Postcard of the Duluth lynchings of black men on June 15, 1920

Hatred (or hate) is a deep and emotional extreme dislike, directed against a certain object or class of objects. The objects of such hatred can vary widely, from inanimate objects to animals, oneself or other people, entire groups of people, people in general, existence, or the whole world. Though not necessarily, hatred is often associated with feelings of anger and disposition towards hostility against the objects of hatred. Hatred can drive oneself to extreme actions. Actions upon people or oneself after a lingering thought are not uncommon. Hatred can result in extreme behavior including violence, murder, and war.

Philosophical views[link]

Philosophers have offered many influential definitions of hatred. René Descartes viewed hate as an awareness that something is bad combined with an urge to withdraw from it. Baruch Spinoza defined hate as a type of sorrow that is due to an external cause. Aristotle viewed hate as a desire for the annihilation of an object that is incurable by time. ((Hatred is sorrow with the accompanying idea of an external cause. (When something, or someone, gives us sorrow, we feel hatred towards that thing or person.)) David Hume believed that hate is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all.^[1]

Christianity[link]

Though hate is usually considered to be a negative emotion by philosophers, religious philosophers such as Saint Augustine and Thomas Aquinas maintain that it is only healthy to hate sin. Both the Old and the New Testaments quote various forms of hate. David, in his Psalms, thanks God for destroying those that hate him, and thanks Him for hating his enemies.^[2] This is the era of wars and kingdoms; armies destroy enemies, hate is political and military. But it is also domestic: David's sons hate each other, and Absalom, David's favorite, will kill his half-brother after the latter rapes and spurns his sister. And after banishment, Abasalom will hate his father and try to destroy him. In the New Testament, hatred focuses on the soul. Evil is internalised and the focus of hatred becomes that part of the heart, the sinning self. Destruction of sinners is celebrated. But all people are, according to the gospels, sinners, and only have to look inside of themselves in order to find sin. In religious terms, therefore, love and hate are inextricable. Loving good means hating sin and turning from vice. Love, as Aquinas teaches, must be divided into love of good things, the healthy movement of the soul true to itself, and love of inappropriate objects, the desire to have and use what may by bad for the soul.^{[original research?]}

Ethnolinguistics[link]

James W. Underhill, in his Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, (2012) discusses the origin and the metaphoric representations of hate in various languages. He stresses that love and hate are social, and culturally constructed. For this reason, hate is historically situated. Although it is fair to say that one single emotion exists in English, French (haine), and German (Hass), hate varies in the forms in which it is manifested. A certain relationless hatred is expressed in the French expression J'ai la haine, which has no equivalent in English. While for English-speakers, loving and hating invariably involve an object, or a person, and therefore, a relationship with something or someone, J'ai la haine (literally, I have hate) precludes the idea of an emotion directed at a person. This is a form of frustration, apathy and animosity which churns within the subject but establishes no relationship with the world, other than an aimless desire for destruction. Underhill (following Philippe Roger) also considers French forms of anti-americanism as a specific form of cultural resentment. At the same time, he analyses the hatred promoted by Reagan in his rhetoric directed against the "Evil-Empire". And Underhill suggests it is worrying that foreign languages (French, German, Spanish and Czech) are uncritically assimilating forms of hatred exported by neo-conservative discourse which permeate these languages via the translation of political journalism and the rhetoric of the "War-on-Terror" and the promotion of "Security".

Psychoanalytic views[link]

In psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness.^[3] More recently, the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology defines hate as a "deep, enduring, intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object."^[4] Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many psychologists consider it to be more of an attitude or disposition than a temporary emotional state.

Neurological research[link]

The neural correlates of hate have been investigated with an fMRI procedure. In this experiment, people had their brains scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased activity in the middle frontal gyrus, right putamen, bilaterally in the premotor cortex, in the frontal pole, and bilaterally in the medial insular cortex of the human brain.^[5]

Legal issues[link]

A hate crime (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hate. Those who commit hate crimes target victims because of their perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender identity, or political affiliation.^[6] Incidents may involve physical assault, destruction of property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).^[7]

Hate speech is speech perceived to disparage a person or group of people based on their social or ethnic group,^[8] such as race, sex, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, language ability, ideology, social class, occupation, appearance (height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered by some as a liability. The term covers written as well as oral communication and some forms of behaviors in a public setting. It is also sometimes called antilocution and is the first point on Allport's scale which measures prejudice in a society. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a criminal offence prohibited under incitement to hatred legislation. It is often alleged that the criminalization of hate speech is sometimes used to discourage legitimate discussion of negative aspects of voluntary behavior (such as political persuasion, religious adherence and philosophical allegiance). There is also some question as to whether or not hate speech falls under the protection of freedom of speech in some countries.

Both of these classifications have sparked debate, with counter-arguments such as, but not limited to, a difficulty in distinguishing motive and intent for crimes, as well as philosophical debate on the validity of valuing targeted hatred as a greater crime than general misanthropy and contempt for humanity being a potentially equal crime in and of itself.

See also[link]

Look up hatred or hate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Discrimination
• Gossip
• Misanthropy
• Revenge
• The Hatred of Leith Dawes
• Self-loathing
• Two Minutes Hate

References[link]

1. ^ Royzman, E. B., Drake , C. & [Michael Jackson], P. (2005). From Plato to Putnam: Four ways to think about hate. In The Psychology of Hate by Sternberg, R.
2. ^ Underhill 2012
3. ^ Freud, S. (1915). The instincts and their vicissitudes.
4. ^ Reber, A.S., & Reber, E. (2002). The Penguin dictionary of psychology. New York: Penguin Books.
5. ^ Zeki, S.; Romaya, J.P. (October 2008). Lauwereyns, Jan. ed. "Neural Correlates of Hate". PLoS ONE 3 (10): e3556. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003556. PMC 2569212. PMID 18958169. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003556;jsessionid=0C68BB34FD6B6212E02B082F9B250990. 
6. ^ Stotzer, R.: Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups, Williams Institute, 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
7. ^ Hate crime, Home Office
8. ^ Dictionary.com: Hate speech

Leith Dawes

Further reading[link]

• The Psychology of Hate by Robert Sternberg (Ed.)
• Hatred: The Psychological Descent into Violence by Willard Gaylin
• Why We Hate by Jack Levin
• The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others by Ervin Staub
• Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence by Aaron T. Beck
• Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing by James Waller
• Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, by James W. Underhill, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

v t e Emotions (list) Emotions Adoration Affection Agony Awe Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Arousal Attraction Caring Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Dejection Depression Desire Despair Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Neglect Optimism Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Sentimentality Shame Shock Sorrow Spite Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Thrill Revenge Wonder Worry Diligence Zest Worldviews Compatibilism Existentialism Fatalism Incompatibilism Metaphysics Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Social justice Weltschmerz Source: Parrott, W. (2001), Emotions in Social Psychology, Psychology Press, Philadelphia.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Its citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. Tagged since August 2011. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since August 2011. It needs to be updated. Tagged since August 2011.

Akbaruddin Owaisi
Member of the AP Legislative Assembly
Incumbent
Assumed office 1999
Preceded by	Amanullah Khan
Constituency	Chandrayan Gutta Hyderabad
Personal details
Born	(1971-06-14) June 14, 1971 (age 41) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Political party	All India Majlis-e Ittihad al-Muslimin
Children	2
Residence	Hyderabad
Religion	Sunni Islam
As of September 16, 2006

Akbaruddin Owaisi (born 14 June 1971) is an Indian politician and a MLA.^[1] He belongs to All India Majlis-e Ittihad al-Muslimin and is its floor leader in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

Early life[link]

Akbaruddin Owaisi was born in Hyderabad to Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi on 14 June 1971. His elder brother is Asaduddin Owaisi, Member of Parliament representing Hyderabad constituency. Akbaruddin Owaisi discontinued his MBBS study midway to help his father, Late Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi retain the Chandrayangutta assembly constituency by winning the elections in 1999. Akbaruddin was first elected to the state Assembly in 1999 and served as a deputy to his elder brother Asaduddin Owaisi, who was leading the MIM in the House. In 2004, Akbaruddin became the floor leader of MIM in the Assembly upon Asaduddin’s election to Lok Sabha from Hyderabad. He was relected in 2009 and now leads the seven-member MIM in the House. Akbaruddin has been very vocal about the land mafia grabbing Wakf properties in the assembly Akbaruddin survived an attempt on his life in april 2011 when a 12 member team of land mafia attacked him ,he was shot thrice and recived multiple stabs but managed to survive ,the whole episode was recorded on camera and made Akbaruddin a survival hero. Akbaruddin owaisi is also the managing director of Owaisi hospital which was setup by his late father Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi for the welfare of the poor .

References[link]

Shaun Proulx (born August 1, 1968 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian media entrepreneur, performer, humorist, and radio and television personality. Presenter of his own show, The Shaun Proulx Show on OUTtv, he also regularly contributes to The Globe and Mail and to Toronto's LGBT newspaper Xtra!. Previously he was the afternoon radio host on 103.9 PROUD FM (CIRR-FM).

DecAIDS – Anything Is Possible, a documentary he produced won "Best Social Documentary" at WorldFest in 2007, "Best Full Length Feature" at the New York AIDS Film Festival in 2007 and was an official selection of the Hollywood Festival the same year.

Gay Guide Toronto[link]

Proulx is the publisher of Gay Guide Toronto, Toronto's original gay web portal.

[edit] The Shaun Proulx Show

This section requires expansion with: content, year established.

The Shaun Proulx Show
220px
Genre	Reality television
Starring	Shaun Proulx
Country of origin	Canada
Language(s)	English
Production
Location(s)	Toronto, Canada
Running time	60 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel	OUTtv
External links
Website

Shawn Proulx has his own one-hour television talk show The Shaun Proulx Show on OUTtv, a Canadian gay television station.

Personal life[link]

Proulx is openly gay. He is in a relationship with Patrick Marano, his former CIRR-FM colleague.,^[1] Marano is also known with his stage name Eddie Stone, a gay porn star.

Filmography[link]

• 2001: Die Mutter - Actor
• 2001: Three Shades of Black - Actor
• 2007: DecAIDS – Anything Is Possible - Creative Producer and Story Editor

Theater[link]

• 2000: The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told - lead actor – Buddies in Bad Times
• 2001: Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love - Actor – Workman Theatre

Bibliography[link]

• 2003: Quickies 3 – Short Stories on Gay Male Desire. Vancouver, Arsenal Pulp Press ISBN 1-55152-144-X

References[link]

External links[link]

• Shaun Proulx Official website
• The Shaun Proulx Show page on OUTtv website
• Gay Guide Toronto - Gay web portal published by Shaun Proulx

This Canadian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Byron Kathleen Mitchell
(Byron Katie: 2006)
Born	Byron Kathleen Reid
Nationality	American
Other names	Byron Katie
Occupation	Author, speaker
Known for	"The Work (of Byron Katie)" A method for self-inquiry

Byron Kathleen Mitchell (née Reid), better known as Byron Katie (born December 6, 1942^[1]), is an American speaker and author who teaches a method of self-inquiry known as "The Work of Byron Katie" or simply as "The Work". (Her method is distinct from "The Work" of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky.)

Biography[link]

Byron Kathleen Reid lived in a halfway house for women with eating disorders in February 1986^[2] and while living there claims to have experienced a life-changing realization. She claims that people started seeking her out and asking for advice.^[3] She is married to the writer and translator Stephen Mitchell. Katie calls her method of self-inquiry "The Work". She describes it as an embodiment of wordless questioning and has taught her method to people at free public events, in prisons, hospitals, churches, corporations, shelters for survivors of domestic violence, universities and schools, at weekend intensives, and at her nine-day "School for The Work".

Method[link]

Katie's method asks four questions intended to lead people toward finding their own truth and full acceptance of their own situation. The questions asked of an issue are: 1) Is it true?, 2) Can you absolutely know that it's true?, 3) How do you react when you believe that thought?, and 4) Who would you be without the thought? The follow-up step to these four questions is to "turn it around" and examine the opposite thought for underlying truth that has manifested as denial of the original thought.

Bibliography[link]

• Loving What Is: Four Questions That Can Change Your Life, with Stephen Mitchell, Harmony Books, 2002, ISBN 0-609-60874-6 (HC)
• I Need Your Love - Is That True? How to Stop Seeking Love, Appreciation, and Approval and Start Finding Them Instead, with Michael Katz, Harmony Books, 2005, ISBN 1-4000-5107-X (HC)
• A Thousand Names for Joy: Living in Harmony with the Way Things Are, with Stephen Mitchell, Harmony Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33923-2 (HC)
• Question Your Thinking, Change the World: Quotations from Byron Katie, edited by Stephen Mitchell, Hay House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4019-1730-2 (PB)
• Who Would You Be Without Your Story?: Dialogues with Byron Katie, edited by Carol Williams, Hay House, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4019-2179-8 (PB)
• Tiger-Tiger, Is It True?, illustrated by Hans Wilhelm, Hay House, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4019-2560-4 (HC)
• Peace in the Present Moment, with Eckhart Tolle, Hampton Roads Pub Co Inc 2010, Newburyport, MA 2010, ISBN 978-1-57174-643-6

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Byron Katie

• Official website for The Work of Byron Katie
• Official blog for The Work of Byron Katie
• Excerpts from Loving What Is
• LA Magazine Jane Lynch and Byron Katie Do "The Work"
• Byron Katie with Oprah
• Time Magazine 12/11/2000 : Innovators - Byron Katie. Four Questions to Inner Peace "TIME predicts the most innovative people of the 21st Century."
• The Noumenon Journal, Summer 2000/2001: An Interview with Byron Katie
• The best mp3 repository of "The Work of Byron Katie"