Romance studies is an umbrella academic discipline that covers the study of the languages, literatures, and cultures of areas that speak a Romance language. Romance studies departments usually include the study of Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese. Additional languages of study include Catalan and Romanian, among others.

Romance studies departments differ from single- or two-language departments in that they attempt to break down the barriers in scholarship among the various languages, through interdisciplinary or comparative work. These departments differ from Romance ''language'' departments in that they place a heavier emphasis on connections between language and literature, on one hand, and culture, history, and politics on the other hand.

Because most places in Latin America speak a Romance language, Latin America is also studied in Romance studies departments. As a result, non-Romance languages in use in Latin America, such as Quechua, are sometimes also taught in Romance studies departments.

Bibliography

Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt (Hrsg.): ''Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL)'', Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988-2005 (12 volumes).

Petrea Lindenbauer, Michael Metzeltin, Margit Thir: ''Die romanischen Sprachen. Eine einführende Übersicht'', Wilhelmsfeld, Egert, 1995.

Michael Metzeltin: ''Gramática explicativa de la lengua castellana. De la sintaxis a la semántica.'', Wien, Praesens Verlag, 2009

Michael Metzeltin: ''Erklärende Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen'', Wien, Praesens, 2010.

Michael Metzeltin: ''Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso'', Uviéu, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, 2004, 300 pp. online version

External links

U.S. universities with Romance studies departments

Boston University

Cornell University

Duke University

Category:Humanities Category:Area studies

cs:Romanistika de:Romanistik et:Romanistika eo:Romanistiko fr:Romanistique ka:რომანისტიკა kk:Романтану no:Romanistikk pl:Romanistyka ro:Romanistică ru:Романистика sk:Romanistika

Bruno Bosteels (born in 1967 in Leuven, Belgium) is a philologist, a translator, Professor of Romance Studies at Cornell University. He currently serves as the General Editor of ''diacritics''. Bosteels is best known to the English-speaking world for his translations of the work of Alain Badiou (a well-known French philosopher and militant). ''Theory of the Subject'' appeared in 2009, Bosteels translation of Badiou's ''Théorie du sujet'' (originally published in France in 1982).

Bosteels has research interests spanning contemporary philosophy and critical theory, and has published over 30 articles in French, Spanish and English.

Bibliography

;Original Works ''Badiou o el recomienzo del materialismo dialéctico'' (Santiago de Chile: Palinodia, 2007) ''Alain Badiou, une trajectoire polémique'' (Editions La Fabrique, 2009) ISBN 978-2-35-87200-07

''The Actuality of Communism'' (New York & London: Verso Books, 2011) ISBN 978-1-84-46769-58 (hardcover)

''Badiou and Politics'' (Durham & London: Duke University Press, forthcoming).

;Translations of Books

Alain Badiou. ''Theory of the Subject'', (New York: Continuum, 2009): ISBN 9 78-0-8264-9673-7 (hardcover)

Alain Badiou. ''Wittgenstein's Anti-Philosophy'' (New York & London: Verso, 2011) forthcoming ISBN 978-1-84-46769-41 (hardcover)

;Essays

"Can Change Be Thought? A Dialogue with Alain Badiou." ''Alain Badiou: Philosophy And Its Conditions.'' Ed. Gabriel Riera (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005).

"Post-Maoism: Badiou and Politics." ''Alain Badiou and Cultural Revolution''. Special issue of ''positions: east asia culture critique'' 13.3 (2005): pp. 576–634

"Alain Badiou’s Theory of the Subject: The Recommencement of Dialectical Materialism." ''Lacan: His Silent Partners''. Ed. Slavoj Žižek (London: Verso, 2006)

"Hegel in America." ''Religion, Politics, and the Dialectic: Hegel and the Opening of the Infinite''. Ed. Clayton Crockett, Creston Davis, and Slavoj Žižek. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009)

"Rancière’s Leftism, or, Politics and Its Discontents." ''Jacques Rancière: Politics, History, Aesthetics''. Ed. Phil Watts and Gabriel Rockhill. (Durham & Londaon: Duke University Press, 2009).

"Badiou and Hegel." ''Badiou: Key Concepts''. Ed. Justin Clemens and A. J. Barlett. (London: Acumen, 2010).

"The Leftist Hypothesis: Communism in the Age of Terror." ''The Idea of Communism''. Ed. Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek. (New York: Verso, 2010).

References

External links

Biography at Cornell

Category:Living people Category:1967 births Category:People from Leuven Category:Cornell University faculty Category:French–English translators

fr:Bruno Bosteels

Little Red Riding Hood, also known as Little Red Cap, is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf. The story has been changed considerably in its history and subject to numerous modern adaptations and readings. The story was first published by Charles Perrault in ''Histoires ou contes du temps passé'' in 1697.

This story is number 333 in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales.

The tale

The story revolves around a girl called Little Red Riding Hood, after the red hooded cape/cloak (in Perrault's fairytale) or simple cap (in the Grimms' fairytale) she wears. The girl walks through the woods to deliver food to her sick grandmother.

A wolf wants to eat the girl but is afraid to do so in public. He approaches Little Red Riding Hood and she naïvely tells him where she is going. He suggests the girl pick some flowers, which she does. In the meantime, he goes to the grandmother's house and gains entry by pretending to be the girl. He swallows the grandmother whole, and waits for the girl, disguised as the grandma.

When the girl arrives, she notices that her grandmother looks very strange. Little Red Riding Hood then says, "What big hands you have!" In most retellings, this colloquy eventually culminates with Little Red Riding Hood saying, "My, what big teeth you have!" to which the wolf replies, "The better to eat you with" and swallows her whole, too.

A lumberjack, however, comes to the rescue and cuts open the wolf with his axe, who had fallen asleep. Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother emerge unharmed. They fill the wolf's body with heavy stones. The wolf awakens and tries to flee, but the stones cause him to collapse and die. (Sanitized versions of the story have the grandmother shut in the closet instead of eaten, and some have Little Red Riding Hood saved by the lumberjack as the wolf advances on her, rather than after she is eaten.)

The tale makes the clearest contrast between the safe world of the village and the dangers of the forest, conventional antitheses that are essentially medieval, though no written versions are as old as that.

Relationship to other tales

The theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly is also reflected in the Russian tale ''Peter and the Wolf'', and the other Grimm tale ''The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids'', but its general theme of restoration is at least as old as ''Jonah and the Whale''. The theme also appears in the story of the life of Saint Margaret, where the saint emerges unharmed from the belly of a dragon.

The dialog between the wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse ''Þrymskviða'' from the ''Elder Edda''; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner, Thor's hammer, and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return. Instead, the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him. When the giants note Thor's unladylike eyes, eating, and drinking, Loki explains them as Freyja not having slept, or eaten, or drunk, out of longing for the wedding.

The tale's history

Earliest versions

The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century, of which several exist, some significantly different from the currently known, Grimms-inspired version. It was told by French peasants in the 14th century as well as in Italy, where a number of versions exist, including ''La finta nonna'' (The False Grandmother). It has also been called "The Story of Grandmother". It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar Oriental tales (e.g. "Grandaunt Tiger").

These early variations of the tale differ from the currently known version in several ways. The antagonist is not always a wolf, but sometimes an ogre or a ‘bzou’ (werewolf), making these tales relevant to the werewolf-trials (similar to witch trials) of the time (e.g. the trial of Peter Stumpp). The wolf usually leaves the grandmother’s blood and meat for the girl to eat, who then unwittingly cannibalizes her own grandmother. Furthermore, the wolf was also known to ask her to remove her clothing and toss it into the fire. In some versions, the wolf eats the girl after she gets into bed with him, and the story ends there. In others, she sees through his disguise and tries to escape, complaining to her "grandmother" that she needs to defecate and would not wish to do so in the bed. The wolf reluctantly lets her go, tied to a piece of string so she does not get away. However, the girl slips the string over something else and runs off.

In these stories she escapes with no help from any male or older female figure, instead using her own cunning. Sometimes, though more rarely, the red hood is even non-existent.

Charles Perrault

The earliest known printed version was known as ''Le Petit Chaperon Rouge'' and had its origins in 17th century French folklore. It was included in the collection ''Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals. Tales of Mother Goose'' (''Histoires et contes du temps passé, avec des moralités. Contes de ma mère l'Oye''), in 1697, by Charles Perrault. As the title implies, this version is both more sinister and more overtly moralized than the later ones. The redness of the hood, which has been given symbolic significance in many interpretations of the tale, was a detail introduced by Perrault.

The story had as its subject an "attractive, well-bred young lady", a village girl of the country being deceived into giving a wolf she encountered the information he needed to find her grandmother's house successfully and eat the old woman while at the same time avoiding being noticed by woodcutters working in the nearby forest. Then he proceeded to lay a trap for the Red Riding Hood. The latter ends up being asked to climb into the bed before being eaten by the wolf, where the story ends. The wolf emerges the victor of the encounter and there is no happy ending.

Charles Perrault explained the 'moral' at the end so that no doubt is left to his intended meaning:

:From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, And it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner. I say Wolf, for all wolves are not of the same sort; there is one kind with an amenable disposition – neither noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes. Alas! Who does not know that these gentle wolves are of all such creatures the most dangerous!

This, the presumed original, version of the tale was written for late 17th century French court of King Louis XIV. This audience, whom the King entertained with extravagant parties and prostitutes, presumably would take from the story the intended meaning.

The Brothers Grimm

In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug (1791–1860) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug (1788–1856). The brothers turned the first version to the main body of the story and the second into a sequel of it. The story as ''Rotkäppchen'' was included in the first edition of their collection ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (Children's and Household Tales (1812)).

The earlier parts of the tale agree so closely with Perrault's variant that it is almost certainly the source of the tale. However, they modified the ending; this version had the little girl and her grandmother saved by a huntsman who was after the wolf's skin; this ending is identical to that in the tale ''The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids'', which appears to be the source.

The second part featured the girl and her grandmother trapping and killing another wolf, this time anticipating his moves based on their experience with the previous one. The girl did not leave the path when the wolf spoke to her, her grandmother locked the door to keep it out, and when the wolf lurked, the grandmother had Little Red Riding Hood put a trough under the chimney and fill it with water that sausages had been cooked in; the smell lured the wolf down, and it drowned.

The Brothers further revised the story in later editions and it reached the above mentioned final and better known version in the 1857 edition of their work. It is notably tamer than the older stories which contained darker themes.

After the Grimms

Numerous authors have rewritten or adapted this tale. Andrew Lang included a variant called "The True History of Little Goldenhood" in ''The Red Fairy Book'' (1890). He derived it from the works of Charles Marelles, in ''Contes of Charles Marelles''. This version explicitly states that the story had been mistold earlier. The girl is saved, but not by the huntsman; when the wolf tries to eat her, its mouth is burned by the golden hood she wears, which is enchanted.

James N. Barker wrote a variation of Little Red Riding Hood in 1827 as an approximately 1000-word story. It was later reprinted in 1858 in a book of collected stories edited by William E Burton, called the ''Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor''. The reprint also features a wood engraving of a clothed wolf on bended knee holding Little Red Riding Hood's hand.

In the 20th century, the popularity of the tale appeared to snowball, with many new versions being written and produced, especially in the wake of Freudian analysis, deconstruction and feminist critical theory. (See "Modern uses and adaptations" below.) This trend has also led to a number of academic texts being written that focus on Little Red Riding Hood, including works by Alan Dundes and Jack Zipes.

Interpretations

Besides the overt warning about talking to strangers, there are many interpretations of the classic fairy tale, many of them sexual. Some are listed below.

Natural cycles

Folklorists and cultural anthropologists such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor saw "Little Red Riding Hood" in terms of solar myths and other naturally-occurring cycles. Her red hood could represent the bright sun which is ultimately swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf), and the variations in which she is cut out of the wolf's belly represent by it the dawn. In this interpretation, there is a connection between the wolf of this tale and Sköll, the wolf in Norse myth that will swallow the personified Sun at Ragnarök, or Fenrir. Alternatively, the tale could be about the season of spring, or the month of May, escaping the winter.

Ritual

The tale has been interpreted as a puberty ritual, stemming from a prehistorical origin (sometimes an origin stemming from a previous matriarchal era). The girl, leaving home, enters a liminal state and by going through the acts of the tale, is transformed into an adult woman by the act of coming out of the wolf's belly.

Rebirth

Bruno Bettelheim, in ''The Uses of Enchantment'', recast the Little Red Riding Hood motif in terms of classic Freudian analysis, that shows how fairy tales educate, support, and liberate the emotions of children. The motif of the huntsman cutting open the wolf, he interpreted as a "rebirth"; the girl who foolishly listened to the wolf has been reborn as a new person.

Sexual awakening

Red Riding Hood has also been seen as a parable of sexual maturity. In this interpretation, the red cloak symbolizes the blood of menstruation, braving the "dark forest" of womanhood. Or the cloak could symbolize the hymen (earlier versions of the tale generally do not state that the cloak is red). In this case, the wolf threatens the girl's virginity. The anthropomorphic wolf symbolizes a man, who could be a lover, seducer or sexual predator. This differs from the ritual explanation in that the entry into adulthood is biologically, not socially, determined.

Norse myth

The poem ''Þrymskviða'' from the ''Poetic Edda'' mirrors some elements of Red Riding Hood. Loki's explanations for "Freyja's" (actually Thor disguised as Freya) strange behavior mirror the wolf's explanations for his strange appearance.

The red hood has often been given great importance in many interpretations, with a significance from the dawn to blood.

Modern uses and adaptations

There have been many modern uses and adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood, generally with a mock-serious reversal of Red Riding Hood's naïveté or some twist of social satire; they range across a number of different media and styles. Multiple variations have been written in the past century, in which authors adapt the Grimms' tale to their own interests.

The tale can be told in terms of Little Red Riding Hood's sexual attractiveness. The song "How Could Red Riding Hood (Have Been So Very Good)?" by A.P. Randolph in 1925 was the first song known to be banned from radio because of its sexual suggestiveness. The 1966 hit song "Lil' Red Riding Hood" by Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs takes the Wolf's point of view, implying that he wants love rather than blood. In the short animated cartoon ''Red Hot Riding Hood'' by Tex Avery, the story is recast in an adult-oriented urban setting, with the suave, sharp-dressed Wolf howling after the nightclub singer Red. Avery used the same cast and themes in a subsequent series of cartoons. Allusions to the tale can be more or less overtly sexual, as when the color of a lipstick is advertised as "Riding Hood Red".

This sexual analysis may take the form of rape. In ''Against Our Will'', Susan Brownmiller described the fairy tale as a description of rape. Many revisionist retellings depict Little Red Riding Hood or the grandmother successfully defending herself against the wolf.

The story may also serve as a metaphor for a sexual awakening, as in Angela Carter's story "The Company of Wolves", published in her collection ''The Bloody Chamber'' (1979). (Carter's story was adapted into a film by Neil Jordan in 1984.) In the story, the wolf is in fact a werewolf, and comes to newly-menstruating Red Riding Hood in the forest in the form of a charming hunter. He turns into a wolf and eats her grandmother, and is about to devour her as well, when she is equally seductive and ends up lying with the wolf man, her sexual awakening. Such tellings bear some similarity to the "animal bridegroom" tales, such as ''Beauty and the Beast'' or ''The Frog Prince'', but where the heroines of those tales transform the hero into a prince, these tellings of ''Little Red Riding Hood'' reveal to the heroine that she has a wild nature like the hero's.

Little Red Riding Hood is also one of the central characters in the 1987 Broadway musical ''Into the Woods'' by Steven Sondheim and James Lapine. In the song, "I Know Things Now" she speaks of how he made her feel "excited, well, excited ''and'' scared," in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship. Red Riding Hood's cape is also one of the musical's four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales.

Publishers like BeeGang and So Out maintained unaltered the original story written by Charles Perrault mainly adding interactivity or educational content to their book apps; Other publishers like BlueQuoll, an Australian publishing group, have pushed further the boundaries of the narration and re-invented the story even in the title, ''Mr. Wolf and the Ginger Cupcakes'' that puts the wolf at the center of the narration. In their version the element of good vs evil is removed from the story and the wolf is not portraited as a negative character that deserves to die miserably at the end of the story.

See also

Big Bad Wolf

Brothers Grimm

Charles Perrault

Face value

Hoodwinked

Ladle Rat Rotten Hut

Little Red Cap (Poem)

Freeway (1996 film)

References

External links

A three dimensional book of Little Red Riding Hood – created by Jan Hogan and held by the Australian Library of Art, State Library of Queensland

SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Annotated Little Red Riding Hood.

Little red Riding Hood felt Board Story from Felt Works

Another collection of different versions of Little Red Riding Hood.

A free online video of Little Red Riding Hood.

Homepage of the Little Red Riding Hood Project

Terri Windling's 'The Path of Needles or Pins: Little Red Riding Hood' – a thorough article on the history of LRRH.

Catherine Orenstein's 'Dances with Wolves' from Ms. magazine. – a shorter article on the history of LRRH (by the author of a book on subject).

Olivier Dezutter's 'Little Red Riding Hood : a Story of Women at the Crossroads' – an article concerning different stories and images of LRRH.

The Disney version of Little Red Riding Hood at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts

Full text to Little Red-Riding-Hood from "The Fairy Book"

Original versions and psychological analysis of Little Red Riding Hood

Little Red Riding Hood, audio version eBook ''Le Petit Chaperon Rouge'' with sound and modern pictures, Zabouille éditions

Link to the Publisher BeeGang

Link to the Publisher So Ouat

Link to the Publisher BlueQuoll

Link to the page of Mr. Wolf and the Ginger Cupcakes

Category:Brothers Grimm Category:Works by Charles Perrault Category:Fairy tales Category:Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Category:Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology Category:Fictional German people Category:Child characters in literature Category:Child characters in film

ar:ذات الرداء الأحمر bo:༄༅།། ཞྭ་མོ་དམར་ཆུང་། br:Kabellig Ruz bg:Червената шапчица ca:La Caputxeta Vermella cs:Červená karkulka cy:Hugan Goch Fach da:Den lille Rødhætte de:Rotkäppchen el:Κοκκινοσκουφίτσα es:Caperucita Roja eo:Ruĝkufulineto eu:Txano Gorritxo fa:شنل قرمزی fr:Le Petit Chaperon rouge ko:빨간 두건 hr:Crvenkapica is:Rauðhetta it:Cappuccetto Rosso he:כיפה אדומה la:Lacernella Rubra hu:Piroska és a farkas mk:Црвенкапа nl:Roodkapje ja:赤ずきん no:Rødhette og ulven oc:Lo Capaironet Roge pl:Czerwony Kapturek pt:Capuchinho Vermelho ksh:Rudkäppche op kölsch ro:Scufița Roșie qu:Puka Kapirusitamanta ru:Красная Шапочка simple:Little Red Riding Hood sr:Црвенкапа sh:Crvenkapica fi:Punahilkka sv:Rödluvan th:หนูน้อยหมวกแดง tr:Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız uk:Червона шапочка vi:Cô bé quàng khăn đỏ zh:小红帽

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Little Red
background	group_or_band
origin	Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
genre	Pop, rock
years active	2005 – present
label	Liberation Music
associated acts	The GreasersThe HondasThe Cuckoos
website	Little Red Music
current members	Adrian BeltrameDominic ByrneQuang DinhTom HartneyTaka Honda
past members	}}

Little Red is a rock band from Melbourne, Australia most famous for their 2010 single, ''Rock It'' consisting of Adrian Beltrame (guitar, vocals), Dominic Byrne (guitar, vocals), Quang Dinh (bass, vocals), Tom Hartney (vocals, keyboards, tambourine and harmonica) and Taka Honda (drums).

Biography

The band was formed in 2005 and were featured on Triple J Unearthed. The band won the 2008 Australia-wide 'Garage to V' competition held by Virgin Mobile to win a slot at all shows of the Australian V Festival in 2008, while the band has also performed at the Falls Festival, Meredith Music Festival, the Big Day Out, the Pyramid Rock Festival and the Laneway Festival.

Little Red's songs "Waiting", "Coca-Cola" and "Witch Doctor" have all received regular play on Australian nation-wide radio station Triple J, while "Coca-Cola" was also included on the official soundtrack of Australian TV series ''Underbelly'', and was voted #47 on the 2008 Triple J Hottest 100.

The band independently released in Australia an album entitled ''Listen to Little Red'' on 28 June 2008, which debuted at number 29 on the ARIA Charts. The album was licensed for release outside of Australia by the UK independent Lucky Number Music and was released on November 16, 2009 in the UK and early 2010 internationally.

In September, 2010, the band released a second album, ''Midnight Remember'', featuring their latest single, "Rock It" which gained a gold accreditation and second place in Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2010, with the album's second single "Slow Motion" securing 79th position.

On April 21, 2011 they released a music video to "All Mine," also from Midnight Remember on youtube, through the Liberation Music record label's account.

Touring

Headlined their 'All Mine' National Tour featuring Worlds End Press & Passport For Amy 2011

Toured with Blondie and The Pretenders, Evening On The Green 2010

Big Day Out 2011

Pyramid Rock 2010/2011

Splendour in the Grass July/August 2010

Toured with Kasabian in July 2010

Headline tour of Australia supported by Ground Components in April/May 2009

Headline tour of Australia - University Tour - in October 2008

Toured with Vampire Weekend on their national Australian tour in August 2008

Headline tour of Australia - album tour - in August/September 2008 supported by The Holidays and Andy Bull

Toured with The Panics on their national album tour in May 2008

Toured with Spoon in January 2008

Toured with Operator Please on their national Australian tour in April 2008

Toured with Art of Fighting in September 2007

Discography

Albums

''Listen to Little Red'' — Hooch Hound/Shock (28 June 2008) AUS #29 — Lucky Number/Lucky Number Music (2009) ''Midnight Remember'' — Liberation (September 2010) AUS #5

EPs

''Get Ready! EP''

Singles

"Coca Cola"/"It's Alright" — Neon Gold/Lucky Number/Lucky Number Music (2009)

"Waiting"/"Wait Is Over" — Neon Gold/Lucky Number/Lucky Number Music (2009)

"Rock It" (2010) AUS #19

"Slow Motion" (2010)

"All Mine" (2011)

References

External links

Little Red video interview @ VFestival

Category:Australian rock music groups Category:Victoria (Australia) musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 2005

Michael Denning is an American cultural historian and William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of American Studies at Yale University. His work has been influential in shaping the field of American Studies by importing and interpreting the work of British Cultural Studies theorists. Although he received his Ph. D. from Yale University and studied with Fredric Jameson, perhaps the greatest influence on his work is the time he spent at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies working with Stuart Hall.

He is married to the African American Historian Hazel Carby.

External links

Yale American Studies Department Faculty Page http://www.yale.edu/amstud/faculty.html

Interview with Michael Denning at the Minnesota review http://www.theminnesotareview.org/journal/ns70/interview_denning.shtml

Category:American historians Category:Yale University faculty Category:Living people Category:Historians of the United States Category:Yale University alumni