Kottayam

Friday, 25 January 2013

Naked Man rides bike in Kottayam town Kerala

Girl In The Bus - 22 Female Kottayam Promo Trailer

Very best of Kumarakom - I, Kottayam, Kerala

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 1/3

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 2/3

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Adimali
Adimali (Malayalam: അടിമാലി) is a town in Idukki district of Kerala state, India. Adimali is located on the National Highway 49 connecting Kochi and Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Munnar, a famous hill station is about 30 km northeast of Adimali. The Cheeyappara and Valara waterfalls are located nearby. Pepper cultivation is the main agricultural activity of this place.Ponmudi Dam which is constructed across the Panniar river is about 15 km to the southeast of Adimali, on the way to Rajakkad. The dam built in 1963, has a length of 294 m. It is the fast developing Hill Town in Kerala because its attractive location and natural beauty. Kallar i s a beautiful place located just 14 km from Adimaly,kallar river is located here. It has almost all the basic facilitis, like well connected Roads, Educational Institutions and Hospitals.
The former name of Adimali area was Mannamkandam, as the name indicates it was the land of tribes called Mannan, other tribal group called Muthuvan is also living in Adimali area. Before 1980,the main cultivation was paddy and rice was the main production besides pepper and cardamom. Now almost 90 percent of paddy fields have had transformed into residential land,rubber plantations or banana fields.^{[citation needed]}

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Adoor
Adoor is a town and a municipality in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India, spread over an area of 20.42 km². The town is located midway between Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam. It is among one of the three municipalities in Pathanamthitta district.
It is believed that the name Adoor is derived from "attipperu avakaasam ulla ooru". Vanjipuzha Chief (Land Lord from Chengannur) got the "attipperu avakasam" (full ownership without tax) from the Maharaja of Travancore.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Adoor had a population of 28,943. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Adoor has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 49% of the males and 51% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The main attraction in Adoor is the Krishna Sree Parthasarathy Temple. The temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna, known here by the name of Parthasarathy. It is one of the oldest Krishna temples in Kerala. Gajamela, the elephant pageant on the concluding day of annual festival at the temple, is the main highlight of the 10-day festival celebrations. Trichenda Mangalam Mahadeva Temple Peringanad, Mahavishnu Temple Elamannoor, Sreedharma Sastha Temple Chennampallil, Punthalaveettil Devi Temple Pazhakulam, Sreenarayanapuram Temple Manakala, Kuttiyil Sree Rajarajeswari Temple, Choorakode, Vellaramkunnu Bhagavathi Temple, Vellakkulangara, Sree Bhuvaneswari Subrahmania Swami Temple, Kalathattu are some of the other important temples. There is only one Amman Kovil is located at Kottamukal.

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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ pronunciation (help·info)), also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.This town is considered to be the oldest planned town in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the town is the first of its kind along the Arabian coast(refer encyclopedia of Kerala in Malayalam language). As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated 62 kilometres (39 mi) to the south of Kochi and 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of Trivandrum. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon . It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely spoken in the town.^{[citation needed]}
Alleppey is an important tourist destination in India.Backwaters of Alleppey are world famous and is the most popular tourist attraction in Kerala. A houseboat cruise in these backwaters is a delightful experience. It connects Kumarakom and Cochin towards north and Quilon to the South. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, held on the second Saturday of August every year, is the most competitive and popular of the boat races in India. The mullackal chirap is also one of the attractions of Allapuzha which is the festive season held ten colorfull days every year in the month of December.

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Alappuzha district
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. It was formed as Alleppey District on August 17, 1957. The name of the district was officially changed to Alappuzha in 1990. The district is a widely known tourist destination, and is well known for its coir factories. Most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around Alappuzha. The district is also known for its communist traditions. It is home to the Punnapra Vayalar strikes against the British and also the revolt against feudal raj. Alappuzha is strongly connected by waterways to various other parts of Kerala, including the famous tourist destination, Kumarakom.
Alleppey has a wonderful past. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Rajakesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classified Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in B.C and in the Middle Ages.

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Aluva
Aluva (Malayalam: ആലുവ, formerly Alwaye), is a suburb of Kochi in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. Located on the River Periyar, Aluva is the industrial epicentre of the state. A major transportation hub, with easy access to all major forms of transportation, Aluva acts as corridor which links the highland districts to the rest of the state. The proximity of the Naval Armament Depot - one of the six in the country - situated in the outskirts of the town makes Aluva a strategically important town.
Aluva, home to the summer residency of the Travancore royal family - the Alwaye Palace - is also famous for the Sivarathri festival celebrated annually at the sandbanks of Periyar. The Advaita Ashrams in Aluva founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru, one of India's greatest social reformers adds to the cultural significance of the town. Today, whilst part of the Kochi urban agglomeration, Aluva is an autonomous municipality, its civic administration conducted by Aluva Municipal Council. The town also serves as the administrative centre of the Aluva taluk.

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Ambalappuzha
Ambalappuzha is a small town in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. The town is famous for its Sri Krishna temple. The Ambalappuzha temple is one of the three important Sri Krishna temples in the state of Kerala.
Ambalapuzha is divided into 2 panchayats: Ambalapuzha North and Ambalapuzha South.
The Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple is believed to have been built in the year 790 M.E by the local ruler Chembakasserry Pooradam Thirunal-Devanarayanan Thampuran.
This temple is directly associated to the Guruvayoor Sri Krishna Temple. During the raids Tipu Sultan in 1789, the idol of Sri Krishna from the Guruvayoor Temple(guruvayoor appan) was brought to the Ambalappuzha Temple for safe keeping.
The payasam served in the Ambalappuzha Temple is famous among Hindu devotees. This sweet pudding made of rice and milk has an interesting mythological legend behind it.It is very famous
An idol of Sri Krishna, The Lord Parthasarathy idol was installed in the temple.
The Aarattu festival commences with the flag hoisting ceremony on the Atham star in Meenam (March–April). The important Aarattu festival takes place on the Thiruvonam day of the same month. The aarattu ezhunnullathu starts from Erattakulangara Mahadeva Temple(The famous temple amongst one of the siva temples, facing to west)

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Angamaly
Angamaly (Malayalam: അങ്കമാലി, Aṅkamāli) is a satellite town of the city of Kochi, situated 34 kilometres (21 mi) north of the city center and a municipality in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. It is one of the entry points or gateways to Ernakulam district from northern Kerala. The Main Central road terminates in Angamaly where it also intersects the National Highway 47.
As of the 2001 India census, Angamaly had a population of 33,424. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Angamaly has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Angamaly is distinguished by a number of churches of different rites and was the leading ecclesiastical centre in early modern times (later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) .
Angamaly assembly constituency is part of Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency).

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Aranmula
Aranmula (Malayalam: ആറന്മുള) is a village in the state of Kerala, India. At a distance of about 128 km from Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, it is situated on the banks of the river Pampa. Traditions, culture, traditional village life, sceneries are unique for Aranmula. It is a suburb of Kozhencherry in Pathanamthitta District. Nearby important towns are Pathanamthitta (10 km), Pandalam (14 km) Chengannur (10 km). The nearest railway station is at Chengannur and airports are at Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. It is the venue of the annual snake boat race on the Pampa river. Aranmula is also famous for its metal mirrors, known as Aranmula kannadi. The palace at aranmula ( Aranmula kottaram) has a history of 200 years.
Aranmula is located at 9°20′N 76°41′E / 9.33°N 76.68°E / 9.33; 76.68. It has an average elevation of 7 m (23 ft).
Aranmula Pardhasaradhi Temple is a famous old major temple in Kerala. Main idol is Krishna, who is the leader of Arjuna in Kurukshetra War. It is believed that this temple was built near Sabarimalai near Nilackal. There is a flight of 18 steps that lead to the Eastern Tower while 57 descending steps from the Northern tower reaches the Pampa River. The temple here has fine murals from the 18th century.

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Aroor
Aroor is a census town in Alappuzha district is a suburb of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. It is a Sea food related industrial area south of Kochi. Though considered a part of Kochi for all practical purposes, Aroor technically belongs to the Alappuzha district. Aroor is a two way entrance to the Cochin city.
Aroor is located at 9°52′41″N 76°18′14″E / 9.87806°N 76.30389°E / 9.87806; 76.30389.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Aroor had a population of 35,281. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Its average literacy rate of 84% is higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 51% of the males and 49% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The name Aroor traces it origins to the phrase "Arayarude Oor", which means the place of fishermen. It later shortened as Arayaroor and subsequently to the present version.
Aroor, which bordered the former Travancore and Cochin states has a colourful history. In the pre-independence days, the coastal tip was known for its adventurous youngsters who would try to get goods past the vigilant customs (one state to another). Much later, in independent India, Aroor is famous for having elected K.R.Gowri Amma, the indomitable lady politician of Kerala for a record 8 times, to the Kerala Legislative Assembly.

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Attingal
Attingal is a municipality in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, India. It is a suburb of the extended metropolitan region of Thiruvananthapuram city. It is situated 30 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram.
According to the 2001 census, Attingal has a population of 35,648. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Attingal has an average literacy rate of 95%, with 98% of males and 92% of females literate. 11% of the population is under the age of 6. The town is famed for its cleanliness in recent years. The municipality has undertaken many plans which had been succeeded. the municipality also achieved a couple of awards for the success.
The Attingal assembly constituency is part of Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency).
The Attingal Palace had an important role in the history of Kerala. It played a significant role in the growth of the Tranvancore Dynasty. The Attingal Palace gained prominence in the 14th century when Udaya Marthanda Varma ascended the throne of Travancore. He adopted two princesses from the royal family of the Kolathiris of North Malabar. A palace for each one of them was built by the king at Attingal and Kunnummel. The palace witnessed the first ever united rebellion against the British. The first uprising took place on April 15, 1721. A British contingent comprising 140 men were killed. It triggered off a series of insurrections. The walls of the palace are adorned with murals. The main edifice of the palace is now under the control of the Devaswom Board.

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Aymanam
Aymanam is a village in Kottayam District, Kerala, India, the setting of Arundhati Roy's 1997 novel The God of Small Things.
Ay in the Tamil language means 'five' and Vanam in Sanskrit means 'forests': Ayvanam, or Aymanam, is the land of five forests (these are Vattakkadu, Thuruthikkadu, Vallyakadu, Moolakkadu, and Mekkadu). No forest exists now except few snake grooves. Kummanam was the horrible among forests.^{[citation needed]}
The village borders Lake Vembanad on the west, near Kumarakom. Two-thirds of Aymanam consists of ricefields, two meters below sea level; the river Meenachil provides water for the village. Low-lying areas flood from June to August.
Aymanam is about 4 km on Kottayam- Parippu road. The nearest railway station, 4 km, is Kottayam Railway Station. Aymanam is 85 km from Cochin International Airport.
Sree Narasimha Swamy temple is located in the heart of Aymanam. Pandavam Sree Darmashasta temple is famed for its murals. The St George Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, Kallumkathara, is situated nearby. St.Mark's C.S.I CHURCH,OLESSA has a good old history.The Hermon Marthoma Church,Aymanam has been an old place of worship for the marthomites which has an old history. Ancient Syrian Christian families like the Parambil Tharakan family, Kollenkeril family,the Kallumkatharas, have their ancient Tharawads in Aymanam.

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Chalakudy
Chalakudy (ചാലക്കുടി) is a municipal town situated on the banks of Chalakudy River in Thrissur District of the Kerala State in India. It is the base camp for travellers to Athirappilly and Vazhachal Falls. It lies on National Highway 47 and located about 36 km (23 mi) north of the city of Kochi, the commercial capital city of Kerala and 30 km (19 mi) south of Thrissur, the cultural capital of Kerala.
The name "Chalakudy" is derived from the word "Shalakudy", meaning a place where sacrifices are made. The best season to visit Chalakudy is December to March and also in monsoon season. Chalakudy is a place of historical importance as it was the base for the operations of the Mysore invader Tipu Sultan while attacking the "Travancore lines'.
As of the 2001 census, Chalakudy had a population of 48,371. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chalakudy has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 86% and female literacy of 84%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Changanassery
Changanacherry is a municipal town in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India, located 18 km south of Kottayam and 8 km north of Thiruvalla on the Main Central road. With a population of about 50,000, it's population was already 36,000 as early as the 1951 census.
As of the 2001 India census, Changanassery had a population of 51,960. Males constituted 48% of the population and females 52%. Changanassery has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 86% and female literacy of 85%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. A large percentage of population from Changanassery resides abroad in the Gulf, Europe and America.
Perunna Subramanyaswami Temple, Thrikodithanam Temple, Vazhappally Mahadeven Temple, Metropolitan Church, Parel Church, Puthur Masjid (Puthurpally) and Pazhaya Masjid (Pazhayapally) are the important worship centres in Changanacherry. The notable worship centres near to Changanassery are Ettumanoor Temple, Manarkadu Church, Chakkulathukavu Temple, Neerettupuram, Chettikulangara Temple, Mavelikkara, Chengannur Mahadeva Temple and Anikkattilammakshethram Temple. The Archdiocese of Changanassery is the largest Catholic Diocese in India, established in 1887.

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Chengannur
Chengannur , (Malayalam: ചെങ്ങന്നൂര്) is a municipal town in Alappuzha district of the state of Kerala in South India. Chengannur (also spelled Chenganoor, Chenganur, and Chengannoor) is located in the extreme eastern part of Alappuzha district. It is 117 kilometres (73 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the MC Road. Chengannur is connected to Kollam and Kottayam by NH 220. Chengannur is noted for its Shiva temple Chengannur Mahadeva Kshetram and tens of others and its Old Syrian Church. Chengannur is one of the major sabarimala pilgrim destination.
The nearest towns are Pandalam to the south, Thiruvalla to the north, Mavelikkara to the west and Aranmula, Kozhencherry, and Pathanamthitta to the east. The taluk contains villages such as Kurattissery, Mannar, Ennakkad, Pandanad, Thiruvanvandoor, Chengannur, Mulakuzha, Ala, Puliyoor, Cheriyanad, Venmony.
As of the 2001 India census, Chengannur had a population of 125,391. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Chengannur has an average literacy rate of 88%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 88% and female literacy of 88%. Nine percent of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.

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Cherthala
Cherthala (Malayalam: ചേര്‍ത്തല, formerly Shertallai or Shertallay) is a town located in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India. It is located 30 km south of the city of Kochi and 22 km north of Alappuzha town, on the Kochi-Alappuzha streatch of both the National Highway 47 as well as the costal Rail-route.
In local administration, the Cherthala town is a municipality while in the state administrative structure Cherthala is a Taluk in the district of Alappuzha. The Corporation of Cochin has drafted a Master Plan that aims to develop Cherthala as the satellite town around the Kochi city.
According to the local legend, once Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, the well known Kerala Hindu Saint, while travelling through Cherthala, found an idol of the Devi with its head immersed in a muddy pond. The swami understood the divinity of the idol, took it out from the mud, cleaned it and consecrated it in a temple near the pond. Thus the place is believed to have got its name as Cher means Mud and Thala means Head in Malayalam and the deity of the temple got the name as Cherthala Karthiyayani. The word put together means Head from the mud. Unlike in other Kerala temples, the idol of Cherthala Karthiyayani Devi is consecrated in the Sreekovil just below the ground level and cannot be directly viewed by the devotees.

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Chettikulangara

Chettikulangara is a gram panchayat situated in Mavelikkara taluk of Alappuzha district of kerala state. It is one of the beautiful villages in Alappuzha. It is an area of paddy and sesame fields, and tapioca cultivation.It has many higher secondary schools, a public health center, panchayat office. The panchayat is situated en route mavelikkara- Kayamkulam road . The place is well connected to kayamkulam, mavelikkara, Haripad,and other nearby towns.
It is famous for the Chettikulangara Devi Temple. The Kumbha Bharani festival is conducted during February or March in the temple. The important festivity associated with this utsavam is "Kettu-Kazhcha" which resembles the Chinese festival celebrated on the birthday of Buddha. Kuthiyottam is also another important festivity.
Mar 25, 2008 The demand for a new Central Travancore district with Mavelikkara as its headquarters is being raised once again. The demand, which was not heard for the last seven years or so, was raised by the Thiruvananthapuram-based Janakeeya Samithi led by freedom-fighter K.E. Mammen and Mavelikara MLA during a public function attended by Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan at Mavelikara on Monday. Pointing out that the demand for a separate Central Travancore district centered on Mavelikara or Onattukara was a long-standing one. The region also required more attention from Railways, he said, requesting Mr. Achuthanandan to pressurise Railways to establish a Mavelikara-Punalur railway line. The Janakeeya Samithi, on the other hand, submitted a memorandum to the Chief Minister citing the demand for the new district. Signed by Samithi director and general secretary, the memorandum recalled that Mavelikkara was the central hub pivotal to administrative affairs during the days of the Travancore monarchy. Only the formation of Mavelikkara district can serve the needs of the people of central travancore.

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Chirayinkeezhu taluk

Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and two municipalities. Chirayinkeezhu taluk is the birthplace of a host of illustrious personalities like Raja Ravi Varma, the painter among princes and a prince among painters, the great poet and social reformer Kumaran Asan, the practical saint and sanyasin Sree Narayana Guru, Prem Nazir etc.
There are 29 villages and two municipalities are in the taluk.
Alamcode, Ayiroor, Azhoor, Chemmaruthy, Cherunniyoor, Chirayinkeezhu, Edakkode, Edava, Kadakkavoor, Karavaram, Keezhattingal, Kilimanoor, Koonthalloor, Koduvazhannoor, Kudavoor, Madavoor, Manamboor, Mudakkal, Nagaroor, Navaikulam, Ottoor, Pallickal, Pazhayakunnummel, Perunguzhi, Pulimath, Sarkara-Chirayinkeezhu, Vakkom, Vellalloor, Vettoor·
There are two municipalities: Varkala and Attingal.
Chirayinkeezh is blessed with a network of backwaters and canals, which is quite typical of Kerala.Also there are many Temples and important tourist places. Some of them are given below.

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Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.
Chittur assembly constituency is part of Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency). It contains 16 panchayats.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Chittur-Thathamangalam had a population of 31,884. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chittur-Thathamangalam has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 74%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
The name Devikulam means:
Devi -> Seeta Devi and Kulam -> Pond
According to legend, the goddess Sita Devi of the Ramayana epic bathed in the beautiful Devikulam lake waters surrounded by lush, green hills, now named Sita Devi Lake. The lake draws tourists not only because of its sacredness but also for the curative powers of its mineral waters. Most of the inhabitants in this town speak Tamil. Nearby, are the scenic Pallivasal Waterfalls, dense, green tea plantations, and the natural vegetation of slim red and blue and yellow gum trees.
Population of approximately 350 people (2010)

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Edathua
Edathua (Malayalam: എടത്വ) is a place in Kuttanad, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India.
Situated 12 km from Thiruvalla Town, Edathua is famous for the St. George Catholic Church known as 'Edathua Palli' situated here. The Church celebrates its major feast during the month of May. It is an important destination for the Christian and non Christian Pilgrims. People from throughout the state as well as from the neighboring states visit the town and the church. St. Aloysius college which is under Mahatma Gandhi University built and managed by the Church parish is located here.
This town is in the beautiful Kuttanad region. It lies below the sea level. Agricultural land [rice farms] in this region are separated from big and small rivers, that run like the highways, streets and avenues of New York around the blocks of farms, by high mud levees [bunds called 'Puravaramp']. Farmers and agricultural workers built and build their habitat and houses on reclaimed land by expanding upon these levees around these paddy fields known as 'Padam'. These levees are also often planted with coconut trees which is a major commercial crop in the region. The area attracts a lot of international tourists. Houseboat trips through the backwaters and river systems of this spectacular evergreen region is available from near Edathua.

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Eloor
Eloor is a suburb of Kochi and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. It is an industrial area north of Cochin. It is an island of 14.21 km² formed between two distributaries of river Periyar and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. Eloor is a part of Kochi metropolitan area.
There are more than 247 industries of different kinds e.g., Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited (the world's largest manufacturer of DDT) and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical-petrochemical products, pesticides and insecticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.
As a result of its heavy industry, the town also suffers from heavy pollution, and is rated as one of the toxic hotspots of the world by Green Peace International.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Eloor had a population of 30,092. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Eloor has an average literacy rate of 84%, somewhat higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%.

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Eranad taluk
Eranad Taluk is a taluk (tehsil) in Malapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is at Manjeri.
Eranad (from "Erala-nadu", the Land of the Cattles according to William Logan) was originally a province in the Chera Kingdom (9th-12th century AD) ruled by a clan known as the Eradis. They had their provincial capital was at Nediyiruppu, near present day Kondotty. The ruler of the Eralanadu was known as the Eralanadu Utaiyavar, Elar-thiri or Nediyiruppu Mooppan. Manavepala Manaviyan, a Governor of the Eralanadu, signs in the famous Jewish Copper Plate (1000 AD). The Syrian Copper Plate (1225 AD) is also signed by the Eralanadu ruler.
After the fall of the Cheras, the region became a indepedenet political entity. Later, the Eradis expanded thier Kingdom to the west and moved their capital to Calicut. The Eradis came to be known as the "Kings of the Oceans" (Samoothiri/Zamorin) in later times.
The region was the centre of the Moplah Uprising of 1921. The armed uprising, infamous for the abusive crimes committed, was brutally eliminated by the Colonial goverment.

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Erattupetta
Erattupetta is a town in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India.It is 38 km east of Kottayam, the district Centre. Erattupetta was known as Erappili and Erappuzha before. The "Eraaru" part in all the variation of the names arose from the geographical location, where the two rivers (aru) merges as single one. Erattupetta is situated in the foothills of High Ranges. It was the commercial capital of the Poonjar principality until 1949. Erattupetta lies in an ancient route from Athirampuzha to Tamil Nadu. Hill produces from the Nilgiris were brought down by the Muthuvans for trade. Erattupetta's current economy is primarily rubber and scores of large and small estates dot the landscape.Wagamon, a Hill Station lies some 22 km east of Eruttupetta. Aruvithura St.George's Church, an old famous pilgrimage centre is situated in the suburbs of Erattupetta.
The population predominates by Syrian Christians, Hindus and Muslims. The Muslims of Erattupetta are known as Tamil Muslims and believed to came from Tamil Nadu during old days. Such Muslims exist in Thodupuzha and parts of idukki and pathanamthitta districts as well and they are considered different from Mappila Muslims, the Malayali Muslim community common in Kerala. Lebbas are another Muslim family in Erattupetta and are claimed to be descendants of Shaikh Saeed Bava (a descendant of Ukasha bin Mihsan, a companion of Prophet Muhammed S.A.).

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Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district includes the largest metropolitan region of the state Greater Cochin. Ernakulam District is the highest revenue yielding district in the state and is called and known as the commercial capital of Kerala. It is the third most populous district in Kerala,after Malappuram and Thiruvananthapuram (out of 14). Ernakulam district also hosts the highest number of number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala state.
It is surrounded by Thrissur District to the north, Idukki District to the east, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts to the south and Arabian sea to west. Its headquarters is located at Kakkanad, a suburb of Kochi city.
The language people speak in Ernakulam is Malayalam which is the mother-tongue of the State of Kerala. English is widely used in business circles.
The word/name Ernakulam is derived from a Tamil word Erayanarkulam which means abode of Lord Shiva.
From ancient times Arabs, Chinese, Dutch, British and Portuguese seafarers followed the sea route to Kingdom of Cochin and left their impressions in the town. The word Ernakulam was drawn from the words Erayanar and kulam means abode of Lord Shiva temple near pond.

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Erumely
Erumely is a holy place in Sabarimala Pilgrimage.

Erumely is on the Kanjirappalli - Pathanamthitta Route. A small river, Koratty(originally known as Manimala river), marks the entrance of Erumely town. Erumely is a small town in Kottayam District and Kanjirappally Taluk. It's situated very near to highrange.
Erumely can be reached through Mundakkayam, Kanjirappaly, or Ranni. People coming from Kottayam can be reached through Kanjirappaly.People from highrange can access Erumely through Mundakkayam or Kanjirappally. Pathanamthitta and Trivandrum people can come through Ranni. NH220 National Highway passes 10 km near to Erumely through 26th mile, which makes it reachable easily. Nearest Rail Heads: Kottayam, Chengannur, Changanachery Nearest Airport : Cochin
Eerumely pettakettu is one of the famous celebration over there.

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Ettumanoor
Ettumanoor (sometimes referred to as Ettumanur) is a major town in the Kottayam District of Kerala, India, located 11 kilometers north-east of Kottayam town, 65 km from Cochin and 73 km from Cochin International Airport. The state Highway No.1 popularly known as the Main Central (MC) Road, passess through Ettumanoor, and is a major connecting link between Palai and beyond to the Western Ghats and to the commercial capital of Kerala - Kochi. Ettumanoor is en route to the tourist resort at Wagamon and Poonjar.
The name of the place had its origin from the word 'man oor' in Malayalam, which means the place of deer as 'maan' means deer and 'oor' means place. There is another version about the origin of the name Ettumanoor is about the former rulers of this place. Ettu in malayalam language means Eight, Mana means the house of a Brahmin and Oor in Tamil means village.This was a place ruled by the Brahmins who lived in eight separate houses. Ettmanoor is a historical place as myths have says that the Pandavas and the sage Vyasa had established temple here.

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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum). The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are by the Governor. The Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.

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Guruvayur
Guruvayur (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂർ) (also written as Guruvayoor or Gurupavanapuri) is a municipal town in Thrissur District, of Kerala State in India. It houses the famous Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.
Guruvayur, according to the legends may be 5,000 years old as the Guruvayur temple idol is. There are no historical records to establish it. In the 14th century, Tamil literature 'Kokasandesam', references about a place called Kuruvayur is made. As early as 16th century, many references are seen about Kuruvayur. In ancient Dravidic, Kuruvai means sea, hence the village on the coast may be called Kuruvayur. According to eminent historian Professor K. V. Krishna Iyer, the Brahmins had begun to come and settle at Kodungallur during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya (321-297 BC).
Guruvayur was a subordinate shrine of Trikkunavay Shiva temple before the latter was destroyed by the Dutch in 1755. Trikkunavay in the Guruvayur documents is the same as Thrikkanamathilakam or Mathilakam mentioned in the Dutch and British records. And this place was in between Guruvayur and Kodungallur. The story of Pandyan King building a shrine here may be a reference to the Azhavars, but they are all silent in their writing about Guruvayur. It was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri's Narayaniyam through which the Guruvayur temple got famous all over India.

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Haripad
Haripad (Malayalam: ഹരിപ്പാട്) is a town in Alappuzha District, Kerala, India, located between Alappuzha and Kollam on National Highway 47. Haripad is close to the Arabian Sea, and connects Mavelikkara and Thrikkunnappuzha.
Haripad is known as the 'Town of Temples'. There are eighteen Hindu temples there and more than 30 more in the surrounding countryside. The most famous temples are Subrahmanya Swami Temple and the Mannarashala Nagaraja Temple. The first Sri Ramakrishna Asrama in the state of Kerala was established at Pilapuzha in Haripad on 4 May 1913. It is the land of "Mayura Sandesa", the land of snake boats and the land of music, dance and drama. According to colonial Dutch Governor Gollanez the sea coast between Quilon and Purakkad which the Dutch called 'Martha" and which region was known as Karthikappally (of which Haripad was a part) consisted of two regions or nation states, Karnoppally (the present Karunagapally) and Karimpali.
Haripad derived its name from either Aripad (as Ari means Rice and this was the place where from the major portion of the rice for the state came), or "Harigeethapuram". In a literary piece of Kerala Varma Valia Koithampuran there is a reference to Pahi Harigeetha Pathanapathe" (save as the master of Harigeetha) 'Mayura Sandesa' has a reference to 'Aripadu vaanoru Kaalam' (at a time when Haripad was ruled). Swathi Thirunal addresses Subramanya as Harigeetha puthalaya dweep', all the show long history and importance of the name Haripad. To this may be added the fact that Karithikapally was called the place where Karthikayan lived.' (Karthikayan Pallikollunnidom).

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Idukki district
Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at Kuyilimala in Painavu.

The name of the district is derived from the Malayalam word Idukki, meaning narrow gorge.
Idukki has an area of 4,479 km² (1,729 sq mi) and is the second largest District of Kerala (the largest being Palakkad). Rugged mountains and forests cover about 97 percent of the total area of the District. The district borders the Kerala districts of Pathanamthitta to the south, Kottayam to the southwest, Ernakulam to the northwest and Thrissur to the north and Coimbature, Dindigul and Theni Districts in Tamilnadu to the east.
Anamudi, the highest peak in India south of Himalayas, is in the Kuttampuzha Panchayat of Adimali Block, in the Kannan Devan Hills Village of Devikulam taluk. Thirteen other peaks in the district exceed a height of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The Periyar, Thodupuzhayar and Thalayar are the important rivers of the district.
The four taluks (subdistricts) in the district are Devikulam, Udumbanchola, Peerumade and Thodupuzha. The taluks contain 65 villages between them.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Irinjalakuda
Irinjalakuda (Malayalam: ഇരിഞ്ഞാലക്കുട) is a municipal town in Thrissur district, Kerala, India.
According to Hindu mythology, Irinjalakuda was created by sage Parasurama. According to Keralolpatthi, out of the 64 gramas (villages) established in Kerala, Irinjalakuda was the head of 10 of them. Irinjalakuda was one of the most prominent among these villages. Like the other villages this ‘Grama’ also followed the ‘Chathurvarnia’ system of society which lay upon caste system based on the ‘Manusmruthi’.
The name Irinjalakuda has been derived from "Iru" and "Chaal" meaning two streams. According to another legend, the origin of the name Irinjalakuda came from 'Irinjalikoodal'. 'Koodal' simply means merge, merging of two rivers. Two streams that start, one from Kurmalipuzha and the other from Kudapuzha, that belongs to Chalakudypuzha, and move through Konthipulam at North whereas, the other one through Velukara at South. Then these two streams merge in the West. So it shows that Irinjalakuda may have gradually developed, from 'Irinjalikoodal', that derived from 'Inangikoodal', means - merge. At present there is no river in Irinjalakuda, only but the myth of river.

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Kaduthuruthy
Kaduthuruthy (some times spelt as Kaduthuruthi or Kaduturutti) (malayalam: കടുത്തുരുത്തി) is a small town in Kottayam District, Kerala, South India.
Kaduturuthy is located at 9°45′N 76°30′E / 9.75°N 76.50°E / 9.75; 76.50. It has an average elevation of 12 m (39 ft). The name Kaduthuruthy originated from ‘Kadal thuruth’ meaning near to the beach as it is believed that several centuries ago, the Arabian sea extended inward into the place, and that it receded due to a Tsunami.
Kaduthuruthy has a picturesque nature and ecosystem. It is a transit point between the hilly middle region of Kerala and backwater coastal land. The nearest main railway station is Kaduthuruthy.
The first Sandesh Kavyam (Message in Poetry) in Malayalam called "Unnuneeli Sandesham" gives an insight into the history of the place. The author is believed to be a member of one of the Travancore Royal Families. The work describes the grand harbour of the town in great detail, something amazing now as the sea is several miles away now. The sea is said to have receded some time in the 14th century possibly following an earthquake or a Tsunami.

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Kalamassery
Kalamassery' (Malayalam: കളമശ്ശേരി) is a region in the city of Kochi and a Municipality in the District of Ernakulam of Kerala state, India. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
The name Kalamassery is derived from ‘Kalabasery’. Kalabasery was the place from where Kalabam was brought to Thrikkakara Temple. Later this Kalabasery changed its name into Kalamassery.
As of 2001 India census, Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is well higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Although Muslims are the largest community, a sizable amount of the population follow Hinduism and Christianity.

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Kalpetta
Kalpetta (Malayalam: കല്പറ്റ) is a city and a municipality in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a small town surrounded by dense coffee plantations and mountains, is the headquarters of Wayanad district. It lies on the Kozhikode-Mysore National Highway (NH 212) at an altitude of about 780 m above sea level.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kalpetta had a population of 29,602. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kalpetta has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalpetta, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Earlier Kalpetta was a part of Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency. But later when Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency came into existence, the Kalpetta assembly constituency became a part of it with Mananthavady and Sultan Battery constituencies. [1]

There are many attractions near Kalpetta

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Kanayannur
Kanayannur is a Taluk in the District of Ernakulam, in the state of Kerala, India.Taluk is an administrative denomination in India.
As of 2001^[update] India Census, Kanayannur had a population of 790212 with 390875 males and 399337 females. Kanayannur is the largest Taluk in Kerala.
Kanayannr taluk office situated at M G Road, Ernakulam. There is a village in kanayannur taluk whose name is also kanayannur. Kanayannur village office situated at a village called Eruvely. The place Kanayannur is presently known as Palace Square though Kanayannur taluk and Kanayannur village still exist. It is believed that there was a palace of king of Kochi in Kanayannur hence the place is named palace square.

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Kangazha
Kangazha is a panchayath and village in the Changanacherry Taluk of the Kottayam District of Kerala State in India. It is a beautiful place with a serene atmosphere and is situated 30 kilometers east of Kottayam. It lies midway between the backwaters of Western Kerala and the misty mountains of the Western Ghats. It is a small village with all facilities having so many nature loving kindhearted, generous and educated people, and is an ideal place for peaceful life.
Adjacent areas:
The nearest railway stations are Kottayam (30 km) and Changanacherry (22 km), and the nearest Airport is Cochin Airport (Nedumbasserry) about 100 km away. Kangazha is on the Changanassery - Vazhoor state highway which joins Kottayam - Kumaly NH at Pulickalkavala on the north side and on the Karukachal Manimala road on the east side.
Kanva,the father of Shakuntala had visited kangazha and he stoned the sivalinga in kangazha. And thus the term kanvaya which was referred to point this incident become the name of this village and later kanvaya had reestablished as kangazha.

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Kanhangad
Kanhangad (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞങ്ങാട്) is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Bekal Fort is a 300-year old fort, one of the largest and best preserved forts in Kerala and lies 10 km north of Kanhangad . The fort is believed to have been built by Ikkeri Shivappa Nayaka. A Hanuman temple is located at the entrance of the fort. The construction resembles the Portuguese fort at Kannur St.Angelo's Fort.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kanhangad had a population of 65,499. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Kanhangad has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Kanhangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam. Other prominent languages spoken by communities living here include Konkani, Tulu and Kannada. A large GSB Brahmin community (who speaks Konkani) lives here. The famous Gowda Saraswat Brahmin temple, Lakshmi Venkatesh temple (LV temple) is also situated in Kanhangad. There is also a small Palghat Iyer Brahmin community which speaks a mix of Malayalam and Tamil.

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Kanjirappally
Kanjirappally (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞിരപ്പള്ളി) is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholic Christians. The Christian colonization of Kanjirappally had a profound impact on the history of commerce and agriculture in these parts. The Christians claim their roots from early settlements at Nilakkal or Chayal on the banks of Pamba River. There is also a strong belief that the flourishing Christian community here was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself. The place was in the forest recesses far away from seats of power. Nilakkal became an important depot for spices like pepper, cardamom etc. and the Christians were engaged in this lucrative trade as procures and sorters.
Kanjirappally is a small city that boasts of it religious harmony. The population is a mixture of Christians, Muslims, and Hindus.
One of the oldest and most famous church in the diocese of Kanjirappally. It was built in the 1449 AD, even 50 years before the Portuguese landed in Kerala.

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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍, Kaṇṇūr ^?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna^{[citation needed]}), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.

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Kannur district
Kannur District (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters, and gives the district its name. The old name Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name Kannur. Kannur District is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode District to the south and Wayanad District to the south-east. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with Karnataka State, in its district of Kodagu. The Arabian Sea lies to the west.
Kannur is the most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district.
Kannur District is known as the land of looms and lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and festivals held in temples. The district is a major centre of Theyyam, a ritual dance of northern Kerala. Small shrines known as kavus associated with the Theyyam dot the district. The district is set to have a new international airport. Kannur International Airport will be the fourth International Airport in Kerala.

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Karthikappally
Karthikappally (Malayalam: കാര്‍ത്തികപ്പള്ളി) is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Karthikappally was once a Buddhist center. About in the year 904-933 the Great ruler of Travancore, King Marthanda Varma, added Karthikappally to Travancore. In 1742 and 1753 the nearby places namely, Kayamkulam and Ambalapuzha was added to the Karthikappally Natturajyam, making it a prominent region since then. The area between the now existing Purakkad and Kayamkulam was the once Karthikappally.
What made Karthikappally the most unique and important was the proximity of an inland waterway or a Thodu which enabled free flow of traffic and evolved Karthikappally into a Trading center. The market was huge and crowded, still remains of the old market stays.
Many years after its glorious past, the Karthikappally Panchayat was formed. Shri. K Damodaran was its first man in place. In 1912, the Govt. School in Mahadevikadu was constructed followed by The Govt. L P School in memory of Divan Krishnan Nair. Many great Leaders had their footprints on the sands of time of Karthikappally.

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Karukachal
Karukachal is a small village in Kottayam district of Kerala state in India. Karukachal is 20 km from Kottayam town. The nearest railway station is Changanassery which is 15 km away.
The origin of the name Karukachal is possibly related to the Malayalam words karuka and chal.Karuka is a type of grass and chal means a small stream. Its also said that Karukachal and nearby places were home to many warriors and their chekavans(servants). Although there is no historical evidence to back this, its said that, the warriors used to clean their sword after battles in stream near to this place .(There was a small stream near the present bus stand in karukachal).Thus chances are that Karukachal got its name from the malayalam words vaal kazhuki chaal. vaal(sword), kazhuki (to wash) and chal (stream).Vaalkazhukeechal ultimately became karukachal.
The present day Karukachal does not have the stream from which the village got its name. Karukachal is also home to many temples and churches,
The Federal Bank Ltd, The South Indian Bank Ltd, The Catholic Syrian Bank Ltd, State Bank Of Travancore, Kottayam Dt. Co-operative Bank, Champakara Service Co-operative Bank, North Malabar Gramin Bank, Madappaly Service Co-operative Bank, The Karukachal Urban CS LTD K-1032

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Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, Malayalam: കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി Karunāgappaḷḷi) is a gramapanchayath and [[municipality] in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam.
Karunagappally Taluk consists of 12 Panchayats : Karunagappally, Thodiyoor, Panmana, Alappad, Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Thekkumbhagom, Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Clappana and Oachira. The taluk is bound on the north by Kayamkulam, east by Kunnathur taluk, south by Kollam and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
About 400 years back there lived in Malabar (now North Kerala) a famous Muslim cleric. He had a disciple called Ali Hassan who was a mystic. With the blessings of the cleric Ali Hassan set out on a trip to the south. He first reached Oachira and from there a place called Puthiyakavu. The area was covered with dense forests and was believed to have been the preserve of a deadly black serpent. Fearing the serpent, people stayed away from the place. But Ali Hassan approached the king and requested that he be given some land here. The king gave him the area occupied by the black serpent. As Hassan was clearing the forests, the black serpent appeared but he skilfully caged it and took it to the king. The serpent escaped from the cage causing panic in the royal circles but Hassan again managed to cage it and took it back to the forest where he set it free. That was the last anyone had seen the serpent. A happy king allowed Hassan to build a mosque (Palli) at the place.^{[citation needed]}

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Kasaragod district
Kasargod District (Malayalam: കാസര്‍ഗോഡ് ജില്ല)is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Kasargod District was organised as a separate district on 24 May 1984. It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is named after Kasaragod Town which is the administrative headquarters of the district.Kasargod is the northernmost district of Kerala and world renowned for its coir and hand loom industries. The district has a coastline of around 293 kilometers and that why the livelihood of Kasargod people mainly depends on fisheries.The district is popular with the forts, rivers, hillocks, beaches and shrines here. The Kasargod District is uniquely known for its Linguistics Culture and it is the best example for the "Linguistic Harmony".
To its south lies Kannur District[കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല ] and to the north the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. All along its east it is walled by the Western Ghats while along the west the Arabian Sea borders it. The district, covering an area of around 1992 km², has a population (2001 census) of 1,203,342 and has two taluks, namely, 75.13and Hosdurg; It has three municipalities (Kasargod, Kanhangad and Nileshwaram) and thirty-eight grama panchayats. The district is further sub-divided into six administrative segments called development blocks, namely, Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, Kanhangad, and Nileshwar, Parappa, Karadukka. Like other districts of Kerala, Kasargod district too has a high literacy rate, around 85.17% according to the 2001 census.

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Kattappana
Kattappana (Malayalam: കട്ടപ്പന),a town nestling on the lap of the Sahyadri (or Western Ghats) in Kerala, India is known as the spices capital of Kerala. It is the main commercial town in the high ranges of Idukki District and is situated 2660 feet above main sea level, in the High Ranges, the high altitude region of Kerala, India. It is a center for spices trade, particularly for cardamom and black pepper. The town is notable for the mountains, lakes, forests, wildlife and spices plantations (cardamom, black pepper, coffee and tea). Kattappana has a cool and salubrious climate and attracts tourists visiting Idukki Dam or Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary at Thekkadi or Munnar hill station .
It also has some well known educational institutions and hospitals.
Other towns and cities nearby are Kanchiyar, Ayyappankoil, Nedumkandam, Idukki, Kuttikkanam, Mundakayam, Thodupuzha, Elappara, Kumily and Theni (Tamil Nadu).
Based on the 2001 Census, Kattappana had 9000 households, with a total population of 39608, consisting of 19856 males and 19752 females.
Administration of the town is vested in the Grama Panchayath.

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Kayamkulam
For the of the feudal state of the same name, see Onattukara
Kayamkulam is a town and a municipality in Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It was an ancient maritime trading centre. One of the largest power plants in Kerala, run by the NTPC, is in Kayamkulam. Krishnapuram Palace is located nearby and an old cashew factory.
Kayamkulam is closely associated with the legend of Kayamkulam Kochunni. He was a famed highwayman, active in the area known as Central Thiruvithamkoor, in the early part of the 19th century. He is said to have stolen from the rich and given to the poor (like Robin Hood). Legends about his exploits are part of the local folklore.
Historically very ancient rulers ruled in Kayamkulam. It was a kingdom under the Kayamkulam Rajas. Krishnapuram was their palace.During the regime of Marthanda varma, travancore attacked kayamkulam and put there palace on fire.At that place itself, he built a new palace . As the ancient country of kayamkulam had a huge army which was led by the great commandant ' Yeruvayil Achutha warrior' the huge Travancore army had fought for 3 times for capturing kayamkulam. Now thisPalace is a historical museum. Kayamkulam, Mavelikkara and Karunagappally were previously known as Onattukara. Oachira Parabrahma Temple and Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temples are near Kayamkulam.

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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

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Kochi
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ^?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

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Kodungallur
Kodungallur (Malayalam: കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര്‍, anglicised name: Cranganore) is a municipality located in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast. Kodungallur is 29 km northwest of Kochi and 38 km southwest of Thrissur, by National Highway 66.
The location of the ancient seaport Muziris was very close to Kodungallur. Kodungallur was also a part of Mahodayapuram, the capital of the Later Cheras. Being situated in Thrissur district, Corporation of Cochin has drafted a master plan that aims to develop Kodungallur as a satellite township to Kochi city.
The name Kodungallur is derived from Kodi-linga-puram ("the land of 10 million Siva lingas") according to common belief. Kodungallur was perhaps the revenue collection center of Kudakons (the Chera rulers) for the goods coming to the nearby port, hence the name Kudakonallur which later shortened to Kodungallur.
Kodungallur has had many names over the centuries:
During the time of the Chera dynasty, Muziris near present day Kodungallur was an important trade link in Indian maritime history. The region around Kodungallur can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Cheras and the foreign world in the ancient and medieval periods. It also claims to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a composite culture in this part of the Chera country. Muziris was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 14th century, opening for a new port called Kochi.

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Kollam
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.

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Kollam District
Kollam district (formerly Quilon) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). Kollam is the capital of Kerala's cashew industry. Plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome. About 30 percent of the district is covered by Ashtamudi Lake, making it a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. The Thevalakara and Thekkumbagam panchyaths established the ancient korekini ("sea pointed inland") port of Tarsish in 1500 BC. Kollam is also known as The God's Own Capital.
Kollam district is located on the southwest coast of India, bordering Arabian Sea in the west, the state of Tamil Nadu in the east, Kerala district of Alappuzha in the north, Pathanamthitta in the northeast and Thiruvananthapuram in the south. It covers 2,492 square kilometres (962 sq mi), is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. Sasthamkotta Lake, the only freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam; this lake provides drinking water to the city of Kollam. Two major rivers (the Kallada and the Ithikkara) drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Kayal are two important lakes in the district. Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district.

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Kollam district
Kollam district (formerly Quilon) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). Kollam is the capital of Kerala's cashew industry. Plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome. About 30 percent of the district is covered by Ashtamudi Lake, making it a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. The Thevalakara and Thekkumbagam panchyaths established the ancient korekini ("sea pointed inland") port of Tarsish in 1500 BC. Kollam is also known as The God's Own Capital.
Kollam district is located on the southwest coast of India, bordering Arabian Sea in the west, the state of Tamil Nadu in the east, Kerala district of Alappuzha in the north, Pathanamthitta in the northeast and Thiruvananthapuram in the south. It covers 2,492 square kilometres (962 sq mi), is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. Sasthamkotta Lake, the only freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam; this lake provides drinking water to the city of Kollam. Two major rivers (the Kallada and the Ithikkara) drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Kayal are two important lakes in the district. Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district.

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Kottakkal
Kottakkal (literally Land of the Fort in Malayalam) is a municipal town in Malappuram district in Kerala, southern India having 32 wards. It is located 12 km south-west of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and 12 km from Tirur.
The National Highway 66 separates the municipality from Edarikkodu gram panchayat on some parts in the west. However, the fast developing Kottakkal urban area is now spread up to different parts of neighboring panchayats such as Edarikkodu.
Kottakkal is known for its ayurvedic institute, Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal, as well as its temple festival, Kottakkal Puram, celebrated over seven days during March–April months.
Kottakkal, formerly known as "Sweta Durgam" (the White Fort) in Sanskrit, "Venkalikotta" and "Venkitta Kotta" in Malayalam, was a military base of the Kingdom of Valluvanadu in the medieval period. It was under the control of the Karuvayoor Moosad, the chief marshal and preacher of the Moopil Nairs. It may be the forts and castles constructed by the Karuvayoor Moosad that were the origin of the name "Kottakkal". The suburbs of Kottakkal were known as Changuvettikkadu and Eyyakkadu (now Canguvetti is developing as a twin town to Kottakkal).

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Kottarakkara
Kottarakkara (Malayalam:കൊട്ടാരക്കര, IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and taluk in Kollam District (formerly known as Quilon), in Kerala state, India. The town is close to the Kollam port which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as a reputation for being an important commercial, industrial and trading center. It lies 27 kilometres (17 mi) to the east of Kollam city center and 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the west of Punalur city on National Highway 208/220.
Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. Its fame is also due to Kathakali, the famous dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Tampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Other historical places of interest include the Ganapathi Temple and the over 700 year old Mar Thomas Church.

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Kottayam

Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km² and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. . The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.
The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989 and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008. The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.
Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".

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Kottayam District
Kottayam is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town, located at 9.36° N and 76.17° E. According to the 1991 census, it is the first district to achieve highest literacy rate in the whole of India. On 27 September 2008, Kottayam district also became the first tobacco free districts in India.
Bordered by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west, Kottayam has many unique characteristics. Panoramic backwater stretches, lush paddy fields, highlands, hills and hillocks, rubber plantations and places associated with many legends given Kottayam District the enviable title: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. The district is 15.35% urbanised.
Kottayam literally means the interior of a fort - Kotta + Akam. Rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur had their headquarters at Thazhathangadi near Kottayam town.^{[citation needed]}Marthanda Varma of Travancore attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort. The remnants of the palaces and forts are still seen here.

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Kottayam district
Kottayam is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town, located at 9.36° N and 76.17° E. According to the 1991 census, it is the first district to achieve highest literacy rate in the whole of India. On 27 September 2008, Kottayam district also became the first tobacco free districts in India.
Bordered by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west, Kottayam has many unique characteristics. Panoramic backwater stretches, lush paddy fields, highlands, hills and hillocks, rubber plantations and places associated with many legends given Kottayam District the enviable title: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. The district is 15.35% urbanised.
Kottayam literally means the interior of a fort - Kotta + Akam. Rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur had their headquarters at Thazhathangadi near Kottayam town.^{[citation needed]}Marthanda Varma of Travancore attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort. The remnants of the palaces and forts are still seen here.

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Koyilandy
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Vatakara(Badagara) and is on NH 17. It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a near-by village, Muchukunnu.^{[citation needed]}
Koyilandy is located at 11°26′N 75°42′E / 11.43°N 75.70°E / 11.43; 75.70. It has an average elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Quilandy had a population of 68,970. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Quilandy has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Quilandy, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Koyilandy hookahs, traditional smoking pipes, of Calicut made in Koyilandy were famous across North India, Gulf and Pakistan. Prepared by Moosari, a coppersmith community, these Hookahs were once considered a pride of Koyilandy. However it is not so any more. But in Gulf countries, Koyilandy hookahs are still very popular as "Malabar Hookah".

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Kozhencherry
Kozhencherry is a census town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
The district headquarters Pathanamthitta municipality is in the Kozhencherry Taluk. The other taluks are Tiruvalla, Mallapally, Ranni, and Adoor.
North, River Pampa; South, Thekkemala; East, Cherukole and West, Maramon.
Till the 19th century there were no proper roads in this area. The form of transportation was by boats. So the main market of Kozhencherry is near the river.
Now there are proper roads leading to all the small villages nearby. The T.K. Road (Tiruvalla-Pathanamthitta-Kumbazha Road/SH - 07) and M.K. Road (Mavelikkara-Kozhencherry Road) connects the town to other major towns. A bridge connecting Kozhencherry and Maramon was opened in 1948.

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Kozhikode district
Kozhikode District (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് ജില്ല), formerly Calicut, is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. The city of Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the district headquarters. The district is 38.25% urbanised. [2]
Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of Kannur to the north, Wayanad to the east, and Malappuram to the south.The Arabian Sea lies to the west. It is situated between latitudes 11° 08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E.
The district is divided into three taluks; Vadakara, Koyilandy, and Kozhikode and One Revenue Division ,Kozhikode.
Present-day Kozhikode District was among the territories ceded to the British East India Company by Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1792, at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The newly-acquired British possessions on the Malabar Coast were organized into Malabar District, which included present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, and Wayanad. Calicut served as the administrative headquarters of the district. Malabar District was part of the Madras Presidency, a province of British India.

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Kumarakom
Kumarakom is a popular tourism destination located near the city of Kottayam (16 kilometres (10 mi)), in Kerala, India, famous for its backwater tourism. It is set in the backdrop of the Vembanad Lake which is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Kerala.
Kumarakom is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is a noted bird sanctuary where many species of migratory birds visit. The Vembanad Lake, the largest backwater in Kerala, is habitat for many marine and freshwater fish species and it teems with Karimeen (Pearl spot(Etroplus suratensis )
Kadal shrimp ( Metapenaeus dobsonii)common name Poovalan chemeen
The bird sanctuary extends over 14 acres (57,000 m²), and came into existence following preservation efforts from the government. If you are lucky you will chance upon a Siberian Crane, a special visitor during the migratory season.It is a very beautiful place to live. It is a major tourist attraction

moderate climat in all over the year. balanced tropical climate.it reseves two monsoon's south west ,north east .average rain fall of 1100mm

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Kumbanad
Kumbanad is a place in koipuram panchyath Pathanamthitta district of Kerala state, in India. It is a part of Thiruvalla Taluk. It is situated on the Sabarimala pilgrimage route on the Thiruvalla - Kumbazha road (TK road / Sh-07). Kumbanad is one of the wealthiest settlement in India. It has also the highest number of Christian houses of worship in India, estimated to be around fifty, for the area of its size.
Kumbanad is derived from two words in malayalam Kumbhi and Nadu, which together means the 'Land of elephants'. It is believed that many wild animals and elephants roamed about this place a hundred years back.
It is believed that several centuries before, Kumbanad was a prosperous village occupied by upper caste Hindus. The many fresh water tanks found in and around Kumbanad are attributed to that period. The community perished possibly by invading tribesmen and the land turned into a forest inhabited by wild animals and elephants.
Remittance from NRIs is the primary source of income. The high amount of remittance makes Kumbanad the wealthiest region in the country. High number of ATMs and high bank density are also attributed to the large bank deposits. As of 2009, the deposits in banks for Kumband and around are estimated to be 5,400 Crore.

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Kumily
Kumily (Malayalam:കുമിളി) is a town in the Cardamom Hills near Thekkady and the Periyar Tiger Reserve, in the Idukki District of Kerala State in South India. It is a major tourist destination and a spices trading center.
With nearby Periyar Tiger Reserve and Thekkady lake, Kumily also has attracted tourist traffic.
Kumily is a busy town throughout the year. May it be Sabarimala devotees (Oct to Jan) or Tourists (Feb to Sep) or Workers from the districts (any time) Kumily welcomes & attracts everyone with its charm and warmth.
The nearest Airport is Madurai (125 km) and Railway Station is Madurai to Theni(under BG conversion) . The famous pilgrim Centre Sabarimala is 150 km from Kumily (by NH proper route).

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Kummanam
Kummanam is a village that lies on either side of River Meenachil. Administratively it is in Thiruvarpu and Aymanam Gramapanchayat of Kottayam district in Kerala State, India. Capital town of Kottayam District is 4 km east from here. A bridge named Thazhathangadi palam connects either areas beside river. Kummanam is near the tourist road from Kumarakom to Thekkady.
Aymanam means 'the land of five forests'. Ay in Tamil is five and Vanam in Sanskrit is forest. Kummanam means 'the horrible forest'. Ku in Sanskrit means worst and Vanam is forest.
Thazhathangadi is an ancient river port in Kummanam. Thazhathe in Malayalam language means 'lower down' and angadi is 'market'.
Spice traders from pre islamic Arabia settled in this river port.
Portuguese traders built houses here on the banks of River Meenachil and a Church dedicated to Saint George.
Thaliyil Kotta near Thazhathangadi was the seat of Thekkumkoor kings. Thali was an administratiove division and kotta means fort. King Marthanda Varma annexed Thekkumkoor to Travancore. Vedipurackal is the place where Thekkumkoor kings kept gunpowder. Vanchiyathu is the place where Thekkumkoor kings kept royal canoes. There are houses still bearing these names in Thazhathangadi.

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Kunnamkulam
Kunnamkulam is a municipal town situated in the Thrissur District of Kerala in India, spread over an area of 6.96 km². It is an old commercial town, with an ancient history, famous for its printing and book binding industry. It is the chief centre of the Orthodox Christians in the Kerala state. In the past the town was called Kunankulangara and references can be seen in lot of British Archives about a neat and prosperous town which was predominantly Christian. Over the years Kunnamkulam has become a meeting point for all religions.
The word Kunnamkulam means kunnu (mountain) and kulam (ponds). The terrain condition and geomorphology of the area itself lead to the name. There are several hills there namely Aduputty,Cherukunnu, Kizhoor, Kakkad etc. while the same is interspersed with ponds namely Eeenjakulam, Iyyankulam, Madurakulam etc. Kunnamkulam town has its remote antiquity and evident from the history and it was a part of Mahodayapattanam, the capital of Chera Dynasty. It is written in history about the crossinstalled by Thomas the Apostle, at Chattukulangara (a part of Arthat in Kunnamkulam). During the invasion of Tippu Sultan the Christians from Chattakulangara migrated to Kunnamkulam town.

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Kunnathunad
Kunnathunad is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kunnathunad had a population of 20500 with 10290 males and 10210 females.

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Kuravilangad
Kuravilangad (in Malayalam : കുറവിലങ്ങാട്) is a town located in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. The town is situated in the Meenachil Taluk, about 22 km north of Kottayam, and is located near the town of Ettumanoor and places like Kozha, Kalathoor, Kalikave,Kurichithanam,mannakkanadu, Vempally, Marangattupally, Kurianad, Monippally, Vakkadu Elackad and Kanjirathanam. Kalathoor is located within 6 km from Kuravilangad.
The church at Kuravilangad was constructed in the third century, just one hundred years before Constantine declared Christianity as the official religion in the Roman Empire.
The land is blessed by the esteemed presence of St. Mary’s Forane Church, which was built in 105 AD. It is believed, Mother Mary's first appearance in the world, was in Kuravilangad.^{[citation needed]} Our Lady appeared to a few children at Kuravilangad, who were tending their flock in the bushes. Our Lady asked them to build a church at the place from where a miraculous perpetual spring sprouted, a spring which exists even today. The children reported the events to the elders and a church was built there. The church is noted for its old bell, which contains inscriptions in Syriac (Aramaic). These inscriptions read Emma D'Allaha which translates as 'Mother of God'. Another significant artifact is a model of a ship made from wood.^{[citation needed]}

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Kuthuparamba
Kuthuparamba is a town and a municipality in Kannur district in the Kerala state of the country India.
Kuttuparamba has an average elevation of 76 m (249 ft). Kuthuparamba name derives from "kuthu" -a folk dance and "paramba" means ground; this is the place where art performance took place in the time of Pazhassi raja.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kuthuparamba had a population of 29,532. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Kuthuparamba has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 84%. In Kuhuparamba, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Kuthuparamba assembly constituency is part of Vadakara Lok Sabha constituency. The present MP of Vadakara Lok Sabha constituency is Shri. Mullapally Ramachandran Indian National Congress.The present MLA of Koothuparamba assembly constituency is Shri. K. P. Mohanan (Socialist Janatha Party), who is the present Agriculture Minister of the Kerala Assembly.

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Kuttanad
Kuttanadu (Malayalam: കുട്ടനാട്) is a region in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India, well known for its picturesque vast paddy fields and its geographical peculiarities. It's the region with the lowest altitude in India, and one of the few places in the world where farming is carried out below sea level. It’s also one of the historically important places in the ancient history of South India.
There is no recorded history on the origin of this land. But the oral history among local people, transferred from generation to generation is a blend of myths and legends. There is reference to Kuttanad in the epic Mahabharata of ancient India. During their exile, the five Pandava princes are said to have traveled through this land. In those days, Kuttanad was part of a dense forest, later destroyed by a forest fire which is also mentioned in the epic. Thus came the place name Chuttanad or the burnt place. In course of time Chuttanad became Kuttanad. One can still see kari or coal if we dig deep into the soil of Kuttanad, pointing to the fact that the place was once a forest, destroyed by wild fire. In Kuttanad most of the place names end in kari. Some familiar place names are Ramankary, Puthukkary, Oorukkary, Mitrakkary, Mampuzhakkary, Kainakari, Chathurthiakary and Chennamkari. It is also said that kuttanad was once under the sea.the proof is the land is flourished with seashells.

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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.

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Malappuram
Malappuram is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km². The first Municipality in the district formed in the year 1970, Malappuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. Divided into 40 electoral wards, city has a density of population of 1478 per km². As per the 2011 census Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala state with a total population of 16,98,645. Malappuram, in malayalam, means 'On top of the hills'. Malappuram is situated 50 km southeast of Kozhikode and 90 km northwest of Palakkad on the Kozhikode (Calicut) - Chennai road (NH 213) which joins NH 47 in Palakkad.

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Malappuram district
Malappuram district (/mʌlʌppʊrʌm dʒɪlla/) is a district in the state of Kerala, south India with headquarters at the town of Malappuram. The district was formed on 16 June 1969.
The classic medieval center of Vedic learning and local politics, Thirunavaya, home of the traditional Ayurveda medicine, Kottakkal and one of the oldest centre of education of Islam the region, Ponnani are situated in Malappuram district along with rapidly expanding towns like Manjeri, Perinthalmanna, Chemmad and Edappal. In 1921, present day Malappuram district witnessed a series of devastating revolts and massacres known as the Moplah rebellions, followed by decades of frozen economical, social, and political development. In the early years of the Communist rule in Kerala, Malappuram saw large land reforms under the Land Reform Ordinance. In the 1970s, huge oil reserves of Persian gulf were opened to commercial extraction, and thousands of unskilled people migrated to "the Gulf" seeking fortunes. They sent money home, propping up a sleepy rural economy, and by late 20th century, the region had achieved first-world health standards and near universal literacy. The present development, both economical and social, of the Malappuram District owes to the Kerala Gulf diaspora.

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Mallapally
Malapally or Mallappally ( മല്ലപ്പള്ളി ) is a taluk in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala state, India.
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The Mallappally taluk holds one of the oldest Stone temples in India located in Kaviyoor. Mallappally Convention was started in 1912, an ancient gathering of the Malakara Christian Community, mainly communities of Mar Thoma and CSI. Shiva Rathri, a major Hindu festival is also held here. VBS (Vacation Bible School) was first introduced at Mallappally, Kerala during 1953-56 by the CSI Missionaries. Rev.George Matthan Mission Hospital (named after the well-known Malayalam writer and priest George Mathan) serves as a medical hub in the society with no other standard medical institutions within a radius of 16 km. The nearest railway station is Thiruvalla Railway Station is 12 km and Chenganaserry is 15 km.
The Pathicadu Church

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Manarcad church
Manarcad Marthamariam Cathedral (St. Mary's Cathedral), is a Jacobite Syrian Christian Church located about 10 km from the town of Kottayam in Kerala, India and a destination for people on annual pilgrimages seeking the blessings of the Virgin Mary.The practice of the eight-day fast (ettu nombu) and the celebration of the Feast of Virgin Mary's birth between September 1–8 every year form part of an ancient tradition that continues to attract millions of devotees.^{[citation needed]} During fast days, hundreds of thousands of people from the far corners of the world come to Manarcad to seek the blessings of the Virgin Mary.^{[citation needed]} During his 2004 apostolic visit, His Holiness Moran Mor Ignatius Zakka II Patriarch of Antioch and all the East and Supreme head of the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church, elevated St Mary's to the status of 'Cathedral' and 'Universal Marian Pilgrim Centre'.
According to tradition, the forefathers of the church fasted and prayed for a holy place to pray and perform religious ceremonies for pilgrims. On the eighth day of prayer, they all had a vision. The holy fathers drew a parallel between the Virgin Mary and the 'Sakshipettakam' created by Mossaih according to the order of God. The circumference of this 'Sakhshipettakam' was 8 muzhams (around 12 feet (3.7 m)), a number equal to the eight salvation secrets of the Virgin Mary and her son Jesus Christ. Their vision was to build the church in a forest with a calf and cow lying down and where fish and deer could be caught in an area scattered with Acacia Instia and canes.

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Manarcaud
Manarcaud (pronounced Ma - nar- cad) is a small town in Kottayam district of Kerala state, South India. It is known for the Manarcaud Perunnal, the annual feast at the St. Mary's Church,which is usually held in the first few days of September. It is located about 9 km from the town of Kottayam and is on the way to tourist town of Thekkady.
The mythological belief associated with Manarcad Sri Bhagavathy Temple is: There lived a pious Brahmin in Thanniyil Ellam in Elambanakkadu. He was a great devotee of Kodugalloor Amma, and visited Kodugalloor Temple often. Due to his old age and failing health, he prayed to continue his devotion towards kodugalloor amma”.That day night Amma told him in a dream “When you wake up, you will find a Kuda (traditional umbrella) near you.I will be with that Kuda. You will never again need to come to Kodugalloor to worship me. he found it as directed. When he reached near Elambanakkadu, he broke his journey to take some rest placing the Kuda on the ground. But after taking rest, he was not able to lift the Kuda. He met the local ruler and informed the matter. An Astrologer was summoned and he detected the holy presence of Kodugalloor Amma.He again got Amma’s direction in his dream – to build a Bhagavathy Temple in the nearby Choorakkadu (bamboo forest) which was the abode of a Nagarajan (Snake God). Thus the Temple was built with popular support. During that time, a Yakshi (Demon) named Elambi was creating problems in that area. It is believed that Amma killed Elambi and her cronies. Elambi’s Mani (bell) was thrown southwards in the area. Since the Mani was thrown, Elambanakkadu came to be known as the forest where the bell was thrown, which worded Maniyerkadu – later became Manarcad.

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Manjeri
Manjeri (Malayalam: മഞ്ചേരി) is a town and municipality in Malappuram District in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated 12 km from Malappuram 30 km from Karipur International Airport and 50 km from Kozhikode railway station.
Manjeri was a centre of Indian national movements. Anakkayam, 4 km from Manjeri, and Nellikuth, 6 km from Manjeri were major centres of Malabar Rebellion of 1921. Nellikuth is the birth place of Ali Musliyar, the rebel leader. Anti-British revolts tool place in 1790 in and around Manjeri.
Manjeri is the one of Kerala’s biggest municipalities. Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, Manjeri, Payyanad and Narukara. District court and General hospital are located at Manjeri.
Ali Musliyar Erikunnan who fought against the British rule was a native of Nellikkuth near Manjeri.
The eastern side of Manjeri town is a hilly area. FM station of All India Radio "College Kunnu" is a located on hill, where the N.S.S. College is also situated. Towards the south lie Vettekode and Pullancheri. Prominent schools such as Chinmaya Vidyalaya , and Noble Public School are located at Vettekode. The famous Kunnath Temple is on the way to Vettekode. Pullancheri is a beautiful place with hills, lush scenery, dam and Kadalundy River. This river starts from the eastern border of Malappuram district called Karuvarakundu and flows into the Arabian Sea.

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Mannarkkad
Mannarkkad (Malayalam: മണ്ണാ൪ക്കാട്) formerly known as Mannarghat, is a town in the Palakkad district of Kerala State, South India. It is the headquarters of Mannarkkad Taluk, and is one of the largest revenue Taluks in Kerala. It is situated 40 km north-east of the district headquarters Palakkad, on the way to Kozhikkode (NH 213) and in the foothills of the Western Ghats. Silent Valley (a tropical evergreen rain forest with an unbroken evolutionary history of 50 million years) is only 35 km from Mannarkkad.
Mannarkkad Taluk, consisting 25 villages, is the first fully computerized Revenue Taluk office, designed as India's first Paperless Government office. All land revenue administrative works are being carried out through on line software called Taluk Suite and Village Suite. Sri A Unnikrishnan is the present Tahsildar of Mannarkkad Taluk.
Mannarkkad has memories of the invasion of Tippu Sultan and Mopila riot. In 1921, hundreds of people lost their lives. The former Ruler/Desavazhi of Mannarkkad is known as 'Mannarkkadu Muppil Nair'. He was a 'Samantha' under 'Valluvakonathiri' of Valluvanadu. The famous novel 'PONNI' written by Malayatoor Ramakrishnan, is based on the 'Adivasis' of Mannarkkadu. The Sandalwood smuggler 'Veerappan' used 'Shiruvani Forests' of Mannarkkadu Muppil Nairs as his shelter.

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Mararikulam
Mararikulam is a beach village in the district of Alappuzha. Mararikulam is the fertile land of communism and it has a very beautiful beach which is known by the name Marari Beach or Mararikulam beach. There are two village panchayts for this village, Mararikulam South and Mararikulam North. Mararikulam North consists of parts of Mararikulam, Perunormangalam, Kanichukulangara, Beach, Poklasheri and Chennaveli. The South Panchayat consists of parts of Mararikulam, ‎Kattoor, Pollathai, Valavanadu, Preethikulangara, Omanapuzha, Kalavoor, Pathirapally, and Chettikadu,
Mararikulam is connected by rail and has a railway station by the same name. It is also well connected by road. NH 47 passes through S.L.Puram, which is 5 km to the east of Mararikulam. Nearest airport is Cochin International Airport. Sri(late). S. L Puram Sadanandan, Sri(late). M.N.Kurup, former Indian volleyball team captain Udayakumar are from Maraikulam.
Mararikulam is one of the Kerala State Assembly Constituency.
moderate climat in all over the year. balanced tropical climate.it reseves two monsoon's south west ,north east .average rain fall of 1100mm.It is one of the most beautiful destination for the Tourist's who visit Kerala , It was rated as one of the worlds top five HAMMOCK BEACH by National Geographic survey.

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Mavelikkara
Mavelikkara is a town and municipality in the Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located in the southern part of the district on the banks of the Achankovil, and is one of the oldest municipalities of the state^{[citation needed]}. It also has a very strong historical and cultural background; Chettikulangara Devi Temple, known for its famous Kumbha Bharani festival, is located there, and it is home to one of the 108 Shiva temples of Kerela created by Lord Parasurama, Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple (popularly known as Dakshina Kashi). It was also a major place of trade and commerce in ancient Kerala and the erstwhile capital of the rulers of Onattukara.
According to the 2001 Indian census, Mavelikara has a population of 28,440. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. The average literacy rate is 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87% and female literacy is 85%. Approximately 10% of the population is under 6 years old.
Some of the industries in and around Mavelikkara are:

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Meenachil
Meenachil is the name of the north-eastern region of Kottayam district in Kerala, south India. The name originates from Meenakshi the Dravidian goddess. Palai is the main town in Meenachil. The arterial river of the district is also named Meenachil. The river finds mention in Arundhati Roy's Booker Prize winning novel, The God of Small Things.
The river Meenachil, also known as Kavanar, originates at vagamon in the Western Ghats of Kerala, flows westward through Erattupetta, Palai, Kidangoor, Ettumanoor and Kottayam. Its length is about 87 kilometers. Near Kottayam it splits into a number of distributaries before emptying into the Vembanad Lake. Kumarakom, the bird sanctuary and tourist resort is on one such branch.
The current Meenachil taluk was a principality under the local chieftains, the Meenachil Karthas (also known as Njavakkat Karthas) before Marthanda Varma annexed it to Travancore in 1754. The name of the place comes from Goddess Meenakshi, the deity of the Karthas. Veera Kerala Damodara Simhar was a chieftain belonging to this family. The southern bank of the river was the kingdom of Thekkumkoor, the capital of which was Changanassery, and the northern bank, that of Vadakkumkoor, with its capital at Kaduthuruthy. The Poonjar royal family also held sway over significant areas of the district towards the east.

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Mukundapuram taluk
Mukundapuram Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Trissur district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is Irinjalakuda.
It comprises 45 villages and two municipalities.

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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.

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Mundakayam
Mundakayam (Malayalam: മുണ്ടക്കയം) is a small town in Kottayam District of Kerala state, South India. It is the gateway to the high ranges of Kerala, and is at the border of Kottayam and Idukki districts. It is here that the high ranges of south Kerala start. It is one of the most developed towns in Kerala, with rubber plantations, and greenery. The river Manimala runs through Mundakayam. Nearby locations include Panchalimedu, Kuttikkanam, 15 km drive from Mundakayam town and is around 3500 feet above sea level, Peermade and Thekkady.
Mundakayam is exactly 55 km from Kottayam to the East and 56 km from Kumily to the West. The NH 220 (Kollam - Theni National Highway) passes through Mundakayam.Mundakayam is a land of coffee, pepper, cocoa and natural rubber. The rubber plantations in India had originated from Mundakayam, which was introduced by Mr. J.J.Murphy around 1910. An All India Agricultural & Industrial Exhibition was held here in 1967 which was inaugurated by Hindi film maestro Sunil Dutt. Malayala Manorama Daily once listed Mundakayam as the place with the highest cost of living in India. It is still included in the list of places whose consumer price indices are published by the Indian government Union Labour Ministry at regular intervals.

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Muvattupuzha

Muvattupuzha (Malayalam: മുവാറ്റുപുഴ) is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a junction of three districts namely Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 20 km from the town. Muvattupuzha is situated 42 km northeast of Kochi city on NH 49 (Cochin-Madurai-Rameshwaram national highway) and lies on the popular Cochin-Munnar hill station tourist route.
Muvattupuzha was part of the Vadakkumkoor Kingdom until it was captured by the Travancore Kingdom, now merged into the state of Kerala. Old documents show that the lands of Muvattupuzha belonged to ‘Edappally Swaroopam’, but were later transferred to ‘Manas’ (Brahmin Families).
According to tradition, St. Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ who introduced Christianity to India is believed to have visited this region. The St. Mary's Church of Arakuzha has a recorded history of over 1000 years, making it one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It is known for its paintings and sculptures. Muvattupuzha was also known as " Arakuzha Pakuthi"(half of arakuzha)

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Nedumangad
Nedumangad is a municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located around 20 km to the north-east of Thiruvananthapuram city on the Thiruvananthapuram — Thenmala State Highway. It is an important centre for the commercial trade in pepper and rubber. A wholesale market set up by the Department of Agriculture (with the assistance of the European Union) is also situated there.
Nedumangad is located at 8°36′N 77°00′E / 8.6°N 77.0°E / 8.6; 77.0. It has an average elevation of 68 metres (223 feet).
It lies 18 km from Thiruvananthapuram (or Trivandrum) on the way to Ponmudi hill resort. It is the capital of the taluk, and is unique for having no coastal belt or railway lines.^{[clarification needed]}
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
Agasthyarkoodam, a mountain preserve famous for its abundant ayurvedic herbs and medicinal plants is around 50 km away. About 32 km from Nedumangad, en route to the Ponmudi Hill Resort lies the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, which is of particular interest to ornithologists. Near Nedumangad town another Monolithic - Thiruchittapara is located. With Siva Vishnu Temple, lots of monkeys congregated this place. The name Nedumangadu means kadu (forest) of Vishnu, who was called Neduman, Neduvan, and Nediyavan in ancient texts like Chilappadikaram.

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Nedumangad taluk
Nedumangad Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the eastern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 28 villages and one municipality.
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
There are 28 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Anad, Aruvikkara, Aryanad, Kallara, Karakulam, Koliyakode, Kurupuzha, Manikkal, Mannoorkara, Nedumangad, Nellanad, Palode, Panavoor, Pangode, Peringamala, Perumkulam, Pullampara, Theakada, Thennoor, Tholicode, Uzhamalackal, Vamanapuram, Vattappara, Veeranakavu, Vellanad, Vembayam, Vithura.
There is only one municipality, Nedumangad, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.

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New Delhi
New Delhi ⁱ/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.

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Neyyattinkara
Neyyattinkara is municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The name 'Neyyattinkara' in Malayalam literally means the shore (kara) of Neyyar River. Neyyar River flows from Agasthyarkoodam, the highest peak (1868m above MSL) in southern end of the Western Ghats.
The municipality of Neyyattinkara is the major town on the banks of Neyyar River. Neyyattinkara lies 18 km to the south of Thiruvananthapuram city on the National Highway 47 to Kanyakumari. The rapidly growing Thiruvananthapuram city has almost reached its outskirts. The town is mostly residential, with lots of service sector establishments.
Aruvippuram, the holy land of Sree Narayana Guru is an important pilgrim centre near Neyyattinkara. Neyyar Dam is another popular picnic spot near Neyyattinkara .
Neyyattinkara is located at 8°24′N 77°05′E / 8.4°N 77.08°E / 8.4; 77.08. It has an average elevation of 26 metres (85 feet).
The town is situated on the Neyyar River, one of the principal rivers in the district. Topography of the town is rather uneven, with higher areas in the downtown. Nearby the town is the hillock at Aruvippuram. The town is scenically sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

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Neyyattinkara taluk
Neyyattinkara Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the Southern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and one municipality.
There are 29 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Amboori, Anavoor, Athiyannur, Chenkal, Kallikkad, Kanjiramkulam, Karode, Karumkulam, Keezharoor, Kollayil, Kottukal, Kulathoor, Kulathummal, Kunnathukal, Malayinkeezhu, Maranalloor, Neyyattinkara, Ottasekharamangalam, Pallichal, Parassala, Parasuvaikkal, Perumkadavila, Thirupuram, Vazhichal, Vellarada, Vilappil, Vilavoorkkal, Vizhinjam.
There is only one municipality, Neyyattinkara, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.

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Nilambur

Nilambur (Malayalam: നിലമ്പൂര്‍) is a municipality and a taluk in the Malappuram district of Kerala, South India. It is famous for its forests, especially its wildlife habitats, rivers, waterfalls and teak plantations. It is situated close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River. It is about 40 kilometres from Malappuram city and 24 kilometres from Manjeri on the Kozhikode–Ooty road. Nilambur is also an Assembly Constituency.
The town of Nilambur is famous for the Nilambur Vettekkoru Makan Paattu (Or simply Nilambur Paattu)held every year in the Nilambur Kovilakom Temple (a Hindu temple). Nilambur is also home to the oldest teak plantation in the world, called Conolly's Plot. It is claimed that the world's tallest or biggest teak tree is in the Nilambur Teak Preserve. Nilambur is also famous for its bamboos. The name "Nilambur" means 'Place of Nilimba' (a Sanskrit word for bamboo). This region is suitable for planting teak and grows well here. Teak grown here is having good quality and hence Nilambur Teak has good demand all over the world. Some nearby places are Chungathara, Pookkottumpadam and Edakkara. People here are almost in equal ratio of Hindu, Muslims and Christians. Most people are engaged in agriculture and business. It is a place where a huge number of Christians migrated during 1940s and 50s. Nilambur is the place where a large number of Christians of all denominations live in Malabar.

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Nileshwaram
Nileshwaram (Malayalam: നീലേശ്വരം), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality and a town in Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwar is the third major town in kasargod district. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
The name "Nileshwaram" comes from one of the names of Lord Shiva, Neelakanteshwaran ("Blue-necked One"), or from Neelakandeswaran, denoting land of Lord Siva. There is another story that the place was named so after Sage Neela, who installed the deity of Lord Siva thousands of years ago.

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North Malabar
North Malabar (Malayalam: ഉത്തര മലബാര്‍/വടക്കേ മലബാര്‍), is a historic as well as geographic distinction in India used to refer the area covering; present Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, Mananthavady taluk of Wayanad District and Koyilandy & Vatakara taluks of Kozhikode District in modern Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of Union Territory of Pondicherry.
Majority of North Malabar (except Mahé) remained as one of the two administrative divisions of Malabar District (an administrative district of British India under Madras Presidency) till 1947 and later part of India's Madras State till 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954. On November 1, 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin [excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu], and the of Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District.
The area of North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises erstwhile princely principalities and fiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu, Kadatha Nadu and southern parts of Tulu Nadu.

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North Paravur
North Paravur (Malayalam :വടക്കൻ പറവൂർ, also Paravur, Paravoor) formerly known as Parur is a town, municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is an old and growing municipality. Paravur is the capital of Paravur Taluk in Ernakulam district. Though considered a part of Kochi for all practical purposes, the town is 17 km away from Edappally in city of Kochi. The ancient seaport of India Muziris is located in Pattanam village 3 km away from town. It is a northern suburb of Kochi City.
The coastal highway NH-17 Ernakulam – Manglore- Mumbai (Proposed NH-66 Panvel-Kanyakumari) passes through this town. The National Waterway – 3 Kollam – Ernakulam – Kottapuram passes through the western end of the taluk. North Paravur is considered as the gateway to Cherai beach which is 6 km away from Paravur town.
This town had been an old trading post and has a Jewish synagogue and had a thriving Jewish community before their conversion to Syrian Christians in the first century and their resettlement in Israel after its establishment. Cochin Jews lived in the towns of Kochi, Ernakulam and North Paravur.

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Palai
Pala (Malayalam: പാലാ, also written as Palai), is a municipal town 27 km east of Kottayam in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 15.93 km². Pala has the largest proportion of Saint Thomas Christian community in Kerala. It is situated 173 km North from the state capital Thiruvananthapuram, on the banks of the Meenachil River and is the headquarters of the Meenachil Taluk and the Pala Revenue Division. It is the one of the main gateways to the southern high ranges of Western Ghats.
There are various versions regarding the origin of the place name. According to one, Pala gets its name from Palazhi (Ksheera Sagara), the mythological Ocean of milk from which nectar was churned out. Another view is that the name was derived from Palathu Chettiyar families, the prominent early settlers of the region.
Pala was part of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore, and was ruled by the "Travancore Rajas" for a long time. The local chieftains were "Meenachil Karthas". The first royal Kartha families were known as Njavakattu Karthas. They had a title called "Damodara Simhar" and they were rulers of a small kingdom called "Meenachil" which is today's Palai (Kottayam district).

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Palakkad
Palakkad pronunciation (help·info), previously known as Palghat, is a large town and municipality in the state of Kerala in southern India, spread over an area of 26.60 km² and is the administrative headquarters of the Palakkad District. Palakkad is the seventh most populous city in Kerala and lies near the Palghat Gap, a pass or natural depression through the Western Ghats ranges, and connects Kerala to the plains of the state of Tamil Nadu to the east. The city is situated about 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of state capital Thiruvananthapuram and 49 kilometres (30 mi) south west of Coimbatore.
Kerala would have an IIT in Palakkad under the 12th five-year plan. The land belonging to the Instrumentation Limited in Palakkad was finally chosen for the project.Since the IITs are set up by an act of Parliament, the whole process is the centre's prerogative, and the state government has only a limited role.
To the east lies Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, in the Western Ghats.

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Palakkad district
Palakkad District (Malayalam: പാലക്കാട് ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts of the Indian state of Kerala. The city of Palakkad is the district headquarters. Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the Malappuram District, on the southwest by the Thrissur District and on the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The district is 13.62% urbanised. The district is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala".
In earlier times, Palakkad was also known as Palakkattussery. Some etymologists trace the word "Palakkad" from the word Palai nilam, which means "dry lands". The commonly held belief, however, is that the name is a fusion of two Malayalam words, Pala, a tree (Alstonia scholaris) that is found abundantly in Palakkad, and Kadu, which means forest.^{[citation needed]}
In earlier days, Palakkad along with most parts of Kerala were under the rule of the Chera kings (Perumals). With the decline of Chera dynasty, parts of this district were ruled by Palakkad Rajas who were believed to be a branch of Zamorins (Samudiri Rajavamsam) of Calicut who later declared independence. Some parts were under Kollengode Rajas of Vengunad and the Valluvanad part of the district was ruled by Valluvakonathiris (who are considered to be descendants of a branch of Pallava dynasty who might have ruled parts of Kerala at an earlier date). For a brief period, some areas of the district near Chittur came under the attack of the nearby Kongu king when the local people resisted the Kongu invasion successfully.

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Pampady
Pampady is a small town 16 kilometres east of Kottayam in Kerala, Southern India. It lies midway between the serene backwaters of Western Kerala and the misty mountains of Western Ghats. National highway 220 passing through the heart of pampady. It is well connected to Kottayam, Ponkunnam, Pallickkathodu and Karukachal.
Vennimala on the western boundary of Pampady was once the Capital of Thekkumkoor. Unnuneeli sandesam written in 14th century AD describes Vennimala and Thiruvanchiyoor in Thekkumkoor. In AD 1749 King Marthanda Varma of Venadu captured Thekkumkoor and thereafter it was portion of Travancore. After 1956, Pampady became part of Travancore-Cochin State.
The old records, dating back to ME 352 (AD 1176), kept with Kaithamattom Illam in Velloor, throws light on the history of Pampady. There was human inhabitation here about 1000 years back. The Subramanya temple of the Illam was old even at that time.
Up to middle of 16th Century, Pampady was under King of Thekkumkoor. Thalikotta was the capital of Thekkumkoor. Pampady was owned by Kothala Madom and later by Ambazhathunkal Kartha. Pampady had three portions-Velloor, Pampady and Thekkan Pampady. Velloor was owned by Kaithamattom Illam.

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Panachikkad
Panachikkad is a village in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India.

Panachikkad is a small village near Chingavanam, almost 10 km away from Kottayam, famous for its temple(see Panachikkadu Temple) dedicated to Goddess Saraswati. It has thus come to be known as Dakshina-Mookambika(Mookambika of the South).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Panachikkad had a population of 41386 with 20382 males and 21004 females.

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Paravur Taluk
Paravur Taluk is a taluk of Ernakulam District of the Indian State of Kerala. North Paravur is the capital of the taluk. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of the taluk.
The Block Panchayats are Paravur and Alengad.
Paravur constituency consists of
Kalamassery constituency consists of
Paravur, Kalamassery constituencies belong to Ernakulam Parliamentary constituency.
These are the towns other than panchayat headquarters.

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Parumala
Parumala is a small village and island on the Pampa River in Pathanamthitta district in Kerala, India.
Parumala is renowned for the presence of the Tomb of St. Gregorios (Parumala Thirumeni), the Greatest Saint of India belonging to the Indian Orthodox Church(Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church) and Syriac Orthodox Church, so it is a pilgrimage site. The annual feast Ormapperunnal is held at the Parumala Church annually on the first and second of November.

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Peermade
Peermade(പീരുമേട്), also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 metres above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass lands and pine forests. It was once the summer retreat of the Maharajas of Travancore. Tamil people are the most majority in peermade .
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, one of the largest wildlife reserves in India, is 43 km away. It has herds of elephants and other wildlife as well as lakes.
The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, Peer Mohammed, or means "hill of the Peer"(പീരുമേട്).
The area is very fertile and the area had until recently lush plantations of coffee, tea, cardamon, and coconut. The area, with a long history of spice growing, now concentrates on producing organic black pepper, white pepper, ginger and turmeric.
At a recent show spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices like cardamom, black pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, mace, cloves, turmeric, ginger, vanilla beans, vanilla powder and herbs like oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Oils of thyme and rosemary were also displayed.

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Perumbaikad
Perumbaikad is a census town in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Perumbaikad had a population of 42,984. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Perumbaikad has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 86%. In Perumbaikad, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Coordinates: 9°37′43″N 76°30′46″E / 9.6287°N 76.5128°E / 9.6287; 76.5128

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Perumbavoor
Perumbavoor (Malayalam: പെരുമ്പാവൂർ) is a satellite town of Kochi city and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies in the North Eastern tip of the Greater Cochin area and is also the headquarters of Kunnathunad Taluk. It is a Main Satellite Centres of Kochi City. Perumbavoor is famed in the state for wood industries and small-scale industries. Ernakulam lies 33 km southwest of Perumbavoor. The town lies between Angamaly and Muvattupuzha on the Main Central Road (MC), which connects Thiruvananthapuram to Angamaly through the old Travancore part of Kerala. Perumbavoor lies in the banks of rivers Periyar and Muvattupuzha.
It is one of the most strategically located industrially developing towns in Kerala, since its close to Ernakulam, where the city grows further towards east. There are many small-scale industries on the Aluva - Perumbavoor road. Trucks carrying wood and allied products like plywood travel from Perumbavoor to destinations like Coimbatore, Trivandrum and Mangalore. There is also a developing packaging and carton industry. Food processing, especially of rice and condiments, is also one of the prominent local industry.

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Ponkunnam
Ponkunnam is a town in the eastern high-ranges of Kerala, India, part of Kottayam district. Nearby towns are Kanjirappally, Manimala and Pala. This part of Kerala is famous for its fertile lands and rubber plantations. It is at an altitude of 495 Metres above MSL sea level.
Ponkunnam is a part of Kanjirapally constituency in legislative assembly [earlier it was part of Vazhoor constituency]and Dr. N. Jayaraj is the MLA.It is a part of Chirakkadavu grama panchayath. NH 220 (Kollam-Kottarakkara-Kottayam-Theni), the former K.K road (Kottayam-Kumily road), passes through the town. Kottayam is around 34 km. K.K road is an easy way to Madurai in Tamilnadu. The Main Eastern Highway (Punalur-Pathanamthitta-Muvattupuzha Road / SH - No2 ) meets NH 220 at Ponkunnam. Ponkunnam is well connected to almost all the places of Kerala by road. Thekkady is 83 km far from here.
Ponkunnam has all communities (Christians, Hindus, Muslims) mostly agriculturist. Famous novelist and short story writer Ponkunnam Varkey lived here. Ponkunnam Damodaran the famous Poet was born here. K.P.A.C Ravi , actor cum Singer, belongs to Ponkunnam. Malayalam Film actor Babu Antony and his brother Thampi Antony hail from Ponkunnam.

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Ponnani
Ponnani (Malayalam: പൊന്നാനി, formerly Ponani, Paniyani) is a coastal municipality and an important fishing center in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 9.32 km². It is a tidal port, mainly used by the fishing industry. It is situated at the mouth of Ponnani river, the second longest river of Kerala and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west.
Ponnani is often regarded one of the oldest ports in southern India and is sometimes roughly identified with the port Tyndis of the Roman accounts.^{[citation needed]}
Ponnani taluk is the smallest taluk in Malappuram district.
Located in Malappuram District of Kerala state in India, Ponnani is a small town at the mouth of the Bharathapuzha. It is a port used primarily as a fishing harbour. Ponnani is a "town of mosques". Though described as the "place of 231/2 masjids", there are nearly 50 mosques. Ponnani has a population which is a blend of almost equal percentage of Hindus and Muslims and has set an example for tolerant and peaceful religious co-existence its history. Malik Ibnu Dinar, the legendary first Islamic missionary who came to Kerala, is believed to have visited Ponnani.

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Poonjar
Poonjar is a small town in the Kottayam district of Kerala state, India. Before the independence of India, Poonjar had been the capital of the Poonjar Koyikkal Swaroopam or Edavaka.
Poonjar dynasty has an origin from the Pandyan Kings of the Sangam Age. The founder of the Poonjar dynasty was Manavikrama Kulashekhara Perumal, and his mother was a Chera princess. In 1152 AD, they shifted from Madurai after incessant civil wars in Tamil Country. The Raja carried one of the three idols of Meenakshi, their "Kula Devatha", and it was established in the Meenakshi temple on the banks of the Meenachil River.Manavikraman Raja procured the land from the Thekkancoor Rajas, which is now part of Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Idukki districts. Erattupetta became the commercial center of the Poonjar kingdom.
The ancient palace and temples dedicated to Sree Dharma Shastha and Meenakshi are located on the banks of the Meenachil River. Raghubir Singh, the famed National Geographic photographer, has published photographs of this temple, nestled in the foothills of the high ranges of Kerala, in National Geographic. The S.M.V. High School, dedicated to the memory of the eldest nephew (Sri Moolam Tirunal) of Maharaja Shri Chitra Tirunal, was the only school in the district for decades and luminaries of all political and religious hues who have played formative roles in modern Kerala have passed through its gates. The school, as well as five temples, are currently managed by a family trust. Colonel Goda Varma Raja, the consort of the Maharani of erstwhile Travancore, Karthika Tirunal, and brother-in-law of Maharaja Sri Chitra Tirunal, was a member of this family. His elder brother was P. R. Rama Varma Raja, who, after a difference of opinion with C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, left Travancore in the late 1930s, and purchased 36,000 acres (150 km²) of land in Alakode,Taliparamba taluk of Kannur district. He was often referred to as the Alakode Raja.

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Punalur
Punalur (Malayalam: പുനലൂര്‍ Punalūr‍) is a city situated near the Tamil Nadu-Kerala Border in the Kollam district, in the southern State of Kerala, India. Here the Punalur Paper Mills was the first industry in Kerala, a pioneer in the Kerala industrial revolution. It is also one of the hottest city in South India.
It is situated in the banks of the Kallada River, receiving its name from two Tamil words; punal, meaning "water" and ooru, meaning "place", therefore "place of water". It is about 45 km north-east of Kollam and 75 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. Punalur is the headquarters of Pathanapuram Taluk, the gateway to Western Ghats. It is also known as the " Lap of the western ghats ".
It is the second largest city in Kollam and the 5th largest city in south Kerala, and a famous industrial city in India. Punalur municipality was established in 1972, although its status may change before 2016.it is THE HOTTEST CITY OF SOUTH INDIA.
Punalur is a city which has, since ancient times, had a good relations with Tamil Nadu to the East. Most parts of Pathanapuram taluk were inhabited since before the Indus Valley Civilization, and civilization may have existed in and around Punalur during the 1st Century AD, but most parts of it were thick forests. Punalur was described in inscriptions at Mithranandpuram and Vellayani. Until 1734, Punalur was under the direct rule of the Ilaydathu swaroopam.Later it was occupied by Marthanda Varma and came into the rule of Travancore . Britishers had a good hold in this part due to its rich agricultural background.

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Ranni
Ranni, sometimes spelled Ranny, is one of the 5 Taluks in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, in India. According to the Census of India 2001, the population was 207,782. The taluk headquarters is a small township on both sides of the Pamba River. Ranni is also one of the largest taluks in Kerala. The renowned Hindu temple of Sabarimala is in this taluk, situated approximately 66 km from the main town, Ittiappara. Ranni is known for its natural beauty, forests, hills, river and good climate.
Ranni is derived from similar word in malayalam which means "Queen" or "Rani". Ranni is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands".
The history of Ranni can be traced 5000 years back to the early settlement activity of Adi Dravidans around Sabarimala and Nilackal. The temple at Sabarimala is thought to be the oldest existing temple in India, dating to around 4000 years. A church at Nilackal is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas in AD 54.
In the 18th century, Knanaya Christians migrated to Ranni and later established the church, St. Thomas Church of Ranni. Large number of Mar Thomites also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, Dr. Claudius Buchanan visited Ranni and was presented an old hand written Syriac Bible, from Ranni St. Thomas church.

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Shoranur
Shoranur (Malayalam: ഷൊര്‍ണൂര്‍) is a town and a municipality in Palakkad district, Kerala, located on the banks of the Bharathapuzha River spread over an area of 32.28 km². It is a major transport hub, having the largest railway station in the state. Kerala Kalamandalam which is the premier centre for the learning of classical arts like Kathakali and Koodiyattam is located at Cheruthuruthi, a kilometer across the river from Shornur.
'Shornur' is believed to be have originated from Cheruvannur, which is found in the Revenue and Railway records.
Shoranur is located at 10°46′N 76°17′E / 10.77°N 76.28°E / 10.77; 76.28. It has an average elevation of 49 metres (160 feet).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Shoranur had a population of 42,022. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. The average literacy rate was 84%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy rate being 85%, and female literacy rate being 82%. 10% of the population is under the age of 6. The population is predominantly Hindu with sizable Muslim and Christian minorities.

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Taliparamba
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala and spread over an area of 43.05 km². It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyad and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
Taliparamba is a big town of 67,000 people crowded into a small area of 43 square kilometers. But the undulating hills that surround this little town make it exceptionally beautiful. The surrounding villages of Pattuvam, Kuttikkol, Velipara and Karimbam are filled with lush green fields and little rolling hills. The rivers of Kuppam and Valapattanam surround the towns from all sides and the Arabian sea is only 14 kilometres to the western side. The hanging bridge at Kuttiyeri and the beautiful riverside temple at Parassinikkadavu attaract a large number of toruists. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur and the Pepper Research Station under Kerala Agricultural University at Panniyur, Kannur University, Pariyaram Medical College and Sir Syed College Velipara are a few famous institutions in and around Taliparamba. The origin of Taliparamba is from the Perinchalloor brahminical settlement. Of the original 2,000 Brahmin families, only 45 remain now. The old name of Taliparamba was 'Lakshmipura' as this place was considered as an abode of prosperity. The 'Sree Raja Rajeswara Temple' and the 'Trichambaram temple' are renowned places of worship. Today Muslims and Christians also form a sizeable portion of the population.

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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Thalassery
Thalassery (Malayalam: തലശ്ശേരി), also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established in 1866, it is the second oldest municipality in the state. Possessing an area of 23.98 km², Thalassery is a town strategically located on the western coast of Kannur district on the Malabar Coast of Kerala. It is 22 km from the district headquarters at Kannur. The town is situated between 11°44’N latitude and 75°26’E longitude, at an altitude ranging between 2.5m above the mean sea-level in the low-lying areas, to 30m above the mean sea-level in the higher regions.
Thalassery is in Kannur district. The palm-fringed terrain of Thalassery has a scenic coastline and features four rivers, canals and hills with orange-hued rock. One of the four rivers is the Mahé River (Mayyazhi river). During the British Raj, the Mahé River was nicknamed the English Channel, because it separated British-ruled Thalassery from French-ruled Mahé. Muzhappilangad, a 5 km long Drive in beach, in fact it's the only Drive in beach in Asia, is located within 6 km of the city centre.

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Thalayolaparambu
Thalayolaparambu (Malayalam: തലയോലപ്പറമ്പു്) is a village town situated in Kottayam district of Kerala state, India. It belongs to the Vaikom legislative assembly and Kottayam parliament constituency, is one of the towns between Kottayam and Ernakulam.
This village is the home of famous personalities like the Chief minister A. J. John, Anaparambil, the writer Vaikom Muhammed Basheer, the Chief Justice of India K. G. Balakrishnan and the Convenor of Left Democratic Front -LDF- in Kerala Vaikom Viswan.
This village entittle the rare previlage of having an eventful history.
This small town hosts the biggest market (Malayalam: ചന്ത ) of the locality which was founded by Velu Thampi Dalawa. This market opens twice in a week on Tuesdays and Saturdays. It attracts producers, consumers and businessmen from the nearby panchayats including Vaikom, Keezhoor and Kaduthuruthy. In olden times the products from the Kottayam Division High Range were sent to Kochi- Alappuzha markets through this market. Previously economy of this region was mainly concentrated on this market's activities.

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Thekkady
Thekkady (Idukki district) is the location of the Periyar National Park, which is an important tourist attraction in the Kerala state of India.
Situated in Kerala, close to the Kerala - Tamil Nadu border town - Kumily, it is located about 257 km (160 mi) from Trivandrum, 114 km from Madurai City and Madurai International Airport, 185 km from Cochin International Airport and 114 km from Kottayam railway station. The sanctuary is famous for its dense evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests and savanna grass lands. It is home to herds of elephants, sambar, tigers, gaur, lion-tailed Macaques and Nilgiri Langurs.
The Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is spread across 777 km² (300 sq mi), of which 360 km² (140 sq mi) is thick evergreen forest. The Wild Life Sanctuary was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1978. The splendid artificial lake formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam across the Periyar River adds to the charm of the park. The greatest attraction of Periyar are the herds of wild elephants that come down to play in the lake. Sanctuary can be accessed through a nature walk, boating or jeep safari.

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Theni
Theni pronunciation (help·info) is a town in the Western Tamil Nadu state of South India. It is the headquarters of Theni District. It is known for the large-scale trading of Cardamom, Cotton, Grapes, Chilli and Textiles. It hosts the second largest weekly market in Tamil Nadu and the fourth largest in South India. It is well-connected by rail and road to Madurai and by road to all the important cities in Tamil Nadu. The nearest airport is at Madurai.
Theni district is surrounded by the Western Ghats. The main occupation of people of Theni is agriculture. The Vaigai River flows through this district. Other important rivers include the Mullaiperiyar, Suruliyaru, Varaganadi, Kottakkudiyaru, and Manjalaru rivers.
Theni has a historic background during the 19th century. There were many antagonists against British rule like Marutha Nayagam.
The famous Saneeswaran (God of Saturn) temple is located in the Kucchanur Village.It is a Suyambhu statue and Pathirakaliyamman Temple, Pathirakalipuram.
Theni district is rich in flora and fauna. Many dams have been constructed on the rivers, including Vaigai Dam, Sothupparai Dam, Manjalaru Dam, and Meghamalai Dam. Several famous waterfalls are here: Suruli Falls, Kumbakarai Falls and Meghamalai Falls. Theni is surrounded by many tourist attractions like Kodaikannal, Thekkady, Meghamalai, Munnar, Kumbakkarai, Sothuppaarai and Vaigai dam. Because Theni's scenic environment, it is one of the most favoured shooting spots of the Tamil film industry. Thekkady wildlife sanctuary is a nearby attraction which lays in the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There is a temple where Kannaki (historic character) was believed to be turned statue.

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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,^{[needs IPA]}known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey

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Thodupuzha
Thodupuzha (Malayalam: തൊടുപുഴ) is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 35.43 km². It is 62 km from Ernakulam. Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
Thodupuzha is also the name of the river that flows through the town. It is the largest town in the district and is the commercial centre. The town is being modernised with the help of a programme sponsored by the World Bank which is financing the programme through the Government of Kerala. It was once part of the territory of the princely state, Travancore. It lies in central Kerala, southeast of Muvattupuzha. The Thodupuzha municipality area is characterised by hilly terrain with a lot of green vegetation.
The Main Eastern Highway (Muvattupuzha - Pathanamthitta - Punalur Road / SH - 08) passes through Thodupuzha and connects it to two of its neighboring towns, Muvattupuzha and Pala.
Hindus, Syrian Christians and Muslims co-exist in harmony adding to the diversity in faith and religion. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics. The Muslim minority are mostly rawthers who were the warriors of Madurai Raja and migrated from Madurai and Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. As well as that, there are some converts from lower castes to Islam but these are only a few.

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Thrippunithura
Thrippunithura or Tripunithura (Malayalam: തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India and an integral part of the Kochi metropolitan area. In local administration it is a municipality. In the state administrative structure, Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala.
Thrippunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin. The descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated near Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin.
There are many stories that describe the origin of the word Thripunithura. Some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river".
Other stories play on the pun of "Pooni" or "Pooneeram" which means quiver. One of them relates that Arjuna - one of Pandavas - who once visited Lord Vishnu was given an idol and Arjuna carried it in his "pooni" (quiver). While searching for a place to install it, he met Lord Ganapati and sought help. Ganapati found this place and the idol was installed. Another story of the same variety is as follows. At the end of Dwaparayuga, the period of Lord Krishna, the Lord himself presented an idol to Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, and asked him to install it in a proper place. He kept the idol in a bag used to keep arrows, which was called Pooneeram in local language. When he reached the place, he shouted Pooneeram Thura means 'open the bag' in local language. Thus the name Poonithura has come, according to this story.

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Thrissur
Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്‍), originally Thrisivaperoor and previously known by its anglicized form as Trichur, is the fifth largest city, the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala (Pop. 1,854,783) and the 20th largest in India. It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District. Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.
Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy. The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.

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Thrissur district
Thrissur ( Trichur / Trishur) (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര്‍) is a revenue district of Kerala situated in the central part of that state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km², Thrissur district is home to over 10% of Kerala’s population. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days.^{[citation needed]} Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple.

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Tirur
Tirur is a town and a municipality in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala spread over an area of 16.55 km² . It is birth place of Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam literature. Thunchan Parambu is highly venerated and its sand is believed to be sacred. The sand is used in Vidyarambham, especially on Vijaya Dasami day. Tirur is one of the most important business centres of Malappuram district and is situated 41 km south of Kozhikode or Calicut, on the Mangalore-Madras railway line. It is a major trading centre of fish and betel leaf.
Tirur is located at 10°55′05″N 75°55′30″E / 10.918027°N 75.925022°E / 10.918027; 75.925022. It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 feet).
The Tirur-Koottayi road ends at Padinjarekara, better known as Padinjarekara Azhimugham, where the Bharathapuzha and Tirur river s converge to drain into the sea. This place is noted for migratory birds, gathering in their thousands during February - April. This beautiful beach is very near Tirur and is also famous for its astonishing scenic beauty. This beach has long been a favourite destination for both domestic and international travellers as well as nature lovers. Most of the travelers to Malappuram district and pilgrims who are heading to the Kadambuzha Baghavathi Temple and Other temples are boarded here.

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Tiruvalla
Tiruvalla (alternately spelled Thiruvalla) (Malayalam: തിരുവല്ല), is a town and a Taluk headquarters located in Pathanamthitta district in the State of Kerala in South India, spread over an area of 27.94 km².It is the biggest commercial center in the district of Pathanamthitta The town has a tropical climate with a temperatures ranging from highs of 34.4 °C in the summer to a low of 18.5 °C in the winter with a healthy rainfall of 3040 mm. Thiruvalla became a municipality in the year 1919
The town spans a geographic area of 27.94 km² with a population of 56,828 as of 2001 India census,. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. In Thiruvalla, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Thiruvalla has a large Non-Resident Indian Community.
Thiruvalla is on the western border of Pathanamthitta district. The municipal town limits are Thirumoolapuram, Kattod, Kuttapuzha and Manipuzha. Formerly, some areas of present Changanacherry were parts of Tiruvalla taluk. Now the boundaries of the taluk are Varattar Bridge on the south, Lappalam on the north, Pullad on the east and Neerattupuram in west situates in Alappuzha district. Pullad is the last point of Thiruvalla town east & it is in the Koipuram panchayath.

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Travancore
Kingdom of Travancore ( /ˈtrævəŋkɔər/; Malayalam: തിരുവിതാംകൂര്‍, tiruvitāṁkūr ^?[t̪iɾuʋit̪aːɱkuːr]) was a former Hindu feudal kingdom (till 1858) and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore at its zenith comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of Tamil Nadu. The state's flag was red with a silver, dextrally-coiled, sacred conch shell (Turbinella pyrum). Its ruler was accorded a 19-gun salute by the British Empire. Travancore, although a Princely State, was known for its relatively high literacy rate and its progressive government.

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Udumbanchola
Udumbanchola is a taluk in Idukki district of Kerala state in India. This is in the high-ranges. Nedumkandam is the major town and capital of Udumbanchola taluk. This taluk borders Tamil Nadu state.This is the biggest taluk in Kerala state^{[citation needed]} and is the location of Mathikettan Shola National Park.
Udumbanchola assembly constituency is part of Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency). K.Chappathu, Upputhara, Anakkara and Mattumkatta are the townships in Udumbumchola Taluk.

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Uzhavoor
Uzhavoor is a small village in Kottayam district, Kerala in India. Most of its residents are either farmers or engaged in small-scale business. The tenth President of India, K. R. Narayanan, was born and grew up in this village.
Uzhavoor is a village located in the Kottayam District of Kerala.
Uzhavoor is located about 6 km from Kudakkachira, 7 km from Kurichithanam, 6 km from Monipilly, 7 km from Kurianad and 15 km from Palai. Uzhavoor is very famous for its St. Stephen's Church, St. Stephen's College, and the Capuchin Monastery. Uzhavoor belongs to the Kaduthuruthy constituency. The St. Stephen's Church of Uzhavoor belongs to the Kottayam Arch Diocese of Knanaya Catholic community. It is a forane church and is the biggest forane under the vast Kottayam Arch Diocese. The people of this village are friendly and hospitable.
The simple peasants of this village who belong to different religions and communities live here in peace, harmony, and unity. They are famous for their hard work and their efforts to be excellent in all fields. Mr. K. R. Narayanan, who came from one of the poorest families of this village, is the role model for these people even today.

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Vagamon
Vagamon (Malayalam: വാഗമണ്‍) is a hill station located in Kottayam-Idukki border of Idukki district of Kerala, India. It has a cool climate with the temperature between 10 and 23 °C during a summer midday. It is situated 1,100 meters above sea level. Vagamon also known as the 'Scotland of Asia', was discovered by the Britishers who found the place ideal for tea plantations and they were followed by Christian missionaries who built their abode of service at Kurisumala in Vagamon. National Geographic Traveler has listed Vagamon on their directory of the '50 most attractive places to visit in India’.
Still untouched by commercialisation, the sleepy town with its scenic valleys, beautiful green meadows, enchanting pine forests, mists, fogs, tea estates, waterfalls with the overall greenery is really striking. The landscape is mostly hilly bald with green meadows. Vagamon is also home to a large variety of flowers and orchids. Cuddled up within three striking hills Thangal, Murugan and Kurisumala hills which are the representation of the chief religions in Kerala, i.e. Hindu, Muslim, and Christian which represent the cultural harmony. Vagamon has amenities for trekking, paragliding, mountaineering and rock climbing. However business interests are trying their best to exploit and sell and market vagamon for tourists. How much benefits the local people are receiving from tourism boom is to be seen. The efforts made by the Kurishumala Ashram have helped the farmers of vagamon to improve their earnings by ensuring better price for milk and marketing opportunities.

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Vaikom
Vaikom (Malayalam: വൈക്കം) is a taluk and also its capital town, situated in the North-West of Kottayam district in Kerala, India. Its western border is the Lake Vembanad, and is crossed by various estuaries of the River Muvattupuzha. Vaikom is the oldest township in Kottayam district, and among the oldest in South India.
The Vaikom Shiva Temple, known as Thekkan Kashi [Southern Kashi], is the heart of the town, and is remarkable for the Vaikom Ashtami celebrations during November. It is notable as the venue of the Vaikom Agitation for achieving for the lower castes the right to walk on the roads surrounding the temple.
The traditional economy has been based on coconut and rice crops, and fishing; more recently, crops like nutmeg, black pepper, and latex have also been introduced. Tourism and software are also pursued as means to livelihood. Hindustan Newsprint Limited is situated in Velloor near Vaikom.
Vaikom is administered by a Municipality and is the seat of a Munsiff's court (among the oldest to be established in the Kingdom of Travancore). Vaikom assembly constituency is reserved for Dalits and is part of Kottayam parliamentary constituency.

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Varkala
Varkala (Malayalam : വര്‍ക്കല ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 50 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam city.
Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are a unique geological feature on the otherwise flat Kerala coast, and is known among geologists as Varkala Formation and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India. There are numerous water spouts and spas on the sides of these cliffs.
Varkala is also famous for the 2,000-year old Janardana Swami Temple which is an important Vaishnavaite shrine in India and is often referred to as Dakshin Kashi (Benares of the South). The temple is located close to the Papanasam beach, which is considered to have holy waters which wash away sins, and is also an important Ayurveda treatment centre. The temple has an ancient bell removed from a shipwreck, donated by the captain of the Dutch vessel which sank near Varkala without causing any casualties.

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Vazhoor
Vazhoor is a village in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India.It is a village, panchayat and block with headquarters at Kodungoor on NH220. Basically an agrarian community inhabits this part, whose income depends on rubber cultivation

As of 2001^[update] India census, Vazhoor had a population of 23982 with 11722 males and 12260 females.
Vazhoor have a number of educational institutions. SVRNSS College is a Kerala Govt. aided college run by the Nair Service Society and it is affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala.The college was started in 1965. The nearby campus includes the SVRNSS Higher secondary school and the SVRNSS primary school. Government High School Kodungoor is located near the block headquarters at Kodungoor.

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Vythiri taluk
Vythiri Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It comprises 18 villages.Towns in taluk include Lakkidi,Kaniyambetta,Chundale

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Wayanad district
Wayanad District (Malayalam: വയനാട്) in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Kalpetta is the district headquarters as well as the only municipal town in the district. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. The Folk etymology of the word says it is a combination of Vayal (paddy field) and Naad (land), making it 'The Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m.
It is the least populous district in Kerala (out of 14).

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Arundhati Roy
Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian novelist. She won the Booker Prize in 1997 for her novel, The God of Small Things, and has also written two screenplays and several collections of essays. Her writings on various social, environmental and political issues have been a subject of major controversy in India.
Arundhati Roy was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India, to Ranjit Roy, a Bengali Hindu tea planter and Mary Roy, a Malayali Syrian Christian women's rights activist.
She spent her childhood in Aymanam in Kerala, and went to school at Corpus Christi, Kottayam, followed by the Lawrence School, Lovedale, in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. She then studied architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, where she met her first husband, architect Gerard da Cunha.
Roy met her second husband, filmmaker Pradip Krishen, in 1984, and played a village girl in his award-winning movie Massey Sahib. Until made financially secure by the success of her novel The God of Small Things, she worked various jobs, including running aerobics classes at five-star hotels in New Delhi. Roy is a cousin of prominent media personality Prannoy Roy, the head of the leading Indian TV media group NDTV. She lives in New Delhi.

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Beatification
Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name (intercession of saints). Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process. A person who is beatified is given the title "Blessed."
In earlier ages this honor was entirely local and passed from one diocese to another with the authorization of their bishops. This is clear from the fact that early Christian cemeteries contain paintings only of local martyrs. Some beatifications by bishops in the Middle Ages were almost scandalous by modern standards. For instance, Charlemagne was beatified by a court bishop soon after his death. He was never canonized, and his veneration has been mostly suppressed, though permission is given to celebrate Mass in his honor in the cities of Aachen and Osnabrück, but without using the title of "Blessed."^{[citation needed]}
Since the Catholic Church reform of 1983, one miracle must be proven to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified, though the medical investigations of the Church are privately conducted and therefore subject to speculation about their methods.

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Knanaya
The Knanaya (Hebrew: כנעניה‎, plural כנעניים; Malayalam: ക്നാനായ; Syriac: ܛܢܢܐ; Arabic: قينان) also known as Qna'naya, Qna'i, Kanai, or Thekkumbagar, are an ethnoreligious group, originating from endogamous Jews of the Ancient Near East who settled Kerala, India. The Knanaya Jewish ethnicity and religion are strongly interrelated. Their origins are unclear and are hotly disputed by academic scholars and they are widely believed to be^[who?] descendants of Yemeni Jews who once formed a significant component of the Cochin Jewish population up until the sixteenth century.
The Knanaya people lived in Kodungallur and were able to able achieve limited autonomy until the siege of Kodungallur by Muslims. This led to the Knanaya people dispersing to southern parts of the state of Kerala. During the Portuguese occupation of Kerala, the Knanaya people were heavily persecuted for their Jewish beliefs. As a result of the Portuguese occupation, the Knanaya population dwindled significantly, Knanaya artifacts and culture were lost, and caused the formation of two groups - Knanaya Catholics and Knanaya Jacobites. Many Knanaya migrated at the start of the 20th and 21st centuries, largely westward, forming communities in non Malayalam-speaking areas, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy.

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Kottayam Pushpanath
Pushpanathan Pillai, better known by the pseudonym Kottayam Pushpanath (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം പുഷ്പനാഥ്), is a prolific Malayali author most noted for his detective novels in Malayalam language. He has also written mainstream novels, science fiction, and horror fiction, and translated Bram Stoker's Dracula into Malayalam.
Most of Pushpanath's work appeared during the period of the 1970s and 1980s. In the tradition of Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot, Pushpanath has created two fictional detectives Marxin and Pushparaj. If the story is set somewhere in India, Pushparaj often takes the role of the lead detective officer. Otherwise, detective Marxin is the main protagonist. Detective Sudheer also appears in the lead role in some of his novels.
Pushapanath lives in Kottayam, Kerala. His son, Salim Pushpanath is a well known photographer and publisher. He had published many books on tourism and other India-related subjects.

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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد‎), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ‎) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.

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Muttathu Varkey
Muttathu Varkey (Malayalam: മുട്ടത്തുവര്‍ക്കി) (18 April 1913 - 28 May 1989) was a Malayalam novelist, short story writer, and poet from Kerala state, South India.
Varkey was born in Chethipuzha, a small village near Changanassery in Kottayam district, Kerala. He began his career as a school teacher at Saint Berchmans High School, Changanassery. He then took up the job of an accountant in a timber factory. For a brief period, Varkey taught in a Tutorial College run by M. P. Paul. He then joined Deepika newspaper as an associated editor and remained there for next 26 years until his retirement in 1974.
Muttathu Varkey emerged as one of the popular writer of Malayalam fiction. He was a prolific writer and has penned a total of 132 books, including 65 novels. The rest of his works include collection of short stories, plays, and poetries. Many of his novels were adapted into Malayalam films, including Prem Nazir starrer Padatha Painkili (1957), Inapravukal (1965), Velutha Kathreena (1968), and Mayiladum Kunnu (1972) and Sathyan starrer Karakanakadal (1971) and Akkarapacha (1972).

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Pala Narayanan Nair
Mahakavi Pala Narayanan Nair (Malayalam: പാലാ നാരായണന്‍ നായര്‍) (11 December 1911 - 11 June 2008) was an Indian poet. He wrote his most celebrated work, "Keralam Valarunnu", in 1953 in ten volumes when the concept of a unified state was spreading. This masterpiece earned him the title of Mahakavi.^{[citation needed]} He wrote more than 5,000 poems, compiled in about 45 collections.
Jinoop J Nair directed a documentary about the life of Pala: Pala kavithakalude Palazhy.
Nair was born to Keezhpallil Sankaran and Nair-Parvathy Amma in Pala on December 11, 1911. He was educated at VM School and St. Thomas School in Pala. Nair later joined the military and participated in World War II. A teacher by profession, he published his first poetry collection, Pookkal, in 1935. He joined the Publication Department of Travancore University as a pundit and received his M.A. (Malayalam) in 1956. Nair worked as a Malayalam professor at Alphonsa College, Pala. He was the first secretary of Kerala Sahitya Akademi and the first Principal of NSS College, Kottiyam, in Kollam district.

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Pope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.

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Kottayam Kunjachan (1990)

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Comedy "Comic-cola" Episode 14 | KOTTAYAM NAZEER ONE MAN SHOW | Malayalam Comedy

THE COMEDY STAR KOTTAYAM NASEER IN AMAZING STAGE PERFOMENTS...

published: 06 May 2012

author: shahmonhtnsour

Kottayam Fish Curry Recipe

detailed recipe: showmethecurry.com Check Out our YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com Kottaya...

published: 09 Apr 2012

author: ShowMeTheCurry

22 Female Kottayam Part 1 of 4

22 Female Kottayam Part 1 of 4 -- youtu.be 22.Female.Kottayam Part 2 of 4 -- youtu.be 22 F...

published: 12 Jul 2012

author: MrKunjaappu

Naked Man rides bike in Kottayam town Kerala

Naked Man rides bike in Kottayam town Kerala...

published: 16 Nov 2012

author: AshVideoTips

Girl In The Bus - 22 Female Kottayam Promo Trailer

One of the exclusive promo videos shot for the movie "22 Female Kottayam". Beware..! This ...

published: 01 Apr 2012

author: Niveka Thankachan

kottayam pattanam song

...

published: 05 Jan 2012

author: abpp100

Very best of Kumarakom - I, Kottayam, Kerala

Kerala tourism movie on the Very best of Kumarakom. Kumarakom, a backwater destination sit...

published: 18 Jan 2011

author: keralatourism

Kottayam and Alappuzha boats

By one theory, Kottayam literally means the interior of a fort - Kotta + Akam. Rulers of M...

published: 02 Nov 2006

author: valpard

22 FEMALE KOTTAYAM TRAILER

AASHIQ ABU CINEMA PRODUCED BY OGEE WRITTEN BY ABHILASH S KUMAR , SYAM PUSHKARAN DOP - SHYJ...

published: 03 Apr 2012

author: Aashiq Abu

Sarigama 28-10-12 kottayam nazir

Sarigama 28-10-12 kottayam nazir...

published: 29 Oct 2012

author: Asianetindia

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 1/3

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 1/3...

published: 20 Aug 2012

author: malayalmTvshows

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 2/3

Kadha Ithu Vare - With kottayam nazeer Part 2/3...

published: 20 Aug 2012

author: malayalmTvshows

22 Female Kottayam 2012

Really I love This film.Cheers Kottayam...

published: 02 Sep 2012

author: riyjas

22 Female Kottayam Part 4 of 4

22 Female Kottayam Part 1 of 4 -- youtu.be 22.Female.Kottayam Part 2 of 4 -- youtu.be 22 F...

published: 28 Jul 2012

author: MrKunjaappu

SaintGITS Ads. Video

Video Advertisement on SAINTGITS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Kottukulam Hills, Pathamuttom P.O...

published: 02 Feb 2010

author: Mathew Varghese

Departing from Kottayam

A brightly lit station. Surprisingly, a few stalls were still open even though it was pas...

published: 12 Apr 2008

author: Mani Vijay

At Kumarakom Sanctuary, Kottayam

published: 10 Jun 2010

author: Aravind Jose T.

st. antonys church kottayam [ novena ]

malayalam movies online visit................ http://rincepaul.wix.com/rincepaul#!home/ma...

published: 06 Aug 2012

author: rincepaul

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photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon

In this Sept. 14, 2012 file photo, Libyan military guards check one of the burnt out buildings at the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, during a visit by Libyan President Mohammed el-Megarif to express sympathy for the death of American ambassador to Libya Chris Stevens and his colleagues in the Sept. 11, 2012 attack on the consulate.

There are bigger issues to worry about than Benghazi

The News Tribune

25 Jan 2013

Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

A bronze bust of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is visible in the foreground as President Barack Obama meets with senior advisors, in the Oval Office, Feb. 4, 2010.

Same Bibles, Different Theologies and Histories

WorldNews.com

24 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)

photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Chad Chisholm

File - A staff sergeant marshalls an MQ-9 Reaper after it returned from a mission Dec. 1, 2010, at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan.

UN launches major investigation into civilian drone deaths

Antiwar

24 Jan 2013

Ben Emmerson QC addresses reporters in London (Photo. TBIJ). A UN investigation into the legality and casualties of drone strikes has been formally launched, with a leading human rights lawyer revealing the team that will carry out the inquiry. The announcement came as the latest reported US drone strike in Yemen was said to have mistakenly killed two children ... In total some 25 strikes are expected to be examined in detail ... He added....(size: 7.1Kb)

photo: AP / Lee Jin-man

South Koreans watch a television broadcasting undated image a North Korea launch missile at the Seoul Railway Station in Seoul, South Korea, Thursday, July 2, 2009. North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles Thursday, South Korea's Defense Ministry said, a move that aggravates already high tensions following Pyongyang's recent nuclear test and U.N. sanctions imposed as punishment. The Korean read "North Korea test-fired two short-range missiles."

North Korea Threatens to Conduct Nuclear Test That Targets U.S.

Bloomberg

24 Jan 2013

North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / Themba Hadebe

Zambia's Emmanuel Mayuka, left, is challenged by Nigeria's Godfrey Oboabona, right, during their African Cup of Nations Group C soccer match at Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit, South Africa, Friday Jan. 25, 2013.

Africa Cup of Nations - Nigeria v Zambia & B Faso v EthiopiaLive

BBC News

25 Jan 2013

Live text commentary as Zambia face Nigeria and Bukina Faso play Ethiopia in Group C of the Africa Cup of Nations. To get live updates & watch our video coverage you must enable Javascript. Watch My Cup of Nations - Daouda Diakite Watch My Cup of Nations - Jacob Mulenga. 25 January 2013 Share this page. print. Get involved. To get involved contact us in any of the following ways Send us a text ... Live Reporting. In Summary ... 1430.  ... ....(size: 17.2Kb)

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Gangster shoot postponed to October

The Times of India

25 Jan 2013

The news about Aashiq Abu's movie Gangster was out soon after the release of his box office grosser Salt N' Pepper, and even before the release of his yet another hit movie 22 Female Kottayam ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)

Fahadh is not the villain in Immanuel

The Times of India

25 Jan 2013

Buzz was that Fahadh will portray a negative character once again after his stellar performance in 22 Female Kottayam ... "Fahadh is not acting as a villain ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)

Bangle to cure ailments unveiled in Delhi

Newstrack India

25 Jan 2013

Tweet. New Delhi, Jan 25 (IANS) A bangle that claims to cure ailments like acidity and arthritis, purifies water and even protects people from harmful cellphone radiation was launched here Friday ... It was unveiled by Minister of Human Resource Development Shashi Tharoor ... The bangle is particularly beneficial for athletes and the elderly ... Read More ... Kottayam South ... ) .. ).. Comments. ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.8Kb)

Brahmins Foods eyes Middle East

The Times of India

25 Jan 2013

KOCHI. Brahmins Foods India Pvt Ltd said it is developing a fully export-oriented unit at Thodupuzha for pickles, spices and rice-based products. "The export to the Middle East accounted for only 5% to 6% of our total revenues a few years ago ... "At Amanakara in Kottayam district, we are building a new factory for pickles, following the guidelines of the US FDA ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

KSBB plans to conserve herons

The Hindu

25 Jan 2013

The Kerala State Biodiversity Board (KSBB) is preparing to take up a state-wide programme for conservation of herons, a species facing threat from habitat loss and game hunting ... The KSBB has plans to set up heronries in areas frequented by the birds ... In 2011, the KSBB had joined hands with the Kottayam Nature Society to implement a pilot project in 21 heronries in Kuttanad ... Heronry on islet ... Laladhas, member secretary, KSBB ... Oommen V....(size: 2.2Kb)

Drought hits toddy production

The Times of India

25 Jan 2013

THRISSUR. Toddy prices are set to go up since Palakkad, the toddy belt of the state, is in the grip of drought and production has dropped by 15%. Palakkad produces 2.37 lakh litres of toddy a day and 40,500 litres are sold in the district ... "This will affect 4,000 registered tappers in the district and also the unregistered tappers from Alappuzha, Kottayam and Tamil Nadu who come here during summer ... The shortage is also seen in Cherthala....(size: 2.7Kb)

Azhikode a guide for Keralites: Chandy

The Hindu

25 Jan 2013

The memory of litterateur and social critic Sukumar Azhikode instils in Keralites self-confidence, Chief Minister Oommen Chandy has said. Inaugurating a function held here on Thursday to commemorate Azhikode on the occasion of his first death anniversary, Mr ... Chandy said at the function jointly organised by the Sukumar Azhikode Samskarika Kendram (SASK), Kannur, and the Sukumar Azhikode Trust (SAT), Kottayam ... Mr ... On a controversy ... P.P....(size: 3.1Kb)

Fall in number of water birds in Vembanad Lake: Survey

The Times of India

24 Jan 2013

KOTTAYAM. There has been a fall in the number of water birds in the Vembanad Lake region mainly owing to the ecological imbalance caused due to deforestation and encroachments in the region. In a two-day survey jointly conducted by the forest department and the Kottayam Nature Society, it was found that the number has reduced to 26,196 from 30,779 last year ... The number of resident birds also showed an increase ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Romans crew in trouble for ‘profaning’ Church

Deccan Chronicle

24 Jan 2013

 Kottayam ... ....(size: 0.3Kb)

Drought will hit water sources of PTR animals

Deccan Chronicle

24 Jan 2013

Kottayam. Going by the current lack of adequate rainfall, the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) authorities are anticipating a severe drought in the coming months, which will affect the drinking water of the animals which reside deep inside the forest ... The reserve is going through a rare crisis,” says a wild life source ... But, still the water problem will remain unaddressed ... Subramaniyum. ....(size: 1.7Kb)

Cheers to the JACKFRUIT

The Hindu

24 Jan 2013

A Jack burger? Jack wafers? Jack mousse? Jack waffle? All that Jack ... She saw, she tasted it and fell in love with it ... In Kerala she is working closely with Joseph Luckose, president of GRAMA (Group Rural Agriculture Marketing Association), an NGO based in Edappady, Kottayam, and with Chef Jose Varkey of the CGH group of hotels, whose role, he says, “is one of contemporary adaptation of this perennial fruit” ... Value addition....(size: 3.9Kb)

‘All I know is how to do physics’

The Hindu

24 Jan 2013

The physicist Hans Bethe once said, “There are two types of genius. Ordinary geniuses do great things, but they leave you room to believe that you could do the same if only you worked hard enough. Then there are magicians, and you can have no idea how they do it.” ... E.C. George Sudarshan is one of them ... Born in Kottayam in 1931, E C G Dr ... E C G Dr ... The following are excerpts from a conversation with Dr. Sudarshan ... Everything....(size: 4.5Kb)

It’s a techie life: Back to college

The Hindu

24 Jan 2013

Some techies are a class apart, it seems ... Sudhish Radhakrishnan, who works in corporate communications for a multinational company (MNC) in Technopark, is studying for a law degree at the Kerala Law Academy Law College in the city. Says Sudhish ... Both the techies say that they are enjoying their second stint at college life. Says Sudhish ... Every weekend this Kottayam-native goes for classes at the University’s centre in Changanassery....(size: 5.3Kb)

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

This article is about the municipality in Kerala, India. For its namesake district, see Kottayam district.

Kottayam
കോട്ടയം

Akshara Nagari

— city —

Seematti Roundabout, Kottayam

Kottayam
കോട്ടയം

Location of Kottayam
കോട്ടയം
in Kerala and India

Coordinates

9°35′N 76°31′E / 9.58°N 76.52°ECoordinates: 9°35′N 76°31′E / 9.58°N 76.52°E

Country

India

State

Kerala

District(s)

Kottayam

Municipal Chairman

Sunny Kalloor

Population

• Density

172,878 (2001)

• 78 /km² (202 /sq mi)

Sex ratio

0.975 male(s)/female(s) ♂/♀

Literacy

100%

Time zone

IST (UTC+05:30)

Area

• Elevation

2,208 square kilometres (853 sq mi)

• 3 metres (9.8 ft)

Codes

• Pincode • 686 001

• Telephone • +0481

• UN/LOCODE • INKTM

Website

kottayam.nic.in

Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km² and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. ^[1]. The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.

The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989^[2] and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008.^[3] The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.

Etymology [link]

Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".^[4]

History [link]

The kings of the independent little kingdom of Thekkumkoor ruled Kottayam from Thazhathangady till the mid-18th century.^{[citation needed]} Later, Marthanda Varma, who was king of Travancore, annexed Thekkumcore and the surrounding areas of Kottayam to the Kingdom of Travancore. During the British rule of India, Kottayam continued to be ruled under the Princely State of Travancore.^[4]

Earlier, the state of Travancore consisted of two revenue divisions viz., the southern and northern divisions, under the administrative control of a 'Diwan Peshkar' for each.^{[citation needed]} Later, in 1868, Kottayam was also formed as a revenue division in Travancore.^[4] A fifth division, Devikulam existed for a short period but was then added to Kottayam. At the time of the integration of the State of Travancore and Cochin in 1949, these revenue divisions were renamed as districts and the Diwan Peshkars gave way to District Collectors. Thus, in July 1949, Kottayam came into being as a district. Later, it became a part of the state of Kerala, and the headquarters of the district bearing the same name when the state was formed in 1957.^{[citation needed]}

The citizens of Kottayam played an important in the early social struggles in Kerala. In 1891, a protest movement known as the Malayali Memorial Agitation, was originated in Kottayam in order to seek better representation for the local people of Travancore in the Travancore civil services sector, against the outsiders. Later, the movement spread to other parts of Travancore and this movement had a major influence on the beginnings of modern political movements of Kerala.^[4] People of Kottayam played a major role during the Abstention Movement in the 1930s, which aimed at the representation of Hindus of the lower castes, Christians and Muslims in the Travancore Legislature.^[4] The Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 against untouchability, led by Mahatma Gandhi, took place in Vaikom near Kottayam.^[4] It was the first systematically organized agitation in Kerala against orthodoxy to secure the rights of the depressed classes.

Geography and Climate [link]

Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio) photographed in Vembanad Lake, Kottayam

Early morning in Kottayam

Kottayam has an average elevation of 3 metres (9 feet) from sea level.^{[citation needed]} Kottayam is situated in the basin of the Meenachil River and in the basin of the Vembanad backwaters, which are formed from several streams in the Western Ghats in Idukki district. It flows through Kottayam district and joins Vembanad lake. According to the division of places in Kerala based on altitudes, Kottayam is classified as being a midland area. The general soil type is alluvial soil. The vegetation is mainly tropical evergreen and moist deciduous type.

The climate in this Ddistrict is moderate and pleasant. Kottayam's proximity to the equator results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 20 to 35 °C (68 to 95 °F).^{[citation needed]} From June through September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains, as Kottayam lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kottayam receives light rain from the northwest monsoon. The average annual rainfall is around 3000 mm.

Kottayam is bordered by Pathanamthitta district on the south, Alappuzha district on the west, Ernakulam district on the north and Idukki district on the east.

Climate data for Kottayam
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	32 (90)	32 (90)	33 (91)	33 (91)	32 (90)	30 (86)	29 (84)	29 (84)	30 (86)	30 (86)	30 (86)	31 (88)	30.9 (87.7)
Average low °C (°F)	22 (72)	23 (73)	25 (77)	25 (77)	25 (77)	24 (75)	23 (73)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	23 (73)	23.8 (74.9)
Precipitation mm (inches)	22 (0.87)	39 (1.54)	60 (2.36)	155 (6.1)	320 (12.6)	636 (25.04)	596 (23.46)	397 (15.63)	292 (11.5)	326 (12.83)	210 (8.27)	52 (2.05)	3,105 (122.24)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	1	2	3	7	10	21	20	17	13	12	8	3	117
Source: Weather2Travel

Transport [link]

Autorickshaw in a road in Kottayam. They are a major form of hired transport as in the rest of India. Another form of transportation in Kerala is motorcycle.

Shasthri Road

Roadways [link]

Kottayam lies on the National Highway 220 (NH 220) connecting Kollam and Theni. The NH220 connects Kottayam to the state of Tamil Nadu and the tourist destinations of Thekkady and Kuttikanam, as well as the agricultural towns of Kanjirapally and Mundakayam and National Highway 208 (NH 208) connecting Kollam and MaduraiState Highways SH1 or Main Central (MC) road, SH11, SH13, SH14, SH15 and SH32 pass through Kottayam.

Public transport in the town is largely dependent on buses, run by both private operators and the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC). There are three bus stations serving Kottayam, two of which cater to private buses and one exclusively for KSRTC buses. The bigger of the two private bus stations is located at Nagampadam, close to the railway station and the other is located in the heart of the town. Besides local bus services for traveling within the town, Kottayam is well-connected to the rest of Kerala through inter-state bus services run by KSRTC. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto-rickshaws.

The major port city of Kochi (70 kilometres (43 mi)) can be reached by the Changanassery-Alappuzha road and also via Ettumanoor and Kumarakom.

Railway [link]

Kottayam (KTYM) railway station is situated in the heart of the town and is under the administration of the Southern Railway. Kottayam lies on the busy rail route between Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam and is served by several long distance trains connecting most major cities in the country, like New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai.

Air [link]

The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, 90 km to the north.

Ferry & Port [link]

Kottayam Port, India's first multi-modal Inland Container Depot (ICD) and a minor port using inland water way, is situated at Nattakom (near Kodimatha), on the banks of Kothoor river.

The Kerala State Water Transport Department (KSWTD) operates ferry services through the backwaters in and around Kottayam city. Ferries are a major mode of transport to the town connect to the tourist destination of Kumarakom and Alappuzha, as well as several smaller destinations. There are two major ferry jetties in the city - Town Jetty and Kodimatha Jetty. In recent years, the boat jetty at Kumarakom has acquired international fame as a launch point for the backwater rides on Vembabad lake, which has virtually become a poster image for tourism in Kerala.

Aerial View of the southern entrance of Kottayam Town

Demographics [link]

As of 2001^[update] India census,^[5] Kottayam Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,72,878, while Kottayam district had a population of 19,52,901. Males constitute 62% of the population and females make up 38%. Population growth in the district is in a diminishing trend and it had a decadal population growth rate of 6.5 per cent compared to 9.35 per cent for Kerala during 1991-2001 period.^[6]

Kottayam District is ranked 1st in literacy with a percentage of 95.9 compared to 90.92% for Kerala State and 65.38% for India (2001 census).^[4] It is ranked 10th in population, as well as in area among the districts in Kerala.

Economy [link]

Kottayam is a major trading center of natural rubber in India. Rubber trees are extensively cultivated in central Kerala, on plantations, both large and small especially in vast areas of Kottayam District, . The Rubber Board, a body set up by the Government of India for the development of the rubber industry, is located at Kottayam. A number of small and medium sized enterprises in and around the town are engaged in the processing of rubber latex and manufacturing of rubber products. Besides rubber, Kottayam is a trading place of other commercial crops like spices cultivated widely in the surrounding areas. The Plantation Corporation of Kerala has its headquarters at Kottayam.

Rubber Tree

Kottayam is also known as a business centre. The stretch of Kottayam–Kumily Road (KK road) that passes through the town is a major shopping centre. Sastri Road, one of the broadest roads in kottayam, is also popular for shopping and has outlets of many national and international product brands. Baker Junction and Kanjikuzhy are also considered as commercial and residential hubs of the town. Kottayam district has industries like Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Kottayam Spinning Mills and KSE factory.

Tourism is a major contributor to the economy as many tourism related businesses thrive in the town. Kumarakom, a popular tourist destination in Kerala, is located 14 km from the town. Wagamon, another tourist destination is located on the borders of the districts of Kottayam and Idukki.

Kottayam is known for religious tourism. St. Alphonsa, the first woman to be canonized as a saint by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church was born and raised in Kottayam.^[7]

Sub Divisions [link]

Parakkakadav

Kottayam district consists of 5 taluks:^[4]

The four municipalities in the district are Kottayam, Vaikom, Changanassery and Pala. It has 11 development blocks and 73 Panchayats.^[4] Administratively, Kottayam district consists of two Revenue divisions - Kottayam and Pala - each under the control of a Revenue Divisional Officer.^[8]^[4]

Culture, Literature and Sports [link]

Kottayam has a place of honor on the cultural map of Kerala. The culture of Kottayam is influenced mainly by the large presence of the Syrian Christian community. The cuisine of Kottayam is the same as rest of Kerala, but with a distinct Syrian Christian influence seen in the use of cocunut and spices, as well as beef, pork and sea food Keralite Cuisine.

Margamkali and Arjuna Nritham are popular dance forms. Margamkali and martial arts like Parichamuttukali, are popular among the Syrian Christian community. It is performed by men and women separately. In the past, it was performed during Syrian Christian weddings. Arjuna Nritham, also known as Mayilpeeli Thookkam is a popular dance form performed by men. Besides these, other South Indian dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Mohiniyattom, and Kuchipudi and classical Carnatic music are also practiced by a large number of young people.

The Public Library in Kottayam is located at Sastri Road, which is a frequent happening place with art exhibitions.

Kottayam has produced many well-known writers, journalists and artists. Muttathu Varkey, a novelist and Pala Narayanan Nair, a poet, both have their footing in Kottayam. Kottayam Pushpanath, a writer of crime thrillers lives in Kottayam. The famous Indian-English novelist Arundhati Roy is a native of Kottayam and her semi-autobiographical Booker prize winning novel, The God of Small Things contains her childhood experiences in Aymanam, Kottayam.

Cricket, basketball and football are among the most popular sports in Kottayam. Kottayam is also famous for athletics, as the place has produced several athletes who represented India in various international tournaments.Nehru stadium, which is Kottayam's main stadium is located at the entrance of the town. A number of popular basketball tournaments including the Marian Trophy, Girideepam Trophy, Lourdes Trophy and Virginia Memorial Tournament are conducted every year.

A municipal park is located by Sastri road. There are also restaurants that cater to Kerala, Tamil and Northern cuisines. Kumarakom, the major backwater tourism destination on the outskirts of the city, has several luxury hotels and resorts including ones from reputed hotel chains like Taj, Zuri & Casino.

There are several movie halls which screen Malayalam, English, Tamil and Hindi movies. Kottayam have 7 theaters where movies are released periodically. They are Abhilash, Anupama, Anaswara, Anand cinemax,dhanya,ramya and Asha.Recently Anand Theatre is awarded the best theatre in the state. Most of these theaters lie close to the K.S.R.T.C bus stand apart from Anaswara which is closer towards Thirunakkara bus stand (Private Bus Stand). Dhanya and Remya are the two newly built theatres which started working from 2011 onwards.

Religion [link]

Vimalagiri Cathedral

Majority of the population in Kottayam practice Hinduism while others follow religions like Christianity and Islam.

Reflecting the religious constitution of the population, a large number of Hindu temples and Christian churches dot the townscape. Some of them are the Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple, Kumaranalloor Devi temple, and churches known as Valiya Palli, Cheriya Palli, Marthoma Palli,Puthuppally Palli and Manarcad Palli (Manarcad church) and the Thazhathangadi Juma Masjid.

Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple, at the heart of the town, is a Shiva temple built in the Kerala style of temple architecture, with interior murals depicting themes from the Hindu epics. It was built at the beginning of the 16th century by the then Raja of Thekkumkur. The annual temple festival that culminates in a ceremony called the Aaraattu, attracts large number of devotees. The other famous temples include the Ettumanoor and Vaikom temples dedicated to Lord Shiva and a temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswathi at Panachikkad(also known as Dakshina-Mookaambika). All these temples are rich in lore and festivities and attract a large number of pilgrims from all over the country. Kumaranalloor Devi temple, located near the banks of Meenachil River is famous for its cultural heritage. The sreekovil is beautifully illustrated with Mural Paintings. Karthika, the birth star of Devi is celebrated in the ninth day of the 10 Day long temple festival attracts lot of pilgrims from all over the country. Kumaranallor and nearby place Kudamaloor is also famous in the name of artists. Great Kathakali artists like Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair, Kuroor Vasudevan Nampoothiry (Vesham), Mathoor Govindankutty, Kuroor Cheriya Vasudevan Nampoothiry (Chenda), famous flute maestro Kudamaloor Janardhanan etc. to name a few.

Kottayam is the headquarters of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.The Mar Thoma Theological Seminary of Marthoma Syrian Christians is functioning at Kottayam along with Marthoma School popularly known as MT School.

St. Alphonsa, the first saint of India hails from Kottayam. She born on 19 August 1910 at Kudamaloor and died on 28 July 1946 at Bharananganam. St Mary's church Kudamaloor where she was baptized and the church of Bharananganam where she is buried are pilgrim centers of large interest among the Catholics.

Kottayam is a major center for Syrian Christians in Kerala. Syrian Christians include Syro-Malabar, Syro-Malankara, Orthodox, Marthoma, Jacobite and Knanaya Syrians. St. Mary's Church, the Valia Palli (the Big Church) was built in 1550 by Knanaya Syrian Christians who immigrated from West Asia, and is considered the first Christian church in Kottayam town. This church is famous for its two Persian crosses made of granite. There are rare antique carvings and mural paintings behind the main altar and on the ceiling of the church. Another St. Mary's Church known as Cheria Palli (the Little Church), belonging to the Malankara Orthodox Church was built in 1579 by the Raja of Thekkumkur for his Christian subjects. These churches feature temple architectural influences. The interior murals, painted using vegetable dyes, depict Biblical themes.

St. George's Edacatt church is also an ancient church, established in 1822. It belongs to the Knanaya Catholic Archdiocese. This was the Syrian Catholic Cathedral of Kottayam from 1887 to 1896 and from 1911 to 1944. This church houses the mortal remains of the Servant of God Mar Mathew Makil and is a pilgrimage centre.

Holy Trinity CSI Cathedral, Kottayam

However, the most famous Christian church in the district of Kottayam is St. Mary's Cathedral in Manarcad (Manarkad Palli). It is known for its celebration of the ancient practice of the 8 Day Lent and the Feast of Virgin Mary's Birth between September 1 and 8 every year. During the days of the lent, hundreds of thousands of people from the far corners of the world reach Manarcad to seek the blessings of Virgin Mary. Manarcad cathedral is one of the most important churches among the ancient churches of Malankara. It has stone inscriptions which were found to be memorial stones from tombs set up in 910 A.D. and 920 A.D. and this indicates that the church is almost a 1,000 years old.^[9]

The Syro-Malabar rite of the Catholic Church has an archeparchy based in Kottayam. Some of the important Syrian Catholic churches in Kottayam include Christ the King Cathedral of Kottayam Archdiocese, Lourdes Forane Church, Good Shepherd Church and Vimalagiri Cathedral. Pope John Paul II visited Kottayam during his visit to India in 1986. In Kottayam he announced the beatification of Father Kuriakose of Chavara and Sister Alphonsa, who hail from Kottayam district. The mortal remains of Saint Alphonsa, who was elevated to sainthood in 12 October 2008, are kept in a chapel next to St. Mary's Church, Bharananganam. It is a popular Christian pilgrimage center.

Kottayam is the headquarters of the Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India. The Diocese, which has the tradition of the CMS missionaries, runs several educational and social institutions like the CMS College and the C.M.S. Press in Kottayam. The Diocesan Office and its Bishop's House is at Kottayam. The Holy Trinity CSI Cathedral of the Diocese is in Kottayam.

Thazhathangady Juma Masjid, situated in the banks of river Meenachil, in Kummanam, is one of the oldest mosques in India and is more than 1,000 years old, famous for its architectural beauty, and richness in wood carvings. This mosque was constructed by the followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad during one of their first voyages to Kerala.

Media [link]

Kottayam is considered as the nerve center of Malayalam literature and publishing media. Unnuneeli Sandesam, a beautiful and a famous work of poetry, is supposed to have been written by one of the Rajas of Vadakkumkur. In 1821, Benjamin Bailey, a British missionary, established C.M.S. Press, the first printing press in Kerala, in Kottayam. The town has been in the forefront of newspaper and book publishing in the state ever since.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Malayalam literature was enriched by the works of Christian missionaries. Varthamana Pusthakam (1778), written by Parammekkal Thoma Kathanar on a visit to Rome, is the first travelogue in Malayalam. The first Malayalam English dictionary and Malayalam dictionary were published in Kottayam in the years 1846 and 1865 respectively. The first autobiography in Malayalam by Vaikom Pachu Moothathu was published in Kottayam in 1870. The first Malayalam Bible was also published in Kottayam.^{[citation needed]}

Jnananikshepam was the first newspaper published by the natives of Kerala, and it was brought out from CMS press at Kottayam in 1848.^[10] Nasrani Deepika was started in 1887 by the Carmelities of Mary Immaculate (CMI) missionaries at Mannanam near Kottayam. The newspaper still continues to be published under the name Deepika and is a leading Malayalam daily. Malayala Manorama, India's largest circulating regional daily,^{[citation needed]} was founded here by K.C. Mammen Mapila in 1890. The part played by newspapers published from Kottayam, like Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Bhashaposhini, a literary magazine from Malayala Manorama Group in the cultural and literary development of Kerala is immense.

Today, six major Malayalam newspapers – Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhoomi, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Madhyamam and Mangalam – and around thirty periodicals are published from Kottayam. Kottayam is also home to several book publishers in Malayalam such as D. C. Books, Labour India Publications and Current Books. Almost 70 percent of books published in Kerala are from Kottayam.^[11] In 1945, a group of writers set up Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam, which means for Literary Workers' Co-operative Society in Malayalam. It was the first co-operative enterprise of writers, novelists and poets.

Education and Research [link]

Kottayam Medical college hospital is one of the major hospitals in Kerala

Educational facilities are in a much developed stage. C.M.S College, the first college in Kerala, was started in Kottayam in 1817 by the Church Missionary Society.^[4] The Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary of the Malankara Orthodox Church was the first institution to start English education in Southern India. C.M.S High School, (now Church Missionary Society College High School), was founded by the British missionary, Benjamin Bailey of the Church Mission Society of London. The Baker Memorial Girls High School in Kottayam, founded by Amalia Dorothea Baker in 1820, is one of the oldest girls' schools in India.

According to a journal published in 2010, Kottayam has 478 Lower Primary schools, 208 Upper Primary schools and 258 High Schools in the district. Also there are 24 Arts and Science colleges, 4 Training colleges, 3 co-operative colleges, 7 Teachers Training institutes, 2 industrial training institutes and many Engineering colleges in the district. Mahatma Gandhi University, one of six universities in Kerala, is located at Kottayam.^[4] Medical College, Kottayam is located about 8 km from the town. Arts & Science Colleges include C.M.S. College Kottayam, K.G.College pampady, BCM College etc. The government engineering colleges in the district include Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam and Kidangoor engineering college. Self financed engineering colleges are also there in Kottayam, such as St.Joseph's College of Engineering & Technology(Palai), Amal Jyothi College of Engineering(Kanjirappally), Saintgits college of engineering and technology and Mangalam college of engineering and technology. Polytechnic colleges include Model Polytechnic College, Mattakkara, Govt. Polytechnic, Pala and Govt.Polytechnic, Nattakom. Several Nursing schools/Colleges are located in and around the town.

Jyothis Academyis an AMIE coaching center located in Kottayam.

Other institutes include the Centre for rural management (CRM), Kottayam (an autonomous research organizations for rural development), Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy, KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts and Rubber Research Institute of India (RRI)

Hospitals and Health Care [link]

Apart from the Medical College, there is one District Hospital and one District T.B. Centre. There is also one Children's Hospital, four Taluk Hospitals, six Community Health Centres, 11 Block Health Centres, 51 Primary Health Centres and seven Government Hospitals under the Health Department.^[12] Most of the modern treatment facilities are available both in the government and private sectors. A disease surveillance programme has been undertaken in the district.

Politics [link]

The Kottayam assembly constituency is part of the Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency).^[13]

The district has 09 Assembly constituencies - Kottayam, Changanassery, Pala, Ettumanoor, Kaduthuruthy, Kanjirappally, Puthuppally, Poonjar and Vaikom. The only parliamentary constituency within the district is Kottayam. Kanjirapplly and Poonjar Assembly constituencies are included in the Pathanamthitta Parliamentary constituency and Changanassery is included in the Mavelikkara Parliamentary constituency.

References [link]

^ http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ker_towns.pdf
^ "Kottayam 100% Literacy". http://kottayam.gov.in/ktm.html.
^ "Kottayam declared tobacco-free". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 28 September 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/28/stories/2008092850670300.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Kurien L (2010). Structure and functioning of Gramsabhas. http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/354/2/11_chapter4.pdf.
^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ Srikumar Chattopadhyay (2006). Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala. Concept Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 9788180692949. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC.
^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200810122030.htm
^ (source: District Handbook Kerala)
^ "History". St Mary’s Jacobite Syrian Cathedral. http://www.manarcadstmaryschurch.org/history.htm. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT
^ Official website of the Kottayam District
^ (Source District Handbook)
^ "Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies". Kerala. Election Commission of India. http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-19.

External links [link]

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v t e State of Kerala

Capital: Thiruvananthapuram

Symbols	Bird: Great Hornbill Animal: Indian Elephant Tree: Coconut Flower: Golden Shower Fish: Karimeen

Topics	History Economy Geography Demographics Flora and Fauna Government Culture Arts Film Tourism

Districts	Thiruvananthapuram KL-01 Kollam KL-02 Pathanamthitta KL-03 Alappuzha KL-04 Kottayam KL-05 Idukki KL-06 Ernakulam KL-07 Thrissur KL-08 Palakkad KL-09 Malappuram KL-10 Kozhikode KL-11 Wayanad KL-12 Kannur KL-13 Kasaragod KL-14

Municipal Corporations	Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Kozhikode Kollam Thrissur

Municipalities	Adoor Alappuzha Aluva Angamaly Attingal Chalakkudy Changanacherry Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chittur - Tattamangalam Eloor Guruvayoor Irinjalakuda Kalamassery Kalpetta Kanhangad Kannur Karunagapally Kasaragod Kayamkulam Kodungallur Koothuparamba Kothamangalam Kottakkal Kottayam Koyilandy Kunnamkulam Malappuram Manjeri Maradu Mattannur Mavelikkara Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Nileshwaram North Paravoor Ottappalam Pala Palakkad Paravoor (South) Pathanamthitta Payyannur Perinthalmanna Perumbavoor Ponnani Punalur Shoranur Thalassery Taliparamba Thiruvalla Thodupuzha Thrikkakara Thripunithura Tirur Vadakara Vaikom Varkala

Taluks	Adoor Alathoor Aluva Ambalappuzha Changanasserry Chavakkad Chenganoor Cherthala Chittur Chirayinkeezhu Devikulam Eranad Hosdurg Kanayannur Kanjirappally Kannur Karthikappally Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kochi Kodungallor Kollam Kothamangalam Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandi Kozhencherry Kozhikode Kunnathur Kunnathunad Kuttanad Mallappally Mananthavadi Mannarkkad Mavelikkara Meenachil Mukundapuram Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Ottappalam Palakkad Paravur Pathanapuram Peermade Ponnani Ranni Sulthan Batheri Taliparamba Thalappilli Thalassery Thiroorangadi Thiruvalla Thiruvananthapuram Thodupuzha Thrissur Thirur Udumbanchola Vadakara Vaikom Valluvanad Vythiri

Historical Regions	North Malabar South Malabar Cochin Northern Travancore Central Travancore Southern Travancore

Portal: Kerala

Municipalities of Kerala

v t e Cities and towns in Kottayam district

Kottayam	Changanassery Karukachal Kangazha Vazhoor Pampady Puthupally Manarkadu Kottayam Perumbaikad Kumarakam Ettumanoor Kuravilangad Palai Erattupetta Poonjar Ponkunnam Kanjirappally Erumeli Mundakayam Kaduthuruthy Vaikom

Cities and towns in other districts	Alappuzha Ernakulam Idukki Kannur Kasaragod Kollam Kozhikode Malappuram Palakkad Pathanamthitta Thiruvananthapuram Thrissur Wayanad

v t e Central Travancore region

Districts	Kollam (Part) · Pathanamthitta · Alappuzha · Kottayam · Idukki (Part)

Main Towns and Cities	Punalur · Pathanapuram · Kottarakkara · Adoor · Konni · Pathanamthitta · Kozhencherry · Aranmula · Kumbanad · Ranni · Vadasserikkara · Mallapally · Tiruvalla · Parumala · Mannar · Edathua · Chengannur · Mavelikkara · Chettikulangara · Kayamkulam · Haripad · Ambalappuzha · Alappuzha · Mankombu · Mararikulam · Cherthala · Aroor · Changanacherry · Vazhoor · Karukachal · Kottayam · Kumarakam · Pambadi · Ettumanoor · Vaikom · Kaduthuruthy · Thalayolaparambu · Kuravilangad · Palai · Uzhavoor · Poonjar · Erattupetta · Kanjirappally · Ponkunnam · Erumely · Mundakayam · Vagamon · Peermade · Kumily · Kattappana • Adimali

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