Swastika_Girls_Part_1
This is side 2 of No Pussyfooting...from the 1973 vinyl...enjoy
- published: 12 Feb 2010
- views: 26281
- author: doubleotwentyone
TF2 Griefing: The super techno swastika sentry achievement server
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Upon waking up one morning i had the great idea of taking advantage of all the farmers on tf2 in my own special way. i got to work on the map that you see in the video and on the days of the scout, and sniper spy class updates, created a fake achievement server with my map, laughing at what i created, and watch it flood with unsuspecting people. The map does not reflect any of my views, and was made solely to be as offensive as possible. all sound in the video are ingame, including the music, which is some techno remix of gangstas paradise. The map was hidden under the guise of achievement_scout and achievement_spysniper Map download: www.mowtendoo.com
http://wn.com/TF2_Griefing_The_super_techno_swastika_sentry_achievement_server
Upon waking up one morning i had the great idea of taking advantage of all the farmers on tf2 in my own special way. i got to work on the map that you see in the video and on the days of the scout, and sniper spy class updates, created a fake achievement server with my map, laughing at what i created, and watch it flood with unsuspecting people. The map does not reflect any of my views, and was made solely to be as offensive as possible. all sound in the video are ingame, including the music, which is some techno remix of gangstas paradise. The map was hidden under the guise of achievement_scout and achievement_spysniper Map download: www.mowtendoo.com
- published: 20 Jun 2009
- views: 103251
- author: Mowtendoo
photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton
06 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Mehr News Agency, Sajjad Safari
07 Feb 2013
Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with U.S. TEHRAN, Iran -- Iran's supreme leader Thursday strongly rejected proposals for direct talks with United States, apparently quashing suggestions for a breakthrough dialogue on the nuclear standoff and potentially other issues ... Vice President Joe Biden ... "Talks will not solve any problems," Khamenei said in a statement ... Like ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss
07 Feb 2013
Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)
photo: AP / World Vision
07 Feb 2013
Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
07 Feb 2013
Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Irish Times
09 Feb 2013
MICHAEL SMITH. ANTARTICA. After more than 150 years of claim and counterclaim, the question of who owns Antarctica is unresolved. Antarctica ... It was a bizarre scene ... If only they could talk ... The Nazis dropped swastikas attached to aluminium shafts with stabilising legs that were designed to land upright and add credence to the flimsy case for having “raised” the German flag in the unclaimed wilderness ... ....(size: 7.4Kb)
MSNBC
08 Feb 2013
Szukalski was fascinated with symbols, and one section highlights his experiments with the swastika. Now, the swastika is an ancient symbol with origins in India and ancient Greece and Rome, dating as far back as 10,000 B.C. Szukalski, who suffered mightily at the hand of Nazi Germany, does not appear to be using the swastika in a pro-Nazi manner....(size: 7.4Kb)
U~T San Diego
08 Feb 2013
Mira Mesa residents Michael and Victoria Barzilli see discrimination differently than many of us do. They’ve seen it up close. In World War II, the Nazis sent Victoria’s paternal grandparents to the Auschwitz concentration camp and shot her maternal grandfather’s first wife and their daughter. Half a century later, some of Michael’s teenage baseball teammates spray-painted a swastika on his family’s garage ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Wall Street Journal
08 Feb 2013
By DOROTHY RABINOWITZ ... For instance, that it's not a good idea to waltz into a job interview with a latte in your hand or your water bottle, sunglasses on top of your head, etc ... His problem wasn't only his attire ... The Job. Begins Friday, Feb. 8, at 8 p.m ... In its pursuit of seduction, "Zero Hour" begins with the reliable—jackbooted Nazis marching through darkened streets, crowds heiling, swastikas everywhere and, over all, a menacing gloom....(size: 6.4Kb)
The Examiner
08 Feb 2013
I was little, but I remember all the kicks my Aunts and Grandmothers would give my Uncles and Grandfathers under the Thanksgiving table in a desperate attempt to shut them up when they'd speak about the War ... I was a set of eyeballs and ears at meal time. My Grandmother traced our family back to the Revolutionary War ... Under his bed was a box filled with captured German Lugar pistols and knives with Swastikas on them that I'd marvel at ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
The Examiner
08 Feb 2013
The Denver International Airport is a strange conglomeration of anomalies and underground tunnels ... The Denver Airport, built in 1995 on 34,000 acres or 53 square miles, twice the size of Manhattan and designed in the shape of a swastika, does not have as many gates and runways as the old Stapleton Airport had and has incorporated more acreage than an airport could possibly use ... A40 ft ... Links.. Phil Schneider ... EuB, JuB & PudBS ... Thanks ... ....(size: 10.9Kb)
Business Insider
08 Feb 2013
Pinochet in 1995. Custom designed prosthetic legs built using 3D printer Mass flight cancellations hit east coast US Tension mounts as manhunt for ex-LAPD fugitive continues ... How Kmart's Trying To Get Cool ... That was our philosophy ... In one particularly ugly case a doctor had been dragged from his car by armed men who tied him to a tree, carved a swastika on his forehead and simulated an execution before ordering him to leave Chile ... Tags ... ....(size: 14.0Kb)
Forbes
07 Feb 2013
You would think that by now, people would know that of all the idiotic things to think, say or act out, the one guaranteed to expose and confirm your idiocy is pretty much anything involving Adolf Hitler ... From the Portland Press-Herald. ... In December [2012], Greely Middle School and some privately owned buildings nearby were vandalized with swastikas and offensive language that was later removed.” ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
NZ Herald
07 Feb 2013
Aircraft construction has come a long way since the panicked days of World War I, writes Pamela Wade. You're a German soldier on the Eastern Front in 1942 ... That's your night's rest done for, and your morale ... This is some achievement ... the sinister grey Messerschmitt Bf 109 with the swastika on its tail crash-landed on a beach in northern France, disappearing into the sand until a wingtip was noticed poking out again in 1988 ... CHECKLIST ... The....(size: 5.2Kb)
The Guardian
06 Feb 2013
Wagner as Hitler, Ringo Starr as the pope, and an anatomical anomaly that suggests someone misheard Liszt being described as Europe's biggest pianist – this film just gets worse and worse. Bottom of the Liszt … Roger Daltrey, seen here with Fiona Lewis, as the eponymous composer in Ken Russell's Lisztomania. Photograph. Allstar/Cinetext/Warner Bros. Lisztomania (1975). Director ... During his funeral, he rises from his swastika-embossed tomb....(size: 6.3Kb)
France24
06 Feb 2013
A new study published on Wednesday has found that nearly one-third of French people sympathise with the country’s far-right National Front, though twice as many still firmly disagree with the party’s proposed hardline policies. By FRANCE 24 (text). ... While the FN’s popularity has steadily climbed since 2008, it saw a significant 14-point surge in 2010 ... . FRANCE ... France ... French far right to sue Madonna over swastika video ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
Tatiana Kozlenko, Flight Attendant, Fired For Giving The Finger To Plane Full Of Passengers (PHOTOS)
Huffington Post06 Feb 2013
Flipping the bird at a plane full of passengers probably isn't the best idea, especially when you're a flight attendant ... SCROLL FOR PHOTOS ... It recently went viral after a Russian blogger posted it to Twitter ... "Penis," (accompanied by said phallic symbols) 'I'm a Jew' and a couple swastikas are only some of the things drawn all over the unfortunate unconscious friend.</blockquote>Juror Dismissed After Facebook Slip ... ... ... ....(size: 14.1Kb)
This article is about the symbol. For the town, see Swastika, Ontario.
The swastika (Sanskrit: स्वस्तिक) is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing (卐) form or its mirrored left-facing (卍) form. Earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India as well as Classical Antiquity. Swastikas have also been used in other various ancient civilizations around the world. It remains widely used in Indian religions, specifically in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, primarily as a tantric symbol to evoke 'shakti' or the sacred symbol of auspiciousness. The swastika is also a Chinese character used in East Asia representing eternity and Buddhism.
Following a brief surge of popularity in Western culture, the right-facing swastika was adopted as a symbol of the Nazi Party of Germany in 1920. The Nazis used the swastika as a symbol of an alleged Aryan race. After Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s, a swastika was incorporated into the Nazi party flag, which was made the State Flag of Germany.
In the West, the Swastika has become strongly associated with Nazism and related ideologies such as Fascism and White Supremacism in the Western world and is now largely stigmatized in the West. It has notably been outlawed in Germany if used as a symbol of Nazism. Many modern political extremists and Neo-Nazi groups such as the Russian National Unity use stylized swastikas or similar symbols.
However, in the East, the Swastika continues to be hugely popular and is a religious symbol of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Name[link]
The word swastika came from the Sanskrit word svastika, meaning any lucky or auspicious object, and in particular a mark made on persons and things to denote auspiciousness.
It is composed of su- meaning "good, well" and asti "to be". Suasti thus means "well-being." The suffix -ka either forms a diminutive or intensifies the verbal meaning, and suastika might thus be translated literally as "that which is associated with well-being," corresponding to "lucky charm" or "thing that is auspicious."[1] The word in this sense is first used in the Harivamsa.[2] As noted by Monier-Williams in his Sanskrit-English dictionary, according to Alexander Cunningham, its shape represents a monogram formed by interlacing of the letters of the auspicious words su-astí (svasti) written in Ashokan characters.[3]
The Sanskrit term has been in use in English since 1871, replacing gammadion (from Greek γαμμάδιον). Alternative historical English spellings of the Sanskrit phonological words with different meanings to include suastika, swastica and svastica.
Other names for the shape are:
- crooked cross, hook cross or angled cross (Hebrew: צלב קרס, German: Hakenkreuz).
- cross cramponned, ~nnée, or ~nny, in heraldry, as each arm resembles a crampon or angle-iron (German: Winkelmaßkreuz).
- fylfot, chiefly in heraldry and architecture. The term is coined in the 19th century based on a misunderstanding of a Renaissance manuscript.
- gammadion, tetragammadion (Greek: τετραγαμμάδιον), or cross gammadion (Latin: crux gammata; French: croix gammée), as each arm resembles the Greek letter Γ (gamma).
- tetraskelion (Greek: τετρασκέλιον), literally meaning "four legged", especially when composed of four conjoined legs (compare triskelion (Greek: τρισκέλιον)).
- The Tibetan swastika (࿖) is known as g-yung drung
The Buddhist sign has been standardized as a Chinese character 卍 (pinyin: wàn) and as such entered various other East Asian languages such as Japanese where the symbol is called 卍字 (manji). The swastika is included as part of the Chinese script in the form of the character "萬" (pinyin: wàn) and has Unicode encodings U+534D 卍 (left-facing) and U+5350 卐 (right-facing).[4] In Unicode 5.2, four swastika symbols were added to the Tibetan block: U+0FD5 ࿕ (right-facing), U+0FD6 ࿖ (left-facing), U+0FD7 ࿗ (right-facing with dots) and U+0FD8 ࿘ (left-facing with dots).
Geometry[link]
Geometrically, the swastika can be regarded as an irregular icosagon or 20-sided polygon. The proportions of the Nazi swastika were fixed based on a 5 × 5 diagonal grid.[5]
Characteristic is the 90° rotational symmetry and chirality, hence the absence of reflectional symmetry, and the existence of two versions of swastikas that are each others mirror image.
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A right-facing swastika might be described as "clockwise" or "counter-clockwise".
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The mirror-image forms are often described as:
- clockwise and anti-clockwise;
- left-facing and right-facing;
- left-hand and right-hand.
"Left-facing" and "right-facing" are used mostly consistently referring to the upper arm of an upright swastika facing either to the viewer's left (卍) or right (卐). The other two descriptions are ambiguous as it is unclear whether they refer to the arms as leading or being dragged or whether their bending is viewed outward or inward. However, "clockwise" usually refers to the "right-facing" swastika. The terms are used inconsistently in modern times, which is confusing and may obfuscate an important point, that the rotation of the swastika may have symbolic relevance, although ancient vedic scripts describe the symbolic relevance of clock motion and counter clock motion.[citation needed] Less ambiguous terms might be "clockwise-pointing" and "counterclockwise-pointing."
Nazi ensigns had a through and through image, so both versions were present, one on each side, but the Nazi flag on land was right-facing on both sides and at a 45° rotation.[6]
The name "sauwastika" is sometimes given to the left-facing form of the swastika (卍).[7]
Origin hypotheses[link]
Among the earliest cultures utilizing swastika is the neolithic Vinča culture of South-East Europe (see Vinča symbols). Although there are sporadic evidence of earlier use of the symbol.
More extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to Ancient India, during the Indus Valley Civilazation.
The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to establish a connection via cultural diffusion or an explanation along the lines of Carl Jung's collective unconscious.
The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated in conjunction with cross symbols in general, such as the sun cross of pagan Bronze Age religion. Beyond its certain presence in the "proto-writing" symbol systems emerging in the Neolithic,[8] nothing certain is known about the symbol's origin. There are nevertheless a number of speculative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the cross symbols and the swastika share a common origin in simply symbolizing the sun. Another hypothesis is that the 4 arms of the cross represent 4 aspects of nature - the sun, wind, water, soil. Some have said the 4 arms of cross are four seasons, where the division for 90-degree sections correspond to the solstices and equinoxes.The Hindus represent it as the Universe in our own spiral galaxy in the fore finger of Lord Vishnu. This carries most significance in establishing the creation of the Universe and the arms as 'kal' or time, a calendar that is seen to be more advanced than the lunar calendar (symbolized by the lunar crescent common to Islam) where the seasons drift from calendar year to calendar year. The luni-solar solution for correcting season drift was to intercalate an extra month in certain years to restore the lunar cycle to the solar-season cycle. The Star of David is thought to originate as a symbol of that calendar system, where the two overlapping triangles are seen to form a partition of 12 sections around the perimeter with a 13th section in the middle, representing the 12 and sometimes 13 months to a year. As such, the Christian cross, Jewish hexagram star and the Muslim crescent moon are seen to have their origins in different views regarding which calendar system is preferred for marking holy days. Groups in higher latitudes experience the seasons more strongly, offering more advantage to the calendar represented by the swastika/cross.
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Carl Sagan in his book Comet (1985) reproduces Han period Chinese manuscript (the Book of Silk, 2nd century BC) that shows comet tail varieties: most are variations on simple comet tails, but the last shows the comet nucleus with four bent arms extending from it, recalling a swastika. Sagan suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of the swastika as a symbol across the world.[9] Bob Kobres in Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse (1992) contends that the swastika like comet on the Han Dynasty silk comet atlas was labeled a "long tailed pheasant star" (Di-Xing) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or track. Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside China.
In Life's Other Secret (1999), Ian Stewart suggests the ubiquitous swastika pattern arises when parallel waves of neural activity sweep across the visual cortex during states of altered consciousness, producing a swirling swastika-like image, due to the way quadrants in the field of vision are mapped to opposite areas in the brain.[10]
Alexander Cunningham suggested that the Buddhist use of the shape arose from a combination of Brahmi characters abbreviating the words su astí.[3]
Archaeological record[link]
The earliest swastika known has been found from Mezin, Ukraine. It is carved on late paleolithic figurine of mammoth ivory, being dated as early as about 10,000 BC. It has been suggested this swastika is a stylized picture of a stork in flight.[11]
In India, Bronze Age swastika symbols were found at Lothal and Dholavira, on Indus Valley seals.[12]
Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of Kush and on pottery at the Jebel Barkal temples,[13] in Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and in Neolithic China in the Majiabang,[14] Dawenkou and Xiaoheyan cultures.[15] Other Iron Age attestations of the swastika can be associated with Indo-European cultures such as the Indo-Iranians, Celts, Greeks and Germanic peoples and Slavs.
The Tierwirbel (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals"[16]) is a characteristic motive in Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe, and later also in Iron Age Scythian and European (Baltic[17] and Germanic) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motive, often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pacific and even North America (especially Moundville).[18]
Historical use in the East[link]
The swastika is a historical sacred symbol both to evoke 'Shakti' in tantric rituals and evoke the gods for blessings in Indian religions. It first appears in the archaeological record here around[19] 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization. Also, the swastika symbol was found on a number of shards in the Khuzestan province of Iran and in inscriptions on pottery in the Neolithic Europe of the 5th millennium B.C. It also appears in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In all these cultures the swastika symbol does not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, but appears as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation.[20][21][22] It rose to importance in Buddhism during the Mauryan Empire and in Hinduism with the decline of Buddhism in India during the Gupta Empire. With the spread of Buddhism, the Buddhist swastika reached Tibet and China. The symbol was also introduced to Balinese Hinduism by Hindu kings. The use of the swastika by the Bön faith of Tibet, as well as later syncretic religions, such as Cao Dai of Vietnam and Falun Gong of China, can also be traced to Buddhist influence.
Buddhism[link]
Buddhism originated in the 5th century BC and spread throughout the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BC (Maurya Empire). Known as a "yung drung"[23] in ancient Tibet, it was a graphical representation of eternity.[24]
East Asian traditions[link]
The paired swastika symbols are included, at least since the Liao Dynasty, as part of the Chinese writing system (卍 and 卐) and are variant characters for 萬 or 万 (wàn in Mandarin, man in Korean, Cantonese and Japanese, vạn in Vietnamese) meaning "all" or "eternity" (lit. myriad). The swastika marks the beginning of many Buddhist scriptures. In East Asian countries, the left-facing character is often used as symbol for Buddhism and marks the site of a Buddhist temple on maps.
In Chinese and Japanese the swastika is also a homonym of the number 10,000, and is commonly used to represent the whole of Creation, e.g. 'the myriad things' in the Dao De Jing. During the Chinese Tang Dynasty, Empress Wu Zetian (684-704) decreed that the swastika would also be used as an alternative symbol of the Sun.
In Japan, the swastika is called manji. Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a coat of arms by various Japanese families such as Tsugaru clan, Hachisuka clan or around 60 clans that belong to Tokugawa clan.[25] On Japanese maps, a swastika (left-facing and horizontal) is used to mark the location of a Buddhist temple. The right-facing manji is often referred to as the gyaku manji (逆卍, lit. "reverse manji") or migi manji (右卍, lit. "right manji"), and can also be called kagi jūji (literally "hook cross").
In Chinese and Japanese art, the swastika is often found as part of a repeating pattern. One common pattern, called sayagata in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines.[26] As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the "key fret" motif in English.
As a pottery graph of unknown provision and meaning the swastka-like sign is known in Chinese Neolithic culture (2400-2000 BCE, Liu wan 柳湾, Qinghai province).
Hinduism[link]
In Hinduism, the swastika is at times in certain sects considered a symbolic representation of Ganesha. In Hindu rites, Ganesha is offered first offerings in every pooja. The swastika is made with Sindoor during Hindu religious rites.
Among the Hindus of Bengal, it is common to see the name "swastika" (Bengali: স্বস্তিক shostik) applied to a slightly different symbol, which has the same significance as the common swastika, and both symbols are used as auspicious signs. This symbol looks something like a stick figure of a human being.[27]
Jainism[link]
Jainism gives even more prominence to the swastika as a tantra than Hinduism does. It is a symbol of the seventh Tirthankara, Suparshvanath. In the Svetambara tradition, it is also one of the symbols of the ashtamangala. All derasars and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues in a temple. Jains then put an offering on this swastika, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet (Hindi: मिठाई, Miṭhāī), or a coin or currency note.
Iran[link]
In Iran, a golden necklace of three swastikas found in Marlik, Gilan province Iran, dates back to first millennium BC.
Ural[link]
In the South Ural Mountains the swastika motif is found in archaeological barrows associated with an early Metal Age culture known as Bashkir.
Armenia[link]
Swastikas in Armenia can be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of Ani.
Native American traditions[link]
The swastika motif was used by some Native American groups. It has been found in excavations of Mississippian-era sites in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. It is frequently used as a motif on objects associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (S.E.C.C.). It was also widely used by many southwestern tribes, most notably the Navajo. Among various tribes, the swastika carried different meanings. To the Hopi it represented the wandering Hopi clan; to the Navajo it was one symbol for a whirling log (tsil no'oli), a sacred image representing a legend that was used in healing rituals.[28] A brightly colored First Nations saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Canada.[29]
A swastika shape is a symbol in the culture of the Kuna people of Kuna Yala, Panama. In Kuna tradition it symbolizes the octopus that created the world, its tentacles pointing to the four cardinal points.[30]
In February 1925 the Kuna revolted vigorously against Panamanian suppression of their culture, and in 1930 they assumed autonomy. The flag they adopted at that time is based on the swastika shape, and remains the official flag of Kuna Yala. A number of variations on the flag have been used over the years: red top and bottom bands instead of orange were previously used, and in 1942 a ring (representing the traditional Kuna nose-ring) was added to the center of the flag to distance it from the symbol of the Nazi party.[31]
Historical use in the West[link]
In Bronze Age Europe, the "Sun cross" (a three- or four-armed hooked cross in a circle) appears frequently, often interpreted as a solar symbol. Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artifacts from Iron Age Europe (Greco-Roman, Illyrian, Etruscan, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Slavic and Georgian Borjgali). This prehistoric use seems to be reflected in the appearance of the symbol in various folk cultures of Europe.
Antiquity[link]
Greco-Roman antiquity[link]
Ancient Greek architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. There are also found gold plate fibulae from the 8th century BC decorated with an engraved swastika.[32] Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or triskelion and the rounded lauburu. The swastika symbol is also known in these contexts by a number of names, especially gammadion,[33] or rather the tetra-gammadion. The name gammadion comes from the fact that it can be seen as being made up of four Greek gamma (Γ) letters. Ancient Greek priestesses would tattoo the symbol, along with the tetraskelion, on their bodies. Ancient Greek architectural designs are replete with the interlinking symbol.
In alchemy, the gammadion was used to symbolise the four cardinal corners of the world and the guardianship of this world.
In Greco-Roman art and architecture, and in Romanesque and Gothic art in the West, isolated swastikas are relatively rare, and the swastika is more commonly found as a repeated element in a border or tessellation. The swastika often represented perpetual motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the Augustan Ara Pacis. A design of interlocking swastikas is one of several tessellations on the floor of the cathedral of Amiens, France.[34] A border of linked swastikas was a common Roman architectural motif,[35] and can be seen in more recent buildings as a neoclassical element. A swastika border is one form of meander, and the individual swastikas in such a border are sometimes called Greek keys. There have also been swastikas found on the floors of Pompeii.[36]
Celtic antiquity[link]
The bronze frontspiece of a ritual pre-Christian (c. 350-50 BC) shield found in the River Thames near Battersea Bridge (hence "Battersea Shield") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel.[37] An Ogham stone found in Anglish, Co Kerry (CIIC 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and was decorated with a cross pattée and two swastikas.[38] At the Northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire, there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the Swastika Stone.[39] The figure in the foreground of the picture is a 20th century replica; the original carving can be seen a little farther away, at left of center.
Germanic antiquity[link]
Main article: Swastika (Germanic Iron Age)
The swastika shape (also called a fylfot) appears on various Germanic Migration Period and Viking Age artifacts, such as the 3rd century Værløse Fibula from Zealand, Denmark, the Gothic spearhead from Brest-Litovsk, today in Belarus, the 9th century Snoldelev Stone from Ramsø, Denmark, and numerous Migration Period bracteates drawn left-facing or right-facing.[40]
The pagan Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo, England, contained numerous items bearing the swastika, now housed in the collection of the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.[41] The Swastika is clearly marked on a hilt and sword belt found at Bifrons in Kent, in a grave of about the 6th century.
Hilda Ellis Davidson theorized that the swastika symbol was associated with Thor, possibly representing his hammer Mjolnir - symbolic of thunder - and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross.[41] Davidson cites "many examples" of the swastika symbol from Anglo-Saxon graves of the pagan period, with particular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of East Anglia.[41] Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must have possessed special significance as a funerary symbol.[41] The runic inscription on the 8th-century Sæbø sword has been taken as evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in Norse paganism.
Illyrian antiquity[link]
Swastika was wide spread among the Illyrians, symbolizing the Sun. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult, and the Sun was represented by a swastika in clockwise motion, and it stood for the movement of the Sun.[42]
Pre-Christian Europe and folk culture[link]
Baltic[link]
See also: Auseklis
The swastika is one of the most common symbols used throughout Baltic art. In Latvian the symbol is known as either Ugunskrusts, the "Fire cross" (rotating counter-clockwise), or Pērkonkrusts, the "Thunder cross" (rotating clock-wise), and was mainly associated with Pērkons, the god of Thunder and justice. It was also occasionally related to the Sun, as well as Dievs (the god of creation), Laima (the goddess of destiny and fate). It was believed that the god of Thunder (Pērkons) was the only god which was feared by the devil. The swastika is featured on many distaffs, dowry chests, cloths and other artisanal items.
Slavic[link]
In the Slavic tradition, swastika are found only on ornaments, such as embroidery patterns.[citation needed]
Currently, Slavic neo-pagans and neo-Nazis frequently use the standard and eight-pointed ("kolovrat") swastika. They believe that swastika and kolovrat are ancient Slavic pagan symbols.[43][44][45][46][47]
Sami[link]
An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of Sami shamans, used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. The name of the Sami thunder god was Horagalles, thought to be derived from "Old Man Thor" (Þórr karl). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika.[41]
Medieval and early modern Europe[link]
In Christianity, the swastika is used as a hooked version of the Christian Cross, the symbol of Christ's victory over death. Some Christian churches built in the Romanesque and Gothic eras are decorated with swastikas, carrying over earlier Roman designs. Swastikas are prominently displayed in a mosaic in the St. Sophia church of Kiev, Ukraine dating from the 12th century. They also appear as a repeating ornamental motif on a tomb in the Basilica of St. Ambrose in Milan. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika floor mosaic in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens, which was built on top of a pagan site at Amiens, France in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. The stole worn by a priest in the 1445 painting of the Seven Sacraments by Roger van der Weyden presents the swastika form simply as one way of depicting the cross. Swastikas also appear on the vestments on the effigy of Bishop William Edington (d. 1366) in Winchester Cathedral.
In the Polish First Republic the symbol of the swastika was also popular with the nobility. According to chronicles, the Rus' prince Oleg, who in the 9th century attacked Constantinople, nailed his shield (which had a large red swastika painted on it) to the city's gates.[45] Several noble houses, e.g. Boreyko, Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had Swastikas as their coat of arms. The family reached its greatness in the 14th and 15th centuries and its crest can be seen in many heraldry books produced at that time. The Swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the Boreyko coat of arms, used by noblemen in Poland and Ukraine. In the 19th century the swastika was one of the Russian empire's symbols; it was even placed in coins as a background to the Russian eagle.[46][47]
An unusual swastika, composed of the Hebrew letters Aleph and Resh, appears in the 18th century Kabbalistic work "Parashat Eliezer" by Rabbi Eliezer Fischl of Strizhov, a commentary on the obscure ancient eschatological book "Karnayim", ascribed to Rabbi Aharon of Kardina. The symbol is enclosed by a circle and surrounded by a cyclic hymn in Aramaic. The hymn, which refers explicitly to the power of the Sun, as well as the shape of the symbol, shows strong solar symbolism. According to the book, this mandala-like symbol is meant to help a mystic to contemplate on the cyclic nature and structure of the Universe. The letters are the initial and final characters of the Hebrew word, אוֹר, or "light".
Freemasons also gave the swastika symbol importance. In medieval Northern European Runic Script, a counter-clockwise swastika denotes the letter 'G,' and could stand for the important Freemason terms God, Great Architect of the Universe, or Geometry.[48]
Western use in the early 20th century[link]
Main article: Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century
File:MatildeMoisant detail.jpg
The aviator Matilde Moisant (1878-1964) wearing a swastika medallion in 1912; the symbol was popular as a good luck charm with early aviators.
In the Western world, the symbol experienced a resurgence following the archaeological work in the late 19th century of Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the symbol in the site of ancient Troy and associated it with the ancient migrations of Proto-Indo-Europeans. He connected it with similar shapes found on ancient pots in Germany, and theorized that the swastika was a "significant religious symbol of our remote ancestors", linking Germanic, Greek and Indo-Iranian cultures.[49][50] By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success.
The work of Schliemann soon became intertwined with the völkisch movements, for which the swastika was a symbol of the "Aryan race", a concept that came to be equated by theorists such as Alfred Rosenberg with a Nordic master race originating in northern Europe. Since its adoption by the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler, the swastika has been associated with Nazism, fascism, racism (white supremacy), the Axis powers in World War II, and the Holocaust in much of the West. The swastika remains a core symbol of Neo-Nazi groups, and is used regularly by activist groups.
The Benedictine choir school at Lambach Abbey, Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. Their origin was the personal coat of arms of Abbot Theoderich Hagn of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field.[51] The Lambach swastika is probably of Medieval origin. The Danish brewery company Carlsberg Group used the swastika as a logo[52] from the 19th Century until the middle of the 1930s when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi Party in neighbouring Germany. However, the swastika carved on elephants at the entrance gates of the company's headquarters in Copenhagen in 1901 can still be seen today.[53]
The swastika is seen on binders of pre-Nazi era publications of works by Rudyard Kipling. Both left and right orientations were used.
Ireland[link]
The Swastika Laundry was a laundry founded in 1912, located on Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge, a district of Dublin, Ireland. In the fifties Heinrich Böll came across a van belonging to the company while he was staying in Ireland, leading to some awkward moments before he could realize the company was older than Nazism and totally unrelated to it. The chimney of the boiler-house of the laundry still stands, but the laundry has been redeveloped.[54][55]
Finland[link]
Folklore[link]
In Finland the swastika was often used in traditional folk art products, as a decoration or magical symbol on textiles and wood. The swastika was also used by the Finnish Air Force until 1945, but is still used in air force flags.
The tursaansydän is used by scouts in some instances[56] and a student organization.[57] The village of Tursa uses the tursaansydän as a kind of a certificate of authenticity on products made there.[58] Traditional textiles are still being made with swastikas as parts of traditional ornaments.
Swedish-origin swastika in military[link]
The Finnish Air Force uses the swastika as an emblem, introduced in 1918. The type of swastika adopted by the air-force was the symbol on luck for the Swedish count Eric von Rosen, who donated.
Present-day brigade marks of the Finnish Air Force staff and the Training Air Wing.
The swastika was also used by the women's paramilitary organization Lotta Svärd, which was banned in 1944 in accordance with the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the allied Soviet Union and Britain.
The President of Finland is the grand master of the Order of the White Rose. According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The original design of the collar, decorated with 9 swastikas, dates from 1918, and was designed by the artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela. The Grand Cross with the swastika collar has been awarded 41 times to foreign heads of state. To avoid misunderstandings, the swastika decorations were replaced by fir crosses at the decision of president Urho Kekkonen in 1963 after it became known that the President of France Charles De Gaulle was uncomfortable with the swastika collar.
Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from 1918, the Cross of Liberty has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Cross of Liberty is depicted in the upper left corner of the standard of the President of Finland.[59]
In December 2007, a silver replica of the WWII period Finnish air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity campaign.[60]
The original war time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the State air defence's relief ring, made of iron.
Latvia[link]
Latvia adopted the swastika, called the Ugunskrusts ("fire cross"), for its air force in 1918/1919 and continued its use until 1940. The cross itself was maroon on a white background, mirroring the colors of the Latvian flag. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background.[61][62]
As the symbol of Nazism[link]
Further information: Nazi symbolism
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In the wake of widespread popular usage, the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) formally adopted the swastika (in German: Hakenkreuz (hook-cross)) in 1920. This was used on the party's flag (right), badge, and armband.
In his 1925 work Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler wrote that: I myself, meanwhile, after innumerable attempts, had laid down a final form; a flag with a red background, a white disk, and a black swastika in the middle. After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the swastika.
When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation." (Red, white, and black were the colors of the flag of the old German Empire.) He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the swastika, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work."[63]
The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, acting life" (das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens) and as "race emblem of Germanism" (Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums).[64]
The use of the swastika was incorporated by Nazi theorists with their conjecture of Aryan cultural descent of the German people. Following the Nordicist version of the Aryan invasion theory, the Nazis claimed that the early Aryans of India, from whose Vedic tradition the swastika sprang, were the prototypical white invaders. The concept of racial purity was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is now considered mostly unscientific. For Alfred Rosenberg, the Aryans of India were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the close proximity of races. Thus, they saw fit to co-opt the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race. The use of the swastika as a symbol of the Aryan race dates back to writings of Emile Burnouf. Following many other writers, the German nationalist poet Guido von List believed it to be a uniquely Aryan symbol.
Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German völkisch nationalist movements (Völkische Bewegung). In Deutschland Erwache (ISBN 0-912138-69-6), Ulric of England (sic) says:
[...] what inspired Hitler to use the swastika as a symbol for the NSDAP was its use by the Thule Society (German: Thule-Gesellschaft) since there were many connections between them and the DAP ... from 1919 until the summer of 1921 Hitler used the special Nationalsozialistische library of Dr. Friedrich Krohn, a very active member of the Thule-Gesellschaft ... Dr. Krohn was also the dentist from Sternberg who was named by Hitler in Mein Kampf as the designer of a flag very similar to one that Hitler designed in 1920 ... during the summer of 1920, the first party flag was shown at Lake Tegernsee ... these home-made ... early flags were not preserved, the Ortsgruppe München (Munich Local Group) flag was generally regarded as the first flag of the Party.
José Manuel Erbez says:
The first time the swastika was used with an "Aryan" meaning was on December 25, 1907, when the self-named Order of the New Templars, a secret society founded by [Adolf Joseph] Lanz von Liebenfels, hoisted at Werfenstein Castle (Austria) a yellow flag with a swastika and four fleurs-de-lys.[65]
However, Liebenfels was drawing on an already established use of the symbol. On March 14, 1933, shortly after Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP flag was hoisted alongside Germany's national colors. It was adopted as the sole national flag on September 15, 1935 (see Nazi Germany).
The swastika was used for badges and flags throughout Nazi Germany, particularly for government and military organizations, but also for "popular" organizations such as the Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft (German Hunting Society).[66]
While the DAP and the NSDAP had used both right-facing and left-facing swastikas, the right-facing swastika was used consistently from 1920 onwards. However, Ralf Stelter notes that the swastika flag used on land had a right-facing swastika on both sides, while the ensign (naval flag) had it printed through so that a left-facing swastika would be seen when looking at the ensign with the flagpole to the right.[67]
Several variants are found:
- a 45° black swastika on a white disc as in the NSDAP and national flags;
- a 45° black swastika on a white lozenge (e.g., Hitler Youth[68]);
- a 45° black swastika with a white outline was painted on the tail of aircraft of the Luftwaffe, and usually using a design based on a 25-small-square subdivided square template (width of "strokes" in each of its arms, equalling the width of the space between the strokes);
- a 45° black swastika outlined by thin white and black lines on a white disc (e.g., the German War Ensign[69]);
- an upright black swastika outlined by thin white and black lines on a white disc (e.g., Personal standard of Adolf Hitler in which a gold wreath encircles the swastika; the Schutzstaffel; and the Reichsdienstflagge, in which a black circle encircles the swastika);
- small gold, silver, black, or white 45° swastikas, often lying on or being held by an eagle, on many badges and flags.[70]
- a swastika with curved outer arms forming a broken circle, as worn by the SS Nordland Division.[71]
There were attempts to amalgamate Nazi and Hindu use of the swastika, notably by the French writer Savitri Devi who declared Hitler an Avatar of Vishnu (see Nazi mysticism).
Post-WWII stigmatization in Western countries[link]
Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the 1930s has been largely associated with Nazism and white supremacy in most Western countries. As a result, all of its use, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol is prohibited in some jurisdictions. Because of the stigma attached to the symbol, many buildings that have contained the symbol as decoration have had the symbol removed. Steven Heller, of the School of Visual Arts, has argued that from the moment it was "misappropriated" by the Nazis, it became a mark and weapon of hate, and could not be redeemed.[72]
Germany[link]
Further information: Strafgesetzbuch § 86a
The German and Austrian postwar criminal code makes the public showing of the Hakenkreuz (the swastika) and other Nazi symbols illegal and punishable, except for scholarly reasons. It is even censored from the illustrations on boxes of model kits, and the decals that come in the box. Modellers seeking an accurate rendition often have to either stencil on the marking, or purchase separate decals. It is also censored from the reprints of 1930s railway timetables published by the Reichsbahn. The eagle remains, but appears to be holding a solid black circle between its talons. The swastikas on Hindu and Jain temples are exempt, as religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.
A German fashion company was investigated for using traditional British-made folded leather buttons after complaints that they resembled swastikas. In response, Esprit destroyed two hundred thousand catalogues.[73][74]
A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists.[75] In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the Stade police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.[76]
On Friday, March 17, 2006, a member of the Bundestag, Claudia Roth reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis, and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On March 15, 2007, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) holding that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", thereby settling the dispute for the future.[77][78][79]
European Union[link]
The European Union's Executive Commission proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in 2001, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression.[80] An attempt to ban the swastika across the EU in early 2005 failed after objections from the British Government and others. In early 2007, while Germany held the European Union presidency, Berlin proposed that the European Union should follow German Criminal Law and criminalize the denial of the Holocaust and the display of Nazi symbols including the swastika, which is based on the Ban on the Symbols of Unconstitutional Organisations Act. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5,000 years as a symbol of peace.[81][82] The proposal to ban the swastika was dropped by Berlin from the proposed European Union wide anti-racism laws on January 29, 2007.[80]
Legislation in other European countries[link]
- In Hungary, it is a criminal misdemeanour to publicly display "totalitarian symbols", including the swastika, the SS insignia and the Arrow Cross, punishable by fine.[83] Display for academic, educational, artistic or journalistic reasons is allowed. Note that the communist symbols of hammer and sickle and the red star are also regarded as a totalitarian symbols and have the same restriction by Hungarian criminal law.
- In Poland, public display of Nazi symbols, including the Nazi swastika, is a criminal offence punishable by up to eight years of imprisonment.[84]
Latin America[link]
- The use of the swastika or any Nazi symbol, their manufacture, distribution or broadcasting, with the intent to propagate Nazism is a crime in Brazil as dictated by article 20, paragraph 1, of federal statute 7.716, passed in 1989. The penalty is a two to five years prison term and a fine.[85]
- The flag of the Kuna Yala autonomous territory of Panama is based on a swastika design. In 1942 a ring was added to the centre of the flag to differentiate it from the symbol of the Nazi party (this version subsequently fell into disuse).[31]
Media[link]
In 2010, Microsoft officially spoke out against the use of the swastika in the first-person shooter Call of Duty: Black Ops. In Black Ops, players are allowed to customize their name tags to represent, essentially, whatever they want. The swastika can be created and used, but Stephen Toulouse, director of Xbox Live policy and enforcement, stated that players with the symbol on their name tag will be banned (if someone reports as inappropriate) from Xbox Live.[86]
Satirical use[link]
A book featuring "120 Funny Swastika Cartoons" was published in 2008 by New York Cartoonist Sam Gross. The author said he created the cartoons in response to excessive news coverage given to swastika vandals, that his intent "...is to reduce the swastika to something humorous."[87]
The powerful symbolism acquired by the swastika has often been used in graphic design and propaganda as a means of drawing Nazi comparisons; examples include the cover of Stuart Eizenstat's 2003 book Imperfect Justice,[88] publicity materials for Constantin Costa-Gavras's 2002 film Amen,[89] and a billboard that was erected opposite the U.S. Interests Section in Havana, Cuba, in 2004, which juxtaposed images of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse pictures with a swastika.
Controversies over Asian products[link]
In recent years, controversy has erupted when consumer goods bearing the symbol have been exported to North America.
When a ten-year-old boy in Lynbrook, New York bought a set of Pokémon cards imported from Japan in 1999, his parents complained after finding that two of the cards contained the Manji symbol which is the mirror image of the Nazi swastika. This also caused a lot of concern amongst fans from Jewish communities. Nintendo of America announced that the cards would be discontinued, explaining that what was acceptable in one culture was not necessarily so in another; their action was welcomed by the Anti-Defamation League who recognised that there was no intention to be offensive but said that international commerce meant that "isolating [the Swastika] in Asia would just create more problems."[90]
In 2002, Christmas crackers containing plastic toy pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from consumers in Canada. The manufacturer, based in China, explained the symbol was presented in a traditional sense and not as a reference to the Nazis, and apologized to the customers for the cross-cultural mixup.[91] In 2007, Spanish fashion chain Zara withdrew a handbag from its stores after a customer in Britain complained swastikas were embroidered on it. The bags were made by a supplier in India and inspired by commonly used Hindu symbols, which include the swastika.[92]
Contemporary use in Asia[link]
South Asia[link]
In the Indosphere (South Asia, Greater India), the swastika remains ubiquitous as a symbol of wealth and good fortune. In India and Nepal, electoral ballot papers are stamped with a round swastika-like pattern (to ensure that the accidental ink imprint on the other side of a folded ballot paper can be correctly identified as such).[93] Many businesses and other organisations, such as the Ahmedabad Stock Exchange and the Nepal Chamber of Commerce,[94] use the swastika in their logos. The red swastika was suggested as an emblem of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in India and Sri Lanka, but the idea was not implemented.[95] Swastikas can be found practically everywhere in Indian and Nepalese cities, on buses, buildings, auto-rickshaws, and clothing. Swastika continues to be prominently used in Hindus' religious ceremonies and temples, and is recognised as a Hindu religious symbol. Interpretations of the Vedic scriptures have in recent times have pointed out the erroneous use of counter clock motion swastika in Hindu auspicious rituals that were used to evoke the 'Shakti' in tantric rituals. In India Swastik (Swasthik) is a commonly used name for persons, especially among Jain communities.
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East Asia[link]
In China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea, the symbol is most commonly associated with Buddhism. They are widely used in Buddhist temples, both rural and urban.
Reflecting this usage, East Asian maps use the swastika symbol to denote a temple. For example, the symbol is designated by the Survey Act and related Japanese governmental rules to denote a Buddhist temple on Japanese maps.[96]
Hirosaki City in Aomori Prefecture designates this symbol as its official flag, which stemmed from its use in the emblem of Tsugaru clan, the lord of Hirosaki Domain in Edo era. See also the section East Asian traditions in this article.
Central Asia[link]
In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. President Emomali Rahmonov declared the swastika an Aryan symbol and 2006 to be "the year of Aryan culture," which would be a time to "study and popularize Aryan contributions to the history of the world civilization, raise a new generation (of Tajiks) with the spirit of national self-determination, and develop deeper ties with other ethnicities and cultures."[97]
New religious movements[link]
Besides the use as a religious symbol in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, which can be traced to pre-modern traditions, the swastika is also used by a number of new religious movements established in the modern period.
- The Theosophical Society uses a swastika as part of its seal, along with an Aum, a hexagram or star of David, an Ankh and an Ouroboros. Unlike the much more recent Raëlian movement (see below), the Theosophical Society symbol has been free from controversy, and the seal is still used. The current seal also includes the text "There is no religion higher than truth."[98]
- The Raëlian Movement, who believe that Extra-Terrestrials originally created all life on earth, use a symbol that is often the source of considerable controversy: an interlaced star of David and a swastika. The Raelians state that the Star of David represents infinity in space whereas the swastika represents infinity in time i.e. there being no beginning and no end in time, and everything being cyclic.[99] In 1991, the symbol was changed to remove the swastika, out of respect to the victims of the Holocaust, but as of 2007 has been restored to its original form.[100]
- The Tantra-based new religious movement Ananda Marga (Devanagari: आनन्द मार्ग, meaning Path of Bliss) uses a motif similar to the Raëlians, but in their case the apparent star of David is defined as intersecting triangles with no specific reference to Jewish culture.
- The Falun Gong qigong movement uses a symbol that features a large swastika surrounded by four smaller (and rounded) ones, interspersed with yin-and-yang symbols. The usage is taken from traditional Chinese symbolism, and here alludes to a chakra-like portion of the esoteric human anatomy, located in the stomach.
- The Odinic Rite claims the fylfot as a holy symbol of Odinism, citing the pre-Christian Germanic use of the symbol.
See also[link]
References[link]
Bibliography[link]
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- Aigner, Dennis J. (2000). The Swastika Symbol in Navajo Textiles. Laguna Beach, California: DAI Press. ISBN 0-9701898-0-X.
- Clarence House issues apology for Prince Harry's Nazi costume. BBC News. January 13, 2005.
- Clube, V. and Napier, B. The Cosmic Serpent. Universe Books, 1982.
- Enthoven, R.E. The Folklore of Bombay. London: Oxford University Press, 1924 (pp. 40–45).
- Gardner, N. (2006) Multiple Meanings: The Swastika Symbol. In Hidden Europe, 11, pp. 35–37. Berlin. ISSN 1860-6318.
- Jaume Ollé, Željko Heimer, and Norman Martin. "State Flag and Ensign 1935-1945" December 29, 2004. The Reichsdienstflagge.
- e, Steven. Animals and the Origin of Dance, Thames and Hudson Inc., NY, 1982 (pp. 169–181).
- MacCulloch, C.J.A. Canon, John A. (Ed.) Mythology of all Races. vol. 8 ("Chinese Mythology" Ferguson, John C.) Marshall Jones Co. Boston, MA 1928 (p. 31).
- ManWoman. Gentle Swastika: Reclaiming the Innocence, Cranbrook, B.C., Canada: Flyfoot Press, 2001. ISBN 0-9688716-0-7.
- Marcus Wendel, Jaume Ollé, et al. "Schutzstaffel/SS" December 14, 2001.
- Morphy, Howard (Ed.). Animals into Art (ONE WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY; vol. 7) Unwin Gyman Ltd., London, 1989 (chapt. 11 Schaafsma, Polly).
- Norman Martin et al. "Standard of the Leader and National Chancellor 1935-1945". April 9, 2004. Hitler's personal flag.
- Roy, Pratap Chandra. The Mahabharata, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1973 (vol. 1 section 13-58, vol. 5 section 2-3).
- Schliemann, Henry. Ilios Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, NY, 1881 (pp. 334–353).
- Tan Huay Peng. (1980–1983). Fun with Chinese Characters. Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 981-01-3005-8.
- The Swastika: The Earliest Known Symbol, and Its Migrations; with Observations on the Migration of Certain Industries in Prehistoric Times. In Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution
- Whipple, Fred L. The Mystery of Comets Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, DC 1985, (pp. 163–167).
- Wilson, Thomas (Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U.S. National Museum) (1896).
Notes[link]
- ^ "The Swastika." Northvegr Foundation. Notes on the etymology and meaning of Swastika.
- ^ The Ramayana does have the word, but in an unrelated sense of "one who utters words of eulogy". The most traditional form of the swastika's symbolization in Hinduism is that the symbol represents the purusharthas: dharma (that which makes a human a human), artha (wealth), kama (desire) and moksha (liberation). All four are needed for a full life. However, two (artha and kama) are limited and can give only limited joy. They are the two closed arms of the swastika. The other two are unlimited and are the open arms of the swastika. The Mahabharata has the word in the sense of "the crossing of the arms or hands on the breast". Both the Mahabharata and the Ramayana also use the word in the sense of "a dish of a particular form" and "a kind of cake". The word does not occur in Vedic Sanskrit.
- ^ a b Monier Monier-Williams (1899). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, s.v. svastika (p. 1283).
- ^ "CJK Unified Ideographs"PDF (4.83 MB), The Unicode Standard, Version 4.1. Unicode, Inc. 2005.
- ^ "Swastika Flag Specifications and Construction Sheet (Germany)". Flags of the World.
- ^ "Centred vs. Offset Disc and Swastika 1933-1945 (Germany)". Flagspot.net. http://flagspot.net/flags/de1933_o.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ D'Alviella, 1894,The Migration of Symbols (1894).
- ^ Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", Natural History, January 1980, 68-75.
- ^ Sagan, Carl; Ann Druyan (1985). Comet. Ballantine Books. p. 496. ISBN 0-345-41222-2.
- ^ Stewart, Ian. Life's Other Secret: The new mathematics of the living world 1999 Penguin.
- ^ Campbell, Joseph (2002). The Flight of the Wild Gander. p. 117.
- ^ Frances Pritchett. "Indus Valley Swastika". Columbia.edu. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/swastika/swastika.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia," Kush, 13, 131-147, 1965
- ^ (Chinese) Bao Jing " “卍”与“卐”漫议 ("卍""and "卐" Man Yee)". 2004-01-06, news.xinhuanet.com
- ^ (Chinese) "卍字符號 (Swastika Symbol). Epoch Times, 2009-04-22 Reprint from New Era (magazine) #115 "Art and Culture" section (2009.04.02—04.08)
- ^ a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel," IPEK, 1936-37
- ^ Marija GimbutasThe Balts before the Dawn of History
- ^ Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology (1959), p. 267.
- ^ Lee, Jonathan H. X., ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABL-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-0sEJ_0vV1QC&pg=PA87&dq=first+known+usage+of+the+Swastika+is+from+%5B%5BAncient+India%5D%5D&hl=en&ei=a96GTaf0M4SHhQfR0aHABA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- ^ http://www.websters-dictionary-online.com/definitions/swastika?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=swastika&sa=Search#906
- ^ http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/symbol.html
- ^ http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/swastik/history.html
- ^ "what-is-yungdrung". http://earlytibet.com/2008/04/30/buddhism-and-bon-iii-what-is-yungdrung. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ "About the Bon". http://www.bonfuturefund.org/wp/about-the-bon. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ (Japanese) Hitoshi Takazawa, Encyclopedia of Kamon, Tōkyōdō Shuppan, 2008 ISBN 978-4-490-10738-8
- ^ "Sayagata 紗綾形". Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.
- ^ Subhayu Banerjee."Shubho Nabobarsho". Bengal on the Net. April 16, 2001
- ^ Dottie Indyke. "The History of an Ancient Human Symbol." April 4, 2005. originally from The Wingspread Collector's Guide to Santa Fe, Taos and Albuquerque, Volume 15.
- ^ Photo and text,"Why is there a Swastika on the saddle in the First Nations Gallery?", Royal Saskatchewan Museum
- ^ Chants and Myths about Creation, from Rainforest Art. Retrieved February 25, 2006.
- ^ a b Panama - Native Peoples, from Flags of the World. Retrieved February 20, 2006.
- ^ Biers, W.R. 1996. The Archaeology of Greece, p. 130. Cornell University Press, Ithaca/London.
- ^ "Perseus:image:1990.26.0822". Perseus.tufts.edu. 1990-02-26. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/image?lookup=1990.26.0822. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Robert Ferré. "Amiens Cathedral". Labyrinth Enterprises. Constructed from 1220 to 1402, Amiens Cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in France, a popular tourist attraction and since 1981 a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During World War I, Amiens was targeted by German forces but remained in Allied territory following the Battle of Amiens.
- ^ Gary Malkin. "Tockington Park Roman Villa". The Area of Bristol in Roman Times. December 9, 2002.
- ^ Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture," "Greek key or meander", University of Pittsburgh 1997-98.
- ^ The Battersea Shield British Museum
- ^ "CISP entry". Ucl.ac.uk. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/stone/aglis_1.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Swastika Stone photo at Aenigmatis: Prehistoric Sites in England, page 3
- ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen (1990). Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past, page 148. ISBN 978-87-7468-274-5
- ^ a b c d e H.R. Ellis Davidson (1965). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe, page 83. ISBN 978-0-14-013627-2, p. 83
- ^ Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians: history and culture. Noyes Press. pp. 182, 186. ISBN 0-8155-5052-9, 9780815550525. http://books.google.ee/books?ei=cWsIT4rNC4_N4QTi6uSNCA&id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&dq=swastika+illyrians+book&q=swastika#search_anchor.
- ^ http://lib.swarog.ru/books/history/0genon/swastika.php[dead link]
- ^ Tushkina Basil Rurikovich-. "Russia and the Vedas" (in Russian). Ayurvedavlad.ru. http://www.ayurvedavlad.ru/vedic34.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Swastika (Kolovrat) - Historical Roots" (in Russian). Distedu.ru. http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_hist/clarino2.narod.ru/suasti.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ a b Vladimir Nikolaevich. "The Swastika, the historical roots" (in Russian). Klk.pp.ru. http://klk.pp.ru/2007/01/26/svastika_istoricheskie_korni.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ a b Vladimir Plakhotnyuk. "Kolovrat-Historical Roots-Collection of articles" (in Russian). Ruskolan.xpomo.com. http://ruskolan.xpomo.com/liter/kolovrat.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Berzin, Alexander (2003). "The Nazi Connection with Shambhala and Tibet". http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/advanced/kalachakra/shambhala/nazi_connection_shambhala_tibet.html.
- ^ Schliemann, H, Troy and its remains, London: Murray, 1875, pp. 102, 119-20
- ^ Boxer, Sarah (2000-06-29). "One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback". Think Tank (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900tank-swastika.html. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Dutch article in Wikipedia "Swastika";Holocaust Chronology
- ^ "Flickr Album; "Probably the Best Photo's of Swastikas in the World"". Fiveprime.org. http://fiveprime.org/hivemind/Tags/carlsberg,swastika. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ Carlsberg Group Website[dead link]
- ^ "Swastika chimney". The Irish Times. 2007-03-03. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/commercialproperty/2007/0328/1175003340664.html. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "Swastika Laundry (1912–1987)". Come here to me!. Comeheretome.wordpress.com. 2010-04-26. http://comeheretome.wordpress.com/2010/04/26/swastika-laundry-1912-1987/. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "Partiolippukunta Pitkäjärven Vaeltajat ry". Pitva.partio.net. http://pitva.partio.net. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Kainuun Kerho (2009-09-18). "Kainuun Kerho". Ppo.osakunta.fi. http://ppo.osakunta.fi/kainuunkerho/. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
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- ^ Flag The President of the Republic Of Finland
- ^ "Campaign site rautasormus.fi (campaign now closed)". Rautasormus.fi. http://rautasormus.fi. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Latvian Air Force 1918-40, retrieved September 30, 2008
- ^ Spārnota Latvija, retrieved September 30, 2008
- ^ "text of ''Mein Kampf'' at Project Gutenberg of Australia". Gutenberg.net.au. http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Walther Blachetta: Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; page 47
- ^ José Manuel Erbez. "Order of the New Templars 1907". Flags of the World. January 21, 2001.
- ^ Santiago Dotor and Norman Martin. "German Hunting Society 1934-1945 (Third Reich, Germany)" Flags of the World. March 15, 2003. The flag of the Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft
- ^ Mark Sensen, António Martins, Norman Martin, and Ralf Stelter. "Centred vs. Offset Disc and Swastika 1933-1945 (Germany)". Flags of the World. December 29, 2004.
- ^ Marcus Wendel et al. "Hitler Youth (NSDAP, Germany)". Flags of the World. January 17, 2004.
- ^ Norman Martin et al. "War Ensign 1938-1945 (Germany)". Flags of the World. The "Reichskriegsflagge"
- ^ Flags at Flags of the World:
- ^ Nordland: A Brief History (Archived 19 October 2009)". Includes photo of the unusual curved Swastika worn by the division. Retrieved 03 October 2010.
- ^ Steven Heller, "The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?", Allworth Press, New York, 2008, passim but especially p. 161-9.
- ^ "Fashion firm under investigation for swastika design", European Jewish Press, October 19, 2006
- ^ "Prosecutors drop probe into swastika buttons", dpa Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH German News Service, October 19, 2006.
- ^ Journal Chretien. "''Le Journal Chrétien'', "Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols"". Spcm.org. http://www.spcm.org/Journal/article.php3?id_article=1869. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ (German) Tageblatt September 23, 2006
- ^ "3 StR 486/06" (PDF). http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&anz=200&pos=164&nr=39349&linked=urt&Blank=1&file=dokument.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ "Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. 36/2007". Juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. 2007-03-15. http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2007&Sort=3&Seite=5&nr=39202&pos=164&anz=200. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ "''Der Spiegel'', 15 March 2007". Spiegel.de. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,471880,00.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ a b Ethan McNern. Swastika ban left out of EU's racism law, The Scotsman, January 30, 2007
- ^ Staff. Hindus opposing EU swastika ban, BBC online, January 17, 2007
- ^ Staff (source dgs/Reuters)Hindus Against Proposed EU Swastika Ban Der Spiegel online, January 17, 2007
- ^ "Hungarian criminal code, 269/B. §". Bpsz.hu. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616180643/http://www.bpsz.hu/buntorv.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Day, Matthew (23 April 2009) "Poland 'to ban' Che Guevara image" The Daily Telegraph
- ^ Brazilian Federal Statute 7.716 1989-05-01, (Portuguese)
- ^ "Swastika Emplems Will Earn XBox Live Ban". November 22, 2010. http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/105501-Black-Ops-Swastika-Emblems-Will-Earn-Xbox-Live-Ban.
- ^ David Kaufman, "Cartoons Counter Swastika Shock", Wed Feb 27, 2008, The Forward.
- ^ Harry Kreisler. "Conversation with Stuart E. Eizenstat." Conversations with History. Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley. April 30, 2003.
- ^ "Swastika film poster escapes ban." BBC News. February 21, 2002.
- ^ Steven Heller, "The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?" Allworth Press, New York, 2008 p. 156-7.
- ^ CBC News December 30, 2002: Toy pandas bearing swastikas a cultural mix-up
- ^ Reuters: Fashion chain Zara withdraws swastika handbag
- ^ "Want to avoid swastikas in India? Good luck.". The Globe and Mail. 2009-05-20. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/subcontinental/want-to-avoid-swastikas-in-india-good-luck/article1145106.
- ^ "daily picture (News from Nepal as it happens)::". Nepalnews.com. http://www.nepalnews.com/today/frontpic/2008/mar/mar30.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
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- ^ "平成１４年２万５千分１地形図図式 [2002 1:25000 Topographical Map Scheme]" (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. http://www.gsi.go.jp/MAPSAKUSEI/25000SAKUSEI/zushiki-zushiki.html#tatemono. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
- ^ Saidazimova, Gulnoza (2005-12-23). "Tajikistan: Officials Say Swastika Part Of Their Aryan Heritage - Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008". Rferl.org. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/27f36005-4b37-4ada-87e0-034f33867c8e.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ Bosco Mascarenhas. "The Theosophical Society-Adyar - Emblem". Ts-adyar.org. http://www.ts-adyar.org/emblem.html. Retrieved 2010-03-02. [dead link]
- ^ "Pro-Swastika". Pro-Swastika. http://www.proswastika.org. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
- ^ "The Official Raelian Symbol gets its swastika back". Raelianews. 2007-01-17. http://raelianews.org/news.php?item.206.3. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Swastika" article dated 2005-04-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Swastika |
- General
- History of the Swastika (US Holocaust Memorial Museum)
- The Origins of the Swastika BBC News
- A Swastika Pictorial Atlas
- Michel de Zmigkodzki, "History of the Swastika" The International Folk-Lore Congress of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, July, 1893, 1898.
- Dharmic religions
- Swastikam - Symbol of Auspiciousness (chapter 7 of Vishayasuchi by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami)
- Om, Swastika and Shivalinga (Book by Narsibhai Patel)
- Nazi use
- The variants of the NS-swastika flag
- Documentary about the use of the swastika in the Third Reich
- From Flags of the World:
- Origins of the Swastika Flag (Third Reich, Germany) (collection of links and comments)
- Neo-Nazi flags (links to other FOTW pages)
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Jagz Kooner is a UK born producer who has worked with Radio 4, Manic Street Preachers, Primal Scream for whom he co-produced their well-known cover version of the song 'Some Velvet Morning' sung this time by the model Kate Moss, Garbage and Infadels. He has created remixes for Massive Attack, Rammstein, Siobhan Fahey, Ladytron, Adam Freeland, dEUS, Kasabian and more recently Reverend and the Makers. His remix of 'Swastika Eyes', for Primal Scream appears as one of two remixes of the track on the Xtrmntr album. He has also remixed two songs from the Oasis album, Dig Out Your Soul. On the bonus CD available only as part of the Deluxe Edition, Jagz Kooner has remixed first single 'The Shock Of The Lightning', as well as, the album track 'The Turning'. He has also been keenly involved in the UK mash-up scene.
He was also a member of the bands The Aloof and Sabres of Paradise with Andrew Weatherall and Reverend and the Makers new project Reverend Soundsystem or otherwise known as RSS.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kooner, Jagz |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the person. For the band, see Marilyn Manson (band).
| Brian Warner (Marilyn Manson) | |
|---|---|
 Manson performing at 2009's Quart Festival |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Brian Hugh Warner |
| Born | (1969-01-05) January 5, 1969 (age 43) Canton, Ohio, United States |
| Genres | Alternative metal, industrial metal, gothic rock, industrial rock, shock rock |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, artist, poet, film director, actor, writer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, harpsichord, drums, flute, pan flute, mellotron |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Cooking Vinyl,[1][2] Nothing, Interscope |
| Associated acts |
Marilyn Manson, Eminem, Satan on Fire, Mrs. Scabtree, Jack Off Jill 150px Marilyn Manson's signature |
Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner; January 5, 1969) is an American musician, artist and former music journalist known for his controversial stage persona and image as the lead singer of the eponymous band Marilyn Manson. His stage name was formed from juxtaposing the names of two 1960s American cultural icons, namely actress Marilyn Monroe and convicted multiple murder convict[3] Charles Manson as a critical and, simultaneously, laudatory appraisal of America and its peculiar culture.[4][5] The seemingly outrageous styles for which he models and the controversy surrounding his lyrics have led to his public appeal.[6]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Marilyn Manson was born in Canton, Ohio. He is the only child of Barbra Warner (maiden name Wyer) and Hugh Warner.[7] Manson is of Polish and German descent on his father's side, and is a fourth cousin twice removed of Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan.[7][8] In his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell, he detailed his grandfather's sexual fetishes (including bestiality and sadomasochism) which led to the forming of Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids.
As a child, he attended his mother's Episcopalian church, though his father was Catholic.[9][10] Warner attended Heritage Christian School from first grade to tenth grade. He later transferred to Glenoak High School Canton and graduated from there in 1987, and later became a student at Broward Community College in 1990. He was working towards a degree in journalism and gaining experience in the field by writing music articles for a South Florida lifestyle magazine, 25th Parallel. He would soon meet several of the musicians to whom his own band would later be compared, including My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult, The Perfect, and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails.
Career[link]
Music[link]
Main article: Marilyn Manson (band)
Manson formed together with guitarist Scott Putesky, Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids in Florida in 1989 (the name was shortened to Marilyn Manson in 1992). While with The Spooky Kids, he was involved with Jeordie White (also known as Twiggy Ramirez) and Stephen Gregory Bier Jr. (also known as Madonna Wayne Gacy) in two side-projects: Satan on Fire, a faux-Christian metal ensemble where he played bass guitar, and drums in Mrs. Scabtree, a collaborative band formed with White and then girlfriend Jessicka (vocalist with the band Jack Off Jill) as a way to combat contractual agreements that prohibited Marilyn Manson from playing in certain clubs. In the summer of 1993, the band drew the attention of Trent Reznor. Reznor produced their 1994 debut album, Portrait of an American Family and released it on his Nothing Records label. The band began to develop a cult following, which grew larger with the release of Smells Like Children in 1995. That EP yielded the band's first big MTV hit with "Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This)," a cover of the 1983 Eurythmics hit. Antichrist Superstar (co-produced by Trent Reznor) was an even greater success.[11]
In the US alone, three of the band's albums have been awarded platinum certification, three more gold, and the band has had five releases debut in the top ten, including two number-one albums. Manson first worked as a producer with the band Jack Off Jill. He helped name the band and produce most of the band's early recordings, and also played guitar on the song "My Cat" and had the band open most of his South Florida shows.[12] Manson later wrote the liner notes to the band's album Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992-1995, a collection of early Jack Off Jill recordings. Manson has appeared as a guest performer on DMX's album Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood[13] and on Godhead's 2000 Years of Human Error album — the only album released on his vanity label Posthuman.[14][15] In 2011 it was revealed that Manson was to appear on the singer Skylar Grey's album "Invinsible" on the track entitled "Can't Haunt Me".
Film and television[link]
Manson made his film debut in 1997, as an actor in David Lynch's Lost Highway. Since then he has appeared in a variety of minor roles and cameos, including Party Monster; then-girlfriend Rose McGowan's 1999 film Jawbreaker; Asia Argento's 2004 film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things; Rise; and The Hire: Beat The Devil, the sixth instalment in the BMW Films series. He was interviewed in Michael Moore's political documentary Bowling for Columbine discussing possible motivations for the Columbine massacre and allegations that his music was somehow a factor. He has appeared in animated form in Clone High and participated in several episodes of the MTV series Celebrity Deathmatch, becoming the show's unofficial champion and mascot; he often performed the voice for his claymated puppet, and contributed the song "Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes" to the soundtrack album. In July 2005, Manson told Rolling Stone that he was shifting his focus from music to filmmaking – "I just don't think the world is worth putting music into right now. I no longer want to make art that other people — particularly record companies — are turning into a product. I just want to make art."
Johnny Depp reportedly used Manson as his inspiration for his performance as Willy Wonka in the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Manson himself expressed interest in playing the role of Willy Wonka in the film.[16][unreliable source?]
He had been working on his directorial debut, Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll, since 2004, with Manson also set to portray the role of Lewis Carroll, author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Initially announced as a web-only release, it was later decided to give the estimated $4.2 million budget film a conventional cinema release, with a slated release date of mid-2007. The film was to have an original music soundtrack with previously unreleased songs.[17] Production of the film had been postponed indefinitely until after the Eat Me, Drink Me tour.[18] In 2010, studio bosses shut down production on the project, reportedly due to viewers responses over the violent content of clips released on the internet. The film was later officially put on "indefinite production hold".[19] However, according to an interview with co-writer Anthony Silva about the hold, the film was still on and the talk of it being shut down was just a myth.[20]
Manson will portray metalband lead singer Lars in the upcoming slasher Splatter Sisters, for which he will also contribute an original soundtrack.[21]
Art[link]
Manson claimed in a 2004 interview with i-D magazine to have begun his career as a watercolor painter in 1999 when he made five-minute concept pieces and sold them to drug dealers. On September 13–14, 2002, his first show, The Golden Age of Grotesque, was held at the Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions Centre. Art in America's Max Henry likened them to the works of a "psychiatric patient given materials to use as therapy" and said his work would never be taken seriously in a fine-art context, writing that the value was "in their celebrity, not the work".[22] On September 14–15, 2004, Manson held a second exhibition on the first night in Paris and the second in Berlin. The show was named 'Trismegistus' which was also the title of the center piece of the exhibit – a large, three-headed Christ painted onto an antique wood panel from a portable embalmers table.
Manson named his self-proclaimed art movement Celebritarian Corporation. He has coined a slogan for the movement: “We will sell our shadow to those who stand within it.” In 2005 he said that the Celebritarian Corporation has been "incubating for seven years" which if correct would indicate that Celebritarian Corporation, in some form, started in 1998.[23]
Celebritarian Corporation is also the namesake of an art gallery owned by Manson, called the Celebritarian Corporation Gallery of Fine Art in Los Angeles for which his third exhibition was the inaugural show. From April 2–17, 2007, his recent works were on show at the Space 39 Modern & Contemporary in Florida. 40 pieces from this show traveled to Germany's Gallery Brigitte Schenk in Cologne to be publicly exhibited from June 28 – July 28, 2007. Manson was refused admittance to Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), when he was in the city to attend the opening night. This was, according to Manson, due to his makeup.
Manson revealed a series of 20 paintings in 2010 entitled Genealogies of Pain, an exhibition showcased at Vienna's Kunsthalle gallery[24] which the artist collaborated on with David Lynch.
Other[link]
Manson made an appearance in the video game Area 51 as Edgar, a Grey Alien. His song "Cruci-Fiction In Space" is featured in a commercial for a video game, The Darkness. His likeness is also featured on the Celebrity Deathmatch video game for which he recorded a song for the soundtrack (2003). The song "Use your fist and not your mouth" was the credits score of the game Cold Fear as well as Spawn: Armageddon. The song "Four Rusted Horses" had an alternate version used in trailers for the video game Fear 3. A remix of the song "Tainted Love" appears in the debut trailer for the game, Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.
Personal life[link]
Manson launched "Mansinthe," his own brand of Swiss-made absinthe, which has received poor reviews from critics who compared the drink's odor to sewage water and described the taste as being "just plain"[25] however it came second to Versinthe in an Absinthe top five[26] and winning a gold medal at the 2008 San Francisco World Spirits Competition.[27]
After media comments from Manson that he wears his signature black leather pants 24 hours a day,[28] animal rights group PETA added Manson to its "Worst-Dressed Celebrities of 2008".[29]
Relationships[link]
Manson was engaged to actress Rose McGowan from February 1999 to January 19, 2001.[30]
Manson and Dita Von Teese first met when he asked her to dance in one of his music videos. Though she was unable to, the two kept in contact. On his 32nd birthday they became a couple. He proposed on March 22, 2004 and gave her a 1930s-era, 7 carats (1,400 mg), European round-cut diamond engagement ring. On November 28, 2005, Manson and von Teese were married in a private, non-denominational ceremony in their home. A larger ceremony was held on December 3, at Gurteen Castle, in Kilsheelan, County Tipperary, Ireland, the home of their friend, Gottfried Helnwein. The wedding was officiated by surrealist film director and comic book writer Alejandro Jodorowsky.[31] On December 30, 2006 Von Teese filed for divorce due to "irreconcilable differences."[32] ET.com and People claimed that Manson was having an extramarital affair with then 19-year-old actress Evan Rachel Wood, who is to co-star in his horror film Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll, and was featured in the video for his 2007 single, "Heart-Shaped Glasses."[33][34] The relationship was confirmed by Von Teese in an interview with the Sunday Telegraph, "I get the impression he thinks I was unsupportive, but the truth is I wasn't supportive of his lifestyle, and someone else came along who was."[35] Manson's alcohol abuse and distant behavior were also cited as cause for the split.[36] A judgment of divorce was entered in Los Angeles Superior Court on December 27, 2007.[37]
In 2007, attention was brought to Manson's love life again when a relationship with actress Evan Rachel Wood was made public.[38] Manson and Wood reportedly maintained an on-again off-again relationship for several years. Manson proposed to Wood during a Paris stage performance in January 2010, but the couple broke off the engagement later that year.[39]
Manson has recently been romantically linked to American photographer Lindsay Usich, who is credited as the photo source for the cover art of his most recent album, "Born Villain ". Usich was referred to as Manson's girlfriend in the March 2012 issue of Revolver magazine. In the article a reference is made to a new painting by Manson featuring Usich as well.
Lawsuits[link]
In September 1996, former bassist Gidget Gein negotiated a settlement with Manson where he would receive $17,500 in cash, 20 percent of any royalties paid for recordings and for any songs he had a hand in writing and his share of any other royalties or fees the group earned while he was a member. Furthermore, the settlement allowed him to market himself as a former member of Marilyn Manson. This settlement was not honored, however.[40]
Former guitarist and founding member Scott Putesky (aka Daisy Berkowitz) filed a $15 million lawsuit in a Fort Lauderdale court against the singer, the band and the band's attorney, David Codikow in January 1998 after his forcible departure from the group in the spring of 1996. Berkowitz claimed he was cheated by the band out of "thousands of dollars in royalties, publishing rights, and performance fees." He also filed an attorney malpractice suit against Codikow, alleging that "Codikow represented Warner's interests more than the band's and that he gave Warner disproportionate control over the band's name, recordings, merchandising, and touring proceeds."[41][42] By October of that year, the suit had been settled out of court for an undisclosed amount.[43]
In November 30, 1998, a few days after the band accumulated "[a] total [of] more than $25,000" in backstage and hotel room damages during the Poughkeepsie, New York stop of their Mechanical Animals Tour,[44] SPIN editor Craig Marks filed a $24 million lawsuit against Manson and his bodyguards for allegedly assaulting his person and threatening to kill his family. According to Mark's interview with the New York Post, the issue stemmed from Manson's displeasure with the magazine's decision to renege on a promised cover story of the band for their January 1998 cover. According to Marks, the last-minute change was made because Manson's record wasn't "performing." The Post described the editor as "bruised and battered." Manson for his part issued a statement saying, "I had a conversation with Craig Marks expressing I was tired of Spin's immature business behavior and the series of deals they had broken with me. I told him that I didn't care what he prints or whether or not I'm on the cover. I simply no longer wanted to work with him or his magazine that obviously has a lack of respect for musicians and their fans." On February 19, 1999, Manson counter-sued Marks for libel, slander and defamation. The singer was seeking $40 million in reparation, claiming that Marks' statements were false and "were made ... with actual malice, hatred and personal ill will." According to the counter-suit, Marks' allegations have "greatly damaged and injured [Manson's] reputation and standing in the music profession, in the music and entertainment industries, in his community and in the general public, and has been subjected to great shame, humiliation and indignity."[45] As for the Poughkeepsie incident, Manson apologized and offered to make financial restitution.[46][47]
In a civil battery suit, David Diaz, a security officer from a concert in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on October 27, 2000, sued for $75,000 in a Minneapolis federal court.[48][49] The federal court jury found in Manson's favor.[50]
In a civil suit presented by Oakland County, Michigan, Manson was charged with sexual misconduct against another security officer, Joshua Keasler, during a concert in Clarkston, Michigan, on July 30, 2001. Oakland County originally filed assault and battery and criminal sexual misconduct charges,[51] but the judge reduced the latter charge to misdemeanor disorderly conduct.[52] Manson pleaded no contest to the reduced charges, paid a $4,000 fine,[53] and later settled the lawsuit under undisclosed terms.[54]
On April 3, 2002, Maria St. John filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court accusing Manson of providing her adult daughter, Jennifer Syme, with cocaine and instructing her to drive while under the influence.[55] After attending a party at Manson's house, Syme was given a lift home;[56] Manson claims she was taken home by a designated driver.[55] After she got home she got behind the wheel of her own vehicle and was killed instantly when she crashed it into three parked cars. Manson is reported to have said there were no drugs or alcohol at the party. St. John's lawyer asked "[if] there were no drinks, no drugs, why would she need a designated driver?"[55] The suit alleged Syme was returning to the party at Manson's request. The case, BC271111, was dismissed on May 29, 2003.[57]
On August 2, 2007, former band member Stephen Bier filed a lawsuit against Manson for unpaid "partnership proceeds," seeking $20 million in back pay. Several details from the lawsuit leaked to the press.[58][59] In November 2007, additional papers were filed saying that Manson purchased a child's skeleton and masks made of human skin. He also allegedly bought stuffed animals, such as a grizzly bear and two baboons and a collection of Nazi memorabilia.[60] In December 2007, Manson countersued, claiming that Bier failed to fulfill his duties as a bandmember to play for recordings and to promote the band.[61] On December 28, 2009, the suit was settled with an agreement which saw Bier's attorneys being paid a total of $380,000, of which Manson's insurance company paid $175,000, while the remainder was paid by Bier's former business managers, according to Manson's lawyer Howard King.[62]
Discography[link]
For a more comprehensive list, see Marilyn Manson discography.
- Portrait of an American Family (1994)
- Smells like Children (1995)
- Antichrist Superstar (1996)
- Mechanical Animals (1998)
- Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000)
- The Golden Age of Grotesque (2003)
- Lest We Forget: The Best Of (2004)
- Eat Me, Drink Me (2007)
- The High End of Low (2009)
- Born Villain (2012)
Awards and Nominations[link]
Grammy Awards
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | "The Dope Show" | Best Hard Rock Performance | Nominated |
| 2001 | "Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes" | Best Metal Performance | Nominated |
| 2004 | "mOBSCENE" | Best Metal Performance | Nominated |
MTV Video Music Awards
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | "Sweet Dreams(Are Made of This)" | Best Hard Rock Video | Nominated |
| 1997 | "The Beautiful People" | Best Hard Rock Video | Nominated |
| 1999 | "The Dope Show" | Best Cinematography in a Video | Won |
Filmography[link]
- Lost Highway (1997)
- Celebrity Deathmatch (1998)
- Jawbreaker (1999)
- Clone High (2002)
- Bowling for Columbine (2002)
- The Hire: Beat the Devil (2003)
- Party Monster (2003)
- The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things (2004)
- Area 51 (2005)
- Rise: Blood Hunter (2006)
- Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll (unreleased)
- Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! (2010)
- Splatter Sisters (2011)
- Born Villain (2011)
- Wrong Cops (2012 - to be released)
Books[link]
- The Long Hard Road Out of Hell. New York: HarperCollins division ReganBooks, 1998 ISBN 0-06-039258-4.
- Holy Wood. New York: HarperCollins division ReganBooks, Unreleased.
- Genealogies of Pain. Nuremberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg, 2011 ISBN 3-86984-129-8.
- Campaign. Calabasas: Grassy Slope Incorporated, 2011 ISBN B-00-5J24ZH-S.
Appearances in other media[link]
- Season 2, Episode 18 of South Park features Trey Parker doing a parody of Marilyn Manson singing "Stinky Britches"
- Episode 2 of Clone High portrays Marilyn Manson singing a song about the Food Pyramid, for which he wrote the lyrics and performed.
- Season 5, Episode 4 of Family Guy shows Marilyn Manson talking to Chris Griffin after his parents accuse him of influencing their son.
- In the final episode of the fourth season of Mr. Show David Cross portrays the character "Marilyn Monster" in a sketch.
- In The X-Files Season 8, Episode 17 the characters Detective Potter and Agent Reyes discuss Marilyn Manson after finding his cd at the desk of a suspect.
- Andy Dick created the character "Marilyn Poppins" for The Andy Dick Show as a satirical homage to Marilyn Manson
- Manson was characterized in the British TV Series Bo' Selecta! during Series 4, Bo! in the USA.
- During Season 4 of Madtv Pat Kilbane portrayed Marilyn Manson in episodes 406 & 407 for a Kenny Rogers sketch and Lowered Expectations sketch respectively.
- MTV's Cartoon Sushi featured a clip of Marilyn Manson and Charles Manson in a celebrity fight to the death. This later spawned the series Celebrity Deathmatch in which Marilyn Manson continued his appearances crashing the fight between Hanson vs. The Spice Girls in the "Deathbowl '98", as well as his deathmatch with Garth Brooks in Season 1, Episode 6. His final match against Ricky Martin occurred when Martin interrupted a performance by Manson's band. Celebrity Deathmatch was made into a video game in 2003 featuring Marilyn Manson as a playable character.
- Marilyn Manson is mentioned in Method Man's song "Well All Rite Cha", Outkast's song "Y'all Scared", Shop Boyz' song "Party Like a Rockstar", Dead Celebrity Status' song "In My Backyard", Wyclef Jean's song "Where Fugees At?", D12's songs "These Drugs" & "Blow My Buzz", Xzibit's song "3 Card Molly", Bizzy Bone's song "Social Studios", Slaughterhouse's song "The One", Nicki Minaj's song "Higher Than a Kite", Big & Rich's song "Comin' to Your City", Lonestar's song "Don't Let's Talk About Lisa", Princess Superstar's song "I Love You (Or at Least I Like You)", The Ataris' song "The Radio Still Sucks", Bowling for Soup's song "Luckiest Loser", Thousand Foot Krutch's song "Unbelievable", Relient K's song "My Girlfriend", Eminem's songs "When the Music Stops," "Still Don't Give a Fuck" & "The Way I Am" as well as New Radicals' song "You Get What You Give". Both later songs generated interest from Manson.
- In D12 member Proof's album 'Searching For Jerry Garcia', the rapper recites "we're all stars in the dope show" at the start of the song "M.A.D." The line is a reference to Marilyn Manson's 1998 single The Dope Show.
- Manson also voiced Edgar, in the video game Area 51
References[link]
- ^ Paine, Andre (November 8, 2010). [http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory? id=12084149 "Marilyn Manson: Antichrist Indie Star"]. ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory? id=12084149. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "MARILYN MANSON Signs With COOKING VINYL RECORDS". Blabbermouth.net. November 7, 2010. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=149002. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ Charles Manson Trial, 2violent.com.
- ^ Manson, Marilyn (1998). The Long Hard Road out of Hell. HarperCollins. pp. 85–87. ISBN 0-06-098746-4.
- ^ "Biography for Marilyn Manson". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001504/bio. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
- ^ "Fox News Marylin Manson Interview". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkxomNoPN-Q. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
- ^ a b According to his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell; "Marilyn Manson". PopularIssues.org. http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/marilyn-manson.htm. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Ancestry of Marilyn Manson". Wargs.com. http://www.wargs.com/other/warnerbh.html. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ Anthony DeCurtis. "Marilyn Manson: The Beliefnet Interview". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/Entertainment/Music/2001/05/Manson-Interview.aspx?p=2. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson". Montrealmirror.com. July 24, 1997. http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/1997/072497/cover.html. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ "Dangerous Creatures: Marilyn Manson have come for your Children". Guitar World.. December, 1996. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070604180615/http://www.basetendencies.com/interview/GWDec96.html. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
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- ^ Manson Hooks Up With DMX October 23, 1998". Retrieved June 18, 2007.
- ^ "Godhead Biography". MTV News.. May 5, 1999. http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/godhead/artist.jhtml#bio/. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
- ^ "Manson Launches New Posthuman Label". NME. April 12, 2000. http://www.nme.com/news/marilyn-manson/3082. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
- ^ "Charlie & the Chocolate Factory – Preview". Sci-Fi Movie Page. July 19, 2005. http://www.scifimoviepage.com/art_charlie.html. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson announces details first low budget film". SIDE-LINE.com. July 5, 2006. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=15724_0_2_0_C/. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "'Phantasmagoria' Film Still In Pipeline". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. July 13, 2007. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=76734. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Lily Cole | Cole's Violent Film Put On Indefinite Hold". Contactmusic. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/coles-violent-film-put-on-indefinite-hold_1165177. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Anthony Silva Exclusive Interview
- ^ "More Details on Adam Bhala Lough's Splatter Sisters". Dread Central. June 10, 2010. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37957/more-details-adam-bhala-loughs-splatter-sisters. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
- ^ Smith, Dakota (January 24, 2000). "Shocker! Marilyn Manson Can Paint, Art Critics Say". VH1 News. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/620624/20000122/story.jhtml. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Chris (October 28, 2005). "Marilyn Manson Likens His New Guitar God To A Naked Woman". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1512539/20051028/marilyn_manson.jhtml?headlines=true. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson's art 'scarier than music'". The Age (Melbourne). June 30, 2010. http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/marilyn-mansons-art-scarier-than-music-20100630-zjyy.html.
- ^ "Absinthe Taste Test Part 3: Mansinthe (Marilyn Manson Absinthe)". Side-Line.com. September 4, 2008. http://www.epicurious.com/articlesguides/blogs/editor/2008/02/absinthe-taste.html. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
- ^ Ali, Erial (August 5, 2008). "Esquire Mansinthe 2nd in top five". Esquire.com. http://www.esquire.com/features/drinking/absinthe-0808. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ Mansinthe.com
- ^ "PETA Announces 'Worst-Dressed' Celebrities of 2008". Furisdead.com. http://www.furisdead.com/feat_worst_dressed_winner.asp. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ "Kate, Aretha, Lindsay & Eva Top PETA Worst Dressed List". Entertainmentwise.com. February 22, 2008. http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/40716/kate-aretha-lindsay--eva-top-peta-worst-dressed-list. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Tina (January 19, 2001). "And It Was So Close to Valentine's Day, Too". VH1. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1438096/20010119/index.jhtml. Retrieved April 2, 2011.
- ^ Braund, Simon (October 2009). "All about Alejandro". Empire Magazine (Bauer Media Group): p. 139.
- ^ "Rock star Manson set to divorce". BBC News. January 6, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6236663.stm. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
- ^ Marilyn Manson's Alleged Affair ETonline.com January 10, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
- ^ Ken Lee (January 9, 2007). "Marilyn Manson Dating Evan Rachel Wood". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20007918,00.html. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ Cutter, Kimberly (22 April 2007). "Educating Dita". Sunday Telegraph (London). http://replay.web.archive.org/20070426041441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/main.jhtml?xml=/fashion/2007/04/22/stdita122.xml&page=3. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ "Splitsville for Marilyn Manson and Dita Von Teese". SPIN. January 5, 2007. http://www.spin.com/features/news/2007/01/070105_marilyn/. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- ^ "Manson-Von Teese marriage ended". United Press International. December 28, 2007. http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Entertainment/2007/12/28/manson-von_teese_marriage_ended/2173/. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ Lee, Ken (January 9, 2007). "People Magazine". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20007918,00.html. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
- ^ Jennifer Garcia and Jessica Herndon. "Marilyn Manson and Evan Rachel Wood Call It Quits (Again!), Then Manson married Candace Barton from Newcastle NSW Australia they met at the Gateway Hotel in Islington". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20413552,00.html?hpt=T2.
- ^ Pushing Up Daisy Berkowitz. City Link. Jane Musgrave. 1999.
- ^ "Daisy Berkowitz Takes Marilyn Manson To Court". MTV News. January 26, 1998. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431766/daisy-berkowitz-takes-marilyn-manson-court.jhtml. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ Bendersky, Ari (September 24, 1997). "Marilyn Manson Sued By Former Member". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/marilyn-manson-sued-by-former-member-19970924. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
- ^ "Manson Settles Daisy Berkowitz Lawsuit, Denies Label Pressured Him To Do So". MTV News. October 14, 1998. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431734/manson-settles-daisy-berkowitz-lawsuit-denies-label-pressured-him-do-so.jhtml. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson Wrecks Backstage Area, Hotel Rooms In Rock & Roll Melee". MTV News. November 25, 1998. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431728/marilyn-manson-wrecks-backstage-area-hotel-rooms-rock-roll-melee.jhtml. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ "Manson Countersues Ex-Spin Editor For $40M". VH1. February 20, 1999. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/512301/19990220/index.jhtml. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
- ^ "Did Manson "Spin" Out Of Control?". MTV News. November 30, 1998. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431727/did-manson-spin-out-control.jhtml. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ John Pecorelli (April 1999). "MansonWorld". Alternative Press (#129): 44–52.
- ^ Gustafson, Paul (September 6, 2003). "No verdict yet in Marilyn Manson trial". Star Tribune (The Star Tribune Company): p. 9B.
- ^ O'Hara, Sean (December 7, 2001). "Manson's latest hip record". The Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror plc): p. 14.
- ^ Smyntek, John (September 10, 2003). "Names & faces". Detroit Free Press (Gannett Company): p. 2D.
- ^ Potts, Laura (August 17, 2001). "Manson charged with assault". South Bend Tribune (Schurz Communications): p. A2.
- ^ "Judge rules rocker's act not a sexual one". The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia Media Network): p. E2. January 2, 2002.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson ordered to pay fine for assault". National Post (Postmedia Network Inc.): p. AL6. June 20, 2002.
- ^ Derakhshani, Tirdad (February 19, 2004). "Marilyn Manson gyration suit is settled". The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia Media Network): p. D2.
- ^ a b c Vineyard, Jennifer (April 9, 2002). "Manson May Fight Wrongful Death Suit With Countersuit". MTV news. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453344/20020409/story.jhtml. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (April 3, 2002). "Marilyn Manson Accused Of Contributing To Friend's Death". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453249/20020403/marilyn_manson.jhtml. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
- ^ "Los Angeles Superior Court – Civil Case Summary". http://www.lasuperiorcourt.org/civilCaseSummary/index.asp?CaseType=Civil.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson is a fraudulent Nazi artifacts collector says former bandmember". SIDE-LINE.com. August 6, 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=25024_0_2_0_C. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "MARILYN MANSON Sued By Former Keyboardist/Drummer Over 'Partnership Proceeds'". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. August 2, 2007. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=78000. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson Accused of Buying Child's Skeleton, Human Skin Masks". FOX News. November 23, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,312616,00.html. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson files countersuit against ex-bandmate Stephen Bier". SIDE-LINE.com. December 25, 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=P28015_0_2_0. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
- ^ "Marilyn Manson Settles Lawsuit With Former Band Member Stephen Bier" www.metalunderground.com. Access date: February 15, 2011.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Manson, Marilyn |
| Alternative names | Brian Hugh Warner (name at birth) |
| Short description | American musician and artist |
| Date of birth | January 4, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Canton, Ohio, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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