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A panegyric on the happiness and "Pleasures of the Married State", published in London ca. 1780.

A panegyric is a formal public speech, or (in later use) written verse, delivered in high praise of a person or thing, a generally highly studied and discriminating eulogy, not expected to be critical. It is derived from the Greek πανηγυρικός meaning "a speech fit for a general assembly" (panegyris). In Athens such speeches were delivered at national festivals or games, with the object of rousing the citizens to emulate the glorious deeds of their ancestors.

The most famous are the Olympiacus of Gorgias, the Olympiacus of Lysias, and the Panegyricus and Panathenaicus (neither of them, however, actually delivered) of Isocrates. Funeral orations, such as the famous speech put into the mouth of Pericles by Thucydides, also partook of the nature of panegyrics.

The Romans generally confined the panegyric to the living, and reserved the funeral oration exclusively for the dead. The most celebrated example of a Latin panegyric, however, is that delivered by the younger Pliny (AD 100) in the senate on the occasion of his assumption of the consulship, which contained a eulogy of Trajan considered fulsome by some scholars^{[citation needed]}.

Towards the end of the 3rd and during the 4th century, as a result of the orientalizing of the Imperial court by Diocletian, it became customary to celebrate as a matter of course the superhuman virtues and achievements of the reigning emperor, in a formally staged literary event. In 336, Eusebius of Caesarea gave a panegyric of Constantine the Great on the 30th year of his reign, in which he broke from tradition by celebrating the piety of the emperor, rather than his secular achievements. A well-delivered, elegant and witty panegyric became a vehicle for an educated but inexperienced young man to attract desirable attention in a competitive sphere. The poet Claudian came to Rome from Alexandria before about 395 and made his first reputation with a panegyric; he became court poet to Stilicho.

Cassiodorus the courtier and magister of Theodoric the Great and his successors, left a book of panegyrics, his Laudes. As his biographer O'Donnell has said of the genre "It was to be expected that the praise contained in the speech would be excessive; the intellectual point of the exercise (and very likely an important criterion in judging it) was to see how excessive the praise could be made while remaining within boundaries of decorum and restraint, how much high praise could be made to seem the grudging testimony of simple honesty." (O'Donnell 1979, ch. 2).

Qasida is panegyric poetry in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu.

A person who writes panegyrics is called a panegyrist. Another term is eulogist.

See also[link]

• 1660 in poetry, a year when several panegyrics were published by English poets in honor of Charles II of England coming to power.

References[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Further reading[link]

• O'Donnell, James J. (1979). Cassiodorus. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03646-8. 

Fayiz Mohammed Ahmed Al Kandari is a Kuwaiti citizen who has been detained in Guantanamo Bay since 2002.^[1] He has been charged with war crimes.^[2]

The US Department of Defense reports he was born on June 3, 1975 in Kuwait City.

Al Kandari has been held at Guantanamo for 10 years, 1 month and 26 days.^[3]

Detention in Bagram[link]

This section requires expansion.

Combatant Status Review[link]

His Combatant Status Review Tribunal accused him of the following: "The detainee (Al Kandari) recruited personnel to participate in jihad in Afghanistan ... traveled into Afghanistan and received weapons training at the Khaldan training camp. Osama bin Laden personally provided religious instruction and trainee (sic) at this camp."^[4] Al Kandari has always denied the accusations and said: "I looked at all the unclassified accusations; I was laughing so hard." and "All this happened in a period of three months ... I ask, 'Are these accusations against Faiz or against Superman?' It seems to me that whoever wrote these accusations he must (have) been drinking and he must have been drunk when he wrote it."

Hearsay evidence[link]

Lawyers for two Guantanamo detainees organized a study entitled, No-hearing hearings, which cited Al Kandari as an example of a detainee for whom all the evidence against him was "hearsay evidence".^[5][6]

The study quoted the Tribunal's legal advisor:^[5]

"Indeed, the evidence considered persuasive by the Tribunal is made up almost entirely of hearsay evidence recorded by unidentified individuals with no first hand knowledge of the events they describe."

The study commented:^[5]

“Outside of the CSRT process, this type of evidence is more commonly referred to as 'rumor'.”

Comment from his lawyer Lieutenant Colonel Barry D. Wingard[link]

Lieutenant Colonel Barry Wingard lead attorney from the Office of Military Commissions, published an article about citing hearsey evidence against his client.^[7] Lieutenant Colonel Wingard said "Vague charges made it difficult to defend his client after he was assigned in October to represent a Kuwaiti named Fayiz al-Kandari". In trying to prepare his case, Lieutenant Colonel Wingard said:

"There simply is no evidence other than he is a Muslim in Afghanistan at the wrong time, other than double and triple hearsay statements, something i have never seen as justification for incarceration, let alone eight years."^[7]

Alleged mistreatment while in detention[link]

Lieutenant Colonel Barry Wingard and Fayiz Mohammed Ahmed al Kandari, pertaining to the harsh treatment and enhanced interrogation techniques that Fayiz was continually subjected to. The abuse included sleep deprivation, physical abuse, being placed in stress position, sexual humiliation, and the use of extreme temperature, loud music and dogs.^[8][9]

Ask about the alleged mistreatment his mother who has not seen her son for 10 years his mother said:

"What do I feel? You know a mother's heart. I cry all the time and I never sleep at night."

In November 2011 Wingard expressed as well outrage over a propaganda video that the DOD had published.

"My first thought was that there is no way the United States government sank so low as to show my client to the world, caged like a circus animal."^[10]

Habeas Corpus[link]

This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article; suggestions may be found on the talk page. (August 2011)

In a recently conducted interview with TPMmuckraker, Mr. David Cynamon—a lawyer for four Kuwaiti Gitmo detainees who are bringing habeas corpus claims against the government.^[11]

"The Department of Justice has been doing everything in its power to delay and obstruct these cases," said Cynamon

Cynamon's clients were picked up in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in the period after the 2001 U.S invasion of Afghanistan.

"They're not doing anything to move the case along, and doing everything to avoid it."

Asked whether he had observed a shift of any kind in the government's approach since the Obama administration came into office, Cynamon flatly replied

"None whatsoever."

In even more Habeas Corpus news, a Federal Judge in Washington is on a tear against alleged bad lawyering by the Justice Department.^[12]

In a stinging order issued today, Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly refused to reconsider an earlier and similarly scathing order requiring the Justice Department to replace the government's attorney responding to challenges several Kuwaiti men have brought to their imprisonment at Guantanamo Bay. How mad was the judge? Her salvo Monday uses the words "shockingly revisionist," "flippant" and "disingenuous" to describe the government's handling of the litigation.

"The responsibiltiy lies with the higher ups in the Justice Department who have been pursuing a very aggressive and very successful strategy of delay for months"

attorney Matthew Maclean said.

"The Supreme Court said in June of last year we were entitled to prompt habeas corpus review. ... Last month, ... for the first time in seven years, [the prisoners] were allowed to see the accusations against them."

US v. Al Kandari[link]

This section requires expansion.

On 22 October 2008 the Office of Military Commissions filed charges against Al Kandari.^[13]

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Dominic Behan (22 October 1928 – 3 August 1989; Irish: Doiminic Ó Beacháin) was an Irish songwriter, short story writer, novelist and playwright who wrote in both Irish and English. He was also a committed socialist and Irish Republican. Born into a literary family, Dominic Behan was one of the most influential Irish songwriters of the 20th century.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Behan was born in inner-city Dublin into an educated working class family. His father, Stephen Behan, fought for the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the Anglo-Irish War. Dominic was the brother of Brendan Behan. His mother, Kathleen, a collector of songs and stories, took the boys on literary tours of the city. Behan's maternal uncle, Peadar Kearney, wrote "A Soldier's Song", the song the Irish National Anthem was based on. Another brother, Brian was also a playwright and writer.

At the age of thirteen, Dominic left school to follow in his father's footsteps in the housepainting business. The family house in which Behan lived was the property of Christine English, Dominic's grandmother, who owned several properties in the city. His father Stephen, was a member of the IRA and had been one of Michael Collins' "Twelve Apostles", who were responsible for the deaths of several officers from the British Army during the Irish War of Independence. He was banned from a professional future career for refusing to swear allegiance to the British Crown after the Irish civil war.

Republican and political activities[link]

In 1937, the family moved to a new local authority housing scheme in Crumlin. Here, Behan became a member of Fianna Éireann, the youth organization of the IRA and published his first poems and prose in the organization's magazine Fianna: the Voice of Young Ireland. In 1952, Behan was arrested in Dublin for leading a civil disobedience campaign in protest against the ruling government's failure to tackle unemployment and other critical economic issues. Behan was subsequently jailed for his part in other campaigns protesting the government's treatment of the working class in Ireland.

Behan, the writer[link]

On release from jail, Dominic Behan married Josephine Quinn, the daughter of John Quinn, a cabinet maker from Glasgow. The Quinns were active in the Communist Party and other left-wing organisations in Glasgow. They emigrated to Britain where Behan had been working for the BBC, writing radio scripts, mainly for the Third Programme. His play Posterity Be Damned, produced in the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, in 1959, dealt with republican activity after the Civil War of 1922–23. An autobiographical novel Teems of Times (1961) was received to critical acclaim, particularly by Kenneth Tynan, and dramatized on television in 1977 by RTÉ. His autobiography, Tell Dublin I Miss Her, was also published in 1961. A biography of his brother, Brendan Behan, appeared in 1965, My Brother Brendan.

During the 1960s and 1970s Behan wrote a number of television plays for British television in showcases such as Play for Today and Armchair Theatre. One of these plays, The Folk Singer (1972), was restructured for the theatre and presented during the height of the Troubles at Belfast's Lyric Theatre starring a young Ken Stott.

Arguably, it was as a songwriter that Behan excelled. He was a prolific composer and had more than 450 songs published during his lifetime. His songs were very popular in Ireland and also among the Irish living in Britain, especially "The Patriot Game", "McAlpine's Fusiliers", "Avondale", and "Liverpool Lou". In 1958, he released The Singing Streets: Childhood Memories of Ireland and Scotland on Folkways Records along with fellow folksinger Ewan MacColl.

Some of his songs have been translated into Norwegian. Liverpool Lou is known in the city of Bergen as Jenter fra Bergen. Surrounded by Water is also known in Bergen as Omgitt av fjeller. The Norwegian translations were done by singer-songwriter Fred Ove Reksten, a friend of Behan, who gave permission for the Norwegian versions to be recorded by the folk group The Bergeners. Musicians Björn Alling and Conny Olsson from Linköping, Sweden are currently working on a translation of "Patriot Game" into their native tongue.

Contrary to rumours posted previously to this page, Behan did not at any time attend any seat of higher learning. He was a largely self educated man whose intellect was such that he numbered many respected thinkers among his friends including the likes of Hugh MacDiarmid the Scots poet with whom he lived for three years, Louis MacNeice who became for a time a writing partner – mostly for the BBC overseas program and H.A.L. Craig the screen writer who produced the script for the film of Waterloo.

Pop culture references[link]

Dave Cousins wrote his song "Josephine, For Better Or For Worse" in honour of Josephine and Dominic Behan. This song has been recorded several times, the best known version is on the album "Dragonfly" by Strawbs in 1970.

In a well publicised interview, John Lennon dismissed the folk scene in his own country, England, yet praised Behan, from neighbouring Ireland, whom he said he liked. ^[1] On a recent Desert Island Discs, Yoko Ono selected Behan's "Liverpool Lou" as her husband had sung it to their son as a lullaby. ^[2]

Behan's death[link]

Dominic died at home in Glasgow, aged 60, on 3 August 1989 of pancreatic cancer, shortly after the publication of his critically acclaimed novel The Public World of Parable Jones. He was survived by his widow and two sons, Fintan and Stephen. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at the Royal Canal, Dublin near his birthplace by May MacGiolla the wife of the Workers' Party of Ireland Dublin West TD Tomas MacGiolla. His oration was given by his longtime friend Seán Garland, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of which Behan had been a staunch supporter for many years.

Works[link]

Plays[link]

• Posterity Be Damned (1959)
• The Folk Singer (1969)
• Ireland Mother Ireland (1969)
• Tell Dublin I Miss Her (1998)

Books[link]

• Teems of Times (1961)
• Tell Dublin I Miss Her (1961)
• My Brother Brendan (1965)
• Ireland Sings! (1966)
• The Singing Irish (1969)
• The Life and Times of Spike Milligan (1987)
• The Public World of Parable Jones (1988)
• The Catacombs (1989)

Songs[link]

• "The Auld Triangle"
• "Avondale"
• "Come Out Ye Black and Tans"
• "Connolly Will Be There"
• "Liverpool Lou"
• "McAlpine's Fusiliers"
• "The Merry Ploughboy"
• "The Patriot Game"
• "Take It Down from the Mast"
• "Paddy On The Road"
• "Our last hope"

Standalone Poems[link]

• "Bás, Fás, Blás"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dominic Behan discography at MusicBrainz
• [1]
• Dominic Behan sings "Liverpool Lou" (YouTube)
• "Our last hope" by Dominic Behan (YouTube)
• The Singing Streets: Childhood Memories of Ireland and Scotland Album Details at Smithsonian Folkways

Patrick Henry Pearse Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais
Born	(1879-11-10)10 November 1879 Dublin, Ireland
Died	3 May 1916(1916-05-03) (aged 36) Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland
Allegiance	Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Volunteers Irish Republican Army[1]
Years of service	1913–1916
Rank	Commander-in-chief Supreme Council IRB Military Committee IRB
Campaign	Easter Rising
Other work	Educator, Principal, Barrister, Republican activist, Poet

Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig Pearse; Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; An Piarsach; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist and political activist who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. He was declared "President of the Provisional Government" of the Irish Republic in one of the bulletins issued by the Rising's leaders, a status that was however disputed by others associated with the rebellion both then and later. Following the collapse of the Rising and the execution of Pearse, his brother (Willie Pearse), and fourteen other leaders, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.

Early life and influences[link]

27 Pearse Street, birthplace of Patrick and Willie Pearse

Patrick Pearse and his brother Willie were born at 27 Great Brunswick Street,^[2] the street that is named after them today.^[3] It was here that their father, James Pearse, established a stonemasonry business in the 1850s,^[4] a business which flourished and provided the Pearses with a comfortable middle-class upbringing.^[5] Pearse's father was a mason and monumental sculptor, and originally a Unitarian from Birmingham in England.^[6]

The home life of Patrick Pearse was one where he was surrounded by books.^[7] His father had very little formal education, but he was a self-educated man.^[8] He had two children from his first marriage, Emily and James (two other children died in infancy). His second wife, Margaret Brady was a native of Dublin, but her father's family were from County Meath and were native Irish speakers. The Irish-speaking influence of Pearse's great-aunt Margaret, together with his schooling at the CBS Westland Row, instilled in him an early love for the Irish language.

In 1896, at the age of sixteen, he joined the Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), and in 1903 at the age of 23, he became editor of its newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis ("The Sword of Light").

Pearse's earlier heroes were the ancient Gaelic folk heroes such as Cúchulainn, though in his 30s he began to take a strong interest in the leaders of past republican movements, such as the United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone and Robert Emmet. Both had been Protestant, but it was from such men as these that the fervently Catholic Pearse drew inspiration for the rebellion of 1916.

In 1900, Pearse was awarded a BA in Modern Languages (Irish, English and French) by the Royal University of Ireland, he had studied for two years privately and for one at University College Dublin. In 1900 he was also awarded the degree of Barrister-at-Law from the King's Inns^[9], and was called to the bar in 1901.

St Enda's[link]

As a cultural nationalist educated by the Irish Christian Brothers, like his younger brother Willie, Pearse believed that language was intrinsic to the identity of a nation. The Irish school system, he believed, raised Ireland's youth to be good Englishmen or obedient Irishmen, and an alternative was needed. Thus for him and other language revivalists, saving the Irish language from extinction was a cultural priority of the utmost importance. The key to saving the language, he felt, would be a sympathetic education system. To show the way, he started his own bilingual school, St. Enda's School (Scoil Éanna) in Rathfarnham, County Dublin, in 1908. Here, the pupils were taught in both the Irish and English languages.

With the aid of Thomas MacDonagh, Pearse's younger brother Willie Pearse and other (often transient) academics, it soon proved a successful experiment. He did all he planned, and even brought students on field trips to the Gaeltacht in the west of Ireland. Pearse's restless idealism led him in search of an even more idyllic home for his school. He found it in the Hermitage, Rathfarnham, where he moved St. Enda's in 1910. Pearse was also involved in the foundation of St. Ita's school for girls, a school with similar aims to St. Enda's.

However, the new home, while splendidly located in an 18th-century house surrounded by a park and woodlands, caused financial difficulties that almost brought him to disaster. He strove continually to keep ahead of his debts while doing his best to maintain the school. In February 1914, he travelled to the USA to raise money for his ailing school where he met John Devoy and Joseph McGarrity both of whom were impressed by his fervour and supported him in raising sufficient money to secure the continued existence of the school.

The Volunteers and Home Rule[link]

In April 1912, the prospect of self-government for Ireland under a new Home Rule for Ireland Bill became reality, as John Redmond leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, who held the balance of power in the House of Commons committed the government of the United Kingdom to introduce the Bill. Pearse’s attitude towards the Bill was remarkably ambivalent.

Pearse moved from welcoming the Bill, asking all sides to support Redmond’s praiseworthy achievement to demanding a better Bill with the public warning Let the Gall understand that if we are cheated this time there will be red war in Ireland.^[10] Pearse was one of four speakers, including Redmond, Joseph Devlin MP, leader of the Northern Nationalists, and Eoin MacNeill a prominent Gaelic Leaguer, who addressed a large Home Rule Rally in Dublin on a public platform at the end of March 1913. Speaking in Irish Pearse threatened revolution if the Bill were not enacted.^[11]

In November 1913 Pearse was invited to the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers, formed to enforce the implementation of the Third Home Rule Act passed by the House of Commons in the face of opposition from the Ulster Volunteers. In an article entitled “The Coming Revolution” (November 1913) Pearse wrote

The bill just failed to pass the House of Lords, but the Lord’s diminished power under the Parliament Act 1911 meant that the bill could only be delayed and was finally placed on the statute books with Royal Assent in September 1914, but suspended for the duration of World War I, whose context set the backdrop for events to follow.

John Redmond, leader of the IPP, feared his “national authority” might be circumvented by the Volunteers and decided to control the new movement. Despite opposition from the Irish Republican Brotherhood members, the Volunteer Executive agreed to share leadership with Redmond and a joint committee was set up. Pearse was opposed to this and was to write:^[12]

The Volunteers split, one of the issues being support for the Allied and British war effort, a majority following Redmond in the National Volunteers in the belief that this would ensure Home Rule on their return. Pearse, exhilarated by the dramatic events of the European war wrote in an article written in December 1915 on patriotism:

The IRB and the Irish Republic[link]

Proclamation of the Irish Republic, read by Pádraig Pearse outside the GPO at the start of the Easter Rising, 1916.

In December 1913, Bulmer Hobson swore Pearse into the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB),^[14] an organisation dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland and its replacement with an Irish Republic. He was soon co-opted onto the IRB's Supreme Council by Tom Clarke.^[15] Pearse was then one of many people who were members of both the IRB and the Volunteers. When he became the Volunteers' Director of Military Organisation in 1914^[16] he was the highest ranking Volunteer in the IRB membership, and instrumental in the latter's commandeering of the remaining minority of the Volunteers for the purpose of rebellion. By 1915 he was on the IRB's Supreme Council, and its secret Military Council, the core group that began planning for a rising while war raged on the European Western Front.

On 1 August 1915, Pearse gave a now-famous graveside oration at the funeral of the Fenian Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. It closed with the words:

Easter Rising and death[link]

Pearse, given his speaking and writing skills, was chosen by the leading IRB man Tom Clarke to be the spokesman for the Rising. It was Pearse who, in behalf of the IRB shortly before Easter in 1916, issued the orders to all Volunteer units throughout the country for three days of manoeuvres beginning Easter Sunday, which was the signal for a general uprising. When Eoin MacNeill, the Chief of Staff of the Volunteers, learned what was being planned without the promised arms from Germany, he countermanded the orders via newspaper, causing the IRB to issue a last minute order to go through with the plan the following day, greatly limiting the numbers who turned out for the rising.

When the Easter Rising eventually erupted on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, there never was any plan for a military victory in the minds of the leaders. It was Pearse who proclaimed a Republic from the steps of the General Post Office and headquarters of the revolutionaries. After six days fighting, heavy civilian casualties and great destruction of property, Pearse issued the order to surrender along with the remaining leaders.

Pearse and fourteen other leaders, including his brother Willie, were court-martialled and executed by firing squad. Sir Roger Casement, who had tried unsuccessfully to recruit an insurgent force among Irish-born prisoners of war from the Irish Brigade in Germany, was hanged in London the following August. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh and Pearse himself were the first of the rebels to be executed, on the morning of 3 May 1916. Pearse was 36 years old at the time of his death.

Sir John Maxwell, the General Officer commanding the British forces in Ireland, sent a telegram to H.H. Asquith, then Prime Minister, advising him not to return the bodies of Pádraig and Willie Pearse to their family, saying: "Irish sentimentality will turn these graves into martyrs’ shrines to which annual processions will be made which would cause constant irritation in this country.^[17]

Maxwell also suppressed a letter from Pearse to his mother,^[18] and two poems dated 1 May 1916. He submitted copies of them also to Prime Minister Asquith, saying that some of the content was "objectionable."^[17]

In addition that document used the term "President of the Provisional Government", not "President of the Republic". A "President of a government" is akin to a prime minister, not a president of a state.^[19] Pearse and his colleagues also discussed proclaiming Prince Joachim (the Kaiser's youngest son) as an Irish constitutional monarch, if the Central Powers won the First World War, which suggests that their ideas for the political future of the country had to await the war's outcome.^[20]

Writings[link]

Bust of Pádraig Pearse in Tralee, County Kerry.

Pearse wrote stories and poems in both Irish and English. His best-known English poems include "The Mother", "The Fool" and "The Wayfarer".^[21] He also penned several allegorical plays in the Irish language, including The King, The Master, and The Singer. His short stories in Irish include Eoghainín na nÉan ("Eoineen of the Birds"), Íosagán,"An Gadaí" Na Bóithre ("The Roads"), and An Bhean Chaointe ("The Keening Woman"). These are translated into English by Joseph Campbell (in the Collected Works of 1917).^[22] Most of his ideas on education are contained in his famous essay "The Murder Machine". He also authored many essays on politics and language, notably "The Coming Revolution" and "Ghosts".

Pearse is closely associated with the song, "Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile", for which he composed additional lyrics.

Reputation[link]

Largely, as a result of a series of political pamphlets Pearse wrote in the months leading up to the 1916 Rising, he soon became recognised as the voice of the 1916 Rising. In the middle decades of the 20th century, Pearse was idolised by Irish nationalists as the supreme idealist of their cause. However, with the outbreak of conflict in Northern Ireland in 1969, Pearse's legacy was used by the Provisional IRA. Pearse's reputation and writings were subject to criticism by some historians who saw him as a dangerous, fanatical, psychologically unsound individual under ultra-religious influences. As Conor Cruise O'Brien, onetime Labour TD and former unionist politician, put it in writing: "Pearse saw the Rising as a Passion Play with real blood."

Others defended Pearse, suggesting that to blame him for what was happening in Northern Ireland was unhistorical and a distortion of the real spirit of his writings. Though the passion of those arguments has waned with the continuing peace in Northern Ireland following the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, his complex personality still remains a subject of controversy for those who wish to debate the evolving meaning of Irish nationalism.

Former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern described Pearse as one of his heroes and displayed a picture of Pearse over his desk in the Department of the Taoiseach.^[23]

His former school, St. Enda's, Rathfarnham, on the south side of Dublin, is now the Pearse Museum dedicated to his memory. Cullenswood House, the old Pearse family house in Ranelagh, where Padraig first founded St. Enda's, today houses a primary Gaelscoil (school for education through the Irish language) called Lios na nÓg, part of a community-based effort to revive the Irish language. In Ballymun the Patrick Pearse Tower was named after him. It was the first of Ballymun's tower blocks to be demolished in 2004.^{[citation needed]}

Pearse's mother Margaret Pearse served as a TD in Dáil Éireann in the 1920s. His sister Margaret Mary Pearse also served as a TD and Senator.

Commemoration[link]

Pearse Street was renamed in honour of the Pearses. Westland Row Station in Dublin was renamed as Pearse Station in 1966 after Pearse and his brother Willie. The Ten shilling coin minted in 1966 featured the bust of Patrick Pearse. The coin is unique among Irish coinage in that it is the sole coin to feature the bust of anyone associated with Irish history or politics.

Footnotes[link]

Sources[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Author:Patrick Pearse

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Patrick Pearse

• Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Pearse, 2009.
• Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins. Hutchinson, 1990.
• Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure. London: Gollancz, 1977.
• F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973.
• Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic. Corgi, 1968.
• Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916–1949. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1985
• Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising 1916." Washington, Catholic University Press, 1994
• Mary Pearse, The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse. Cork: Mercier, 1971.
• Patrick Pearse, Short Stories. Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Patrick Pearse

• Patrick's census information from 1911 while he was still teaching in St. Enda's School
• Patrick's census form part-A
• The Murder Machine – Pearse's groundbreaking article on Montessori education
• 1916 Walking Tour piece on Pearse
• The Poetry of Pádraig Pearse
• ^[dead link] Music Video for the song Pádraig Pearse by the Wolfe Tones

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since March 2010. Its tone or style may not reflect the formal tone used on Wikipedia. Tagged since August 2011.

Noor Muhammad
Born	April 15, 1951 Abbottabad, Haripur District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Died	12 April 2004(2004-04-12) (aged 52) Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
Residence	Islamabad, Pakistan
Citizenship	Pakistan
Nationality	Pakistani
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei University of Münster, Germany International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy
Alma mater	University of Peshawar, N.W.F.P. Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Moscow State University, Russia.
Doctoral advisor	Grigory Barenblatt
Notable students	Dr. Muhammad Farooq
Known for	his work on C*-algebra, Pseudo-differential operator, approximation theory, topological algebra, and symmetric topology
Influenced	Abdus Salam
Notable awards	Gold medal, Pakistan Mathematican Society

Dr. Prof. Noor Muhammad (April 15, 1951 - April 12, 2004), was a notable Pakistani mathematician and mathematics writer who made an original contribution to the fields of C*-algebra, symmetric topology and pure mathematics.^[1] He was the chairman of Department of Mathematics, in which he assumed this position in 2000 until 2002. He was a distinguished student of Russian mathematician dr. Grigory Barenblatt, and made significant efforts to the fields of topological algebras.

He was the co-author of Symmetric Topological Algebras and Applications which was published at Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, and since then, dr. Noor Muhammad has produced 20 M.Phil. students at the Quaid-i-Azam University since his PhD in 1983. His death is a loss to the mathematical community in Pakistan^{[citation needed]}.

Life and education[link]

Muhammad was born in Abbottabad, Haripur District where he completed his high school from there. In 1971, Muhammad gained his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from University of Peshawar, followed by his Master of Science in Mathematics in 1973 from Quaid-i-Azam University. With a scholarship awarded by the Quaid-i-Azam University, Muhammad traveled to Soviet Union in 1979, and completed his thesis in 1983 under the direction of dr. Grigory Barenblatt from Moscow State University. His doctoral thesis covered the functional analysis, namely C*-algebras. He taught mathematics at the Moscow State University until 1984 and subsequently moved to Trieste, Italy the same year.^[2]

International Centre for Theoretical Physics[link]

Noor Muhammad joined International Centre for Theoretical Physics on the request of prominent theoretical physics and nobel laureate in Physics Dr. Prof. Abdus Salam. As a post-doctoral fellow, he also worked on P-Commutative Topological Algebras. From 1990 until 1995, he became an associate professor of mathematician at ICTP. Noor Mohammad, at ICTP, published more than 30 articles in refereed international journals during the course of his career.^[3]

Academic career in mathematics[link]

He reluctantly returned to Pakistan where he joined Quaid-i-Azam University and became a chairperson of the Department of Mathematics. he produced a number of research papers on elliptic pseudo-differential operators over C*-algebras for compact manifold. He had also published papers on topics in approximation theory, derivation on topological algebras and multipliers of topological algebra.

In mathematics, functional analysis depends heavily upon topology, especially the branch of Functional Analysis that Dr. Noor Muhammad specialized in. His lectures notes on a first course on functional analysis, a copy of which is still available, are topological based. He was a close associate and college of dr. Qaiser Mushtaq, and had cordial relationship with him. In 2000, Dr. Noor Muhammad began to write college-level textbook on topology, however, after his death, the book is remained incompleted.

Death[link]

In 2003, Dr. Noor Muhammad, was diagnosed with a heart ailment. Soon after, he had heart surgery, which he barely survived. His friends and colleague in the Department of Mathematics advised him to take at least a semester off. Dr. Qaiser Mushtaq, who became a new head of the department, managed to arrange a substitute professor Dr. Akbar Azam, who was then teaching at the Government College University.

After about a semester’s respite, Dr Noor Muhammad restarted lecturing in the department. He regularly attended the meetings. According to the Dr. Qaisar Mustaq's memoir, Dr. Noor Muhammad was very tense in the Ph.D Committee Meeting that he attended one day before he died. Dr Noor Muhammad could not take the pressure any more and asked for leave half way through. Next morning, he was pronounced dead. He did not live to marry off his daughter, enjoy driving in his newly bought Toyota car, and publish his book on topology. His death has deprived the Mathematics Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, of its sole Functional Analyst.

Research papers[link]

• "An explicit projection method for a system of nonlinear variational inequalities with different (γ,r)-cocoercive mappings", by Noor Muhammad.
• "Double multipliers on topological algebras", L. A. Khan, N. Mohammad, and A. B. Thaheem, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences. Volume 22 (1999), Issue 3, Pages 629-636.
• "A note on one-parameter groups of automorphisms", A. B. Thaheem and Noor Mohammad, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
• "Best approximations in topological vector spaces‎" by Noor Mohammad, A. B. Thaheem - 1987

Bibliography[link]

• Symmetric Topological Algebras and Applications by Noor Muhammad and Maria Fragoulopoulou.
• The Topological Algebra and Mathematics, by Noor Muhammad (Incompleted)

References[link]