French sabre of the sailors of the Guard, First Empire.

The sabre or saber (see spelling differences) is a kind of backsword that usually has a curved, single-edged blade and a rather large hand guard, covering the knuckles of the hand as well as the thumb and forefinger. Although sabres are typically thought of as curved-bladed slashing weapons, those used by the world's heavy cavalry often had straight and even double-edged blades more suitable for thrusting. The length of sabres varied, and most were carried in a scabbard hanging from a shoulder belt known as a baldric or from a waist-mounted sword belt. Exceptions not intended for personal carry include the Patton saber adopted by the United States Army in 1913 and always mounted to the cavalryman's saddle.

Etymology[link]

The English word sabre derives from the French sabre which is akin to the Hungarian szablya, Polish szabla, and Russian сабля (sablya). Owing to contamination with Hungarian verb szab, which means "to cut", the term is believed to originate from the Kipchak Turkic selebe^[1].

Origins of the weapon[link]

Medieval (12th century) Eastern European szabla blade.

Sabre-like curved backswords have been in use in Europe since the medieval period (falchion), or indeed since antiquity (makhaira), but the introduction of the sabre proper in Western Europe, along with the term sabre itself, dates to the 17th century, via influence of the Eastern European szabla type. The weapon gains widespread use in the early 19th century, inspired by the Mameluke sword, a type of Middle Eastern scimitar.

The original type of Szabla or Polish sabre was used as a cavalry weapon, probably inspired by Hungarian or wider Turco-Mongol warfare. The Karabela was a type of szabla popular in the late 17th century, worn by the Polish, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian nobility class, the Szlachta. While designed as a cavalry weapon, it also came to replace various types straight-bladed swords used by infantry.^[2] The Swiss sabre originates as a regular sword with a single-edged blade in the early 16th century, but by the 17th century begins to exhibit specialized hilt types.

Use[link]

The briquet, typical infantry sabre of the Napoleonic Wars.

French Navy sabre of the 19th Century, "boarding sabre".

The sabre saw extensive military use in the early 19th century, particularly in the Napoleonic Wars, during which Napoleon used heavy cavalry charges to great effect against his enemies. Shorter versions of the sabre were also used as sidearms by dismounted units, although these were gradually replaced by fascine knives and sword bayonets as the century went on. The sabre faded as a weapon by mid-century, as longer-range rifles made cavalry charges obsolete, even suicidal. In the American Civil War, the sabre was used infrequently as a weapon, but saw notable deployment in the Battle of Brandy Station and at East Cavalry Field at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Many cavalrymen—particularly on the Confederate side—eventually abandoned the long, heavy weapons in favour of revolvers and carbines. Although there was extensive debate over the effectiveness of weapons such as the sabre and lance, the sabre remained the standard weapon of cavalry for mounted action in most armies until World War I (1914–18). Thereafter it was gradually relegated to the status of a ceremonial weapon, and most horse cavalry was replaced by armoured cavalry from 1930 on. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (16–18th century) a specific type of sabre-like melee weapon, the szabla, was used. The Don Cossacks used the shashka, which also saw military and police use in the Russian Empire and early Soviet Union.

Adoption by Western Armed Forces[link]

A British Hussar general with a scabbarded kilij of Turkish manufacture (1812)

Europeans rekindled their interest in sabres due to their confrontations with the Mamelukes in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The Mamluks were originally of Turkish descent, the Egyptians bore Turkish sabres for hundreds of years. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French conquest of Egypt brought these beautiful and functional swords to the attention of the Europeans. This type of sabre became very popular for light cavalry officers, in both France and Britain, and became a fashionable weapon for senior officers to wear.

The elegant but effective 1803 pattern sword that the British Government authorized for use by infantry officers during the wars against Napoleon featured a curved sabre blade which was often blued and engraved by the owner in accordance with his personal taste.

In 1831, the "Mamaluke" sword became a regulation pattern for British general officers (and is still in use today). The American victory over the rebellious forces in the citadel of Tripoli in 1805 during the First Barbary War, led to the presentation of bejewelled examples of these swords to the senior officers of the US Marines. Officers of the US Marine Corps still use a mameluke pattern dress sword. Although some genuine Turkish kilij sabres were used by Westerners, most "mameluke sabres" were manufactured in Europe; their hilts were very similar in form to the Ottoman prototype, however, their blades, even when an expanded yelman was incorporated, tended to be longer, narrower and less curved than those of the true kilij.

During the 19th and in the early 20th century, sabres were also used by both mounted and dismounted personnel in some European police forces. When the sabre was used by mounted police against crowds, the results could be appalling, as in a key scene in Doctor Zhivago. The sabre was later phased out in favour of the baton (or night stick) for both practical and humanitarian reasons. The Gendarmerie of Belgium used them until at least 1950.^[3]

In the United States, swords with sabre blades are worn by Army, Navy, and Coast Guard officers. Marine officers and non-commissioned officers also wear such swords. They are not intended for use as weapons, however, and now serve primarily in ornamental or ceremonial functions. One ceremonial function a sabre serves is the Sabre Arch, performed for servicemen or women getting married.

Modern sport fencing[link]

The sabre is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a very fast-paced weapon, with bouts characterized by quick footwork and cutting with the side of the blade. Sabre is often claimed to be modelled after the weapon that cavalry used when fighting upon horseback (the allowed target area is only from the waist up, the region a mounted man could reach on a foe on the ground), although, more reasonably, most scholars believe the sabre was modelled after the lighter Italian style duelling sabre.

Sabre is a right-of-way weapon, which means that the fencer must take certain actions to get the right to score a point. Because sabre is such a fast weapon, the window of time each fencer is allowed to get their light on during electric fencing (to score a simultaneous hit after being hit by an opponent) is very, very small. In 2005, the FIE changed the timing from 300-350 milliseconds down to approximately 120 milliseconds. What this means is that if Fencer A hits Fencer B, Fencer B has only 120 milliseconds to hit Fencer A before the scoring machine will not allow any new lights to come on.

In appearance the modern fencing sabre bears little resemblance to the traditional weapons on which it is modelled. Rather than a wide, flat, curved, single-edged blade, sports sabres have a thin, straight blade 88 cm long, with a V, Y or square cross-section.

Colorguard[link]

In a marching band or a drum & bugle corps, the colorguard is a non-musical section that provides additional visual aspects to the performance. The marching band and colorguard performance generally takes place on a football field while the colorguard interprets the music that the marching band or drum & bugle corps is playing via the synchronized spinning of flags, sabres, rifles, or through dance. In the Winter colorguards, or Winter guard perform indoors on gymnasium floors and usually performs to interpret recorded music.

Unlike in traditional, military colorguards, the sabre, and rifle are used as apparatus for spinning, tossing and as an extension to interpretative movement. The sabre is considered one of the more advanced of the equipment used by the guard members.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sabres

Look up sabre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre
• Pattern 1908 and 1912 cavalry swords
• Sabrage, the act of opening a Champagne bottle with a sabre
• Buffalo Sabres, takes their name from the sword
• Cutlass
• Dao or tao, the Chinese equivalent
• Scimitar, the Arab equivalent
• Shamshir, the Persian equivalent
• Szabla, the Eastern European equivalent
• Talwar, the Indian equivalent
• Zulfiqar

References[link]

1. ^ Marek Stachowski (2004). "The origin of the European word for sabre". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia (Krakow) 9. http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/CAGDAS%20TURK%20LEHCELERI/2004%20Sabre,%20SEC-9.pdf. 
2. ^ Alaux, Michel. Modern Fencing: Foil, Epee, and Sabre. Scribner's, 1975, p. 123.
3. ^ BELGIUM SAYS 'NO' TO LEOPOLD (Newsreel). Pathé News. 3 August 1950. http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=34175. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sabres

Look up sabre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The use of the saber

Maverick Sabre (born Michael Stafford; 12 July 1990 in Hackney, London)^[1] is an Irish-English singer-songwriter and rapper.^[2] Associated with genres such as R&B and folk, Sabre is known for his eerie vocals and guitar playing. In January 2011, Sabre appeared on Professor Green's single "Jungle", which peaked at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart.^[3] His debut EP, The Lost Words was released on 7 March 2011, with the single "Look What I've Done" preceding that release the week before.^[4]

Career[link]

Early history[link]

Maverick Sabre was born in Hackney, London.^[2] At the age of four Sabre moved to Ireland, where he grew up in New Ross, County Wexford, but later - following the suggestion of UK singer/rapper Plan B - returned to London to pursue a musical career.^[2][5][6]

2010: Breakthrough[link]

His career began in 2008 when he appeared on the album Sense The Terror by Irish rappers Terawrizt and Nu-Centz. Sabre appeared on two tracks: "Lucky" and "Used To Blame".^[7] He also featured on rappers Johnnyboy and Intox's 'Propaganda EP' and released his own tracks such as "Lonely Side Of Life" and "Fade Away". Sabre furthered his career in 2009 when he featured on Jermicide & Danny Digg's album Middle Class, collaborating on three tracks: "Afraid", "Where We Go" and "Still With Me".^[8] Maverick Sabre also performed on SB.TV with the song "They Found Him A Gun"^[9] and featured in BBC 1Xtra 'Jail Tales' programme, performing "These Walls".^[10] Sabre then returned to working with his earlier cohorts, featuring on Terawrizt's album Written in Stone and Terawrizt & Nu-Centz' album Sense The Terror 2, appearing on tracks such as "Life Fly By". On 25 November 2010, Sabre released his debut mixtape, The Travelling Man, in the United Kingdom. The release was a free digital download and featured the track "Sometimes" along with a promotional video to accompany the song. On 6 January 2011, "Sometimes" was released as a promotional single without rapper Wretch 32. Sabre guested on drum and bass duo Chase & Status's second studio album No More Idols, on "Fire In Your Eyes". He also features on "Sleepless", a song regularly performed live by Chase & Status, however no studio version has been released to date. Sabre featured on Professor Green’s fourth single "Jungle", released on 1 January 2010, which was featured on the album Alive Till I'm Dead.^[11] The single debuted at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at 31 the following week.^[3] On 28 February 2011, Maverick released his debut single "Look What I Done", taken from the extended play The Lost Words, released on 7 March 2011.^[4] On 19 April 2011, Sabre performed with a live band on BBC Two's Later… with Jools Holland.^[12] After his performance of Oasis's "Wonderwall" on Chris Moyles' BBC Radio 1 Comic Relief show, Maverick's extended play The Lost Words reached number 2 in the iTunes Store Top Ten Songs chart. In 2011, he also appeared on The Script's Science & Faith Tour supporting the Irish band, and performed his song "Let Me Go", which entered the UK Singles Chart at number 16 in August 2011.

[edit] 2011-present: Lonely Are the Brave

On 25 July 2011, Maverick Sabre's first single "Let Me Go" was released and entered the UK chart at number 16. He released his debut album, Lonely Are The Brave, on 6 February 2012.^[13] He then released singles "I Need", "What Have I Done To You" and "No One" Maverick Sabre also featured on a remix of his song 'I Need' with rappers Chipmunk and Benny Banks. He then featured on the track 'We'll Never Know' alongside rappers Akala and Logic. On Sunday 29th January 2012, he appeared on the Sunday Night Sessions segment of The Late Show with Joanne Good on BBC London 94.9^[14].

Discography[link]

• Lonely Are the Brave (2012)

References[link]

Frank Carter (1881–1927) was a notorious sniper murderer in Omaha, Nebraska. Tried for two murders, Carter claimed to have murdered forty-three victims. He was known as the Omaha Sniper, Phantom Sniper, and the Sniper Bandit.

Crimes[link]

Carter was born in County Mayo, Ireland as Patrick Murphy. At the beginning of February 1926 a mechanic was murdered with a .22 caliber pistol with a silencer attached. Soon after a doctor was murdered, and then a railroad detective was shot six times in neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa.^[1] On February 15 Omaha's newspapers recommended the city blackout all lights after an expose on previous murders showed the victims were standing in their windows at home when they were shot.^[2] During daylight hours, the sniper shot another in the face and fired through more than a dozen lighted windows. Businesses in Omaha came to a standstill, streets emptied and the city's entertainment venues emptied for more than a week.^[3] Other crimes included shooting indiscriminately into a Downtown Omaha drug store.^[4][5]

More than two weeks after his first murder Carter was captured in Iowa, 30 miles south of Council Bluffs at Bartlett in Fremont County, Iowa. After readily admitting his crimes,^[6] he was convicted on two charges of murder, one for killing mechanic William McDevitt and the other for killing Dr. A.D. Searles.^[7] After his conviction Carter admitted to being a parole breaker. He was released from the Iowa State Penitentiary in 1925 after serving time for killing cattle.^[8]

After a month-long trial where Carter's lawyers plead insanity,^[9] Carter was found guilty. He was executed by electrocution on June 24, 1927 at the Nebraska State Penitentiary in Lincoln, Nebraska. Carter was quoted as saying, "Let the juice flow" just before he died.

See also[link]

• Crime in Omaha
• History of Omaha

References[link]

Alix Perez is the stage name of Alix Depauw, a drum and bass DJ and producer originally from Charleroi, Belgium. Currently based in North London, his music is sometimes characterised as liquid funk amongst other labels, and released on labels such as Liquid V, Bassbin, Creative Source, Horizons, Progress, Brigand, Shogun Audio, Fokuz and Soul:R.

Biography[link]

Starting to DJ at the age of 14 and producing at 17, he has collaborated with other artists such as Jenna G, Redeyes, Sabre and Specific, and his inspirations include artists such as Calibre, Marcus Intalex, Ill logic and Raf, Artificial Intelligence and D Bridge.

Now represented by Coda, he regularly plays out in London and around Europe. He describes his DJ style as, "eclectic. I play generally deep but dip into various aspects of drum & bass. I like to read the crowd and let the music breathe. I find mixing in the right musical keys essential. I basically see it as a journey."

Alix Perez's tunes are played regularly on radio shows such as BBC 1Xtra and he has been doing many mixes for radio and podcast. He receives support from respected DJs and producers such as Bailey, Fabio and Bryan Gee. On one of his BBC shows, Fabio called the song "Forsaken" by Perez, the best drum and bass track of 2010.

Alix has been featured in popular drum and bass magazines and has recently been on the cover of ATM Magazine in a feature on the "Leaders of the Nu Skool" in the drum and bass genre. He has had coverage in Knowledge Magazine, London-based dance music magazine One Week To Live, and regularly has his releases reviewed by DJ, Mixmag, Knowledge and ATM.

In 2009 he released the album 1984 on drum and bass label Shogun Audio and has been met with positive response. Perez's album includes the track "Calm of Cast" which features young London hip-hop artist Yungun.

Alix also produces other veins of electronic music under the alias ARP 101. ^[1]

Discography[link]

• Triple Soul - Dub Focus - Touchin Down production 003 (2005)
• Alix Perez + Physics - Sound For The Masses - Fokuz 19 (2005)
• Alix Perez + FX909 - Get It On - Strictly Digital (2005)
• Triple Soul - Jazz Lick - Liquid V Club Sessions Vol 1 (2005)
• Alix Perez- Sorrow - Shogun Audio (2006)
• Alix Perez- All Alone - Spearhead Records (2006)
• Alix Perez- Calypso - Horizons Music (2006)
• Alix Perez feat. MC Fats - Down The Line - Shogun Audio (2006)
• Alix Perez + Sabre - Recession - Progress (2006)
• Alix Perez - Dubrock - Horizons Music 007 (2006)
• Alix Perez + Specific - Love Bug - Horizons Music 007 (2006)
• Alix Perez + Specific - Drive By - Progress (2006)
• Alix Perez - Leave The Dread - Progress (2006)
• Alix Perez + Specific - Just Memories - Horizons Music 012 (2006)
• Alix Perez - Under My Skin - Horizons Music 012 (2006)
• Alix Perez - Illusions - Lucky Devil Music (2006)
• Alix Perez - Magnolias - Bassbin (2006)
• Alix Perez - Backlash - Bassbin (2006)
• Alix Perez + Specific - Side to Side - Brigand (2006)
• Alix Perez + Sabre - Solitary Native - Shogun Ltd (2007)
• Alix Perez + Redeyes - Watching You - Prestige Music (2007)
• Alix Perez + Redeyes - Clone 1001 - Bingo Beats (2007)
• Alix Perez + Youthman - Promise Land - Step Express Recordings (2007)
• Alix Perez - Morning Sun - Creative Source (2007)
• Alix Perez - 1984 (2007)
• Alix Perez - Playing Tricks - Creative Source (2007)
• Alix Perez - Allegiance EP - Soul:r (2008)
• Alix Perez + Icicle + Switch - This Is How / Lovechat - SGN:LTD (2008)
• Alix Perez + Sabre - Everglade / God Fearing - Metalheadz (2009)
• Alix Perez - I’m Free / Melanie - Shogun Audio (2009)
• Alix Perez + Survival - Storm Chaser - Audio Tactics (2009)
• Alix Perez + Noisia + Stray + Joe Seven - Invisible 002 EP - Invisible Recordings (2010)
• Alix Perez + Foreign Beggars + Noisia - Dark Days EP (2010) - Shogun Audio

References[link]

http://www.factmag.com/2012/03/01/arp-101-mystery-man/

External links[link]

• Alix Perez on Myspace
• The End Interview
• Alix Perez's discography
• Short interview on Drum & Bass Arena about one of his biggest tunes to date

For the politician, see Daniel Paillé.

Daniel Paille (born April 15, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 20th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.

Early life[link]

Paille was raised in Welland, Ontario. He went to Saint François Elementary School and École Secondaire Confédération.^{[citation needed]}. Paille played his minor hockey with his hometown Welland Tigers of the OMHA's South Central AAA league. His teammates growing up in Welland included several future NHL'ers including Nathan Horton, Daniel Girardi and Andre Deveaux. He admired Steve Yzerman when he was growing up.

Playing career[link]

Paille played junior hockey for the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Guelph Storm. He was also the member of Team Canada for the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships and the Team Canada captain for the 2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning silver medals in both tournaments.

Paille scored his first NHL goal on January 14, 2006, against the Los Angeles Kings. In the summer of 2007, Paille signed a one-year, $535,000 one-way contract to remain in Buffalo, then re-signed with Sabres for two years, which was announced on July 16, 2008, for $2.2 million: $900,000 in the first year, and in the second, $1,300,000.

Paille was traded to the Boston Bruins on October 20, 2009 for a third-round and a conditional fourth-round draft selection. Paille's move to Boston marked the first ever trade of a player under contract between the two division rivals in their common 39 years in the NHL.^[1]

Paille won the Stanley Cup along with the rest of the Boston Bruins on June 15, 2011 against the Vancouver Canucks in a 4-0 game. He was a major contributor on the penalty kill, as he and linemate Gregory Campbell played a huge role in keeping the high-powered Vancouver powerplay to only 2 goals in the seven game series.

After completing his third season with Boston in 2011–12, Paille was re-signed by the Bruins to a three-year contract on June 1, 2012.^[2]

Career statistics[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Daniel Paille's NHL player profile
• Daniel Paille's career stats at The Internet Hockey Database