Vangelis

Thursday, 27 December 2012

Vangelis: 1492- The Conquest Of Paradise Full Soundtrack

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Doha
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة‎, ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa, literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 60% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
Doha also serves as the seat of government of Qatar, which is ruled by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. Doha is home to the Education City, an area devoted to research and education. Doha was the site of the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations. The city of Doha held the 2006 Asian Games, which was the largest Asian Games ever held. Doha also hosted the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Doha will also host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha in December 2011.

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Drury Lane
Drury Lane is a street on the eastern boundary of the Covent Garden area of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. The northern part is in the borough of Camden and the southern part in the City of Westminster.
It took its start from the west end of Wych Street, redeveloped in the later 19th century as Aldwych. The lane led to the house built by Sir William Drury, Knight of the Garter in Queen Elizabeth's reign. Drury House, with a coachyard in front and a garden in back, was a scene of the intrigues that led to the ill-fated rebellion of the Queen's favourite, the Earl of Essex. In the 17th century it was the London house of the Earl of Craven, then a public house under the sign of his reputed mistress, the Queen of Bohemia, but by the 18th century Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych.
The name of the street is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in Drury Lane since the 17th century. Also in Drury Lane is the New London Theatre.

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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.

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Nemo Studios
Nemo Studios was a recording studio in London, planned, built and used by Greek composer Vangelis in 1975–87. Numerous highlights of Vangelis' career were composed in Nemo, including soundtracks for Ridley Scott's Blade Runner, Hugh Hudson's Chariots of Fire (the soundtrack for which won Oscar) and Roger Donaldson's The Bounty.
The studio was located on the second floor of the former building to Hampden Gurney school, near the Marble Arch. The building no longer exists. Vangelis' equipment included more than 20 synthesizers and acoustic keyboard instruments, as well as numerous percussion instruments.
Coordinates: 51°30′54″N 0°09′42″W / 51.5149°N 0.1617°W / 51.5149; -0.1617

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Qatar
Qatar (ⁱ/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or ⁱ/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر‎ [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.

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6354 Vangelis
6354 Vangelis (1934 GA) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on April 3, 1934 by Eugène Delporte at Uccle. The planet bears the namesake of composer / musician, Vangelis.

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Alan Bergman
Alan Bergman (born September 11, 1925) is an American lyricist and songwriter.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, he studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UCLA. His involvement in the entertainment industry began in the early 1950s as a director of children's television shows. He and his wife Marilyn Bergman, whom he married in 1958, were born in the same hospital and raised in the same Brooklyn neighborhood, but did not meet until each had relocated to Los Angeles. Together they have written the music and lyrics for numerous television shows, films, and stage musicals.
In 1983, the couple became the first songwriters ever to have written three of the five tunes nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song - "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" from Best Friends, "It Might Be You" from Tootsie (with Dave Grusin), and "If We Were in Love" from Yes, Giorgio (with John Williams); "Up Where We Belong" from "An Officer and a Gentleman" won that year.They also wrote the popular theme song And Then There's Maude for the hit Norman Lear television series Maude .

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Alan Menken
Alan Menken (born July 22, 1949) is a pianist and composer of American musical theatre and film.
Menken is best known for his scores for films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. His scores for The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and Pocahontas have each won him two Academy Awards. He also composed the scores for The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hercules, Home on the Range, The Shaggy Dog, Enchanted, and most recently, Tangled. Menken has collaborated on several occasions with lyricists including Howard Ashman, Tim Rice, Glenn Slater, and Stephen Schwartz. With nineteen nominations and eight wins, Menken has won the third most Oscars of any person, after Walt Disney (twenty-two wins) and Alfred Newman (nine wins).

Menken was born in New York, NY to a Jewish family, the son of Judith and Norman Menken, a dentist. He developed an interest in music at an early age, studying piano and violin. He went to New Rochelle High School in New Rochelle, New York. He attended college as a pre-med student, but later changed his focus to music at NYU Steinhardt. After college, he attended the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop. He performed frequently in local clubs and worked as a composer of jingles and songs and as an accompanist.

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Anne Dudley
Anne Dudley (born Anne Jennifer Beckingham, 7 May 1956, Chatham, Kent) is an English composer and pop musician, and was the first BBC Concert Orchestra's Composer in Association in 2001. She has worked in both the classical and pop genres. She is perhaps best known, however, as one of the core members of the synthpop band Art of Noise and also as a film composer. In 1998, she won an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score for The Full Monty.
Trained as a classical performer, Dudley then moved to the competitive commercial field as a session musician, where her professional relationship with Trevor Horn began. In 1982 Dudley made significant contributions to the Horn produced The Lexicon of Love album by ABC. She went from fleshing-out keyboard parts to scoring the album's orchestrations (her first ever string arrangements according to Horn) and also co-writing some of the songs. Her association with Horn, led on to working with groups such as Pet Shop Boys, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Seal, Marc Almond, Rod Stewart, Robbie Williams and more recently with Siphiwo. She has co-written songs with Malcolm McLaren "Buffalo Gals", Cathy Dennis "Too Many Walls", and a 1930's inspired song with Sting called "This Was Never Meant To Be".

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Bill Conti
William "Bill" Conti (born April 13, 1942) is an American film music composer who is frequently the conductor at the Academy Awards ceremony.
Conti, an Italian American, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Lucetta and William Conti. He graduated from North Miami High School in 1959. He is a past winner of the Silver Knight Award presented by the Miami Herald. He is a graduate of Louisiana State University, and also studied at the Juilliard School of Music.
His big break into celebrity came in 1976, when he was hired to compose the music for a small United Artists film called Rocky. The film became a phenomenon, and Conti's training montage tune, "Gonna Fly Now" topped the Billboard singles chart in 1977. He also composed music for the sequels Rocky II (1979), Rocky III (1982), Rocky V (1990) and Rocky Balboa (2006).
Conti also worked for some other films and, eventually, for television series. In 1981, he wrote the music for the James Bond film, For Your Eyes Only, when John Barry was unwilling to return to the United Kingdom for tax reasons, and provided the score for playwright Jason Miller's film version of his Pulitzer Prize winning play That Championship Season the following year.

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Carl Sagan
Carl Edward Sagan ( /ˈseɪɡɪn/; November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books. He advocated scientifically skeptical inquiry and the scientific method, pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Sagan is known for his popular science books and for the award-winning 1980 television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, which he narrated and co-wrote. The book Cosmos was published to accompany the series. Sagan wrote the novel Contact, the basis for a 1997 film of the same name.
Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a Ukrainian Jewish family. His father, Sam Sagan, was an immigrant garment worker from Kamenets-Podolsk, Ukraine; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, a housewife. Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya Clara, in Sagan's words, "the mother she never knew." Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey, in 1951.

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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.

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Cong Su
Cong Su (simplified Chinese: 苏聪; traditional Chinese: 蘇聰; pinyin: Sū Cōng; born 1957 in Tianjin, China) is a Chinese composer.
He studied at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, then in Germany. He has lectured on music theory, music analysis, film music and ballet music at the Musikhochschule in Munich. Since 1991 he is professor of film and media composition at the newly founded State Film Academy in the Stuttgart area.
Together with Ryuichi Sakamoto and David Byrne, Su won the Best Original Score Academy Award for the Bernardo Bertolucci film The Last Emperor in 1987. He has scored other film soundtracks, mostly for Asian films.
Su divides his time between Beijing, Lake Constance and Lucca, Italy.

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Dave Grusin
Robert David "Dave" Grusin (born June 26, 1934) is an American composer, arranger and pianist. Grusin has composed many scores for feature films and television, and has won numerous awards for his soundtrack and record work, including an Academy award and 12 Grammys. He has had a prolific recording career as an artist, arranger, producer and executive producer.
Born in Littleton, Colorado, he studied music at the University of Colorado at Boulder and was awarded his bachelor's degree in 1956. He produced his first single, "Subways are for Sleeping" in 1962 and composed the score to his first feature film, Divorce American Style five years later. Other scores followed including Winning in 1969, The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973), The Midnight Man (1974) and Three Days of the Condor in 1975.
In the late 70s, he formed GRP records along with his partner, Larry Rosen, and began to create some of the first commercial digital recordings. Grusin was also at the forefront of soundtrack albums. He was the composer for the legendary Mike Nichols Oscar-winning film, The Graduate. The film is noted for being one of the first films to integrate popular songs into a film score. Later scores included On Golden Pond (1981), Tootsie (1982) and The Goonies (1985).

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David Byrne
David Byrne (born May 14, 1952) is a musician and artist, best known as a founding member and principal songwriter of the American new wave band Talking Heads, which was active between 1975 and 1991. Since then, Byrne has released his own solo recordings and worked with various media including film, photography, opera, and non-fiction. He has received Grammy, Oscar, and Golden Globe awards and been inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Byrne was born in Dumbarton, Scotland, to Tom and Emma Byrne. He was the elder of two children. Two years later, his parents moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and then to Arbutus, Maryland, when he was 8 or 9 years old. His father worked as an electronics engineer. Before high school, David Byrne already knew how to play the guitar, accordion, and violin. He was rejected from his middle school’s choir because they claimed he was "off-key and too withdrawn." From a young age, Byrne had a strong interest in music. His parents say that he would constantly play his phonograph from age three and he learned how to play the harmonica at age five. In his journals he says, "I was a peculiar young man — borderline Asperger's, I would guess." As revealed by Tina Weymouth in the commentary for the concert film Stop Making Sense, Byrne is left handed but plays guitar right handed.

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Demis Roussos
Artemios (Demis) Ventouris Roussos (Greek: Ντέμης Ρούσος, born 15 June 1946) is a Greek singer and performer who had a string of international hit records as a solo performer in the 1960s and 1970s after having been a member of Aphrodite's Child, a progressive rock group that also included the well renowned Vangelis. He has sold over 40 million albums worldwide.
Roussos was born and raised in Alexandria, Egypt, on 15 June 1946 in a family where both father George (Engineer Yorgos Roussos) and mother Olga were of Greek origin. His parents lost their possessions during the Suez Crisis and consequently decided to move to Greece.
After settling in Greece, Roussos participated in a series of musical groups beginning with The Idols when he was 17, when he met Evangelos Papathanassiou (later known as Vangelis), and Loukas Sideras, his future bandmates in Aphrodite's Child from 1967 to 1972. After this he joined We Five (not the San Francisco, California folk-rock group), another covers band which had limited success in Greece.

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Euripides
Euripides (Ancient Greek: Εὐριπίδης) (ca. 480 – 406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to him but according to the Suda it was ninety-two at most. Of these, eighteen or nineteen have survived complete (there has been debate about his authorship of Rhesus, largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly due to mere chance and partly because his popularity grew as theirs declined — he became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes and Menander.
Euripides is identified with theatrical innovations that have profoundly influenced drama down to modern times, especially in the representation of traditional, mythical heroes as ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. This new approach led him to pioneer developments that later writers adapted to comedy, some of which are characteristic of romance. Yet he also became "the most tragic of poets", focusing on the inner lives and motives of his characters in a way previously unknown. He was "the creator of...that cage which is the theatre of Shakespeare's Othello, Racine's Phèdre, of Ibsen and Strindberg," in which "...imprisoned men and women destroy each other by the intensity of their loves and hates", and yet he was also the literary ancestor of comic dramatists as diverse as Menander and George Bernard Shaw.

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Frédéric Rossif
Frédéric Rossif (August 14, 1922 – April 18, 1990) was a French film and television director who specialized primarily on documentaries, frequently using archive footage. Rossif's common themes included wildlife, 20th century history and contemporary artists. He frequently collaborated with notable composers Maurice Jarre and Vangelis.
Rossif was born in Cetinje, Montenegro, former Yugoslavia. His family was killed during the Second World War. He studied in Rome in late 1930s and early 1940s before joining the French Foreign Legion's 13th Demi-Brigade in 1944. After the war, in 1945 Rossif established himself in Paris and worked at Club Saint-Germain. During those years he got acquainted with Jean-Paul Sartre, Boris Vian, Albert Camus, Ernest Hemingway and Malcolm Lowry among others.
Since 1948 Rossif actively collaborated with the Cinémathèque Française, organizing, among other things, an avant-garde festival at Antibes in 1949-50. In 1952 he joined the ORTF. Some of the first projects he participated in include Cinq colonnes à la une, Éditions spéciales, La Vie des animaux and François Chalais' Cinépanorama (1956) (producer); La Villa Santo-Sospir (1952), a documentary about a villa decorated by Jean Cocteau (assistant director) and Si Versailles m'était conté (1954), in which he acted.

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Gabriel Yared
Gabriel Yared (born 7 October 1949) is a Lebanese composer, best known for his work in French and American cinema.
Born in Beirut, Lebanon, his work in France included the scores for Betty Blue and Camille Claudel. He later began working on English language films, particularly those directed by Anthony Minghella. He won an Oscar and a Grammy Award for his work on The English Patient (1996) and was also nominated for The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999) and Cold Mountain (2003).
At the age of 7, his father sent Yared to an accordion teacher. Two years later he stopped his accordion lessons and started music theory and piano lessons. His piano teacher thought that he had no future in music.
Although he was not a natural pianist, he was interested in reading music.
At the age of 14, his piano teacher died, so he was to replace him as the organist of Université Saint-Joseph. He used the university's library to read all the work of Bach, Schumann, and many others. This extensive reading inspired his first original composition, a piano waltz.

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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.

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Hans Zimmer
Hans Florian Zimmer, German pronunciation: [hans ˈfloːʁi̯aːn ˈtsɪmɐ]; (born 12 September 1957) is a German film composer and music producer. He has composed music for over 100 films, including award winning film scores for The Lion King (1994), Crimson Tide (1995), Gladiator (2000), The Last Samurai (2003),The Dark Knight (2008), and Inception (2010).
Zimmer spent the early part of his career in the United Kingdom before moving to the United States. He is the head of the film music division at DreamWorks studios, and works with other composers through the company which he founded, Remote Control Productions.
Zimmer's works are notable for integrating electronic music sounds with traditional orchestral arrangements. He has received four Grammy Awards, two Golden Globes, a Classical BRIT Award, and an Academy Award. He was also named on the list of Top 100 Living Geniuses, published by The Daily Telegraph.
Zimmer was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. As a young child, he lived in Königstein-Falkenstein, where he played the piano at home, but had piano lessons only briefly as he disliked the discipline of formal lessons. He moved to London as a teenager, where he attended Hurtwood House school. In an interview with the German television station ZDF in 2006, he commented: "My father died when I was just a child, and I escaped somehow into the music and music has been my best friend."

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Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942) is an American film actor and producer. He is famous for his performances as Han Solo in the original Star Wars trilogy and as the title character of the Indiana Jones film series. Ford is also known for his roles as Rick Deckard in Blade Runner, John Book in Witness and Jack Ryan in Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger. His career has spanned six decades and includes roles in several Hollywood blockbusters, including Presumed Innocent, The Fugitive, Air Force One, and What Lies Beneath. At one point, four of the top six box-office hits of all time included one of his roles. Five of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry.
In 1997, Ford was ranked No. 1 in Empire's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. As of July 2008^[update], the United States domestic box office grosses of Ford's films total over US$3.5 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, making Ford the third highest grossing U.S. domestic box-office star. Ford is the husband of actress Calista Flockhart.

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Henry Chapier
Henry Chapier (born 14 November 1933) is a French journalist, film critic, television presenter and feature film director.
Henry Chapier was born in Bucharest, Romania, the son of an international lawyer and an actress of Austrian descent. He was forced to leave Romania in 1948 due to expulsion of French people.^{[citation needed]}
He began in 1958 a career as film criticize collaborating with the weekly newspaper Arts with François Truffaut. He later became a stringer at L'Express and obtained the best price of beginner journalist in 1959. He worked the same year with Combat and became editor-in-chief of the Culture pages, he was also the film critic of that newspaper until 1974. His notoriety started in 1968 during the campaign against the dismissal of Henri Langlois from the Cinémathèque Française. He won for his first film Sex Power the Silver Shell at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 1970, in which Fritz Lang was the jury.^{[citation needed]}
In April 1974, Philippe Tesson created Le Quotidien de Paris and Henry Chapier was the editor-in-chief of the Culture pages. Chapier joined FR3 in 1978 as a film and cultural editorialist. In 1981, he is one of the three editors-in-chief of Soir 3. He later created the television program Le Divan which he hosted from 1987 to 1994. He left France 3 that year and became president of the Maison européenne de la photographie in 1996. He was the same year member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival after being member of the jury at the Caméra d'Or in 1988.^{[citation needed]}

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Henry Mancini
Enrico Nicola "Henry" Mancini (April 16, 1924 – June 14, 1994) was an American composer, conductor and arranger, best remembered for his film and television scores. He won a record number of Grammy Awards (20), plus a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award posthumously in 1995. His best-known works include the jazz-idiom theme to The Pink Panther film series ("The Pink Panther Theme"), the Peter Gunn Theme from the television series, and back-to-back Academy Awards for the songs "Moon River" from the Blake Edwards film Breakfast at Tiffany's and "Days of Wine and Roses" from Edwards' film Days of Wine and Roses. He also composed the score of famous films such as Charade, The Great Race, Wait Until Dark or Silver Streak.
Mancini was born in the Little Italy neighborhood of Cleveland, and grew up near Pittsburgh, in the steel town of West Aliquippa, Pennsylvania. His parents emigrated from the Abruzzo region of Italy. Mancini's father, Quinto, (born March 13, 1893, Scanno, Italy) was a steelworker, who made his only child begin piccolo lessons at the age of eight. When Mancini was 12 years old, he began piano lessons. Quinto and Henry played flute together in the Aliquippa Italian immigrant band, "Sons of Italy". After graduating from Aliquippa High School in 1942, Mancini attended the renowned Juilliard School of Music in New York. In 1943, after roughly one year at Juilliard, his studies were interrupted when he was drafted into the United States Army. In 1945, he participated in the liberation of a concentration camp in southern Germany.

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Herbie Hancock
Herbert Jeffrey "Herbie" Hancock (born April 12, 1940) is an American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader and composer. As part of Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet, Hancock helped to redefine the role of a jazz rhythm section and was one of the primary architects of the "post-bop" sound. He was one of the first jazz musicians to embrace music synthesizers and funk music (characterized by syncopated drum beats). Hancock's music is often melodic and accessible; he has had many songs "cross over" and achieved success among pop audiences. His music embraces elements of funk and soul while adopting freer stylistic elements from jazz. In his jazz improvisation, he possesses a unique creative blend of jazz, blues, and modern classical music, with harmonic stylings much like the styles of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.
Hancock's best-known solo works include "Cantaloupe Island", "Watermelon Man" (later performed by dozens of musicians, including bandleader Mongo Santamaría), "Maiden Voyage", "Chameleon", and the singles "I Thought It Was You" and "Rockit". His 2007 tribute album River: The Joni Letters won the 2008 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, only the second jazz album ever to win the award after Getz/Gilberto in 1965.

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Hugh Hudson
Hugh Hudson (born 25 August 1936) is an English film director. His best-known international success is the 1981 multiple Academy Award-winning film, Chariots of Fire.
Hudson was born in London, the only son of Jacynth (Ellerton), the second wife of Michael Donaldson-Hudson from Cheswardine in rural north Shropshire. His great-grandfather was Charles Donaldson-Hudson, a one-time member of Parliament for Newcastle under Lyme, Staffordshire. His paternal ancestors came from Scotland and Cumberland. He was sent to boarding school at the age of 6, and thereafter was educated at Eton College. He completed his National Service in the Royal Armoured Corps as a second lieutenant from the 28 January 1956, and remained as a lieutenant in the Army Reserve of Officers until he was discharged on January 16, 1960.
In the 1960s, after three years of editing documentaries in Paris, Hudson headed a documentary film company with partners Robert Brownjohn and David Camell. The company produced, among others, the documentaries A for Apple, which won a Screenwriter's Guild Award, and The Tortoise and the Hare, which was nominated for a BAFTA award. The company emerged with much success in the 1960s, winning many awards and pioneering a new graphic style for documentary and advertising films.

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Irene Papas
Irene Papas (Greek Ειρήνη Παππά; born 3 September 1926) is a Greek actress and occasional singer, who has starred in over seventy films in a career spanning more than fifty years.
Irene Papas was born as Irini Lelekou (Ειρήνη Λελέκου) in Chiliomodi outside Corinth, Greece.
She sits on the board of directors of the Anna-Marie Foundation.
Papas began her early career in Greece (she was discovered by Elia Kazan), achieving widespread fame there, before starring in internationally renowned films such as The Guns of Navarone and Zorba the Greek, and critically acclaimed films such as Z and Electra. She is a leading figure in cinematic transcriptions of ancient tragedy since she has portrayed Helen in The Trojan Women, Clytemnestra in Iphigenia, and the eponymous parts in Electra and Antigone. She appeared as Catherine of Aragon in the film Anne of the Thousand Days, opposite Richard Burton and Geneviève Bujold in 1969. She co-starred in The Trojan Women with Katharine Hepburn, who once said that Papas was "one of the best actresses in the history of cinema".^{[citation needed]}

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James Horner
James Roy Horner (born August 14, 1953) is an American composer, orchestrator, and conductor of orchestral and film music. He is noted for the integration of choral and electronic elements in many of his film scores, and for frequent use of Celtic musical elements. His score to the 1997 film Titanic remains the best selling orchestral film soundtrack of all time.
In addition, Horner has scored over 100 films, frequently collaborating with acclaimed directors such as James Cameron and Ron Howard. Some of his most noteworthy works include Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982), Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984), Cocoon (1985), An American Tail (1986), Aliens (1986), The Land Before Time (1988), Willow (1988), Glory (1989), Field of Dreams (1989), The Rocketeer (1991), Legends of the Fall (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Braveheart (1995), The Mask of Zorro (1998), A Beautiful Mind (2001), Troy (2004), and Avatar (2009).
Horner has won two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, three Saturn Awards, and has been nominated for three BAFTA Awards. His body of work is also notable for including the scores to the two highest-grossing films of all time; Titanic (1997) and Avatar (2009), both of which were directed by James Cameron.

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John Corigliano
John Corigliano (born 16 February 1938, New York City, New York) is an American composer of classical music and a teacher of music. He is a distinguished professor of music at Lehman College in the City University of New York.
Italian American Corigliano was born to a musical family. His father, John Corigliano Sr., was concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic for 23 years, and his mother, Rose Buzen, is an accomplished educator and pianist. He is a former student of Otto Luening,Vittorio Giannini and Paul Creston. Corigliano attended P.S. 241 and Midwood High School in Brooklyn. He studied composition at Columbia University (BA 1959) and at the Manhattan School of Music. Before achieving success as composer, Corigliano worked as assistant to the producer on the Leonard Bernstein Young People's Concerts, and as a session producer for classical artists such as André Watts.
Most of Corigliano's work has been for symphony orchestra. He employs a wide variety of styles, sometimes even within the same work, but aims to make his work accessible to a relatively large audience. He has written symphonies, as well as works for string orchestra, and wind band. Additionally, Corigliano has written concerti for clarinet, flute, violin, oboe, and piano; film scores; various chamber and solo instrument works, and the opera, The Ghosts of Versailles, which enjoyed a success at the premiere.

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John Williams
John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. In a career spanning almost six decades, he has composed some of the most recognizable film scores in the history of motion pictures, including the Star Wars saga, Jaws, Superman, the Indiana Jones films, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, War Horse, Home Alone and the first three Harry Potter films. He has had a long association with director Steven Spielberg, composing the music for all but two (Duel and The Color Purple) of Spielberg's major feature films.
Other notable works by Williams include theme music for four Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, the NBC Nightly News, the rededication of the Statue of Liberty, and the television series Lost in Space. Williams has also composed numerous classical concerti, and he served as the principal conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra from 1980 to 1993; he is now the orchestra's conductor laureate.
Williams has won five Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, seven BAFTA Awards, and 21 Grammy Awards. With 47 Academy Award nominations, Williams is the second most nominated person, after Walt Disney. John Williams was honored with the prestigious Richard Kirk award at the 1999 BMI Film and TV Awards. The award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music. Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004.

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Jon Anderson
Jon Anderson (born John Roy Anderson on 25 October 1944) is an English singer-songwriter and musician best known as the former lead vocalist in the progressive rock band Yes. He is also an accomplished solo artist and has collaborated with artists such as the Greek musician Vangelis, among others.
Jon Anderson was born John Roy Anderson in Accrington, Lancashire, England, to Albert and Kathleen Anderson. His father was from Scotland whilst his mother was of Irish ancestry. Anderson dropped the "h" from his first name in 1970.
Anderson attended St. John's Infants School in Baxenden, Accrington. There he made a tentative start to a musical career playing the washboard in "Little John's Skiffle Group", which played songs by Lonnie Donegan, among others. Anderson left school at the age of fifteen and went through a series of jobs including farm hand, lorry driver and milkman. Anderson tried to pursue a football career at Accrington Stanley F.C., but at 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall, Anderson was turned down because of his frail constitution. He remains a fan of the club.

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Leslie Bricusse
Leslie Bricusse (born 29 January 1931) is an English composer, lyricist, and playwright.
Although best known for his partnership with Anthony Newley, Bricusse has worked with many other composers. He was educated at University College School in London and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge University, he was Secretary of Footlights between 1952 and 1953 and Footlights President during the following year. He currently lives in California in the United States, and he is married to the actress Yvonne Romain.
Sammy Davis, Jr. had hits with two of Bricusse's songs - "What Kind of Fool Am I?" (from Stop the World - I Want to Get Off) and the #1 hit "The Candy Man" (from Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory). Other recording artists who have had popular success with his songs include Matt Monro and Frank Sinatra ("My Kind of Girl"), Shirley Bassey ("Goldfinger"), Harry Secombe ("If I Ruled the World"), Nancy Sinatra ("You Only Live Twice"), Maureen McGovern ("Can You Read My Mind"), and Diana Krall ("When I Look in Your Eyes"). Bricusse also partnered with George Tipton to write the opening theme of the U.S. television series It's a Living.

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Loukas Sideras
Lucas Sideras (Greek: Λουκάς Σιδεράς; 5 December 1944, Athens), is the former drummer of the Greek progressive rock band Aphrodite's Child.
He started playing drums at the age of 13. By the time he was 15 years old he started playing drums with several bands in Athens. Later on he met Vangelis and Demis Roussos, they formed Aphrodite's Child. In 1967 they signed with Mercury Records in France and they release three albums: End of the world (which includes the song "Rain and Tears"), It's Five O'Clock and 666, the latter of which sold 20 million copies worldwide.
After Aphrodite's Child split up in 1972, Lucas began to compose his own music and released his first solo album, One Day with Polydor-France, selling 28.000 copies. In 1974 Lucas released another solo album, Pax Spray, that sold 45.000 copies.
Sideras was also active as a producer. In 1975 he produced the album Alba for Riccardo Cocciante which hit #1 in Italy’s charts. In 1979 he produced the album Love's Fool for Sigma Fay, selling 75.000 copies. In 1981 he produced the album Dead Line for Sigma Fay, which sold 52.000 copies. In 1984 he produced the single "You're the Drug in My Life" for Sigma Fay, sold 34.000 copies.

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Luis Bacalov
Luis Enríquez Bacalov (30 March 1933, Buenos Aires) is a prolific Argentine, naturalized Italian, composer of film scores. Early on in his career, he composed scores for Spaghetti Western films. In the early 1970s, he collaborated with Italian progressive rock bands. Bacalov has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for Original Score, winning it in 1996 for Il Postino. Bacalov has composed significant works for chorus and orchestra. Presently he is the artistic director of the Orchestra della Magna Grecia in Taranto, Italy.
Luis Enríquez Bacalov was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 30 March 1933. Early on in his career, he composed scores for Spaghetti Western films, including Django, Storm Rider, also known as Il Grande Duello, and The Price of Power.
Bacalov has been nominated twice for Academy Award for Original Score—music adaptation or treatment— in 1967 for The Gospel According to St. Matthew, and winning the award for Il Postino in 1996.
In the early 1970s, he collaborated with Italian progressive rock bands such as New Trolls, on their 1971 album, Concerto grosso per i New Trolls,Osanna, on the band's second album, Preludio Tema Variazioni e Canzona releaased in 1972, and Il Rovescio della Medaglia for the 1973 release of their third album, Contaminazione.

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Luis Puenzo
Luis Adalberto Puenzo (born February 19, 1946) is an Argentine film director, producer and screenplay writer.
He works mainly in the cinema of Argentina, but has also worked in the United States.
Puenzo was born in Buenos Aires in 1946. He began a successful career in 1965 producing television advertising spots in Argentina. He founded Luis Puenzo Cinema, a production company, with Sergio Tamburri (film editor and trombone player of the famous Porteña Jazz Band); the firm's name was changed to Cinemanía S.A. in 1974.
During Argentina's Dirty War in the mid 1970s and early 1980s many filmmakers became victims of repression and some went into exile; some disappeared. During this difficult time, Puenzo decided to work in advertising.
In the United States he is known for his film Old Gringo (1989), starring Gregory Peck, Jane Fonda and Jimmy Smits.
His The Official Story (1985) won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film and many other accolades.
The Official Story, arguably Puenzo's best work, has been lauded by film critics and scholars for bringing to the screen a story that "[is] an excellent point of departure to explore some of Argentina and Latin America’s most salient problems today. As the film deals with its various themes, it shows their impact on individuals in a very personal way, thus making them more immediate." Today, Puenzo's film has become "a staple in many Latin American culture courses throughout the U.S. and Europe, keeping its relevance intact even though it is now well into its second decade."

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Marilyn Bergman
Marilyn Bergman (born November 10, 1929) is a composer, songwriter and author.
She was born Marilyn Katz in Brooklyn, New York and studied psychology and English at New York University. She and her husband Alan Bergman, whom she married in 1958, were born in the same hospital and raised in the same Brooklyn neighborhood, but their first meeting did not take place till each had relocated to Los Angeles. Together they have written the music and lyrics for numerous television shows, films, and stage musicals. One of their early successes was "Sleep Warm" the title track to Dean Martin's 1959 album on which Frank Sinatra was the 'guest' conductor. Sinatra sang his first of their compositions, "Love Looks So Well On You", on Sinatra Sings of Love and Things, which came out in 1962.
In 1983, the couple became the first songwriters ever to have written three of the five tunes nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song - "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" from Best Friends, "It Might Be You" from Tootsie (with Dave Grusin), and "If We Were in Love" from Yes, Giorgio (with John Williams).

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Maurice Jarre
Maurice-Alexis Jarre (13 September 1924 – 28 March 2009) was a French composer and conductor. His son is the electronic composer Jean Michel Jarre.
Although he composed several concert works, Jarre is best known for his film scores, particularly for his collaborations with film director David Lean. Jarre composed the scores to all of Lean's films since Lawrence of Arabia (1962). Other notable scores include The Train (1964), Mohammad, Messenger of God (1976), Witness (1985) and Ghost (1990).
Jarre was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Three of his compositions spent a total of 42 weeks on the UK singles chart chart; the biggest hit was "Somewhere My Love" (to his tune "Lara's Theme", with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster) by the Michael Sammes Singers, which reached Number 14 in 1966 and spent 38 weeks on the chart.
Jarre was a three time Academy Award winner, for Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984), all of which were directed by David Lean. He was Oscar nominated a total of eight times.

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Michael Cacoyannis
Michael Cacoyannis (Greek: Μιχάλης Κακογιάννης; 11 June 1922 – 25 July 2011) was a prominent Greek Cypriot filmmaker from Cyprus, best known for his 1964 film Zorba the Greek. He directed the 1983 Broadway revival of the musical based on the film. Much of his work was rooted in classical texts, especially those of the Greek tragedian Euripides. He was nominated for an Academy Award five times, a record for any Greek Cypriot film artist. He received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations for Zorba the Greek, and two nominations in the Foreign Language Film category for Electra and Iphigenia.
Michalis (or Mikhalis) Kakogiannis was born in 1922 in Limassol, Cyprus as Μιχάλης Κακογιάννης. In 1939, he was sent by his father, Sir Panayotis Loizou Cacoyannis, to London to become a lawyer. However, after producing Greek-language programs for the BBC World Service during World War II, He ended up at the Old Vic school, and enjoyed a brief stage career there under the name Michael Yannis before he began working on films. After having trouble finding a directing job in the British film industry, Cacoyannis moved to Greece, and in 1953 he made his first film, Windfall in Athens.

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Michel Legrand
Michel Jean Legrand (born 24 February 1932, in Bécon-les-Bruyères in the Paris suburbs) is a French musical composer, arranger, conductor, and pianist. His father Raymond Legrand was a conductor and composer renowned for hits such as Irma la douce and his mother, Marcelle Der Mikaëlian (sister of conductor Jacques Hélian), who married Legrand Senior in 1929, was descended from the Armenian bourgeoisie.
Legrand is a prolific composer, having written over 200 film and television scores in addition to many memorable songs. He is best known for his often haunting film music and scores, such as The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1964) and The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) featuring the song "The Windmills of Your Mind" for which he won his first Academy Award.
Legrand has composed more than two hundred film and television scores and several musicals and has made well over a hundred albums. He has won three Oscars (out of 13 nominations) and five Grammys and has been nominated for an Emmy. He was twenty-two when his first album, I Love Paris, became one of the best-selling instrumental albums ever released. He is a virtuoso jazz and classical pianist and an accomplished arranger and conductor who performs with orchestras all over the world.

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Milva
Maria Ilva Biolcati Commander OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [maˈriːa ilˈva bjolˈkaːti]; born July 17, 1939), known as Milva, is an Italian singer, stage, and film actress and television personality. She is also known as 'La Rossa', (Italian for 'The Red'), due to the colour of her hair, and additionally as the 'Panther of Goro', which stems from the Italian press having nicknamed the three most popular Italian female singers of the 1960s, combining the names of animals and the singers' birth places. The other two were Mina, 'The Tiger of Cremona', and Iva Zanicchi, 'The Eagle of Ligonchio'.
Popular in Italy and abroad, she has triumphed on musical and theatrical stages the world over, and has received popular acclaim in her native Italy, and particularly in Germany where she has often participated in musical events and televised musical programmes. She has also released numerous successful albums in France, Japan, Korea, Greece, Spain and South America.
Having received enormous success both in Italy and internationally, she remains to this day one of the most popular Italian personalities in the fields of music and theatre. Her artisic stature has been officially recognised by the Italian, German and French republics, each of which have bestowed her with the highest honours. She is the only Italian artist in contemporary times, in fact, who is simultaenously: Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic (Paris, 11 September 2009), Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Rome, 2 June 2007), Officer of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Berlin, 2006 and Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Paris, 1995).

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Nana Mouskouri
Nana Mouskouri (Greek: Nάνα Μούσχουρη, pronounced [ˈnana ˈmusxuɾi]), born Iōánna Moúschouri (Greek: Ιωάννα Μούσχουρη, [ioˈana ˈmusxuɾi] on October 13, 1934, in Chania, Crete, Greece) is a Greek singer who has sold 300 million records worldwide in a career spanning over five decades, which makes her one of the top-selling female singers of all time. Known as "Nána" to her friends and family as a child (note that in Greek her surname is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable - MOOS-hoo-ree - rather than the second), she has recorded songs in many languages, including Greek, French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew, Welsh, Mandarin Chinese, Maori and Turkish.
Nana Mouskouri's family lived in Chania, Crete, where her father, Constantine, worked as a film projectionist in a local cinema. Her mother, Alice, also worked in the same local cinema as an usherette. When Mouskouri was three, her family moved to Athens.
Mouskouri's family sent her and her elder sister, Eugenía or "Jenny", to the Athens Conservatoire. Mouskouri had displayed exceptional musical talent from the age of six. Jenny initially appeared to be the more gifted of the two sisters. Financially unable to support both girls' studies, the parents asked their tutor which one should continue. The tutor conceded that Jenny had the better voice, but Nana was the one with the true inner need to sing. Mouskouri has said that a medical examination revealed a difference in her two vocal cords and this could well account for her remarkable singing voice (in her younger years ranging from a husky, dark alto, which she later dropped, to a ringing coloratura mezzo), as opposed to her breathy, raspy speaking voice.

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Nicola Piovani
Nicola Piovani (b. 26 May 1946, Rome, Italy) is a light-classical musician, theater and film score composer, and winner of the 1998 Best Original Dramatic Score Oscar for the score of the Roberto Benigni film La Vita è bella, better known to English-speaking audiences as Life Is Beautiful.
After high school, Piovani enrolled at the Sapienza University of Rome, receiving his degree in piano from the Verdi Conservatory in Milan in 1967, and later studied orchestration under the Greek composer Manos Hadjidakis.
Among his more popular works is the score for the Federico Fellini film Intervista, his second of three collaborations with the famous director, the others being Ginger e Fred (Ginger and Fred in English) and La voce della luna (The Voice of the Moon). Years later, he composed a ballet titled Balletto Fellini.
In 2000, his Academy Award-winning score for La Vita è bella was further nominated for a Grammy Award in the "Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media" category, losing to Randy Newman. In light of his recent work with French directors, notably Danièle Thompson, Philippe Lioret, and Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt, the French Minister of Culture gave him the title of Cavalier (Knight) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres on 21 May 2008 at the Cannes Film Festival.

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Oliver Stone
William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. Stone became well known in the late 1980s and the early 1990s for directing a series of films about the Vietnam War, in which he had previously participated as an infantry soldier. He won further attention - and controversy - with films JFK (1991) and Natural Born Killers (1994). Stone's movies frequently focus on contemporary political and cultural issues. He has received three Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay for Midnight Express (1978), and Best Director for Platoon (1986) and Born on the Fourth of July (1989). British newspaper The Guardian described Stone as "one of the few committed men of the left working in mainstream American cinema." Stone's films often combine different cameras and film formats within a single scene (including VHS and 8 mm film) as evidenced in JFK and Natural Born Killers.

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Patrick Moraz
Patrick Philippe Moraz (born June 24, 1948, Villars-Ste-Croix, Morges, Switzerland) is a progressive rock keyboard player. He is best known as the keyboardist for the progressive rock band Yes, from 1974 to 1976, and The Moody Blues from 1978 to 1991. He was classically trained at the Conservatory of Lausanne, but played jazz primarily before entering progressive rock and has been highly acclaimed for his virtuosity.^{[citation needed]}
He first toured as a solo performer opening for major jazz artists throughout Europe in the mid-1960s.^{[citation needed]} He then formed the group Mainhorse with Jean Ristori in 1968, which released a self-titled album on Polydor. He then moved to England and in 1973 formed Refugee with Lee Jackson and Brian Davison. Davison and Jackson had previously teamed with rock keyboardist Keith Emerson (famous for his work in Emerson, Lake & Palmer) in the group The Nice.
Moraz rose to prominence in 1974 when he replaced Rick Wakeman in Yes, playing on their album Relayer and world tour. Moraz also played with the group "Refugee" on the self titled album in 1974. Although Vangelis was the first candidate to join the band, he was finally discarded in favour of Moraz, because of legal issues related to work permits in the United Kingdom. On the Relayer album, Moraz brought in a more jazz/fusion sound that was a departure from Yes' more classical approach. In 1976, all then-members of Yes released solo albums, and the Moraz album, titled Story of I, received acclaim from musicians. Additionally he assisted Chris Squire on his solo album Fish Out of Water. In the interim, Moraz had moved to Brazil, and incorporated Brazilian rhythms and performers on the album, making it an important staple of world music. He would then leave Yes in 1976 prior to the formal start of recording on Going For The One. He then recorded another album, Out in the Sun.

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Peter Weir
Peter Lindsay Weir, AM (born 21 August 1944) is an Australian film director. After playing a leading role in the Australian New Wave cinema with his films such as Picnic at Hanging Rock, The Last Wave and Gallipoli, Weir directed a diverse group of American and international films—many of them major box office hits—including the Academy Award nominees Witness, Dead Poets Society, Green Card, The Truman Show and Master and Commander.
Weir was born in Sydney, the son of Peggy (née Barnsley) and Lindsay Weir, a real estate agent. Weir attended The Scots College and Vaucluse Boys' High School before studying art and law at the University of Sydney. His interest in film was sparked by his meeting with fellow students, including Phillip Noyce and the future members of the Sydney filmmaking collective Ubu Films.
After leaving university in the mid-1960s he joined Sydney television station ATN-7, where he worked as a production assistant on the groundbreaking satirical comedy program The Mavis Bramston Show. During this period, using station facilities, he made his first two experimental short films, Count Vim's Last Exercise and The Life and Flight of Reverend Buckshotte.

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Rachel Portman
Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman,OBE (born 11 December 1960) is a British composer, best known for her film work. She was the first female composer to win an Academy Award in the category of Best Original Score (for Emma in 1996). (Previously, female songwriters Barbra Streisand, in 1977, Buffy Sainte-Marie, in 1983, and Carly Simon, in 1989, each won Oscars, but in the category of Best Original Song).
Portman was born on 11 December 1960 in Haslemere, England, the daughter of Penelope (née Mowat) and Berkeley Charles Portman. She was educated at Charterhouse School and Worcester College, Oxford.
Portman was nominated for an Academy Award for her scores for The Cider House Rules in 1999 and Chocolat in 2000. She has also composed the scores for dozens of other feature films, as well as an unused score for the film Dangerous Beauty (George Fenton replaced her, but some of her material still remains in the film). For television, she composed the score for all thirteen episodes of Jim Henson's The Storyteller, and two episodes of The Jim Henson Hour ("Monster Maker" and "Living with Dinosaurs").

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Rick Wakeman
Richard Christopher Wakeman (born 18 May 1949) is an English keyboard player, composer and songwriter best known for being the former keyboardist in the progressive rock band Yes. He is also known for his solo albums, contributing to the BBC comedy series Grumpy Old Men and for Rick's Place, his former radio show on Planet Rock that aired until December 2010.
Wakeman was born in West London. He purchased his first electronic keyboard at 12 years of age. In 1968, he studied the piano, clarinet, orchestration and modern music at the Royal College of Music before leaving after a year in favour of session music work. He went on to feature on songs by artists including Black Sabbath,David Bowie, T. Rex, Elton John and Cat Stevens. Wakeman joined the folk group Strawbs in 1969 and played on three of their albums. He first joined Yes in 1971 to replace Tony Kaye, and left the group in 1974 to work on his solo career. He returned in 1976 before leaving with lead vocalist Jon Anderson in 1980. Wakeman was part of the side project Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe, a group of ex-Yes members formed in 1989, and the eight-member Yes line-up that followed until his third departure in 1992. He returned for two years in 1995 and once more in 2002, where he was part of the band's 35th anniversary tour until its end in 2004.

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Ridley Scott
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November, 1937) is an English film director and producer. His most famous films include The Duellists (1977), Alien (1979), Blade Runner (1982), Legend (1985), Black Rain (1989), Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), Hannibal (2001), Black Hawk Down (2001), Kingdom of Heaven (2005) American Gangster (2007), Body of Lies (2008), and Prometheus (2012).
Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing, as well as Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. He was knighted in the 2003 New Year Honours. In 2011, Scott received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He is the older brother of film director Tony Scott.
Scott was born in South Shields, England, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. He was raised in an Army family, meaning that for most of his early life, his father — an officer in the Royal Engineers — was absent. Ridley's older brother, Frank, joined the Merchant Navy when he was still young and the pair had little contact. During this time the family moved around, living in (among other areas) Cumbria, Wales and Germany. He has a younger brother, Tony, also a film director. After the Second World War, the Scott family moved back to their native north-east England, eventually settling in Teesside (whose industrial landscape would later inspire similar scenes in Blade Runner). He enjoyed watching films, and his favourites include Lawrence of Arabia, Citizen Kane and Seven Samurai. Scott studied in Teesside from 1954 to 1958, at Grangefield Grammar School and later in West Hartlepool College of Art, graduating with a Diploma in Design.

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Ryuichi Sakamoto
Ryuichi Sakamoto (坂本龍一, Sakamoto Ryūichi^?, born January 17, 1952) is a Japanese musician, composer, record producer, writer, singer, pianist, and actor, based in Tokyo and New York. He began his career in 1978 as a member of the pioneering electronic music group Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO), where he played keyboards and was an occasional vocalist. The band was an international success, with worldwide hits such as "Computer Game / Firecracker" (1978) and "Behind the Mask" (1978), the latter written and sung by Sakamoto. He concurrently began pursuing a solo career, debuting with the experimental electronic fusion album The Thousand Knives of Ryūichi Sakamoto (1978), and later released the pioneering album B-2 Unit (1980), which included the electro classic "Riot in Lagos". After YMO disbanded in 1983, he produced more solo records, including collaborations with various international artists, through to the 1990s.

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Stephen Warbeck
Stephen Warbeck (born 3. May 1953 in Southampton) is an English composer, best known for his film and television scores.
Warbeck was born in Southampton, Hampshire. He first became known for the music for Prime Suspect and won an Academy Award for his score for Shakespeare in Love. He won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play in 1994.
Warbeck attended Bristol University, and began his career as an actor. He plays the accordion and co-leads the group the Kippers with Paul Bradley.
Stephen Warbeck at the Internet Movie Database

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Stina Nordenstam
Stina Nordenstam (born Kristina Ulrika Nordenstam on 4 March 1969 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a singer, songwriter and musician.
Nordenstam's voice led to early comparisons with artists such as Rickie Lee Jones and Björk. Her early albums, Memories of a Colour and And She Closed Her Eyes were jazz-influenced with elements of alternative rock. 1997's Dynamite began a more experimental path–most of the album was filled with distorted guitars and unusual beats. A 1998 cover album, People Are Strange, followed in the same vein. In 2001 Nordenstam went with a more pop-influenced sound on This Is Stina Nordenstam, and features guest vocals from Brett Anderson. Nordenstam's 2004 album The World Is Saved continued the path set on This Is..., but presents a more realized sound and acknowledges her earlier jazz influences.
Her guest appearances include collaboration with David Sylvian's band "Nine Horses", including tracks from the album Snow Borne Sorrow and the Money for All EP. She also sang on Vangelis' Song "Ask the Mountains", she did "To the Sea" with Yello and a collaboration with Anton Fier. In 2000, Nordenstam featured on a track from Danish prog-rockers Mew's second album Half The World Is Watching Me. The track was later re-recorded for the band's international debut Frengers.

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Tan Dun
Tan Dun (simplified Chinese: 谭盾; traditional Chinese: 譚盾; pinyin: Tán Dùn, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰǎn tu̯ə̂n]) (born August 15, 1957, Si Mao, Hunan) is a Chinese contemporary classical composer, most widely known for his scores for the movies Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero.
Tan Dun was born in the village of Simaonae, Changsha in the Hunan province of China. As a child, he was fascinated by the role of the shaman in his village, who conducted rituals and ceremonies, often set to music made with organic objects such as rocks and water. However, as a child in the midst of China's cultural revolution, he found this kind of "backward thinking" frowned upon, and he was sent to work as a rice planter on a government commune.
That, however, had little effect on his affinity for music. He created his own musical group, utilizing peasants in the village playing whatever they could, sometimes just banging on pots and pans. It was from these peasants that he began to learn to play traditional Chinese string instruments. He went on to play the viola for the Beijing Opera Orchestra.

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Vangelis
Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou (Greek: Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου [evˈaɲɟelos oðiˈseas papaθanaˈsiu]; born 29 March 1943) is a Greek composer of electronic, progressive, ambient, jazz, pop rock and orchestral music, under the artist name Vangelis /væŋˈɡɛlɨs/. He is best known for his Academy Award-winning score for the film Chariots of Fire, composing scores for the films Blade Runner, 1492: Conquest of Paradise and Alexander, and the use of his music in the PBS documentary Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan.
Vangelis began his professional musical career working with several popular bands of the 1960s such as The Forminx and Aphrodite's Child, with the latter's album 666 going on to be recognized as a psychedelic "classic". Throughout the 1970s, Vangelis composed music scores for several animal documentaries, including L'Apocalypse Des Animaux, La Fête sauvage and Opéra sauvage; the success of these scores brought him into the film scoring mainstream. In the early 1980s, Vangelis formed a musical partnership with Jon Anderson, the lead singer of progressive rock band Yes, and the duo went on to release several albums together as Jon & Vangelis. In 1981, he composed the score for the Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire. The soundtrack's single, "Titles", won Vangelis the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score and also reached the top of the American Billboard.

wn.com/Vangelis
Wayne Eagling
Wayne Eagling (born 27 November 1950) is a former Principal dancer of the Royal Ballet in London and is a leading international choreographer and director.
Born in Montreal, Canada in 1950, Eagling spent much of his early life in California, where he attended the Patricia Ramsey School of Dance Arts. After deciding to pursue a career as a professional dancer, Eagling was invited to take a place at the Royal Ballet School in London.
Eagling joined the Royal Ballet company in 1969, he was promoted Soloist in 1972 and promoted to Principal in 1975. During his time with the company he partnered a number of notable dancers, including Dame Margot Fonteyn, and also worked with the renowned British choreographer Sir Kenneth Macmillan. After retiring from the Royal Ballet in 1991, he decided to continue his career in dance as a choreographer and director, becoming Artistic Director of the Dutch National Ballet from 1991-2003. He has choreographed numerous dance works for the Royal Ballet and Royal Ballet School, La Scala, Dutch National Ballet, Hong Kong Ballet, Rome Opera and Kremlin Ballet Theatre.

wn.com/Wayne_Eagling
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata

Vangelis - conquest of paradise

conquest of paradise...

published: 29 Apr 2007

author: mohaamir

Vangelis - Chariots of Fire

CLIP VIDEO Vangelis - Chariots of Fire...

published: 16 Jan 2007

author: tititoul

Vangelis - Alpha

music.dom.gr - Vangelis - Alpha...

published: 15 Jun 2007

author: kataigida21

Blade Runner-Love Theme-Full version

The stunning music of Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou (Vangelis). There are no doubt tho...

published: 14 Aug 2007

author: Ingersh

Vangelis: 1492- The Conquest Of Paradise Full Soundtrack

1492: Conquest of Paradise - 1992 film directed by Ridley Scott. Music composed by Vangeli...

published: 14 Apr 2011

author: StarStruckFilms101

Vangelis To the Unknown Man

Composed, arranged, performed (all instruments) and produced by Vangelis Recording enginee...

published: 15 Sep 2008

author: wolfsrainokami

Vangelis - El Greco (Whole Album)

...

published: 24 Jan 2012

author: ciktorsjukebox

Vangelis-Ask the mountains

Stina Nordenstam and Vangelis - Voices 05 - Ask The Mountains...

published: 14 Apr 2010

author: anafota

Vangelis / Cosmos

A beautiful sequence generated by Barbarian Software's magnetosphere iTunes visualizer set...

published: 05 May 2007

author: Ged Maheux

Vangelis - Albedo 0.39 [full album]

...

published: 11 Sep 2012

author: amitgeva100

Talk to Al Jazeera - Talk to Al Jazeera - Vangelis: A message of hope

The internationally celebrated Greek composer talks about the role of music in times of ch...

published: 22 Jan 2012

author: AlJazeeraEnglish

Vangelis - Voices (album)

Artist: Vangelis Album: Voices* Year: 1995 *HQ Tracklisting: 1. Voices - 0:05 2. Echoes - ...

published: 03 Aug 2012

author: WeLoveMusic605

Vangelis - Theme from Antarctica

...

published: 13 Oct 2009

author: dealbnebun

Mythodea - Vangelis Papathanasiou - Mythodea - Nasa Mision 2001 [Full Concert]

Mythodea - Vangelis Papathanasiou - Mythodea - Nasa Mision 2001...

published: 02 Mar 2012

author: manologrhacker

android dreams

A tribute to Ridley Scott and Vangelis, whose atmospheric work on Blade Runner has been a ...

published: 10 Oct 2011

author: Samuel Cockedey

BLADE RUNNER revisited >3.6 gigapixels

A Tribute to BLADE RUNNER An experimental film in homage to Ridley Scott's legendary futu...

published: 24 Jun 2010

author: françois vautier

Heli showreel late summer 2012

A small compilation of the late summer shoots. A bit behind-the-camera as well. All shot o...

published: 18 Sep 2012

author: Esben Nielsen

Canon 5D Mark II - Summertime

www.francescorivolta.com Here a quick look to my workflow: 1) converted mov into cinefor...

published: 12 Jul 2009

author: francesco rivolta

Vangelis - Live in Rotterdam 1991, The Netherlands

Full registration of one of the rare live concerts given by Vangelis. Held in the city of ...

published: 14 Oct 2011

author: Nimanty

Vangelis collection (Part 1 of 3)

A collection of rare (and not so rare) videos of Vangelis' live performances/improvisation...

published: 18 Jun 2009

author: anduan3

Chariots of fire (Vangelis Live in Zeus's Temple - Athenas

www.alexanderblu.com Free Instrumental music...

published: 21 Mar 2008

author: instrumentalmusica

Mythodea - Vangelis Papathanasiou - Mythodea - Nasa Mision 2001 [Full Concert]

Mythodea - Vangelis Papathanasiou - Mythodea - Nasa Mision 2001...

published: 02 Mar 2012

author: manologrhacker

Vangelis - Pulstar [Live]

Concert in Rotterdam. 18th June 1991. 'Event of Excellence' (Eureka). --------------------...

published: 13 Dec 2007

author: mugensx

Vangelis Blade Runner blues -cover (live)

A very happy new year to you all! I never would have tried to cover this, but when I made ...

published: 27 Dec 2009

author: mik300z

Vangelis - Eureka (Live at Rotterdam, 1991)

This is a very rare DVD from the amazing concert performed by Vangelis during the celebrat...

published: 06 Jan 2011

author: HWBGGameGuide

Chariots of Fire - Vangelis (Live in Athens - Greece)

In the Panathenean Stadium, Athens 90000 spectator, ancient all-marble stadium, Vangelis p...

published: 24 Jul 2009

author: 1964Byron

Chariots Of Fire (live at the Mythodea Concert) - Vangelis

The Chariots Of Fire theme performed by Vangelis as an encore of the Mythodea Concert at t...

published: 11 Mar 2007

author: babylonianman

Vangelis - Chariots Of Fire [Live] stereo

Video has a long ending because of a trick back in the day where you would get better qual...

published: 03 Jun 2008

author: NorskTorsk

Vangelis & Neuronium ( In London 1982 )

Neuronium is the artist name of the Belgian keyboard and synthesizer player also known as ...

published: 18 Dec 2006

author: Patrickillian

Vangelis Conquest Of Paradise Live in Athens Greece

...

published: 27 Jul 2009

author: themusicdreams

1492 - Conquest Of Paradise - Vangelis - Live - Tyros 3

In live , no mutitrack at all. You can get an MP3 version here : www.box.net . 1492 from V...

published: 19 Jul 2009

author: soundphase

Vangelis - Chung Kuo [Live]

Concert in Rotterdam. 18th June 1991. 'Event of Excellence' (Eureka). --------------------...

published: 13 Dec 2007

author: mugensx

android dreams

A tribute to Ridley Scott and Vangelis, whose atmospheric work on Blade Runner has been a ...

published: 10 Oct 2011

author: Samuel Cockedey

BLADE RUNNER revisited >3.6 gigapixels

A Tribute to BLADE RUNNER An experimental film in homage to Ridley Scott's legendary futu...

published: 24 Jun 2010

author: françois vautier

Heli showreel late summer 2012

A small compilation of the late summer shoots. A bit behind-the-camera as well. All shot o...

published: 18 Sep 2012

author: Esben Nielsen

Canon 5D Mark II - Summertime

www.francescorivolta.com Here a quick look to my workflow: 1) converted mov into cinefor...

published: 12 Jul 2009

author: francesco rivolta

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photo: Creative Commons / Axou

Aviva is a 68 metres (223 ft) length motor yacht, currently the 80th longest motor yacht in the world.

Steve Jobs' Mega-Yacht Free To Sail After Temporary Reprieve

Newsfactor

24 Dec 2012

Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ...   ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

photo: AP

Members of Myanmar Fire Brigade team gather near a damaged Air Bagan passenger plane in Heho, Shan State, Myanmar, Tuesday, Dec. 25, 2012.

Two killed and 11 injured in Burma emergency landing

BBC News

25 Dec 2012

Two people, including a young child, have been killed and another 11 injured during an emergency landing in Burma, officials say. The Air Bagan plane was carrying more than 60 passengers, many of whom were foreign nationals ... "The cause of the accident is not clear yet ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)

photo: WN / Janice Sabnal

Six dead as winter snowstorms pound US

Zeenews

27 Dec 2012

Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / Hasan Jamali

From left to right, Bahraini Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, United Arab Emirates' Vice President Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, Oman's Vice President Fahad bin Mahmoud, Kuwait's Emir Sheik Sabah Al Ahmad Al Sabah, Bahrain's King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Saudi Crown Prince Salam bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Qatar's Crown Prince Sheik Tameem Al Thani, and Bahraini Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, pose for picture during the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC summit in Sekhir, Bahrain, Monday, Dec. 24, 2012.

GCC states slam Iran interference in region

Al Jazeera

26 Dec 2012

The six Gulf states have sharpened their tone against their neighbour Iran, demanding an immediate halt to its "interference" in their internal affairs while urging action to halt mass killings and violations of international law in Syria ... The council said they "reject and denounce" Iran's "continued interference" in their internal affairs that increase regional tension and threaten security and stability ... 419 Source .. Agencies. Share ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)

photo: AP / Khalil Hamra, File

FILE - In this Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012 file photo, an elderly Egyptian man shows his inked finger after casting his vote on the second round of a referendum on a disputed constitution drafted by Islamist supporters of President Mohammed Morsi in Fayoum, about 100 kilometers (62 miles) south of Cairo , Egypt.

Egypt constitution passes, economic crunch looms

The Salt Lake Tribune

26 Dec 2012

Cairo • The official approval of Egypt’s disputed, Islamist-backed constitution Tuesday held out little hope of stabilizing the country after two years of turmoil and Islamist President Mohammed Morsi may now face a more immediate crisis with the economy falling deeper into distress ... Join the Discussion. The battle over the constitution left Egypt deeply polarized at a time when the government is increasingly cash-strapped ... The U.S ... " ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)

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Thousands show up at Fresno Fairgrounds for Hmong New Year

Fresno Bee

27 Dec 2012

There's food, music, dancers. They get to know the key leaders," said Neng Xiong Vang, a member of the board of directors ... Youa True Vang, founder of the Hmong International New Year . ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Wausau teen wins Hmong sing-off

Star Tribune

26 Dec 2012

PaKou Lor stood on a stage at St. Paul's RiverCentre facing thousands of people, all focused on the Wausau teenager who was more accustomed to singing alone at home ... She also was one of the least experienced. "Everyone was really good," PaKou said ... Her parents, Mong Lor and Mai Vang Lee, were more nervous than their daughter ... "I didn't want her to make a mistake," said Mai Vang through an interpreter ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)

Parrots have personal tastes in music

The Hindu

26 Dec 2012

Parrots – known as great mimics – also have varied musical tastes and an intense dislike of dance tunes, scientists have discovered ... Birds also enjoyed rock and folk music and “danced” along, by bobbing their heads and legs ... Although the pair liked to listen to both songs, clear preferences emerged with Leo consistently choosing the ‘Scissor Sisters’ and Shango opting for ‘Vangelis’ ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Hmong leader Gen. Vang Pao's death commemorated

Fresno Bee

25 Dec 2012

Vang Pao on Monday with a wreath laying ceremony in front of his memorial statue at the Fresno Fairgrounds ... Vang also ......(size: 0.6Kb)

Parrots have personal musical preferences

Zeenews

25 Dec 2012

London. Parrots are known as great mimics, but now scientists have discovered that the creatures also have varied musical tastes — and an intense dislike of dance tunes ... ‘I Don’t Feel like Dancing,’ by the pop group Scissor Sisters, or the more soothing ‘La Petite Fille de la Mer’ by Vangelis ... Although the birds liked listening both songs, clear preference emerged — with Leo choosing the Scissor Sisters and Shango opting for Vangelis ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)

Parrots Are Picky When It Comes To Music

Business Insider

24 Dec 2012

Finally! Scientists Figure Out Why Rudolph's Nose Is Red. Why Solo Rock Stars Are More Likely To Die Young ... either I Don’t Feel like Dancing, by the pop group Scissor Sisters, or the more soothing La Petite Fille de la Mer by Vangelis ... Although the pair liked to listen to both songs, clear preferences emerged — with Léo consistently choosing the Scissor Sisters and Shango opting for Vangelis ... Dr Peron explained ... Tags ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)

Faces of Christmas: Song Vang

Fresno Bee

24 Dec 2012

Song Vang, 22, is a senior at Fresno State, double-majoring in linguistics and deaf education ... In her spare time outside of school and work, Vang has volunteered with the Sierra Foothill Conservancy ... Vang also is a Humanics Scholar at Fresno State and a group leader for Alternative Spring Break ... Last year, Vang was a student leader for ......(size: 1.7Kb)

An Irishman's Diary

Irish Times

24 Dec 2012

PADDY WOODWORTH. No matter how far you run from Christmas, it will always catch up with you, as Scrooge found out ... On December 25th itself, we arrived at our hostel outside Vang Vieng just as the sun was sinking, highlighting the massive limestone curtains of Pha Daeng mountain, across the Nam Song river ... Globalised Christmas had won, yet again ... Vang Vieng had been a centre of leftist resistance, and its people had suffered accordingly ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)

Wausau teen proud winner of Hmong singing contest

Austin American Statesman

23 Dec 2012

Adult Hmong such as PaKou's father, Mong Lor, a welder, and her stay-at-home mother, Mai Vang Lee, saw the relocation program as a chance for their children to go to school and advance their lives in the United States, opening doors to opportunities they couldn't fathom in Thailand ... Mong Lor and Mai Vang Lee, of course, were in the RiverCentre audience last month, both more nervous than their daughter....(size: 5.8Kb)

Parrots have personal musical tastes and even like to sing-a-long, scientists find

The Daily Telegraph

23 Dec 2012

Parrots have musical tastes, with some preferring classical works and others pop tunes, scientists have found ... 560. 315 ... Comments ... either I Don’t Feel like Dancing, by the pop group Scissor Sisters, or the more soothing La Petite Fille de la Mer by Vangelis ... Although the pair liked to listen to both songs, clear preferences emerged — with Léo consistently choosing the Scissor Sisters and Shango opting for Vangelis ... View....(size: 12.4Kb)

Kochi’s ‘Mucciri’ set to sail

The Hindu

23 Dec 2012

Razook K.S. is giving the finishing touches to his pet project. Parked a little away from the entrance of a ‘coating yard’ in Edapally, in the blazing midday sun, the ‘Mucciri’ seemed like a giant yellow contraption at first. A closer look revealed a sturdy boat propped up on wheels, a yacht, Razook clarifies ... The gaff, like in the Optimist, the Boom Vang rigging as in the Laser, the bowsprit as in the 29 Er....(size: 4.7Kb)

St. Paul man guilty in gang rape of teen

MSNBC

22 Dec 2012

ST, PAUL, Minn. - A St. Paul man faces more than two decades in prison after being found guilty Friday for his role in the gang rape of a teenager. A Ramsey County jury issued their verdict on Mang Yang's 25th birthday. Jurors also found the existence of two aggravating factors which elevates the potential guideline sentence of 24 years in prison ... The teen told police she screamed at Mang Vang to help her, but he said he had to go ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

Fun things to do in Los Feliz this week: Dec 21-27

The Examiner

22 Dec 2012

It's the Friday before Christmas (and my birthday) - are you done with your shopping yet? My family and I are planning to spend our last day on earth in the audience of Doomsday Cabaret at the Blank Theatre ... Looking forward to some much needed down time before heading back to work next Friday ... Additionally, don't miss Criminal Minds' Kirsten Vangness at the annual Theatre of Note production of A Mulholland Christmas Carol in Hollywood....(size: 4.1Kb)

timeline:
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For other uses of "Vangelis", see Vangelis (disambiguation).

Vangelis
Vangelis at the premiere of El Greco
Background information
Birth name	Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou
Born	(1943-03-29) 29 March 1943 (age 69)
Origin	Volos, Greece
Genres	Instrumental music, electronic music, progressive rock, classical, New Age
Occupations	Composer, musician, record producer, arranger
Instruments	Piano, synthesizer, keyboards, Hammond organ, drums, percussion
Years active	1961–present
Labels	Universal Music, RCA Records, Atlantic Records, Sony Music, Warner Bros. Records, Polydor
Associated acts	Aphrodite's Child, Jon & Vangelis, Demis Roussos, Yes

Evangelos Odysseas Papathanassiou (Greek: Ευάγγελος Οδυσσέας Παπαθανασίου [evˈaɲɟelos oðiˈseas papaθanaˈsiu]; born 29 March 1943) is a Greek composer of electronic, progressive, ambient, jazz, pop rock and orchestral music, under the artist name Vangelis /væŋˈɡɛlɨs/.^[1] He is best known for his Academy Award-winning score for the film Chariots of Fire, composing scores for the films Blade Runner, 1492: Conquest of Paradise and Alexander, and the use of his music in the PBS documentary Cosmos: A Personal Voyage by Carl Sagan.

Vangelis began his professional musical career working with several popular bands of the 1960s such as The Forminx and Aphrodite's Child, with the latter's album 666 going on to be recognized as a psychedelic "classic".^[2] Throughout the 1970s, Vangelis composed music scores for several animal documentaries, including L'Apocalypse Des Animaux, La Fête sauvage and Opéra sauvage; the success of these scores brought him into the film scoring mainstream. In the early 1980s, Vangelis formed a musical partnership with Jon Anderson, the lead singer of progressive rock band Yes, and the duo went on to release several albums together as Jon & Vangelis. In 1981, he composed the score for the Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire. The soundtrack's single, "Titles", won Vangelis the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score and also reached the top of the American Billboard.

In a career spanning over 50 years, writing and composing more than 52 albums, Vangelis is regarded as one of the greatest composers of electronic music of all time.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Biography [link]

Formative years [link]

Vangelis was born 29 March 1943, near Volos, Greece. Largely a self-taught musician, he reportedly began composing at the age of four. He refused to take traditional piano lessons, and throughout his career did not have substantial knowledge of reading or writing musical notation.^[6] He studied painting—an art he still practises—at the Academy of Fine Arts in Athens.^[7] When he was six, Vangelis's parents enrolled him at a specialist music school in Athens. Vangelis said in an interview with Life, when asked about his lack of ability to read music:

When the teachers asked me to play something, I would pretend that I was reading it and play from memory. I didn't fool them, but I didn't care.^[6]

Work in bands [link]

In the early 1960s he was one of the founders of pop group The Forminx (or The Formynx), which became popular in Greece.^[8] Based in Athens, the five-piece band played a mixture of cover versions and their own material, the latter written mostly by Vangelis (with lyrics by DJ and record producer Nico Mastorakis) but still sung in English. The Forminx released nine hit singles and a Christmas EP before disbanding in 1966 at the peak of their success.^[8] A film being made about them at the time, which was initially directed by Theo Angelopoulos, was never fully completed, and the songs, composed for the movie, were never released. Vangelis spent the next two years mostly studio-bound, writing and producing for other Greek artists.^[6]^[9]

Around the time of the student riots in 1968, Vangelis founded progressive rock band Aphrodite's Child together with Demis Roussos, Loukas Sideras and Anargyros "Silver" Koulouris. After an unsuccessful attempt to enter the UK, they found a home in Paris where they recorded their first single, a hit across much of Europe called Rain and Tears. Other singles followed, including two albums, which, in total, sold over 20 million copies. The record sales led the record company to request a third album, and Vangelis went on to conceive the double-album 666, based on Revelation, the last book in the Bible. One of the many remarkable features of this album is Irene Papas's guest participation (vocal on "Infinity"). Tensions between members during the recording of 666 eventually caused the split of the band in 1971, but the album was still released in 1972. Despite the split, Vangelis has since produced several albums and singles for Demis Roussos, who, in turn, contributed vocals to the Blade Runner soundtrack.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Early solo works [link]

While still in Aphrodite's Child, Vangelis had already been involved in other projects. In 1970 he had composed the score for a film directed by Henry Chapier and called Sex Power (Demis Roussos sang vocals). In 1971, some jam sessions with a group of musicians at Marquee Studios in London had resulted in two albums' worth of material, unofficially released without Vangelis' permission in 1978, titled Hypothesis (aka Visions of the Future), and The Dragon. Vangelis succeeded in taking legal action to have them withdrawn. A more successful project was his scoring of wildlife films made by French filmmaker Frédéric Rossif. The first was L'Apocalypse des animaux, released in 1973. In 1972, the student riots of 1968 provided the inspiration for an album titled Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit (Make Your Dream Last Longer Than the Night), comprising musical passages mixed with news snippets and protest songs; some lyrics were based on graffiti daubed on walls during the riots.^[12]

Solo career [link]

In 1973 Vangelis' solo career began in earnest. His first "official" solo album was Earth, though it did actually feature a group of musicians including ex-Aphrodite's Child guitarist Silver Koulouris and also vocalist and songwriter Robert Fitoussi (better known as F.R. David of "Words" fame).^[13] This line-up, later briefly going out under the name "Odyssey", released a single in 1974 titled "Who", but that was Vangelis' last involvement with them. Later in 1974, Vangelis was widely tipped to join another prog-rock band, Yes, following the departure of Rick Wakeman. After a couple of weeks of rehearsals Vangelis wavered on the option of joining Yes and, the band had to detour and hire Swiss keyboard player Patrick Moraz instead, who later joined The Moody Blues. Vangelis did, however, become friends with Yes' lead vocalist Jon Anderson, and later worked with him on several occasions, including as the duo Jon & Vangelis.^[14]

After moving to London, Vangelis signed with RCA Records, set up his own studio, Nemo Studios,^[15] and began recording a string of electronic albums, such as Heaven and Hell (1975), Albedo 0.39 (1976), Spiral (1977), Beaubourg (1978), and China (1979). Parts of Heaven and Hell were later used as the theme to the PBS television series Cosmos by Carl Sagan. Two melodies from Albedo 0.39, "Alpha" and "Pulstar", and also one track from L'Apocalypse des animaux, "Création du Monde", were also used in Cosmos. Another part (the song "So Long Ago, So Clear"), featured guest vocals by Jon Anderson, marking the start of the partnership. Vangelis also contributed as a producer and keyboard player to the album Phos, by the Greek rock band Socrates Drank the Conium (later known simply as Socrates).^[16]^[17]

In 1979, Vangelis composed the score for another animal documentary by Frédéric Rossif, Opéra sauvage. Almost as well known as L'Apocalypse des animaux, the resulting soundtrack would bring him to the attention of some of the world's top filmmakers. The music itself would be re-used in other films (most notably the track "L'Enfant" in The Year of Living Dangerously (1982) by Peter Weir) and television commercials (the track "Hymne", used in Barilla pasta commercials in Italy and Ernest & Julio Gallo wine ads in the US).^[18]

Film work [link]

[edit] Chariots of Fire

Main article: Chariots of Fire (album)

In 1981, Vangelis wrote the score for the film Chariots of Fire, set at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The choice of music was unorthodox as most period films featured traditional orchestral scores, whereas Vangelis' music was modern and synthesizer-heavy. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Vangelis won the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score. The opening theme of the film was released as a single in 1982, topping the American Billboard chart for one week after climbing steadily for five months.^[19]

Greek musician Stavros Logarides claimed Vangelis had copied the melody of "Titles" from one of his compositions called "City of Violets". Member of a 1970s band called Poll, and a friend of Vangelis at the time, Logarides sued Vangelis for plagiarism in 1987. At the court hearing, Vangelis set up synthesizers in the courtroom and played for the judge to demonstrate his compositional process.^[20] The judge ruled that any similarities in the melody were minor and "Titles" was a Vangelis original.^[21]

Other notable Vangelis soundtracks were Antarctica for the film Nankyoku Monogatari in 1983, and The Bounty in 1984. Vangelis also collaborated in 1981 and 1986 with Italian singer Milva, achieving success especially in Germany with the albums Ich hab' keine Angst and Geheimnisse (I have no fear and Secrets). The Italian language Nana Mouskouri album also featured her singing Vangelis composition "Ti Amerò". Collaboration numbers with lyricist Mikalis Bourboulis sung by Maria Farantouri included the tracks "Odi A", "San Elektra", and "Tora Xero".^[22]

The main theme for Chariots of Fire was also chosen by Apple's co-founder Steven P. Jobs for public introduction of Macintosh computer.

[edit] Blade Runner

Main article: Blade Runner (soundtrack)

In 1982, Vangelis collaborated with director Ridley Scott, to write the score for the science fiction film Blade Runner.^[23] Capturing the isolation and melancholy of Harrison Ford's character, Rick Deckard, the Vangelis score is as much a part of the dystopian environment as the decaying buildings and ever-present rain.^[24]

A disagreement led to Vangelis withholding permission for his performance of the music from Blade Runner to be released, and the studio instead hired a group of musicians dubbed "The New American Orchestra" to record the official LP released at the time. It took 12 years before the disagreement was resolved and Vangelis's own work was released in the United States, in 1994. The soundtrack was still incomplete, as the film contained some non-Vangelis tracks as well.^[22] Over the years a series of bootleg recordings of Blade Runner soundtrack from unknown sources have been released, mostly targeted to collectors as "private releases", that contain most of the music cues (including the Ladd Company logo theme).^[25] A three disc box set was released in late 2007 containing the 1994 album, a second disc containing some more of the missing music cues and a third disc of new Vangelis material inspired by Blade Runner. The 2007 release still lacks some incidental music, most notably the background music from the Taffey Lewis bar scene featuring vocals by Demis Roussos.^[26]

[edit] 1492: Conquest of Paradise

Main article: 1492: Conquest of Paradise (album)

In 1992, Paramount Pictures released the film 1492: Conquest of Paradise, also directed by Ridley Scott, as a 500th anniversary commemoration of Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World. Vangelis's score was nominated as "Best Original Score – Motion Picture" at the 1993 Golden Globe awards, but was not nominated for an Academy Award.^[27]

Other works [link]

In 1983 Vangelis wrote the music for Michael Cacoyannis' staging of the Greek tragedy Elektra which was performed featuring Irene Papas at the open-air amphitheater at Epidavros in Greece.^[28] The same year Vangelis composed his first score for a ballet by Wayne Eagling. It was originally performed by Lesley Colier and Wayne Eagling himself at an Amnesty International gala in Drury Lane, but in 1984 the Royal Ballet School presented it again at the Sadler's Wells theater. In 1985 and 1986, Vangelis wrote music for two more ballets: "Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus" and "The Beauty and the Beast". In 1992, Vangelis wrote the music for the Euripides play, Medea, that featured Irene Papas.^[29] Though uncredited, Vangelis also wrote the theme music for the 1992 French motion picture, "La Peste" (The Plague) from director Luis Puenzo^[30]. In the 90's, Vangelis scored a number of undersea documentaries for French ecologist and filmmaker, Jacques-Yves Cousteau.^[31]

During 1980, six years after Vangelis decided against joining Yes, he and Jon Anderson, the lead singer of Yes, released their first album together, Short Stories, under the band name of Jon & Vangelis. They would eventually go on to release three more afterwards; The Friends of Mr. Cairo, Private Collection and Page of Life released in 1981, 1983, and 1991 respectively.^[32]

Olympic Games [link]

In May 2000, Vangelis composed the music as well as designed and directed the artistic Olympic flag relay portion of the Closing Ceremonies of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.^[33] While no official recording of Vangelis' composition for the 2000 Sydney Games exists, the music can be heard accompanying the presentation of the emblem of the 2004 Athens Games.^[34]^[35]

2000s [link]

Vangelis Papathanassiou, Honorary Doctor of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

Vangelis performed live and released Mythodea, a predominantly orchestral rather than electronic piece that was originally written in 1993, and used by NASA as the theme for the Mars Odyssey mission in 2001.^[36] A year later, in 2002, Vangelis created the 2002 FIFA World Cup Official Anthem for the 2002 World Cup.^[37]

In 2004, Vangelis released the score for Oliver Stone's Alexander, continuing his involvement with projects related to Greece.^[38] Vangelis released 2 albums in 2007; the first was a 3 CD set for the 25th Anniversary of Blade Runner, titled Blade Runner Trilogy and second was the soundtrack for the Greek movie, El Greco, titled El Greco Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.^[39]^[40]

On December 11, 2011, Vangelis was invited by Katara's Cultural Village in the state of Qatar to conceive, design, direct, and compose music for the opening of its world-class outdoor amphitheater. The event was witnessed by a number of world leaders and dignitaries participating in the 4th Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations held in the city of Doha. The event featured a light show by German artist Gert Hof and was filmed for a future video release by Oscar-winning British filmmaker Hugh Hudson.^[41]

In 2012, Vangelis re-tooled and added new pieces to his iconic Chariots of Fire soundtrack, for use in Chariots of Fire, the 2012 stage adaptation of the 1981 film of the same title.^[42]^[43]

Personal life [link]

For an artist of his stature, very little is known about Vangelis' personal life and he rarely gives official interviews to journalists. However, in a 2005 interview with The Telegraph, Vangelis talked openly about various parts of his life. He stated in the interview that he was "never interested" in the "decadent lifestyle" of his band days, choosing not to take drugs or drink alcohol. At the time of the Telegraph interview, Vangelis was involved in his third long-term relationship. When asked why he had not had children, Vangelis replied:

…Because of the amount of travelling I do and the nonsense of the music business, I couldn't take care of a child in the way I think it should be taken care of.

It is not known where Vangelis generally resides; he has stated that he "travels around", rather than settling down in one specific place or country for long periods of time. As a hobby, Vangelis enjoys painting; his first art exhibition toured South America in 2005.^[3]

Excerpts from other interviews mention that Vangelis has been married twice before. In a 1976 interview with Dutch music magazine Oor, the author wrote that Vangelis had a wife named Veronique Skawinska who was a photographer who had done some album art work for Vangelis.^[11]^[44] An interview in 1982 with Backstage music magazine suggests that Vangelis had previously been married to a singer named Vana Verouti,^[45]^[46] who had performed vocals on some of his records, performing for the first time with him on La Fête sauvage and later on Heaven and Hell.

Musical style and compositional process [link]

As a musician, Vangelis relies heavily on synthesizers^[47] and other electronic approaches to music. Synthtopia, an electronic music review website, stated that Vangelis' music could be referred to as "symphonic electronica" because of his use of synthesizers in an orchestral fashion. The aforementioned review site went on to describe his music as melodic: "drawing on the melodies of folk music, especially the Greek music of his homeland."^[48] Vangelis' music and compositions have also been described as "...a distinctive sound with simple, repetitive yet memorable tunes against evocative rhythms and chord progressions."^[49] He often used vibrato on his synthesizers, which was carried out in a distinctive way on his Yamaha CS80 polyphonic synthesizer; varying the pressure exerted on the key to produce the expressive vibrato sound.

In an interview with Soundtrack, a music and film website, Vangelis talked about his compositional processes. For films, Vangelis stated that he would begin composing a score for a feature as soon as he sees a rough cut of the footage.^[50] In addition to working with synthesizers and other electronically based instruments, Vangelis also works with and is a conductor to orchestras. For example, in the Oliver Stone film Alexander, Vangelis conducted an orchestra that consisted of various classical instruments including sitars, percussion, finger cymbals, harps and duduks.^[51]

Vangelis uses a technique of recording all tracks simultaneously on tape, using a Zyklus MIDI Performance System.^[52] The album Direct is named after the successor to the Zyklus which was being specially manufactured for him by the Zyklus MPS designers, Bill Marshall, Pete Kellock and Mike Crisp.^[53]

He explains his customary method of approach. As soon as the musical idea is there, as many keyboards as possible are connected to the control-desk, which in turn are directly connected to the applicable tracks of the multi-trackmachine. The idea now is to play as many keyboards as possible at the same time. That way as broad a basis as possible develops which only needs fine-tuning. After that it's a question of adding things or leaving out things.

—^[54]

Honours and legacy [link]

France made Vangelis a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in 1992.^[55] In 1995, Vangelis had a minor planet named after him (6354 Vangelis) by the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center (MPC) at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; the name was proposed by the MPC's co-director, Gareth V. Williams, rather than by the object's original discoverer, Eugène Joseph Delporte, who died in 1955, long before the 1934 discovery could be confirmed by observations made in 1990.^[56] NASA conferred their Public Service Medal to Vangelis in 2003. The award is the highest honour the space agency presents to an individual not involved with the American government.^[57] Five years later, in 2008, the board of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens voted to make Vangelis an Honorary Doctor, making him Professor Emeritus at their Faculty of Primary Education.^[58] In June 2008, the American Hellenic Institute honoured Vangelis with an AHI Hellenic Heritage Achievement Award for his "exceptional artistic achievements" as a pioneer in electronic music and for his lifelong dedication to the promotion of Hellenism through the arts.^[59]

AFI [link]

The American Film Institute nominated Vangelis' scores for Blade Runner and Chariots of Fire for their list of the 250 greatest film scores.^[60]

Discography [link]

Main article: Vangelis discography

(1970) Sex Power
(1972) Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit
(1973) Earth
(1973) L'Apocalypse Des Animaux
(1975) Heaven and Hell
(1976) Albedo 0.39
(1976) La Fête sauvage
(1977) Ignacio
(1977) Spiral
(1978) Beaubourg
(1978) Odes (Vangelis & Irene Papas album)
(1979) China
(1979) Opera Sauvage
(1980) Short Stories (Jon & Vangelis)
(1980) See You Later
(1981) Chariots of Fire
(1981) The Friends of Mr Cairo (Jon & Vangelis)
(1983) Antarctica
(1983) Private Collection (Jon & Vangelis)
(1984) Soil Festivities

(1985) Mask
(1985) Invisible Connections
(1986) Vangelis & Irene Papas – Rapsodies
(1988) Direct
(1989) Themes
(1990) The City
(1991) Page of Life (Jon & Vangelis)
(1992) 1492: Conquest of Paradise
(1995) Voices
(1995) Vangelis & Stina Nordenstam – Ask the Mountains
(1995) Foros Timis Ston Greco
(1996) Portraits (So Long Ago, So Clear)
(1996) Oceanic
(1998) El Greco
(1999) Reprise 1990–1999
(2001) Mythodea: Music for the NASA Mission: 2001 Mars Odyssey
(2003) Odyssey: The Definitive Collection
(2004) Alexander
(2007) El Greco (soundtrack)
(2007) Blade Runner Trilogy: 25th Anniversary (3 CD)

References [link]

^ Vangelis is a Greek diminutive of Evangelos; he himself pronounces it /væŋˈɡɛlɨs/ in English, but it is commonly heard as /vænˈdʒɛlɨs/.
^ "Prog Reviews review of 666". Ground & Sky. 5 January 2008. http://www.progreviews.com/reviews/display.php?rev=ac-666. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
^ ^a ^b Peter Culshaw (6 January 2005). "My Greek odyssey with Alexander". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/01/06/bmvang06.xml&page=1. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
^ Jason Ankeny. "Vangelis Biography". All Music. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p112251. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
^ Tranglos review Retrieved 6 October 2008
^ ^a ^b ^c Musician Guide biog Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ Clipper Ships website Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ ^a ^b "The Forminx". Vangelis Movements. http://www.vangelismovements.com/theforminx.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
^ ^a ^b Blue Point Retrieved 11 October 2008
^ Prog Archives bio of AC Retrieved 21 August 2008
^ ^a ^b Elsewhere Oor Retrieved 12 October
^ Album review Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ Groove NL reviews Retrieved 2 September 2008
^ Alt.music FAQ Yes Retrieved 2 September 2008
^ Nemo Studios Retrieved 7 April 2010
^ Sound on Sound article Retrieved 2 September 2008
^ MD Socrates album review Retrieved 11 October 2008
^ All Music review of Opera. Retrieved 2 September 2008
^ AMG review of Chariots of Fire Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Reuters (12 February 1987). "Vangelis Plays 2 Works In London High Court". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DF1238F931A25751C0A961948260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
^ Elsewhere Albums 2 Retrieved 15 October 2008
^ ^a ^b Intuitive Music – Vangelis biog. Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Vangelis' Blade Runner film score Retrieved 12 February 2012
^ Synthtopia BR review Retrieved 27 November 2008
^ Answers.com review Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Play.com BR Tri. Product page Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ 1492: Conquest of Paradise soundtrack review at Filmtracks.com Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Vangelis fan site Retrieved 25 2008
^ Dennis Lodewijks. "Elsewhere: Other Music". elsew.com. http://elsew.com/data/other.htm. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
^ Internet Movie Database Retrieved 13 April 2012
^ Proggnosis Web-site Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Conolly discography of J&V Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Sony BMG V. biog Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ . 2004. YouTube.com. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
^ Reuters (4 July 2001). "Greek composer Vangelis says music shaped space". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/space/07/03/space.vangelis.reut/. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
^ Tracksounds Review Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ Prog archives single Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ Synthtopia Review of Alex. S.T. Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ Synthopia Trilogy Preview Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ Elsewhere albums page Retrieved 26 September 2008
^ Cultural village amphitheatre opens with inspiring concert Retrieved 27 December 2011
^ Twitter: Chariots Tweeter, 16 April 2012, 18 April 2012.
^ Rees, Jasper. "Chariots of Fire: The British Are Coming... Again". The Telegraph. 3 May 2012.
^ Vangelis collector Telegraph interview Retrieved 12 October 2008
^ Elsewhere Backstage Retrieved 12 October 2008
^ According to the Vangelis Movements website not mentioning marriage to Vana, she is reported to have played again recently (2012). This website refer's to Vana's own website, and includes images of Vangelis and Vana together.
^ "Nemo Studios: Portrait of a studio". http://www.nemostudios.co.uk/nemo/tour/recording/recording.htm. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ Synthtopia Review of Vangelis Retrieved 6 October 2008
^ Mfiles biog. Retrieved 6 October 2008
^ Soundtrack Interview Retrieved 6 October 2008
^ MFTM review of Alexander Retrieved 6 October 2008 Archived April 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ Groove article Retrieved 22 December 2008
^ Sequencer occult: Zyklus and Direct Sequencer Retrieved 18 October 2009
^ Vangelis interview to Music Maker magazine, September 1982 Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ Alexander the Great website Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Minor Planet Center web-site with info about the planet Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Sonic State bio of Vangelis Retrieved 25 September 2008
^ Elsew web-site Retrieved 20 August 2008
^ American Hellenic website Retrieved 22 Frebruary 2009
^ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Ballot

External links [link]

Independent Vangelis Site
Vangelis' Movements
Vangelis Collector
Vangelis' Nemo Studios
Vangelis History
Interview with Vangelis from Den of Geek

v t e Vangelis

Studio albums	Fais que ton rêve soit plus long que la nuit Earth Heaven and Hell Albedo 0.39 Spiral Beaubourg Hypothesis The Dragon China See You Later Soil Festivities Mask Invisible Connections Direct The City Voices Oceanic El Greco Mythodea

Soundtracks	Sex Power L'Apocalypse des animaux Entends-tu les chiens aboyer ? La Fête sauvage Opéra sauvage Chariots of Fire Antarctica Conquest of Paradise Blade Runner Alexander Blade Runner Trilogy. 25th Anniversary El Greco

Collaboration albums	Chinese Restaurant Odes Hibernation Short Stories The Friends of Mr Cairo Ich Hab' Keine Angst Moi, Je n'ai pas peur Private Collection The Velocity of Love Rapsodies Geheimnisse Tra Due Sogni Page of Life

Compilations	The Best of Vangelis To the Unknown Man Magic Moments The Best of Jon & Vangelis Themes Chronicles Mundo Magico de Vangelis Themes II Portraits (So Long Ago, So Clear) Reprise 1990–1999 Cosmos Odyssey: The Definitive Collection

Pseudonyms	Who/Sad Face (Odyssey) Red Square (Mama O')

Aphrodite's Child Jon and Vangelis Electronic music 20th century classical music

v t e Academy Award for Best Original Score (1981–2000)

Vangelis (1981) John Williams/Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse (1982) Bill Conti/Michel Legrand, Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman (1983) Maurice Jarre/Prince (1984) John Barry (1985) Herbie Hancock (1986) Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Byrne and Cong Su (1987) Dave Grusin (1988) Alan Menken (1989) John Barry (1990) Alan Menken (1991) Alan Menken (1992) John Williams (1993) Hans Zimmer (1994) Luis Enríquez Bacalov/Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz (1995) Gabriel Yared/Rachel Portman (1996) James Horner/Anne Dudley (1997) Nicola Piovani/Stephen Warbeck (1998) John Corigliano (1999) Tan Dun (2000)

Complete list (1934–1940) (1941–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

Persondata
Name	Vangelis
Alternative names	Papathanassiou, Evangelos Odysseas
Short description	Composer, Record producer, Arranger
Date of birth	29 March 1943
Place of birth	Volos, Greece
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis

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This article is about the artist of the Spanish Renaissance. For other uses, see El Greco (disambiguation).

El Greco
Portrait of A Man (presumed self-portrait of El Greco), circa 1595–1600, oil on canvas, 52.7 × 46.7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, United States ^[1]
Birth name	Doménikos Theotokópoulos
Born	1541 Kingdom of Candia
Died	April 7, 1614 (aged 72–73) Toledo, Crown of Castile
Field	Painting, sculpture and architecture
Movement	Mannerism
Works	El Expolio (1577–1579) The Assumption of the Virgin (1577–1579) The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–1588) View of Toledo (1596–1600) Opening of the Fifth Seal (1608–1614) "The Agony in the Garden" (1608)

El Greco born Doménikos Theotokópoulos, (1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" (The Greek) was a nickname,^[a]^[b] a reference to his ethnic Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos), often adding the word Κρής (Krēs, "Cretan").

El Greco was born on Crete, which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice, and the centre of Post-Byzantine art. He trained and became a master within that tradition before travelling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done.^[2] In 1570 he moved to Rome, where he opened a workshop and executed a series of works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death. In Toledo, El Greco received several major commissions and produced his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism, while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school.^[3] He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting.^[4]

1 Life
2 Art
3 Legacy
- 3.1 Posthumous critical reputation
- 3.2 Influence on other artists
4 Debates on attribution
5 Notes
6 Citations
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Life [link]

Early years and family [link]

The Dormition of the Virgin (before 1567, tempera and gold on panel, 61,4 × 45 cm, Holy Cathedral of the Dormition of the Virgin, Hermoupolis, Syros) was probably created near the end of the artist's Cretan period. The painting combines post-Byzantine and Italian mannerist stylistic and iconographic elements.

Born in 1541, in either the village of Fodele or Candia (the Venetian name of Chandax, present day Heraklion) on Crete,^[c] El Greco was descended from a prosperous urban family, which had probably been driven out of Chania to Candia after an uprising against the Venetians between 1526 and 1528.^[5] El Greco's father, Geórgios Theotokópoulos (d. 1556), was a merchant and tax collector. Nothing is known about his mother or his first wife, also Greek.^[6] El Greco's older brother, Manoússos Theotokópoulos (1531 – 13 December 1604), was a wealthy merchant and spent the last years of his life (1603–1604) in El Greco's Toledo home.^[7]

El Greco received his initial training as an icon painter of the Cretan school, the leading centre of post-Byzantine art. In addition to painting, he probably studied the classics of ancient Greece, and perhaps the Latin classics also; he left a "working library" of 130 books at his death, including the Bible in Greek and an annotated Vasari.^[2] Candia was a center for artistic activity where Eastern and Western cultures co-existed harmoniously, where around two hundred painters were active during the 16th century, and had organized a painters' guild, based on the Italian model.^[5] In 1563, at the age of twenty-two, El Greco was described in a document as a "master" ("maestro Domenigo"), meaning he was already a master of the guild and presumably operating his own workshop.^[2] Three years later, in June 1566, as a witness to a contract, he signed his name as μαΐστρος Μένεγος Θεοτοκόπουλος σγουράφος ("Master Ménegos Theotokópoulos, painter").^[d]

Most scholars believe that the Theotokópoulos "family was almost certainly Greek Orthodox",^[8] although some Catholic sources still claim him from birth.^[e] Like many Orthodox emigrants to Europe, he apparently transferred to Catholicism after his arrival, and certainly practiced as a Catholic in Spain, where he described himself as a "devout Catholic" in his will. The extensive archival research conducted since the early 1960s by scholars, such as Nikolaos Panayotakis, Pandelis Prevelakis and Maria Constantoudaki, indicates strongly that El Greco's family and ancestors were Greek Orthodox. One of his uncles was an Orthodox priest, and his name is not mentioned in the Catholic archival baptismal records on Crete.^[9] Prevelakis goes even further, expressing his doubt that El Greco was ever a practicing Roman Catholic.^[10]

Italy [link]

Portrait of Giorgio Giulio Clovio, the earliest surviving portrait from El Greco (c. 1570, oil on canvas, 58 × 86 cm, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples). In the portrait of Clovio, friend and supporter in Rome of the young Cretan artist, the first evidence of El Greco's gifts as a portraitist are apparent.

It was natural for the young El Greco to pursue his career in Venice, Crete having been a possession of the Republic of Venice since 1211.^[3] Though the exact year is not clear, most scholars agree that El Greco went to Venice around 1567.^[f] Knowledge of El Greco's years in Italy is limited. He lived in Venice until 1570 and, according to a letter written by his much older friend, the greatest miniaturist of the age, the Croatian Giulio Clovio, was a "disciple" of Titian, who was by then in his eighties but still vigorous. This may mean he worked in Titian's large studio, or not. Clovio characterized El Greco as "a rare talent in painting".^[11]

In 1570, El Greco moved to Rome, where he executed a series of works strongly marked by his Venetian apprenticeship.^[11] It is unknown how long he remained in Rome, though he may have returned to Venice (c. 1575–1576) before he left for Spain.^[12] In Rome, on the recommendation of Giulio Clovio,^[13] El Greco was received as a guest at the Palazzo Farnese, which Cardinal Alessandro Farnese had made a centre of the artistic and intellectual life of the city. There he came into contact with the intellectual elite of the city, including the Roman scholar Fulvio Orsini, whose collection would later include seven paintings by the artist (View of Mt. Sinai and a portrait of Clovio are among them).^[14]

Unlike other Cretan artists who had moved to Venice, El Greco substantially altered his style and sought to distinguish himself by inventing new and unusual interpretations of traditional religious subject matter.^[15] His works painted in Italy were influenced by the Venetian Renaissance style of the period, with agile, elongated figures reminiscent of Tintoretto and a chromatic framework that connects him to Titian.^[3] The Venetian painters also taught him to organize his multi-figured compositions in landscapes vibrant with atmospheric light. Clovio reports visiting El Greco on a summer's day while the artist was still in Rome. El Greco was sitting in a darkened room, because he found the darkness more conducive to thought than the light of the day, which disturbed his "inner light".^[16] As a result of his stay in Rome, his works were enriched with elements such as violent perspective vanishing points or strange attitudes struck by the figures with their repeated twisting and turning and tempestuous gestures; all elements of Mannerism.^[11]

By the time El Greco arrived in Rome, Michelangelo and Raphael were dead, but their example continued to be paramount, and somewhat overwhelming for young painters. El Greco was determined to make his own mark in Rome defending his personal artistic views, ideas and style.^[17] He singled out Correggio and Parmigianino for particular praise,^[18] but he did not hesitate to dismiss Michelangelo's Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel;^[g] he extended an offer to Pope Pius V to paint over the whole work in accord with the new and stricter Catholic thinking.^[19] When he was later asked what he thought about Michelangelo, El Greco replied that "he was a good man, but he did not know how to paint".^[20] And thus we are confronted by a paradox: El Greco is said to have reacted most strongly or even condemned Michelangelo, but he had found it impossible to withstand his influence.^[21] Michelangelo's influence can be seen in later El Greco works such as the Allegory of the Holy League.^[22] By painting portraits of Michelangelo, Titian, Clovio and, presumably, Raphael in one of his works (The Purification of the Temple), El Greco not only expressed his gratitude but advanced the claim to rival these masters. As his own commentaries indicate, El Greco viewed Titian, Michelangelo and Raphael as models to emulate.^[19] In his 17th century Chronicles, Giulio Mancini included El Greco among the painters who had initiated, in various ways, a re-evaluation of Michelangelo's teachings.^[23]

Because of his unconventional artistic beliefs (such as his dismissal of Michelangelo's technique) and personality, El Greco soon acquired enemies in Rome. Architect and writer Pirro Ligorio called him a "foolish foreigner", and newly discovered archival material reveals a skirmish with Farnese, who obliged the young artist to leave his palace.^[23] On 6 July 1572, El Greco officially complained about this event. A few months later, on 18 September 1572, El Greco paid his dues to the Guild of Saint Luke in Rome as a miniature painter.^[24] At the end of that year, El Greco opened his own workshop and hired as assistants the painters Lattanzio Bonastri de Lucignano and Francisco Preboste.^[23]

Spain [link]

Immigration to Toledo [link]

The Assumption of the Virgin (1577–1579, oil on canvas, 401 × 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago) was one of the nine paintings El Greco completed for the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, his first commission in Spain.

In 1577, El Greco emigrated first to Madrid, then to Toledo, where he produced his mature works.^[25] At the time, Toledo was the religious capital of Spain and a populous city^[h] with "an illustrious past, a prosperous present and an uncertain future".^[26] In Rome, El Greco had earned the respect of some intellectuals, but was also facing the hostility of certain art critics.^[27] During the 1570s the huge monastery-palace of El Escorial was still under construction and Philip II of Spain was experiencing difficulties in finding good artists for the many large paintings required to decorate it. Titian was dead, and Tintoretto, Veronese and Anthonis Mor all refused to come to Spain. Philip had to rely on the lesser talent of Juan Fernándes de Navarrete, whose gravedad y decoro ("seriousness and decorum") the king approved. However, he had just died in 1579; the moment should have been ideal for El Greco.^[28] Through Clovio and Orsini, El Greco met Benito Arias Montano, a Spanish humanist and agent of Philip; Pedro Chacón, a clergyman; and Luis de Castilla, son of Diego de Castilla, the dean of the Cathedral of Toledo.^[29] El Greco's friendship with Castilla would secure his first large commissions in Toledo. He arrived in Toledo by July 1577, and signed contracts for a group of paintings that was to adorn the church of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo and for the renowned El Espolio.^[30] By September 1579 he had completed nine paintings for Santo Domingo, including The Trinity and The Assumption of the Virgin. These works would establish the painter's reputation in Toledo.^[24]

El Greco did not plan to settle permanently in Toledo, since his final aim was to win the favor of Philip and make his mark in his court.^[31] Indeed, he did manage to secure two important commissions from the monarch: Allegory of the Holy League and Martyrdom of St. Maurice. However, the king did not like these works and placed the St Maurice altarpiece in the chapter-house rather than the intended chapel. He gave no further commissions to El Greco.^[32] The exact reasons for the king's dissatisfaction remain unclear. Some scholars have suggested that Philip did not like the inclusion of living persons in a religious scene;^[32] some others that El Greco's works violated a basic rule of the Counter-Reformation, namely that in the image the content was paramount rather than the style.^[33] Philip took a close interest in his artistic commissions, and had very decided tastes; a long sought-after sculpted Crucifixion by Benvenuto Cellini also failed to please when it arrived, and was likewise exiled to a less prominent place. Philip's next experiment, with Federico Zuccari was even less successful.^[34] In any case, Philip's dissatisfaction ended any hopes of royal patronage El Greco may have had.^[35] According to Hortensio Félix Paravicino, a 17th-century Spanish preacher and poet, "Crete gave him life and the painter's craft, Toledo a better homeland, where through Death he began to achieve eternal life."^[36] In 1585, he appears to have hired an assistant, Italian painter Francisco Preboste, and to have established a workshop capable of producing altar frames and statues as well as paintings.^[37] On 12 March 1586 he obtained the commission for The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, now his best-known work.^[38] The decade 1597 to 1607 was a period of intense activity for El Greco. During these years he received several major commissions, and his workshop created pictorial and sculptural ensembles for a variety of religious institutions. Among his major commissions of this period were three altars for the Chapel of San José in Toledo (1597–1599); three paintings (1596–1600) for the Colegio de Doña María de Aragon, an Augustinian monastery in Madrid, and the high altar, four lateral altars, and the painting St. Ildefonso for the Capilla Mayor of the Hospital de la Caridad (Hospital of Charity) at Illescas (1603–1605).^[3] The minutes of the commission of The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception (1607–1613), which were composed by the personnel of the municipality, describe El Greco as "one of the greatest men in both this kingdom and outside it".^[39]

Between 1607 and 1608 El Greco was involved in a protracted legal dispute with the authorities of the Hospital of Charity at Illescas concerning payment for his work, which included painting, sculpture and architecture;^[i] this and other legal disputes contributed to the economic difficulties he experienced towards the end of his life.^[40] In 1608, he received his last major commission: for the Hospital of Saint John the Baptist in Toledo.^[24]

El Greco made Toledo his home. Surviving contracts mention him as the tenant from 1585 onwards of a complex consisting of three apartments and twenty-four rooms which belonged to the Marquis de Villena.^[41] It was in these apartments, which also served as his workshop, that he passed the rest of his life, painting and studying. He lived in considerable style, sometimes employing musicians to play whilst he dined. It is not confirmed whether he lived with his Spanish female companion, Jerónima de Las Cuevas, whom he probably never married. She was the mother of his only son, Jorge Manuel, born in 1578, who also became a painter, assisted his father, and continued to repeat his compositions for many years after he inherited the studio.^[j] In 1604, Jorge Manuel and Alfonsa de los Morales gave birth to El Greco's grandson, Gabriel, who was baptized by Gregorio Angulo, governor of Toledo and a personal friend of the artist.^[40]

During the course of the execution of a commission for the Hospital Tavera, El Greco fell seriously ill, and a month later, on 7 April 1614, he died. A few days earlier, on 31 March, he had directed that his son should have the power to make his will. Two Greeks, friends of the painter, witnessed this last will and testament (El Greco never lost touch with his Greek origins).^[42] He was buried in the Church of Santo Domingo el Antigua, aged 73.^[43]

Art [link]

For more details on this topic, see Art of El Greco.

Technique and style [link]

The Disrobing of Christ (El Espolio) (1577–1579, oil on canvas, 285 × 173 cm, Sacristy of the Cathedral, Toledo) is one of the most famous altarpieces of El Greco. El Greco's altarpieces are renowned for their dynamic compositions and startling innovations.

The primacy of imagination and intuition over the subjective character of creation was a fundamental principle of El Greco's style.^[20] El Greco discarded classicist criteria such as measure and proportion. He believed that grace is the supreme quest of art, but the painter achieves grace only if he manages to solve the most complex problems with obvious ease.^[20]

"I hold the imitation of color to be the greatest difficulty of art."

— El Greco, from notes of the painter in one of his commentaries.^[44]

El Greco regarded color as the most important and the most ungovernable element of painting, and declared that color had primacy over form.^[20] Francisco Pacheco, a painter and theoretician who visited El Greco in 1611, wrote that the painter liked "the colors crude and unmixed in great blots as a boastful display of his dexterity" and that "he believed in constant repainting and retouching in order to make the broad masses tell flat as in nature".^[45]

Art historian Max Dvořák was the first scholar to connect El Greco's art with Mannerism and Antinaturalism.^[46] Modern scholars characterize El Greco's theory as "typically Mannerist" and pinpoint its sources in the Neoplatonism of the Renaissance.^[47] Jonathan Brown believes that El Greco endeavored to create a sophisticated form of art;^[48] according to Nicholas Penny "once in Spain, El Greco was able to create a style of his own—one that disavowed most of the descriptive ambitions of painting".^[49]

In his mature works El Greco demonstrated a characteristic tendency to dramatize rather than to describe.^[3] The strong spiritual emotion transfers from painting directly to the audience. According to Pacheco, El Greco's perturbed, violent and at times seemingly careless-in-execution art was due to a studied effort to acquire a freedom of style.^[45] El Greco's preference for exceptionally tall and slender figures and elongated compositions, which served both his expressive purposes and aesthetic principles, led him to disregard the laws of nature and elongate his compositions to ever greater extents, particularly when they were destined for altarpieces.^[50] The anatomy of the human body becomes even more otherworldly in El Greco's mature works; for The Virgin of the Immaculate Conception El Greco asked to lengthen the altarpiece itself by another 1.5 feet (0.46 m) "because in this way the form will be perfect and not reduced, which is the worst thing that can happen to a figure'". A significant innovation of El Greco's mature works is the interweaving between form and space; a reciprocal relationship is developed between the two which completely unifies the painting surface. This interweaving would re-emerge three centuries later in the works of Cézanne and Picasso.^[50]

Another characteristic of El Greco's mature style is the use of light. As Jonathan Brown notes, "each figure seems to carry its own light within or reflects the light that emanates from an unseen source".^[51] Fernando Marias and Agustín Bustamante García, the scholars who transcribed El Greco's handwritten notes, connect the power that the painter gives to light with the ideas underlying Christian Neo-Platonism.^[52]

Modern scholarly research emphasizes the importance of Toledo for the complete development of El Greco's mature style and stresses the painter's ability to adjust his style in accordance with his surroundings.^[53] Harold Wethey asserts that "although Greek by descent and Italian by artistic preparation, the artist became so immersed in the religious environment of Spain that he became the most vital visual representative of Spanish mysticism". He believes that in El Greco's mature works "the devotional intensity of mood reflects the religious spirit of Roman Catholic Spain in the period of the Counter-Reformation".^[3]

El Greco also excelled as a portraitist, able not only to record a sitter's features but also to convey their character.^[54] His portraits are fewer in number than his religious paintings, but are of equally high quality. Wethey says that "by such simple means, the artist created a memorable characterization that places him in the highest rank as a portraitist, along with Titian and Rembrandt".^[3]

Suggested Byzantine affinities [link]

View of Toledo (c. 1596–1600, oil on canvas, 47.75 × 42.75 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) is one of the two surviving landscapes of Toledo painted by El Greco.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, scholars have debated whether El Greco's style had Byzantine origins. Certain art historians had asserted that El Greco's roots were firmly in the Byzantine tradition, and that his most individual characteristics derive directly from the art of his ancestors,^[55] while others had argued that Byzantine art could not be related to El Greco's later work.^[56]

The discovery of the Dormition of the Virgin on Syros, an authentic and signed work from the painter's Cretan period, and the extensive archival research in the early 1960s, contributed to the rekindling and reassessment of these theories. Although following many conventions of the Byzantine icon, aspects of the style certainly show Venetian influence, and the composition, showing the death of Mary, combines the different doctrines of the Orthodox Dormition of the Virgin and the Catholic Assumption of the Virgin.^[57] Significant scholarly works of the second half of the 20th century devoted to El Greco reappraise many of the interpretations of his work, including his supposed Byzantinism.^[58] Based on the notes written in El Greco's own hand, on his unique style, and on the fact that El Greco signed his name in Greek characters, they see an organic continuity between Byzantine painting and his art.^[59] According to Marina Lambraki-Plaka "far from the influence of Italy, in a neutral place which was intellectually similar to his birthplace, Candia, the Byzantine elements of his education emerged and played a catalytic role in the new conception of the image which is presented to us in his mature work".^[60] In making this judgement, Lambraki-Plaka disagrees with Oxford University professors Cyril Mango and Elizabeth Jeffreys, who assert that "despite claims to the contrary, the only Byzantine element of his famous paintings was his signature in Greek lettering".^[61] Nikos Hadjinikolaou states that from 1570 El Greco's painting is "neither Byzantine nor post-Byzantine but Western European. The works he produced in Italy belong to the history of the Italian art, and those he produced in Spain to the history of Spanish art".^[62]

The Adoration of the Magi (1565–1567, 56 × 62 cm, Benaki Museum, Athens). The icon, signed by El Greco ("Χείρ Δομήνιχου", Created by the hand of Doménicos), was painted in Candia on part of an old chest.

The English art historian David Davies seeks the roots of El Greco's style in the intellectual sources of his Greek-Christian education and in the world of his recollections from the liturgical and ceremonial aspect of the Orthodox Church. Davies believes that the religious climate of the Counter-Reformation and the aesthetics of mannerism acted as catalysts to activate his individual technique. He asserts that the philosophies of Platonism and ancient Neo-Platonism, the works of Plotinus and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the texts of the Church fathers and the liturgy offer the keys to the understanding of El Greco's style.^[63] Summarizing the ensuing scholarly debate on this issue, José Álvarez Lopera, curator at the Museo del Prado, Madrid, concludes that the presence of "Byzantine memories" is obvious in El Greco's mature works, though there are still some obscure issues concerning his Byzantine origins needing further illumination.^[64]

Architecture and sculpture [link]

El Greco was highly esteemed as an architect and sculptor during his lifetime.^[65] He usually designed complete altar compositions, working as architect and sculptor as well as painter – at, for instance, the Hospital de la Caridad. There he decorated the chapel of the hospital, but the wooden altar and the sculptures he created have in all probability perished.^[66] For El Espolio the master designed the original altar of gilded wood which has been destroyed, but his small sculptured group of the Miracle of St. Ildefonso still survives on the lower centre of the frame.^[3]

"I would not be happy to see a beautiful, well-proportioned woman, no matter from which point of view, however extravagant, not only lose her beauty in order to, I would say, increase in size according to the law of vision, but no longer appear beautiful, and, in fact, become monstrous."

— El Greco, from marginalia the painter inscribed in his copy of Daniele Barbaro's translation of Vitruvius' De architectura.^[67]

His most important architectural achievement was the church and Monastery of Santo Domingo el Antiguo, for which he also executed sculptures and paintings.^[68] El Greco is regarded as a painter who incorporated architecture in his painting.^[69] He is also credited with the architectural frames to his own paintings in Toledo. Pacheco characterized him as "a writer of painting, sculpture and architecture".^[20]

In the marginalia that El Greco inscribed in his copy of Daniele Barbaro's translation of Vitruvius' De architectura, he refuted Vitruvius' attachment to archaeological remains, canonical proportions, perspective and mathematics. He also saw Vitruvius' manner of distorting proportions in order to compensate for distance from the eye as responsible for creating monstrous forms. El Greco was averse to the very idea of rules in architecture; he believed above all in the freedom of invention and defended novelty, variety, and complexity. These ideas were, however, far too extreme for the architectural circles of his era and had no immediate resonance.^[69]

Legacy [link]

For more details on this topic, see Posthumous fame of El Greco.

Posthumous critical reputation [link]

“	It was a great moment. A pure righteous conscience stood on one tray of the balance, an empire on the other, and it was you, man's conscience, that tipped the scales. This conscience will be able to stand before the Lord as the Last Judgement and not be judged. It will judge, because human dignity, purity and valor fill even God with terror ... Art is not submission and rules, but a demon which smashes the moulds ... Greco's inner-archangel's breast had thrust him on savage freedom's single hope, this world's most excellent garret.	”
—Nikos Kazantzakis, Report to Greco

The Holy Trinity (1577–1579, 300 × 178 cm, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain) was part of a group of works created for the church "Santo Domingo el Antiguo".

El Greco was disdained by the immediate generations after his death because his work was opposed in many respects to the principles of the early baroque style which came to the fore near the beginning of the 17th century and soon supplanted the last surviving traits of the 16th-century Mannerism.^[3] El Greco was deemed incomprehensible and had no important followers.^[70] Only his son and a few unknown painters produced weak copies of his works. Late 17th- and early 18th-century Spanish commentators praised his skill but criticized his antinaturalistic style and his complex iconography. Some of these commentators, such as Acislo Antonio Palomino de Castro y Velasco and Juan Agustín Ceán Bermúdez, described his mature work as "contemptible", "ridiculous" and "worthy of scorn".^[71] The views of Palomino and Bermúdez were frequently repeated in Spanish historiography, adorned with terms such as "strange", "queer", "original", "eccentric" and "odd".^[72] The phrase "sunk in eccentricity", often encountered in such texts, in time developed into "madness".^[j]

With the arrival of Romantic sentiments in the late 18th century, El Greco's works were examined anew.^[70] To French writer Théophile Gautier, El Greco was the precursor of the European Romantic movement in all its craving for the strange and the extreme.^[73] Gautier regarded El Greco as the ideal romantic hero (the "gifted", the "misunderstood", the "mad"),^[k] and was the first who explicitly expressed his admiration for El Greco's later technique.^[72] French art critics Zacharie Astruc and Paul Lefort helped to promote a widespread revival of interest in his painting. In the 1890s, Spanish painters living in Paris adopted him as their guide and mentor.^[73] However, in the popular English-speaking imagination he remained the man who "painted horrors in the Escorial" in the words of Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia in 1899.^[74]

In 1908, Spanish art historian Manuel Bartolomé Cossío published the first comprehensive catalogue of El Greco's works; in this book El Greco was presented as the founder of the Spanish School.^[75] The same year Julius Meier-Graefe, a scholar of French Impressionism, travelled in Spain, expecting to study Velásquez, but instead becoming fascinated by El Greco; he recorded his experiences in Spanische Reise (Spanish Journey, published in English in 1926), the book which widely established El Greco as a great painter of the past "outside a somewhat narrow circle".^[76] In El Greco's work, Meier-Graefe found foreshadowing of modernity.^[77] These are the words Meier-Graefe used to describe El Greco's impact on the artistic movements of his time:

“	He [El Greco] has discovered a realm of new possibilities. Not even he, himself, was able to exhaust them. All the generations that follow after him live in his realm. There is a greater difference between him and Titian, his master, than between him and Renoir or Cézanne. Nevertheless, Renoir and Cézanne are masters of impeccable originality because it is not possible to avail yourself of El Greco's language, if in using it, it is not invented again and again, by the user.	”
—Julius Meier-Graefe, The Spanish Journey^[78]

"As I was climbing the narrow, rain-slicked lane—nearly three hundred years have gone by—I felt myself seized by the hand of a Powerful Friend and indeed I came to see myself lifted on the two enormous wings of Doménicos up to his skies which this time were full of orange trees and water speaking of the homeland."

— Odysseas Elytis, Diary from an April As Yet Unseen

To the English artist and critic Roger Fry in 1920, El Greco was the archetypal genius who did as he thought best "with complete indifference to what effect the right expression might have on the public". Fry described El Greco as "an old master who is not merely modern, but actually appears a good many steps ahead of us, turning back to show us the way".^[18]

During the same period, other researchers developed alternative, more radical theories. The physicians August Goldschmidt and Germán Beritens argued that El Greco painted such elongated human figures because he had vision problems (possibly progressive astigmatism or strabismus) that made him see bodies longer than they were, and at an angle to the perpendicular;^[l] the physician Arturo Perera, however, attributed this style to the use of marijuana.^[79] Michael Kimmelman, a reviewer for The New York Times, stated that "to Greeks [El Greco] became the quintessential Greek painter; to the Spanish, the quintessential Spaniard".^[18]

As was proved by the campaign of the National Art Gallery in Athens to raise the funds for the purchase of Saint Peter in 1995, El Greco is loved not just by experts and art lovers but also by ordinary people; thanks to the donations mainly of individuals and public benefit foundations the National Art Gallery raised 1.2 million dollars and purchased the painting.^[80] Epitomizing the consensus of El Greco's impact, Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States, said in April 1980 that El Greco was "the most extraordinary painter that ever came along back then" and that he was "maybe three or four centuries ahead of his time".^[73]

Influence on other artists [link]

		Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907, oil on canvas, 243.9 × 233.7 cm., New York, Museum of Modern Art) appears to have certain morphological and stylistic similarities with The Opening of the Fifth Seal.
The Opening of the Fifth Seal (1608–1614, oil, 225 × 193 cm., New York, Metropolitan Museum) has been suggested to be the prime source of inspiration for Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.		Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907, oil on canvas, 243.9 × 233.7 cm., New York, Museum of Modern Art) appears to have certain morphological and stylistic similarities with The Opening of the Fifth Seal.

		The Portrait of a Painter after El Greco (1950, oil on plywood, 100.5 × 81 cm, Angela Rosengart Collection, Lucerne) is Picasso's version of the Portrait of Jorge Manuel Theotocopoulos.
Portrait of Jorge Manuel Theotocopoulos (1600–1605, oil on canvas, 81 × 56 cm, Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes, Seville)		The Portrait of a Painter after El Greco (1950, oil on plywood, 100.5 × 81 cm, Angela Rosengart Collection, Lucerne) is Picasso's version of the Portrait of Jorge Manuel Theotocopoulos.

El Greco's re-evaluation was not limited to scholars. According to Efi Foundoulaki, "painters and theoreticians from the beginning of the 20th century 'discovered' a new El Greco but in process they also discovered and revealed their own selves".^[81] His expressiveness and colors influenced Eugène Delacroix and Édouard Manet.^[82] To the Blaue Reiter group in Munich in 1912, El Greco typified that mystical inner construction that it was the task of their generation to rediscover.^[83] The first painter who appears to have noticed the structural code in the morphology of the mature El Greco was Paul Cézanne, one of the forerunners of cubism.^[70] Comparative morphological analyses of the two painters revealed their common elements, such as the distortion of the human body, the reddish and (in appearance only) unworked backgrounds and the similarities in the rendering of space.^[84] According to Brown, "Cézanne and El Greco are spiritual brothers despite the centuries which separate them".^[85] Fry observed that Cézanne drew from "his great discovery of the permeation of every part of the design with a uniform and continuous plastic theme".^[86]

The Symbolists, and Pablo Picasso during his Blue Period, drew on the cold tonality of El Greco, utilizing the anatomy of his ascetic figures. While Picasso was working on Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, he visited his friend Ignacio Zuloaga in his studio in Paris and studied El Greco's Opening of the Fifth Seal (owned by Zuloaga since 1897).^[87] The relation between Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and the Opening of the Fifth Seal was pinpointed in the early 1980s, when the stylistic similarities and the relationship between the motifs of both works were analysed.^[88]

"In any case, only the execution counts. From this point of view, it is correct to say that Cubism has a Spanish origin and that I invented Cubism. We must look for the Spanish influence in Cézanne. Things themselves necessitate it, the influence of El Greco, a Venetian painter, on him. But his structure is Cubist."

— Picasso, speaking of Les Demoiselles d'Avignon to Dor de la Souchère in Antibes.^[89]

The early cubist explorations of Picasso were to uncover other aspects in the work of El Greco: structural analysis of his compositions, multi-faced refraction of form, interweaving of form and space, and special effects of highlights. Several traits of cubism, such as distortions and the materialistic rendering of time, have their analogies in El Greco's work. According to Picasso, El Greco's structure is cubist.^[90] On 22 February 1950, Picasso began his series of "paraphrases" of other painters' works with The Portrait of a Painter after El Greco.^[91] Foundoulaki asserts that Picasso "completed ... the process for the activation of the painterly values of El Greco which had been started by Manet and carried on by Cézanne".^[92]

The expressionists focused on the expressive distortions of El Greco. According to Franz Marc, one of the principal painters of the German expressionist movement, "we refer with pleasure and with steadfastness to the case of El Greco, because the glory of this painter is closely tied to the evolution of our new perceptions on art".^[93] Jackson Pollock, a major force in the abstract expressionist movement, was also influenced by El Greco. By 1943, Pollock had completed sixty drawing compositions after El Greco and owned three books on the Cretan master.^[94]

Contemporary painters are also inspired by El Greco's art. Kysa Johnson used El Greco's paintings of the Immaculate Conception as the compositional framework for some of her works, and the master's anatomical distortions are somewhat reflected in Fritz Chesnut's portraits.^[95]

El Greco's personality and work were a source of inspiration for poet Rainer Maria Rilke. One set of Rilke's poems (Himmelfahrt Mariae I.II., 1913) was based directly on El Greco's Immaculate Conception.^[96] Greek writer Nikos Kazantzakis, who felt a great spiritual affinity for El Greco, called his autobiography Report to Greco and wrote a tribute to the Cretan-born artist.^[97]

In 1998, the Greek electronic composer and artist Vangelis published El Greco, a symphonic album inspired by the artist. This album is an expansion of an earlier album by Vangelis, Foros Timis Ston Greco (A Tribute to El Greco, Φόρος Τιμής Στον Γκρέκο). The life of the Cretan-born artist is the subject of the film El Greco of Greek, Spanish and British production. Directed by Ioannis Smaragdis, the film began shooting in October 2006 on the island of Crete and debuted on the screen one year later;^[98] British actor Nick Ashdon has been cast to play El Greco.^[99]

Debates on attribution [link]

For more details on this topic, see Works of El Greco.


The Modena Triptych (1568, tempera on panel, 37 × 23,8 cm (central), 24 × 18 cm (side panels), Galleria Estense, Modena) is a small-scale composition attributed to El Greco.		"Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménicos Theotocópoulos) ἐποίει." The words El Greco used to sign his paintings. El Greco appended after his name the word "epoiei" (ἐποίει, "he made it"). In The Assumption the painter used the word "deixas" (δείξας, "he displayed it") instead of "epoiei".

The exact number of El Greco's works has been a hotly contested issue. In 1937, a highly influential study by art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini had the effect of greatly increasing the number of works accepted to be by El Greco. Pallucchini attributed to El Greco a small triptych in the Galleria Estense at Modena on the basis of a signature on the painting on the back of the central panel on the Modena triptych ("Χείρ Δομήνιχου", Created by the hand of Doménikos).^[100] There was consensus that the triptych was indeed an early work of El Greco and, therefore, Pallucchini's publication became the yardstick for attributions to the artist.^[101] Nevertheless, Wethey denied that the Modena triptych had any connection at all with the artist and, in 1962, produced a reactive catalogue raisonné with a greatly reduced corpus of materials. Whereas art historian José Camón Aznar had attributed between 787 and 829 paintings to the Cretan master, Wethey reduced the number to 285 authentic works and Halldor Sœhner, a German researcher of Spanish art, recognized only 137.^[102] Wethey and other scholars rejected the notion that Crete took any part in his formation and supported the elimination of a series of works from El Greco's oeuvre.^[103]

Since 1962, the discovery of the Dormition and the extensive archival research has gradually convinced scholars that Wethey's assessments were not entirely correct, and that his catalogue decisions may have distorted the perception of the whole nature of El Greco's origins, development and oeuvre. The discovery of the Dormition led to the attribution of three other signed works of "Doménicos" to El Greco (Modena Triptych, St. Luke Painting the Virgin and Child, and The Adoration of the Magi) and then to the acceptance of more works as authentic – some signed, some not (such as The Passion of Christ (Pietà with Angels) painted in 1566),^[104] – which were brought into the group of early works of El Greco. El Greco is now seen as an artist with a formative training on Crete; a series of works illuminate his early style, some painted while he was still on Crete, some from his period in Venice, and some from his subsequent stay in Rome.^[58] Even Wethey accepted that "he [El Greco] probably had painted the little and much disputed triptych in the Galleria Estense at Modena before he left Crete".^[105] Nevertheless, disputes over the exact number of El Greco's authentic works remain unresolved, and the status of Wethey's catalogue raisonné is at the centre of these disagreements.^[106]

A few sculptures, including Epimetheus and Pandora, have been attributed to El Greco. This doubtful attribution is based on the testimony of Pacheco (he saw in El Greco's studio a series of figurines, but these may have been merely models). There are also four drawings among the surviving works of El Greco; three of them are preparatory works for the altarpiece of Santo Domingo el Antiguo and the fourth is a study for one of his paintings, The Crucifixion.^[107]

Notes [link]

Timeline of El Greco's life (1541 – April 7, 1614)

<timeline> ImageSize = width:390 height:1000 PlotArea = left:40 right:10 top:10 bottom:10 DateFormat = yyyy TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse format:yyyy Period = from:1540 till:1615 AlignBars = early ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1560 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1565 Colors = id:gray value:gray(0.7) id:lightsteelblue value:rgb(0.418, 0.609, 0.800) Define $dx = 20 # shift text to right side of bar PlotData = bar:event width:20 color:gray shift:($dx,-4) from:start till:end color:lightsteelblue mark:(line, white) at:1541 text:1541 – Born in Crete at:1563 text:1563 – Officially practicing as a painter at:1566 text:December 26, 1566 – Arranges to auction off his Passion of Christ at:1567 text:c. 1567 – Goes to Venice to study at:1571 text:c. 1571 – Moves to Rome at:1572 text:September 18, 1572 – Pays his dues to a guild in Rome at:1575 text:c. 1575–1576 – Returns to Venice (?) at:1576 text:1576 – Signs the contract for his first commission in Spain at:1577 text:1577 – Emigrates to Toledo, Spain at:1578 text:1578 – Birth of his son, Jorge Manuel (Γιωργής Μανουήλ) at:1579 text:1579 – Fails to win the favor of Philip II, who does not like his work at:1585 text:1585 – Establishes a corporate workshop at:1586 text:1586 – Obtains the commission for The Burial of the Count of Orgaz from:1597 till:1599 text:1597–1599 – Receives a major commission for the Chapel of San José at:1603 text:1603 – His brother emigrates to Toledo and lives in his house from:1603 till:1605 text:1603–1605 – Receives a major commission for a hospital at Illescas from:1606 till:1608 text:1607–1608 – Legal dispute with the authorities of the hospital at:1608 text:1608 – Receives his last major commission at:1614 text:April 7, 1614 – Dies in Toledo TextData = tabs:(25-left) pos:(100,710) fontsize:6 text:" " </timeline>

a. ^{^} Theotokópoulos acquired the name "El Greco" in Italy, where the custom of identifying a man by designating a country or city of origin was a common practice. The curious form of the article (El) may be from the Venetian dialect or more likely from the Spanish, though in Spanish his name would be "El Griego".^[3] The Cretan master was generally known in Italy and Spain as Dominico Greco, and was called only after his death El Greco.^[58]

b. ^{^} According to a contemporary, El Greco acquired his name, not only for his place of origin, but also for the sublimity of his art: "Out of the great esteem he was held in he was called the Greek (il Greco)" (comment of Giulio Cesare Mancini about El Greco in his Chronicles, which were written a few years after El Greco's death).^[108]

c. ^{^} There is an ongoing dispute about El Greco's birthplace. Most researchers and scholars give Candia as his birthplace.^[109] Nonetheless, according to Achileus A. Kyrou, a prominent Greek journalist of the 20th century, El Greco was born in Fodele and the ruins of his family's house are still extant in the place where old Fodele was (the village later changed location because of the raids of the pirates).^[41] Candia's claim to him is based on two documents from a trial in 1606, when the painter was 65. Fodele natives argue that El Greco probably told everyone in Spain he was from Heraklion because it was the closest known city next to tiny Fodele^[110]

d. ^{^} This document comes from the notarial archives of Candia and was published in 1962.^[111] Menegos is the Venetian dialect form of Doménicos, and Sgourafos (σγουράφος=ζωγράφος) is a Greek term for painter.^[58]

e. ^{^} The arguments of these Catholic sources are based on the lack of Orthodox archival baptismal records on Crete and on a relaxed interchange between Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic rites during El Greco's youth.^[112] Based on the assessment that his art reflects the religious spirit of Roman Catholic Spain, and on a reference in his last will and testament, where he described himself as a "devout Catholic", some scholars assume that El Greco was part of the vibrant Catholic Cretan minority or that he converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Roman Catholicism before leaving the island.^[113]

f. ^{^} According to archival research in the late 1990s, El Greco was still in Candia at the age of twenty-six. It was there where his works, created in the spirit of the post-Byzantine painters of the Cretan School, were greatly esteemed. On 26 December 1566 El Greco sought permission from the Venetian authorities to sell a "panel of the Passion of Christ executed on a gold background" ("un quadro della Passione del Nostro Signor Giesu Christo, dorato") in a lottery.^[58] The Byzantine icon by young Doménicos depicting the Passion of Christ, painted on a gold ground, was appraised and sold on 27 December 1566 in Candia for the agreed price of seventy gold ducats (The panel was valued by two artists; one of them was icon-painter Georgios Klontzas. One valuation was eighty ducats and the other seventy), equal in value to a work by Titian or Tintoretto of that period.^[114] Therefore, it seems that El Greco traveled to Venice sometime after 27 December 1566.^[115] In one of his last articles, Wethey reassessed his previous estimations and accepted that El Greco left Crete in 1567.^[105] According to other archival material—drawings El Greco sent to a Cretan cartographer—he was in Venice by 1568.^[114]

g. ^{^} Mancini reports that El Greco said to the Pope that if the whole work was demolished he himself would do it in a decent manner and with seemliness.^[116]

h. ^{^} Toledo must have been one of the largest cities in Europe during this period. In 1571 the population of the city was 62,000.^[29]

i. ^{^} El Greco signed the contract for the decoration of the high altar of the church of the Hospital of Charity on 18 June 1603. He agreed to finish the work by August of the following year. Although such deadlines were seldom met, it was a point of potential conflict. He also agreed to allow the brotherhood to select the appraisers.^[117] The brotherhood took advantage of this act of good faith and did not wish to arrive at a fair settlement.^[118] Finally, El Greco assigned his legal representation to Preboste and a friend of him, Francisco Ximénez Montero, and accepted a payment of 2,093 ducats.^[119]

j. ^{^} Doña Jerónima de Las Cuevas appears to have outlived El Greco, and, although the master acknowledged both her and his son, he never married her. That fact has puzzled researchers, because he mentioned her in various documents, including his last testament. Most analysts assume that El Greco had married unhappily in his youth and therefore could not legalize another attachment.^[3]

k. ^{^} The myth of El Greco's madness came in two versions. On the one hand Gautier believed that El Greco went mad from excessive artistic sensitivity.^[120] On the other hand, the public and the critics would not possess the ideological criteria of Gautier and would retain the image of El Greco as a "mad painter" and, therefore, his "maddest" paintings were not admired but considered to be historical documents proving his "madness".^[72]

l. ^{^} This theory enjoyed surprising popularity during the early years of the twentieth century and was opposed by the German psychologist David Kuntz.^[121] Whether or not El Greco had progressive astigmatism is still open to debate.^[122] Stuart Anstis, Professor at the University of California (Department of Psychology), concludes that "even if El Greco were astigmatic, he would have adapted to it, and his figures, whether drawn from memory or life, would have had normal proportions. His elongations were an artistic expression, not a visual symptom."^[123] According to Professor of Spanish John Armstrong Crow, "astigmatism could never give quality to a canvas, nor talent to a dunce".^[124]

Citations [link]

^ Metropolitan Museum of Art
^ ^a ^b ^c J. Brown, El Greco of Toledo, 75–77
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "Greco, El". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 60
^ ^a ^b M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 40–41
^ M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 7
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 23
^ M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 7
*"Theotocópoulos, Doménicos". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
^ X. Bray, El Greco, 8
* M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 40–41
^ P. Katimertzi, El Greco and Cubism
^ H.E. Wethey, Letters to the Editor, 125–127
^ ^a ^b ^c M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 42
^ A.L. Mayer, Notes on the Early El Greco, 28
^ "Domenico Theotocopuli (El Greco)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
^ M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 19
^ R.G. Mann, Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work, 89
^ M. Acton, Learning to Look at Paintings, 82
^ M. Scholz-Hänsel, El Greco, 20
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 31–32
^ ^a ^b ^c M. Kimmelman, El Greco, Bearer Of Many Gifts
^ ^a ^b M. Scholz-Hänsel, El Greco, 20
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 47–49
^ A. Braham, Two Notes on El Greco and Michelangelo, 307–310
* J. Jones, The Reluctant Disciple
^ L. Boubli, Michelangelo and Spain, 217
^ ^a ^b ^c M. Tazartes, El Greco, 32
^ ^a ^b ^c Brown-Mann, Spanish Paintings, 42
^ "Greco, El". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 36
^ Brown-Kagan, View of Toledo, 19
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 36
^ Trevor-Roper, Hugh; Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517–1633, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976, pp. 62–68
^ ^a ^b M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 43–44
^ M. Irving (2004-02-09). "How to Beat the Spanish Inquisition". The Independent, archived at highbeam.com. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1827701.html. Retrieved 2011-08-2011.
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 45
^ ^a ^b M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 40
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 45
* J. Brown, El Greco and Toledo, 98
^ Trevor-Roper, op cit pp. 63, 66–69
^ J. Pijoan, El Greco—A Spaniard, 12
^ L. Berg, "El Greco in Toledo". kaiku.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20090528102057/http://kaiku.com/greco.html. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ Brown-Mann, Spanish Paintings, 42
* J. Gudiol, Iconography and Chronology, 195
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 49
^ J. Gudiol, El Greco, 252
^ ^a ^b M. Tazartes, El Greco, 61
^ ^a ^b "Theotocópoulos, Doménicos". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
^ M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 81
^ Hispanic Society of America, El Greco, 35–36
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 67
^ Marias-Bustamante, Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco, 80
^ ^a ^b A. E. Landon, Reincarnation Magazine 1925, 330
^ J.A. Lopera, El Greco: From Crete to Toledo, 20–21
^ J. Brown, El Greco and Toledo, 110
* F. Marias, El Greco's Artistic Thought, 183–184
^ J. Brown, El Greco and Toledo, 110
^ N. Penny, At the National Gallery
^ ^a ^b M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco, 57–59
^ J. Brown, El Greco and Toledo, 136
^ Marias-Bustamante, Las Ideas Artísticas de El Greco, 52
^ N. Hadjinikolaou, Inequalities in the work of Theotocópoulos, 89–133
^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art, El Greco
^ R. Byron, Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture, 160–174
* A. Procopiou, El Greco and Cretan Painting, 74
^ M.B Cossío, El Greco, 501–512
^ Robin Cormack (1997),199
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cormack-Vfassilaki. "The Baptism of Christ". Apollo. Archived from the original on 2009-03-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20090315010458/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_522_162/ai_n15950295. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
^ R.M. Helm, The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco, 93–94
* A.L. Mayer, El Greco—An Oriental Artist, 146
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco, the Puzzle, 19
^ Mango-Jeffreys, Towards a Franco—Greek Culture, 305
^ N. Hadjinikolaou, El Greco, 450 Years from his Birth, 92
^ D. Davies, "The Influence of Neo-Platonism on El Greco", 20 etc.
* D. Davies, the Byzantine Legacy in the Art of El Greco, 425–445
^ J.A. Lopera, El Greco: From Crete to Toledo, 18–19
^ W. Griffith, Historic Shrines of Spain, 184
^ E. Harris, A Decorative Scheme by El Greco, 154
^ Lefaivre-Tzonis, The Emergence of Modern Architecture, 165
^ I. Allardyce, Historic Shrines of Spain, 174
^ ^a ^b Lefaivre-Tzonis, The Emergence of Modern Architecture, 164
^ ^a ^b ^c M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 49
^ Brown-Mann, Spanish Paintings, 43
* E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 100–101
^ ^a ^b ^c E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 100–101
^ ^a ^b ^c J. Russel, Seeing The Art Of El Greco As Never Before
^ Talbot Rice, Enjoying Paintings, 164
^ Brown-Mann, Spanish Paintings, 43
* E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 103
^ Talbot Rice, Enjoying Paintings, 165
^ J.J. Sheehan, Museums in the German Art World, 150
^ Julius Meier-Graefe, The Spanish Journey, 458
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 68–69
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 59
* Athens News Agency, Greece buys unique El Greco for 1.2 million dollars
^ E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 113
^ H.E. Wethey, El Greco and his School, II, 55
^ E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 103
^ E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 105–106
^ J. Brown, El Greco of Toledo, 28
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, From El Greco to Cézanne, 15
^ C.B. Horsley, The Shock of the Old
^ R. Johnson, Picasso's Demoiselles d'Avignon, 102–113
* J. Richardson, Picasso's Apocalyptic Whorehouse, 40–47
^ D. de la Souchère, Picasso à Antibes, 15
^ E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 111
* D. de la Souchère, Picasso à Antibes, 15
^ E. Foundoulaki, From El Greco to Cézanne, 111
^ E. Foundoulaki, Reading El Greco through Manet, 40–47
^ Kandinsky-Marc, Blaue Reiter, 75–76
^ J.T. Valliere, The El Greco Influence on Jackson Pollock, 6–9
^ H.A. Harrison, Getting in Touch With That Inner El Greco
^ F. Naqvi-Peters, The Experience of El Greco, 345
^ Rassias-Alaxiou-Bien, Demotic Greek II, 200
* Sanders-Kearney, The Wake of Imagination, 10
^ El Greco, 2007, The Internet Movie Database
^ Film on Life of Painter El Greco Planned. Athens News Agency.
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 25
^ R. Pallucchini, Some Early Works by El Greco, 130–135
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 70
^ E. Arslan, Cronisteria del Greco Madonnero, 213–231
^ D. Alberge, Collector Is Vindicated as Icon is Hailed as El Greco
^ ^a ^b H.E. Wethey, El Greco in Rome, 171–178
^ R.G. Mann, Tradition and Originality in El Greco's Work, 102
^ El Greco Drawings Could Fetch £400,000, The Guardian
^ P. Prevelakis, Theotocópoulos—Biography, 47
^ M. Lambraki-Plaka, El Greco—The Greek, 40–41
* M. Scholz-Hansel, El Greco, 7
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 23
^ J. Kakissis, A Cretan Village that was the Painter's Birthplace
^ K.D. Mertzios, Selections, 29
^ N. Hamerman (2003-04-12). "El Greco Paintings Lead Toward "City of God"". catholicherald.com. http://www.catholicherald.com/stories/bEl-Greco-Paintings-Lead-Toward-City-of-Godb,2888. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
^ S. McGarr, St Francis Receiving The Stigmata,
* J. Romaine, El Greco's Mystical Vision
* J. Sethre, The Souls of Venice, 91
^ ^a ^b M. Constantoudaki, Theotocópoulos from Candia to Venice, 71
^ J. Sethre, The Souls of Venice, 90
^ M. Scholz-Hänsel, El Greco, 92
^ Enggass-Brown, Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750, 205
^ F. de S.R. Fernádez, De la Vida del Greco, 172–184
^ M. Tazartes, El Greco, 56, 61
^ T. Gautier, Voyage en Espagne, 217
^ R.M. Helm, The Neoplatonic Tradition in the Art of El Greco, 93–94
* M. Tazartes, El Greco, 68–69
^ I. Grierson, The Eye Book, 115
^ S. Anstis, Was El Greco Astigmatic, 208
^ J.A. Crow, Spain: The Root and the Flower, 216

References [link]

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External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: El Greco

El Greco – Biography, Style and Artworks
El Greco – The Complete Works at the El Greco Foundation
Tour: El Greco (Spanish, 1541–1614) at the National Gallery of Art
El Greco (c.1541 – 1614) at Olga's Gallery

v t e El Greco (List of works)

Chronology · Technique and style · Posthumous fame

Paintings	The Dormition of the Virgin · The Disrobing of Christ (El Espolio) · The Burial of the Count of Orgaz · View of Toledo · Opening of the Fifth Seal · The Adoration of the Shepherds · Laocoön · Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple (London, Frick, Madrid)

Authority control: LCCN: n81070611 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Theotokópoulos, Doménicos
Alternative names	El Greco; Θεοτοκόπουλος, Δομήνικος (Greek)
Short description	Painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance
Date of birth	1541
Place of birth	Crete, Republic of Venice
Date of death	7 April 1614
Place of death	Toledo, Spain

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