- published: 22 Sep 2011
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Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
wn.com/Agen -
Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
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Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
wn.com/Ajaccio -
Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
wn.com/Albi -
Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
wn.com/Alençon -
Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
wn.com/Allier -
Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
wn.com/Amiens -
Andryes
Coordinates: 47°31′11″N 3°29′12″E / 47.5197°N 3.4867°E / 47.5197; 3.4867
Andryes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
wn.com/Andryes -
Angely
Coordinates: 47°33′56″N 4°01′19″E / 47.5656°N 4.0219°E / 47.5656; 4.0219
Angely is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
wn.com/Angely -
Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Annoux
Coordinates: 47°37′38″N 4°03′05″E / 47.6272°N 4.0514°E / 47.6272; 4.0514
Annoux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Annéot
Coordinates: 47°31′19″N 3°52′53″E / 47.5219°N 3.8814°E / 47.5219; 3.8814
Annéot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Appoigny
Coordinates: 47°52′41″N 3°31′44″E / 47.8781°N 3.5289°E / 47.8781; 3.5289
Appoigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
This village with all its flowers is well known for its architectural heritage but also for its hotels and restaurants. The Saint Pierre Collegial - a classified Historic Building - dates back to the 13th century. It has a tower of the 16th century and a magnificent Jube dating from 1606.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Argentenay
Coordinates: 47°48′56″N 4°06′47″E / 47.8156°N 4.1131°E / 47.8156; 4.1131
Argentenay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Armeau
Coordinates: 48°02′47″N 3°19′27″E / 48.0464°N 3.3242°E / 48.0464; 3.3242
Armeau is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Arthonnay
Coordinates: 47°55′59″N 4°13′50″E / 47.9331°N 4.2306°E / 47.9331; 4.2306
Arthonnay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Asquins
Coordinates: 47°28′52″N 3°45′21″E / 47.4811°N 3.7558°E / 47.4811; 3.7558
Asquins is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Avallon
Coordinates: 47°29′27″N 3°54′33″E / 47.4908°N 3.9092°E / 47.4908; 3.9092
Avallon is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in center-eastern France.
Avallon is located 50 km south-southeast of Auxerre, served by a branch of the Paris-Lyon railway and by exit 22 of the A6 motorway. The old town, with many winding cobblestone streets flanked by traditional stone and woodwork buildings, is situated on a flat promontory, the base of which is washed on the south by the Cousin, on the east and west by small streams.
Chance finds the coins and pottery fragments and a fine head of Minerva are reminders of the Roman settlement carrying the Celtic name Aballo, a mutatio or post where fresh horses could be obtained. Two pink marble columns in the church of St-Martin du Bourg have been reused from an unknown temple (Princeton Encyclopedia). The Roman citadel, on a rocky spur overlooking the Cousin valley, has been Christianized as Montmartre ("Mount of the Martyrs").
In the year 470, the Romano-British king, Riothamus, disappeared (and presumably died) in the neighborhood of Avallon after being defeated by the Goths, against whom the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius had hired him to fight. This, and other aspects of his reign, has made him a candidate for the historical King Arthur, with Avallon becoming Arthurian Avalon. Avallon (Aballo) was in the Middle Ages the seat of a viscounty dependent on the duchy of Burgundy; on the death of Charles the Bold in 1477, it passed under the royal authority. The castle, mentioned as early as the seventh century,[citation needed] has utterly disappeared.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Bagneaux
Coordinates: 48°14′02″N 3°35′44″E / 48.2339°N 3.5956°E / 48.2339; 3.5956
Bagneaux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Baon
Coordinates: 47°51′35″N 4°08′01″E / 47.8597°N 4.1336°E / 47.8597; 4.1336
Baon is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Bassou
Coordinates: 47°55′29″N 3°30′58″E / 47.9247°N 3.5161°E / 47.9247; 3.5161
Bassou is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Bazarnes
Coordinates: 47°39′41″N 3°39′49″E / 47.6614°N 3.6636°E / 47.6614; 3.6636
Bazarnes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Beine
Coordinates: 47°49′12″N 3°43′20″E / 47.82000°N 3.7222°E / 47.82000; 3.7222
Beine is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Bellechaume
Coordinates: 48°02′37″N 3°36′32″E / 48.0436°N 3.6089°E / 48.0436; 3.6089
Bellechaume is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Bernouil
Coordinates: 47°54′02″N 3°53′45″E / 47.9006°N 3.8958°E / 47.9006; 3.8958
Bernouil is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Beugnon
Coordinates: 48°01′17″N 3°48′22″E / 48.0214°N 3.8061°E / 48.0214; 3.8061
Beugnon is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Blannay
Coordinates: 47°31′46″N 3°46′55″E / 47.5294°N 3.7819°E / 47.5294; 3.7819
Blannay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Bléneau
Coordinates: 47°42′08″N 2°56′59″E / 47.7022°N 2.9497°E / 47.7022; 2.9497
Bléneau is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Brannay
Coordinates: 48°13′52″N 3°07′06″E / 48.2311°N 3.1183°E / 48.2311; 3.1183
Brannay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Brosses
Coordinates: 47°32′15″N 3°41′31″E / 47.53750°N 3.6919°E / 47.53750; 3.6919
Brosses is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Butteaux
Coordinates: 47°58′43″N 3°48′38″E / 47.9786°N 3.8106°E / 47.9786; 3.8106
Butteaux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Béru
Coordinates: 47°48′06″N 3°53′27″E / 47.8017°N 3.8908°E / 47.8017; 3.8908
Béru is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Carisey
Coordinates: 47°55′27″N 3°50′52″E / 47.9242°N 3.8478°E / 47.9242; 3.8478
Carisey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Censy
Coordinates: 47°41′51″N 4°02′33″E / 47.69750°N 4.04250°E / 47.69750; 4.04250
Censy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Cerisiers
Coordinates: 48°08′03″N 3°29′08″E / 48.1342°N 3.4856°E / 48.1342; 3.4856
Cerisiers is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chablis
Coordinates: 47°48′56″N 3°47′51″E / 47.8156°N 3.7975°E / 47.8156; 3.7975
Chablis (pronounced: [ʃa.bli]) is a town and commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
It lies in the valley of the River Serein.
The village of Chablis gives its name to one of the most famous French white wines. Chablis is made with Chardonnay, a grape that grows particularly well in the region.
Each year the Festival du Chablisien is held May to June in Chablis, featuring classical, jazz, and world music.
The fifth stage of the 2007 Tour de France departed from Chablis towards Autun.
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Chailley
Coordinates: 48°05′01″N 3°42′07″E / 48.0836°N 3.7019°E / 48.0836; 3.7019
Chailley is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chambeugle
Coordinates: 47°51′40″N 3°02′30″E / 47.8611°N 3.0417°E / 47.8611; 3.0417
Chambeugle is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Champcevrais
Coordinates: 47°44′47″N 2°57′30″E / 47.7464°N 2.9583°E / 47.7464; 2.9583
Champcevrais is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The Aveyron river has its source in the commune.
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Champignelles
Coordinates: 47°46′47″N 3°04′23″E / 47.7797°N 3.0731°E / 47.7797; 3.0731
Champignelles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Champlay
Coordinates: 47°57′06″N 3°26′32″E / 47.9517°N 3.4422°E / 47.9517; 3.4422
Champlay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Champlost
Coordinates: 48°01′40″N 3°40′07″E / 48.0278°N 3.6686°E / 48.0278; 3.6686
Champlost is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Champvallon
Coordinates: 47°56′07″N 3°20′46″E / 47.9353°N 3.3461°E / 47.9353; 3.3461
Champvallon is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chamvres
Coordinates: 47°57′28″N 3°21′43″E / 47.9578°N 3.3619°E / 47.9578; 3.3619
Chamvres is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Charbuy
Coordinates: 47°49′29″N 3°28′02″E / 47.8247°N 3.4672°E / 47.8247; 3.4672
Charbuy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Charentenay
Coordinates: 47°39′03″N 3°32′46″E / 47.6508°N 3.5461°E / 47.6508; 3.5461
Charentenay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Chassignelles
Coordinates: 47°45′36″N 4°10′43″E / 47.76000°N 4.1786°E / 47.76000; 4.1786
Chassignelles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cheny
Coordinates: 47°57′13″N 3°32′06″E / 47.9536°N 3.53500°E / 47.9536; 3.53500
Cheny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chichery
Coordinates: 47°54′12″N 3°30′39″E / 47.9033°N 3.5108°E / 47.9033; 3.5108
Chichery is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chichée
Coordinates: 47°47′37″N 3°50′07″E / 47.7936°N 3.8353°E / 47.7936; 3.8353
Chichée is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chigy
Coordinates: 48°12′01″N 3°28′41″E / 48.2003°N 3.4781°E / 48.2003; 3.4781
Chigy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Chitry
Coordinates: 47°45′46″N 3°42′01″E / 47.7628°N 3.7003°E / 47.7628; 3.7003
Chitry is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Chéroy
Coordinates: 48°12′07″N 2°59′56″E / 48.2019°N 2.9989°E / 48.2019; 2.9989
Chéroy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The river Lunain forms part of the commune's northern border.
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Chéu
Coordinates: 47°57′58″N 3°45′59″E / 47.9661°N 3.7664°E / 47.9661; 3.7664
Chéu is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cisery
Coordinates: 47°30′42″N 4°03′43″E / 47.5117°N 4.0619°E / 47.5117; 4.0619
Cisery is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Collan
Coordinates: 47°50′36″N 3°52′35″E / 47.8433°N 3.8764°E / 47.8433; 3.8764
Collan is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Collemiers
Coordinates: 48°09′26″N 3°14′03″E / 48.1572°N 3.2342°E / 48.1572; 3.2342
Collemiers is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Compigny
Coordinates: 48°21′57″N 3°16′36″E / 48.3658°N 3.2767°E / 48.3658; 3.2767
Compigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cornant
Coordinates: 48°08′00″N 3°11′11″E / 48.1333°N 3.1864°E / 48.1333; 3.1864
Cornant is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Coulangeron
Coordinates: 47°40′54″N 3°28′15″E / 47.6817°N 3.4708°E / 47.6817; 3.4708
Coulangeron is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Coulours
Coordinates: 48°09′54″N 3°35′15″E / 48.16500°N 3.58750°E / 48.16500; 3.58750
Coulours is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Courgis
Coordinates: 47°46′30″N 3°45′20″E / 47.77500°N 3.7556°E / 47.77500; 3.7556
Courgis is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Courtoin
Coordinates: 48°07′28″N 3°06′32″E / 48.1244°N 3.1089°E / 48.1244; 3.1089
Courtoin is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The commune is traversed by the Lunain river.
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Coutarnoux
Coordinates: 47°35′15″N 3°57′56″E / 47.58750°N 3.9656°E / 47.58750; 3.9656
Coutarnoux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Croatia
Croatia (
i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska 
listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Cudot
Coordinates: 47°59′05″N 3°10′49″E / 47.9847°N 3.1803°E / 47.9847; 3.1803
Cudot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Cézy
Coordinates: 47°59′35″N 3°20′29″E / 47.9931°N 3.3414°E / 47.9931; 3.3414
Cézy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Dannemoine
Coordinates: 47°53′47″N 3°57′22″E / 47.8964°N 3.9561°E / 47.8964; 3.9561
Dannemoine is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Dicy
Coordinates: 47°56′03″N 3°06′27″E / 47.9342°N 3.10750°E / 47.9342; 3.10750
Dicy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Diges
Coordinates: 47°43′49″N 3°23′55″E / 47.7303°N 3.3986°E / 47.7303; 3.3986
Diges is a town in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Dissangis
Coordinates: 47°35′52″N 3°58′58″E / 47.5978°N 3.9828°E / 47.5978; 3.9828
Dissangis is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Dollot
Coordinates: 48°12′44″N 3°04′24″E / 48.2122°N 3.0733°E / 48.2122; 3.0733
Dollot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Domats
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 3°04′02″E / 48.1147°N 3.0672°E / 48.1147; 3.0672
Domats is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Dracy
Coordinates: 47°45′31″N 3°15′05″E / 47.7586°N 3.2514°E / 47.7586; 3.2514
Dracy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The Ouanne River forms part of the commune's eastern border, flows north-westward through the north-eastern part of the commune, crosses the village and forms part of its northern border.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Dyé
Coordinates: 47°54′00″N 3°52′14″E / 47.90000°N 3.8706°E / 47.90000; 3.8706
Dyé is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Esnon
Coordinates: 47°59′05″N 3°34′36″E / 47.9847°N 3.5767°E / 47.9847; 3.5767
Esnon is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Flacy
Coordinates: 48°13′38″N 3°36′17″E / 48.2272°N 3.6047°E / 48.2272; 3.6047
Flacy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Fleys
Coordinates: 47°48′56″N 3°51′47″E / 47.8156°N 3.8631°E / 47.8156; 3.8631
Fleys is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Fontenouilles
Coordinates: 47°53′25″N 3°02′49″E / 47.8903°N 3.0469°E / 47.8903; 3.0469
Fontenouilles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Fournaudin
Coordinates: 48°09′15″N 3°38′28″E / 48.1542°N 3.6411°E / 48.1542; 3.6411
Fournaudin is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Fouronnes
Coordinates: 47°36′48″N 3°34′02″E / 47.6133°N 3.5672°E / 47.6133; 3.5672
Fouronnes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Fulvy
Coordinates: 47°44′31″N 4°10′19″E / 47.7419°N 4.1719°E / 47.7419; 4.1719
Fulvy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Greve in Chianti
Greve in Chianti (the old name was Greve; in 1972 was renamed Greve in Chianti after the inclusion of that area in the Chianti wine district) is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. It is located c. 31 km south of Florence on A1 highway, and 42 km north of Siena.
Sitting in the Val di Greve, it is named for the small, fast-flowing river that runs through it, is the principal town in the Chianti wine district which stretches south of Florence to just north of Siena. Until recently it has been a quiet, almost bucolic town because it was, and still is, well off the main roads.
Even in ancient days Greve was not isolated because it was well-connected by secondary roads to the Via Volterrana and via Francigena. Nowadays, it is connected to the A1 superstrada between Florence and Rome and the main road between Florence and Siena. The old road network ensured easy access to Florence and to other places such as Figline where its tradesmen and farmers found ready markets for their goods and produce. The modern transportation network connects it to the world at large, enabling it to export great quantities of wine, and import vast quantities of tourists.
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Grimault
Coordinates: 47°39′09″N 3°59′16″E / 47.65250°N 3.9878°E / 47.65250; 3.9878
Grimault is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guerchy
Coordinates: 47°53′38″N 3°26′27″E / 47.8939°N 3.4408°E / 47.8939; 3.4408
Guerchy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Gurgy
Coordinates: 47°52′01″N 3°33′40″E / 47.8669°N 3.5611°E / 47.8669; 3.5611
Gurgy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with:
Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Irancy
Coordinates: 47°42′51″N 3°39′56″E / 47.7142°N 3.6656°E / 47.7142; 3.6656
Irancy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France. It is located southwest of Chablis in the northernmost part of Burgundy.
Despite once possessing a considerable reputation, the wines of Irancy had long since lost out to their more famous cousins in the Côte-d'Or. However, from the 1980s a number of producers have worked to change this situation and in 1999 they were rewarded with an area specific AOC. The area primarily produces red wines, predominantly from the Pinot noir grape, although a small amount of rosé is also produced. Some producers also include small quantities of César and Tressot; lesser known Burgundy grape varieties.
Irancy's unusual topography - it lies in the hollow of a valley whose slopes are covered with vines and cherry trees - shelter it from some of the worst of the winter weather, whilst also allowing for sufficient sun to ripen the grapes. The area is one of the most northerly for red wine grape growing.
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jaulges
Coordinates: 47°57′48″N 3°47′28″E / 47.9633°N 3.7911°E / 47.9633; 3.7911
Jaulges is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Joigny
Coordinates: 47°58′59″N 3°23′52″E / 47.9831°N 3.3978°E / 47.9831; 3.3978
Joigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
It is located on the banks of the Yonne River.
Joigny was the town where French writer Marcel Aymé, and famous doctor Edme Joachim Bourdois de La Motte (first physician to Napoleon's son) were born. It was also the home of Saint Madeleine Sophie Barat.
Saint Andrew Church, Pietà
Saint John Church, Deposition of Christ (XVIth century)
Saint John Church
Inside of Saint Theobald Church
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Jouancy
Coordinates: 47°41′01″N 4°02′04″E / 47.6836°N 4.0344°E / 47.6836; 4.0344
Jouancy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Jully
Coordinates: 47°46′32″N 4°17′48″E / 47.7756°N 4.2967°E / 47.7756; 4.2967
Jully is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Junay
Coordinates: 47°52′44″N 3°56′57″E / 47.8789°N 3.9492°E / 47.8789; 3.9492
Junay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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La Belliole
Coordinates: 48°08′50″N 3°05′28″E / 48.1472°N 3.0911°E / 48.1472; 3.0911
La Belliole is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The river Lunain flows through the eastern part of the commune.
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La Postolle
Coordinates: 48°16′59″N 3°26′37″E / 48.2831°N 3.4436°E / 48.2831; 3.4436
La Postolle is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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Laduz
Coordinates: 47°52′57″N 3°24′45″E / 47.88250°N 3.41250°E / 47.88250; 3.41250
Laduz is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lailly
Coordinates: 48°14′39″N 3°31′52″E / 48.2442°N 3.5311°E / 48.2442; 3.5311
Lailly is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lainsecq
Coordinates: 47°33′20″N 3°16′28″E / 47.5556°N 3.2744°E / 47.5556; 3.2744
Lainsecq is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Les Clérimois
Coordinates: 48°13′44″N 3°26′30″E / 48.2289°N 3.4417°E / 48.2289; 3.4417
Les Clérimois is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Les Sièges
Coordinates: 48°10′51″N 3°31′10″E / 48.1808°N 3.5194°E / 48.1808; 3.5194
Les Sièges is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lignorelles
Coordinates: 47°51′50″N 3°43′42″E / 47.8639°N 3.7283°E / 47.8639; 3.7283
Lignorelles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Lindry
Coordinates: 47°48′03″N 3°25′12″E / 47.8008°N 3.42000°E / 47.8008; 3.42000
Lindry is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lixy
Coordinates: 48°14′20″N 3°05′52″E / 48.2389°N 3.0978°E / 48.2389; 3.0978
Lixy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Looze
Coordinates: 47°59′36″N 3°26′27″E / 47.9933°N 3.4408°E / 47.9933; 3.4408
Looze is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Lézinnes
Coordinates: 47°48′06″N 4°05′19″E / 47.8017°N 4.0886°E / 47.8017; 4.0886
Lézinnes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Marmeaux
Coordinates: 47°34′59″N 4°05′50″E / 47.5831°N 4.0972°E / 47.5831; 4.0972
Marmeaux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Marsangy
Coordinates: 48°06′40″N 3°15′30″E / 48.1111°N 3.2583°E / 48.1111; 3.2583
Marsangy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Massangis
Coordinates: 47°37′33″N 3°58′29″E / 47.6258°N 3.9747°E / 47.6258; 3.9747
Massangis is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Menades
Coordinates: 47°26′45″N 3°49′30″E / 47.4458°N 3.82500°E / 47.4458; 3.82500
Menades is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Michery
Coordinates: 48°18′36″N 3°14′08″E / 48.31000°N 3.2356°E / 48.31000; 3.2356
Michery is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Migennes
Coordinates: 47°57′56″N 3°31′03″E / 47.9656°N 3.51750°E / 47.9656; 3.51750
Migennes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Migé
Coordinates: 47°40′33″N 3°32′39″E / 47.6758°N 3.5442°E / 47.6758; 3.5442
Migé is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Molesmes
Coordinates: 47°36′56″N 3°28′01″E / 47.6156°N 3.4669°E / 47.6156; 3.4669
Molesmes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Molinons
Coordinates: 48°13′55″N 3°32′14″E / 48.2319°N 3.5372°E / 48.2319; 3.5372
Molinons is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Molosmes
Coordinates: 47°53′15″N 4°02′40″E / 47.88750°N 4.0444°E / 47.88750; 4.0444
Molosmes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montillot
Coordinates: 47°31′10″N 3°43′14″E / 47.5194°N 3.7206°E / 47.5194; 3.7206
Montillot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Monéteau
Coordinates: 47°51′03″N 3°34′45″E / 47.8508°N 3.5792°E / 47.8508; 3.5792
Monéteau is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Mouffy
Coordinates: 47°39′07″N 3°31′03″E / 47.6519°N 3.51750°E / 47.6519; 3.51750
Mouffy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Mézilles
Coordinates: 47°42′06″N 3°10′27″E / 47.7017°N 3.1742°E / 47.7017; 3.1742
Mézilles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=124532907597188
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Môlay
Coordinates: 47°44′08″N 3°56′25″E / 47.7356°N 3.9403°E / 47.7356; 3.9403
Môlay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Nailly
Coordinates: 48°13′28″N 3°13′26″E / 48.2244°N 3.2239°E / 48.2244; 3.2239
Nailly is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nitry
Coordinates: 47°40′22″N 3°52′46″E / 47.6728°N 3.8794°E / 47.6728; 3.8794
Nitry is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Nuits
Coordinates: 47°43′55″N 4°12′50″E / 47.7319°N 4.2139°E / 47.7319; 4.2139
Nuits, also known as Nuits-sur-Armançon, is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Ouanne
Coordinates: 47°39′45″N 3°25′09″E / 47.66250°N 3.4192°E / 47.66250; 3.4192
Ouanne is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
Ouanne is also the name of a long river of approximately 70 km (43 mi), taking its source in the vicinity, tributary of the right shore of Loing.
Existed at the time Gallo-Roman under the name of Odouna or Oduna. A Roman way carried out in Auxerre. The ancient station of Ouanne is known according to a marble fragment of IIIe century preserved at the museum of Autun. The marble indicates the distances on the Roman way of Auxerre to Entrains. This way saw passing the armies of Pippin the Younger.
In 1790, Ouanne becomes chief town of canton but the number of cantons falls and the village is attached to Courson-les-Carrières. In 1972, the two communes of Ouanne and Chastenay join.
The Ouanne River has its source in the commune.
Inhabitants are known as Ouannais.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Parly
Coordinates: 47°45′55″N 3°20′54″E / 47.7653°N 3.3483°E / 47.7653; 3.3483
Parly is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Paron
Coordinates: 48°11′36″N 3°15′36″E / 48.1933°N 3.26000°E / 48.1933; 3.26000
Paron is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Pasilly
Coordinates: 47°41′53″N 4°04′43″E / 47.6981°N 4.0786°E / 47.6981; 4.0786
Pasilly is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Perceneige
Coordinates: 48°21′13″N 3°24′30″E / 48.3536°N 3.4083°E / 48.3536; 3.4083
Perceneige is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Percey
Coordinates: 47°57′52″N 3°49′34″E / 47.9644°N 3.8261°E / 47.9644; 3.8261
Percey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
It lies on the Canal de Bourgogne, with the Route départementale (D945), named locally «Rue Nationale» running through it, between Saint-Florentin and Tonnerre.
Percey is the main village of the commune of Percey. Other villages are: Les Milleries and La Sogne.
The Château de Percey and the farm, church and old coach-house still exist. There is a garage, Gites (holiday rental homes in the Château), a small restaurant/hotel, school, and a garden centre (November-2006). The car-sales garage closed down in 2011.
ADSL is available there (as of 2012 2Mbs maximum), and the Chateau hosts a free wireless hotspot, as does the town hall (since 2008).
A catering company 'Becart' is moving in 2012 from nearby Saint Florentin to the old car-sales building in Percey.
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Piffonds
Coordinates: 48°03′23″N 3°08′50″E / 48.0564°N 3.1472°E / 48.0564; 3.1472
Piffonds is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Pimelles
Coordinates: 47°50′20″N 4°10′41″E / 47.8389°N 4.1781°E / 47.8389; 4.1781
Pimelles is a small village nestled in the rolling hills of the French department of Yonne in north-central Burgundy. Part of the canton of Cruzy-le-Châtel, it covers 10 km². Its present mayor is Eric Zanconato, whose family are long-time residents of the village.
The history of Pimelles dates to at least 1035, when Raynaud, the Count of Tonnerre, gave "Pimella" to the abbey of Saint Michael. A Renaissance-era bridge can be found in the center of town. According to local tradition, workers undertaking 19th century repairs to the bridge found evidence of a Gallo-Roman battle on the site.
Pimelles is part of the diocese of Langres and the archdiocese of Tonnerre. Until the French Revolution, Pimelles was the estate of the Viart family. The former Viart manor house, which was constructed around 1788, now serves as the town hall. Count Louis-Alexandre-Charles Viart de Pimelles rebuilt the village church, Our Lady of the Assumption, in 1781, shortly before the Revolution. Its registered population at this time was 50 households focusing primarily on wood-felling, farming, and viniculture.
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Pisy
Coordinates: 47°33′22″N 4°08′33″E / 47.5561°N 4.14250°E / 47.5561; 4.14250
Pisy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Pontaubert
Coordinates: 47°29′24″N 3°51′36″E / 47.49000°N 3.86000°E / 47.49000; 3.86000
Pontaubert is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Pontigny
Coordinates: 47°54′28″N 3°42′42″E / 47.9078°N 3.7117°E / 47.9078; 3.7117
Pontigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
Its principle distinction is for being the home of Pontigny Abbey.
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Pourrain
Coordinates: 47°45′21″N 3°24′47″E / 47.7558°N 3.4131°E / 47.7558; 3.4131
Pourrain is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Provency
Coordinates: 47°32′50″N 3°57′23″E / 47.5472°N 3.9564°E / 47.5472; 3.9564
Provency is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Prunoy
Coordinates: 47°54′51″N 3°07′50″E / 47.9142°N 3.1306°E / 47.9142; 3.1306
Prunoy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Prégilbert
Coordinates: 47°38′29″N 3°40′02″E / 47.6414°N 3.6672°E / 47.6414; 3.6672
Prégilbert is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Préhy
Coordinates: 47°45′34″N 3°45′31″E / 47.7594°N 3.7586°E / 47.7594; 3.7586
Préhy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Płock
Płock [pwɔt͡sk] ( listen) is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river. According to the data provided by GUS on 30 June 2009 there were 126,675 inhabitants. It is located in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of the Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). It now is a capital of a Powiat (county) at the extreme west of the Mazovian Voivodeship. In years: 1079 - 1138 Płock was capital of Poland. Płock is also a historical capital of Mazovia.
Płock was the capital city of Poland during the reign of the Polish monarchs Władysław I Herman and Bolesław III Krzywousty (1079–1138). It was also a seat of several of the Dukes of Masovia and one of the capitals of that state.
During the German occupation of Poland (1941 to 1945) it was named Schröttersburg, after the former Prussian Upper President Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter.
The Duke Capital City of Płock (Polish: Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock) is the official title of Płock used in ceremonial documents and for preserving traditions. It is the formal legal title included in the preamble to the City Statute of Płock. The title is a result of the fact that from 1079–1138 Płock was the capital of Poland. It performed this function during the reign of the Polish monarchs Władysław I Herman and Bolesław III Krzywousty.
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Quenne
Coordinates: 47°46′40″N 3°39′02″E / 47.7778°N 3.6506°E / 47.7778; 3.6506
Quenne is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Ravières
Coordinates: 47°44′07″N 4°13′43″E / 47.7353°N 4.2286°E / 47.7353; 4.2286
Ravières is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Redditch
Redditch is a town and local government district in north-east Worcestershire, England, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of Birmingham. The district had a population of 79,216 in 2005. In the 19th century it became the international centre for the needle and fishing tackle industry. At one point 90% of the world's needles were manufactured in the town and its neighbourhoods. In the 1960s it became a model for modern new town planning.
Redditch lies just south of the West Midlands urban area but is not part of it (being in Worcestershire), northwest of Studley on the A435, which skirts it to the east. The main route of access is the A441, a trunk road from Birmingham to Cookhill, via junction 2 of the M42 Motorway. The Roman Road known as Icknield Street is prominent, running north to south through the eastern side of the town.
Redditch experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.
The first recorded mention of Redditch ("Red-Dych", thought to be a reference to the red clay of the nearby River Arrow) is in 1348, the year of the outbreak of the Black Death. During the Middle Ages it became a centre of needle-making and later prominent industries were fish-hooks, fishing tackle, motorcycles and springs, the latter notably by Herbert Terry and Sons. It was designated a new town in 1964 and the population increased dramatically from 32,000 to around 77,000. Housing developments such as Church Hill, Matchborough, Winyates, Lodge Park and Woodrow were created to accommodate the large overspill from an industrially expanding Birmingham. Redditch was built as a 'flagship' town using new methods and new town planning; all the main roads (mostly new dual carriageways as well as a ring road for the town centre) in Redditch were banked to reduce noise to the new housing estates and the whole of Redditch was landscaped.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Roscoff
Coordinates: 48°43′38″N 3°59′04″W / 48.7272°N 3.9844°W / 48.7272; -3.9844
Roscoff (Breton: Rosko) is a commune in the Finistère département of Brittany in northwestern France.
Roscoff is renowned for its picturesque architecture, labeled « Petite cité de caractère de Bretagne (small town of character) » since 2009. Roscoff is also a traditional departure point for Onion Johnnies.
After lobbying by local economic leaders headed by Alexis Gourvennec, the French Government agreed in 1968 to provide a deep water port at Roscoff. Existing ferry operators were reluctant to take on the relatively long Plymouth/Roscoff crossing, so Gourvennec and colleagues founded Brittany Ferries. Since the early 1970s, Roscoff has been developed as a ferry port for the transport of Breton agricultural produce, and for car-based tourism. Brittany Ferries' and Irish Ferries link Roscoff with the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland which provides a boost to the local economy.
The nearby Île de Batz, called Enez Vaz in Breton, is a small island that can be reached by launch from the harbour.
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Rugny
Coordinates: 47°53′55″N 4°08′53″E / 47.8986°N 4.1481°E / 47.8986; 4.1481
Rugny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Sainpuits
Coordinates: 47°31′08″N 3°15′36″E / 47.5189°N 3.26000°E / 47.5189; 3.26000
Sainpuits is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sambourg
Coordinates: 47°46′07″N 4°01′23″E / 47.7686°N 4.0231°E / 47.7686; 4.0231
Sambourg is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Santigny
Coordinates: 47°34′06″N 4°07′20″E / 47.5683°N 4.1222°E / 47.5683; 4.1222
Santigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Seignelay
Coordinates: 47°54′15″N 3°36′09″E / 47.9042°N 3.60250°E / 47.9042; 3.60250
Seignelay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sementron
Coordinates: 47°38′04″N 3°21′00″E / 47.6344°N 3.35000°E / 47.6344; 3.35000
Sementron is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sens
Coordinates: 48°11′51″N 3°17′16″E / 48.1975°N 3.2877°E / 48.1975; 3.2877
Sens (French pronunciation: [sɑ̃s]) is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France, 120 km from Paris.
Sens is a sub-prefecture and the second city of the department, the sixth in the region. It is crossed by the Yonne and the Vanne, which empties into the Yonne here.
The city is supposed to have been one of the oppida of the Senones, one of the oldest Celtic tribes living in Gaul. It is mentioned as Agedincum by Julius Caesar several times in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The Roman city was built during the first century BC and surrounded by walls during the third. It still retains today the skeleton of its Roman street plan. The site was referred to by Ammianus Marcellinus as Senones (oppidum Senonas) but it did not become an administrative center until after the reorganization of the Roman Empire in 375, when it was the chief town of Lugdunensis Quarta.
During the Middle Ages, its archbishops held the prestigious role of primates of Gaul and Germany. The Hôtel de Sens in Paris was their official residence in that city. The Archdiocese of Sens ruled over the dioceses of Chartres, Auxerre, Meaux, Paris, Orléans, Nevers and Troyes.
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Serbonnes
Coordinates: 48°19′18″N 3°12′19″E / 48.3217°N 3.2053°E / 48.3217; 3.2053
Serbonnes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
Raymond Janot, a national French political figure, was mayor of Serbonnes from 1947 to 1971.
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Sergines
Coordinates: 48°20′34″N 3°15′44″E / 48.3428°N 3.2622°E / 48.3428; 3.2622
Sergines is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sermizelles
Coordinates: 47°32′13″N 3°47′38″E / 47.5369°N 3.7939°E / 47.5369; 3.7939
Sermizelles is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Serrigny
Coordinates: 47°50′10″N 3°54′53″E / 47.8361°N 3.9147°E / 47.8361; 3.9147
Serrigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Sommecaise
Coordinates: 47°51′01″N 3°14′01″E / 47.8503°N 3.2336°E / 47.8503; 3.2336
Sommecaise is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Sormery
Coordinates: 48°05′19″N 3°46′20″E / 48.0886°N 3.7722°E / 48.0886; 3.7722
Sormery is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Soumaintrain
Coordinates: 48°00′58″N 3°50′02″E / 48.0161°N 3.8339°E / 48.0161; 3.8339
Soumaintrain is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Stigny
Coordinates: 47°46′29″N 4°14′01″E / 47.7747°N 4.2336°E / 47.7747; 4.2336
Stigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Sépeaux
Coordinates: 47°56′36″N 3°14′10″E / 47.9433°N 3.2361°E / 47.9433; 3.2361
Sépeaux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Taingy
Coordinates: 47°37′01″N 3°24′16″E / 47.6169°N 3.4044°E / 47.6169; 3.4044
Taingy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tanlay
Coordinates: 47°50′50″N 4°05′15″E / 47.8472°N 4.08750°E / 47.8472; 4.08750
Tanlay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Tharoiseau
Coordinates: 47°27′48″N 3°48′20″E / 47.4633°N 3.8056°E / 47.4633; 3.8056
Tharoiseau is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tharot
Coordinates: 47°31′43″N 3°51′36″E / 47.5286°N 3.86000°E / 47.5286; 3.86000
Tharot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Thorey
For the German village, see Thörey
Coordinates: 47°54′15″N 4°07′23″E / 47.9042°N 4.1231°E / 47.9042; 4.1231
Thorey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tissey
Coordinates: 47°51′09″N 3°54′13″E / 47.85250°N 3.9036°E / 47.85250; 3.9036
Tissey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tonnerre
Coordinates: 47°51′20″N 3°58′27″E / 47.8556°N 3.9742°E / 47.8556; 3.9742
Tonnerre is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Toucy
Coordinates: 47°44′14″N 3°17′39″E / 47.7372°N 3.2942°E / 47.7372; 3.2942
Toucy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
It was the hometown of Pierre Larousse, creator of one of the most highly regarded French dictionaries, Le Petit Larousse.
The town lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Ouanne River, which flows northwest through the commune.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Treigny
Coordinates: 47°33′05″N 3°11′05″E / 47.5514°N 3.1847°E / 47.5514; 3.1847
Treigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Trichey
Coordinates: 47°55′52″N 4°08′29″E / 47.9311°N 4.1414°E / 47.9311; 4.1414
Trichey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tronchoy
Coordinates: 47°54′54″N 3°56′31″E / 47.91500°N 3.9419°E / 47.91500; 3.9419
Tronchoy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Trévilly
Coordinates: 47°31′49″N 4°03′36″E / 47.5303°N 4.06000°E / 47.5303; 4.06000
Trévilly is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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Turny
Coordinates: 48°02′09″N 3°44′50″E / 48.0358°N 3.7472°E / 48.0358; 3.7472
Turny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Vallan
Coordinates: 47°44′44″N 3°32′22″E / 47.7456°N 3.5394°E / 47.7456; 3.5394
Vallan is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vallery
Coordinates: 48°14′30″N 3°02′52″E / 48.2417°N 3.0478°E / 48.2417; 3.0478
Vallery is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The town was acquired by Louis de Bourbon, prince de Condé - uncle of the future Henry IV of France. The town thus became one of the many lands that was acquired by the Condé family over the years. Louis' son Henri de Bourbon stayed at the Château there. The land would stay with the family till 1735 when Mademoiselle de Charolais - descendant of Louis - sold the land.
The town was the traditional burial place of the Prince of Condé and their descendants; buried in the town are:
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Varaždin
Varaždin (Croatian pronunciation: [v̞âraʒdiːn] Hungarian: Varasd, German: Warasdin, Kajkavian: Varažljin) is a city in North Croatia, 81 km (50 mi) north of Zagreb on the highway A4. The total population is 47,055, with 38,746 on 34.22 km2 (13.21 sq mi) of the city settlement itself (2011). The centre of Varaždin county is located near the Drava river, at 46°18′43″N 16°21′40″E / 46.312°N 16.361°E / 46.312; 16.361. It's mainly known for its baroque buildings, textile, food and IT industry.
In Hungarian the town is known as Varasd, and in Latin as Varasdinum, and in German as Warasdin.
The total population of the city is 47,055 and it includes the following settlements:
The total area is 59.45 km2 (22.95 sq mi) (2001).
The first written reference to Varaždin, whose historical name is Garestin, was on 20 August 1181, when King Béla III mentioned the nearby thermal springs (Varaždinske Toplice) in a legal document.
Varaždin was declared a free royal borough in 1209 by the Hungarian King Andrew II. The town became the economic and military centre of northern Croatia. Due to Turkish raids, the town was structured defensively around the old fortress, and acquired the shape of a typical medieval Wasserburg. In the early 13th century, the Knights Hospitaller (Croatian: Ivanovci) came to Varaždin, where they built the church and a monastery.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vaudeurs
Coordinates: 48°08′03″N 3°33′05″E / 48.1342°N 3.5514°E / 48.1342; 3.5514
Vaudeurs is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vaumort
Coordinates: 48°09′19″N 3°26′24″E / 48.1553°N 3.44000°E / 48.1553; 3.44000
Vaumort is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Venizy
Coordinates: 48°02′10″N 3°42′34″E / 48.0361°N 3.7094°E / 48.0361; 3.7094
Venizy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Venouse
Coordinates: 47°53′46″N 3°41′01″E / 47.8961°N 3.6836°E / 47.8961; 3.6836
Venouse is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Venoy
Coordinates: 47°48′23″N 3°38′16″E / 47.8064°N 3.6378°E / 47.8064; 3.6378
Venoy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vergigny
Coordinates: 47°58′16″N 3°43′12″E / 47.9711°N 3.72000°E / 47.9711; 3.72000
Vergigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Verlin
Coordinates: 48°01′03″N 3°14′01″E / 48.01750°N 3.2336°E / 48.01750; 3.2336
Verlin is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vermenton
Coordinates: 47°39′57″N 3°44′10″E / 47.6658°N 3.7361°E / 47.6658; 3.7361
Vermenton is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The remains of the former Cistercian Reigny Abbey are situated here.
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Vernoy
Coordinates: 48°05′46″N 3°07′33″E / 48.0961°N 3.1258°E / 48.0961; 3.1258
Vernoy is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Villeblevin
Coordinates: 48°19′31″N 3°04′57″E / 48.3253°N 3.08250°E / 48.3253; 3.08250
Villeblevin is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
The town achieved prominence in 1960 when it was the site of the car crash that killed Albert Camus.
Media related to Villeblevin at Wikimedia Commons
wn.com/Villeblevin -
Villebougis
Coordinates: 48°12′18″N 3°09′38″E / 48.20500°N 3.1606°E / 48.20500; 3.1606
Villebougis is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villechétive
Coordinates: 48°05′45″N 3°30′43″E / 48.0958°N 3.5119°E / 48.0958; 3.5119
Villechétive is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villecien
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 3°19′49″E / 48.0078°N 3.3303°E / 48.0078; 3.3303
Villecien is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villefargeau
Coordinates: 47°47′00″N 3°30′18″E / 47.7833°N 3.50500°E / 47.7833; 3.50500
Villefargeau is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villemanoche
Coordinates: 48°18′04″N 3°10′56″E / 48.3011°N 3.1822°E / 48.3011; 3.1822
Villemanoche is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villenavotte
Coordinates: 48°14′59″N 3°14′21″E / 48.2497°N 3.2392°E / 48.2497; 3.2392
Villenavotte is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villeperrot
Coordinates: 48°15′46″N 3°13′46″E / 48.2628°N 3.2294°E / 48.2628; 3.2294
Villeperrot is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villethierry
Coordinates: 48°15′52″N 3°04′28″E / 48.2644°N 3.0744°E / 48.2644; 3.0744
Villethierry is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Villevallier
Coordinates: 48°01′32″N 3°18′52″E / 48.0256°N 3.3144°E / 48.0256; 3.3144
Villevallier is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vincelottes
Coordinates: 47°42′28″N 3°38′28″E / 47.7078°N 3.6411°E / 47.7078; 3.6411
Vincelottes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vinneuf
Coordinates: 48°21′05″N 3°08′09″E / 48.3514°N 3.1358°E / 48.3514; 3.1358
Vinneuf is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vireaux
Coordinates: 47°47′14″N 4°02′59″E / 47.7872°N 4.0497°E / 47.7872; 4.0497
Vireaux is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Volgré
Coordinates: 47°55′07″N 3°19′41″E / 47.9186°N 3.3281°E / 47.9186; 3.3281
Volgré is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Véron
Coordinates: 48°07′45″N 3°18′29″E / 48.1292°N 3.3081°E / 48.1292; 3.3081
Véron is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vézannes
Coordinates: 47°52′38″N 3°52′32″E / 47.8772°N 3.8756°E / 47.8772; 3.8756
Vézannes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Vézelay
Coordinates: 47°28′00″N 3°44′48″E / 47.4667°N 3.7467°E / 47.4667; 3.7467
Vézelay is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France. It is a defendable hill town famous for Vézelay Abbey. The town and the Basilica of St Magdelene are designated UNESCO World Heritage sites.
In the 9th century the Benedictines were given land to build a monastery. The current Basilica was built in the 11th century .
Vézelay's hilltop location has made it an obvious site for a town since ancient times. According to legend, not long before the end of the first millennium a monk named Baudillon brought relics (bones) of Mary Magdalene to Vézelay from Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume. In 1058 the Pope confirmed the genuineness of the relics, leading to an influx of pilgrims that has continued to this day. Vézelay Abbey was also a major starting point for pilgrims on the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela, one of the most important of all medieval pilgrimage centres. This was crucially important in attracting pilgrims and the wealth they brought to the town.
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Vézinnes
Coordinates: 47°53′36″N 3°56′39″E / 47.8933°N 3.9442°E / 47.8933; 3.9442
Vézinnes is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
wn.com/Yonne -
Yrouerre
Coordinates: 47°47′41″N 3°56′56″E / 47.7947°N 3.9489°E / 47.7947; 3.9489
Yrouerre is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Égleny
Coordinates: 47°48′31″N 3°22′00″E / 47.8086°N 3.3667°E / 47.8086; 3.3667
Égleny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Épineuil
Coordinates: 47°52′27″N 3°58′52″E / 47.8742°N 3.9811°E / 47.8742; 3.9811
Épineuil is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Étaule
Coordinates: 47°31′19″N 3°55′15″E / 47.5219°N 3.9208°E / 47.5219; 3.9208
Étaule is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Étigny
Coordinates: 48°08′20″N 3°17′32″E / 48.1389°N 3.2922°E / 48.1389; 3.2922
Étigny is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
Étigny is the prominent setting in the story Two Snakes Aside A Wicker Basket.
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Étivey
Coordinates: 47°40′43″N 4°08′41″E / 47.6786°N 4.1447°E / 47.6786; 4.1447
Étivey is a commune in the Yonne department in Burgundy in north-central France.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
wn.com/Évreux
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Germanus of Auxerre
Germanus of Auxerre (c. 378 – c. 448) was a bishop of Auxerre in Gaul. He is a saint in both the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, commemorated on July 31. He visited Britain in around 429 and the records of this visit provide valuable information on the state of post-Roman British society. Based on the scanty evidence, some scholars have argued that his death should be dated to 445, 446, 447 or 448, and others that it should be dated to c. 437
The principal source for the events of his life is the hagiography written by Constantius of Lyon around 480. Constantius was a friend of Bishop Lupus of Troyes, who accompanied Germanus to Britain, which provided him with a link to Germanus.
Germanus was ordained bishop of Auxerre by his predecessor in this post, Amator. Prior to this he had also practised law and held a post of provincial governor.
Around 429, shortly after the Romans had withdrawn from Britain, a Gaulish assembly of bishops chose Germanus and Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, to visit the island. It was alleged that Pelagianism was rife among the British clergy, with a British bishop's son named Agricola leading. Germanus went to combat the threat and satisfy the Pope that the British church would not break away from the Augustinian teachings of divine grace.
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Helladius of Auxerre
Helladius of Auxerre (died 387) was a Christian bishop of Auxerre. St. Amator (died 418) was ordained deacon and tonsured by Helladius, which provides the earliest example of ecclesiastical tonsure mentioned in the religious history of France. He is commemorated on May 8.
wn.com/Helladius_of_Auxerre -
Joseph Fourier
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations. The Fourier transform and Fourier's Law are also named in his honour. Fourier is also generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect.
Fourier was born at Auxerre (now in the Yonne département of France), the son of a tailor. He was orphaned at age eight. Fourier was recommended to the Bishop of Auxerre, and through this introduction, he was educated by the Benvenistes of the Convent of St. Mark. The commissions in the scientific corps of the army were reserved for those of good birth, and being thus ineligible, he accepted a military lectureship on mathematics. He took a prominent part in his own district in promoting the French Revolution, serving on the local Revolutionary Committee. He was imprisoned briefly during the Terror but in 1795 was appointed to the École Normale Supérieure, and subsequently succeeded Joseph-Louis Lagrange at the École Polytechnique.
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Louis XI of France
Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called the Prudent (French: le Prudent), was the King of France from 1461 to 1483. He was the son of Charles VII of France and Mary of Anjou, a member of the House of Valois.
During his 22-year reign, Louis successfully expanded royal power at the expense of the dukes. Shrewd and often vicious, he spun webs of plot and conspiracy which earned him the nicknames the Cunning (Middle French: le rusé) and the Universal Spider (Middle French: l'universelle aragne ). His love for scheming and intrigue made him many enemies, including his father, his brother Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry, as well as his cousins Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Edward IV of England. Louis preferred men of humble origin, and among his advisers were Olivier Le Daim, Louis Tristan L'Hermite, and Cardinal Balue.
Louis was born at Bourges, Cher in 1423, when the English held northern France and his father Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south. Louis was the grandson of the strong-willed Yolande of Aragon, the princess who was the driving force in driving the English out of France. Louis despised his father, regarding him as a weakling.
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Remigius of Auxerre
Remigius (Remi) of Auxerre (ca. 841 – 908) was a Benedictine monk during the Carolingian period, a teacher of Latin grammar, and a prolific author of commentaries on classical Greek and Latin texts. He is also accredited with collecting and compiling other early medieval thinkers' commentaries on these works.
Remigius, likely born in Burgundy, was a disciple of Lupus of Ferrières and Heiric of Auxerre (d. 876), who was himself a disciple of Johannes Scotus Eriugena. He also borrowed heavily in his commentaries from the Irish teacher Dunchad of Reims, Eriugena, Sedulius Scottus, and Martinus Hiberniensis. "Usually, in accordance with Gresham's law of scholarship, Remigius' commentaries ultimately drove from the field those from which he had so generously borrowed," J. P. Elder has remarked. Putting the same phenomenon under a more positive light John Marenbon asserts that Remigius's extensive 9th century collection of commentary on classical texts (both his own and those of the authors upon which he drew), preserved for later academics not only the works of other early medieval thinkers, but also certain elements of the ancient Greek and Latin languages and philosophies. Later documentation shows that Remigius's collections were used across Europe in the later Medieval period, especially in the 12th century.
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Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius; Primitive Irish: *Qatrikias;Old Irish: Cothraige or Coithrige;Middle Irish: Pátraic; Irish: Pádraig; Old Welsh: Patric; Middle Welsh: Padric; Welsh: Padrig; Old English: Patric; ca. 387 – 17 March, 493 or ca. 460) was a Romano-British and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland, although Brigid of Kildare and Colmcille are also formally patron saints.
Two authentic letters from him survive, from which come the only generally-accepted details of his life. When he was about 16, he was captured from Wales by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he lived for six years before escaping and returning to his family. After entering the Church, he returned to Ireland as an ordained bishop in the north and west of the island, but little is known about the places where he worked. By the seventh century, he had come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland.
Most available details of his life are from later hagiographies from the seventh century onwards, and these are now not accepted without detailed criticism. Uncritical acceptance of the Annals of Ulster would imply that he lived from 340 to 440, and ministered in what is modern-day Northern Ireland from AD 428 onwards. The dates of Patrick's life cannot be fixed with certainty but, on a widespread interpretation, he was active as a missionary in Ireland during the second half of the fifth century.
wn.com/Saint_Patrick
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Compilation Djibril Cissé AJ Auxerre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:14
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
Compilation des plus beaux buts de Djibril Cissé avec l'AJ Auxerre entre 2001 et 2004.
http://wn.com/Compilation_Djibril_Cissé_AJ_Auxerre
Compilation des plus beaux buts de Djibril Cissé avec l'AJ Auxerre entre 2001 et 2004.
Farce Attaque Auxerre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Jean Dujardin et Bruno Salomone à Auxerre pour Farce Attaque!
http://wn.com/Farce_Attaque_Auxerre
Jean Dujardin et Bruno Salomone à Auxerre pour Farce Attaque!
- published: 26 Jan 2012
- views: 4809
- author: Agathe Dallaire
Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD
http://wn.com/Arles_2_1_Auxerre_All_Goals_Highlights_HD
Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD Arles 2 - 1 Auxerre All Goals & Highlights HD
- published: 01 Mar 2013
- views: 4
- author: BloggersNoReklam
Lampe Fenix Tk 75 - 2 600 Lumens - Armurerie Auxerre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/Lampe_Fenix_Tk_75_2_600_Lumens_Armurerie_Auxerre
3eme Journée de L2 2012-2013 : Auxerre-Sedan (1-0).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:44
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Résumé du match opposant l'AJ.Auxerre et Sedan pour le compte de la 3eme Journée de la Ligue 2 saison 2012-2013 ! Victoire de l'AJA 1-0 !
http://wn.com/3eme_Journée_de_L2_2012-2013_Auxerre-Sedan_1-0
Résumé du match opposant l'AJ.Auxerre et Sedan pour le compte de la 3eme Journée de la Ligue 2 saison 2012-2013 ! Victoire de l'AJA 1-0 !
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 3090
- author: AJAtheque
PSG-Auxerre (saison 2003-2004)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Saison 2003-2004 8ème journée
http://wn.com/PSG-Auxerre_saison_2003-2004
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados) Ambiance coup d'envoi innoubliable
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:33
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Entrée des joueurs et coup d'envoi en direct du parcage Butte Paillade. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_Ambiance_coup_d'envoi_innoubliable
Entrée des joueurs et coup d'envoi en direct du parcage Butte Paillade. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
- published: 23 May 2012
- views: 26148
- author: Mouss Besson
Buts Auxerrois Août 2011.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Montage des buts Auxerrois Août 2011
http://wn.com/Buts_Auxerrois_Août_2011mp4
Auxerre Lens. 5 derniére minutes.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:56
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Auxerre Lens, 11ème journée de ligue 2 2012/2013. les 5 dernières minutes du match. ambiance et chants.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Lens_5_derniére_minutes
Auxerre Lens, 11ème journée de ligue 2 2012/2013. les 5 dernières minutes du match. ambiance et chants.
- published: 21 Oct 2012
- views: 2619
- author: Pierre Preuss
J01 Résumé AJ Auxerre / Nîmes (2-0)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Match de la première journée de Ligue 2, AJ Auxerre / Nîmes Olympique (2-0)
http://wn.com/J01_Résumé_AJ_Auxerre_Nîmes_2-0
Match de la première journée de Ligue 2, AJ Auxerre / Nîmes Olympique (2-0)
- published: 29 Jul 2012
- views: 4749
- author: NOTVNIMESOLYMPIQUE
But incroyable Tavares pendant Auxerre - Dijon 20120828
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Ce soir, il peut jouer au loto !!
http://wn.com/But_incroyable_Tavares_pendant_Auxerre_Dijon_20120828
OM 3-0 Auxerre - 12ème hOMme OMTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
Le blog : infos-actus-marseille.overblog.com Facebook : www.facebook.com Twitter : twitter.com Reportage sur les supporters de l'OM lors de la réception d'Auxerre (37ème journée de ligue 1 - 2011-2012.)
http://wn.com/OM_3-0_Auxerre_12ème_hOMme_OMTV
Le blog : infos-actus-marseille.overblog.com Facebook : www.facebook.com Twitter : twitter.com Reportage sur les supporters de l'OM lors de la réception d'Auxerre (37ème journée de ligue 1 - 2011-2012.)
- published: 14 May 2012
- views: 6302
- author: Tom FootMarseille
Terre de l'Auxerrois 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Petite vidéo de la 1ère journée du Terre de l'Auxerrois 2012 qui a été réduit à 3ES (2ème boucle annulée car spéciales impraticables suite aux chutes de pluies qui ont transformées la terre en boue) - visit www.planetemarcus.com
http://wn.com/Terre_de_l'Auxerrois_2012
Petite vidéo de la 1ère journée du Terre de l'Auxerrois 2012 qui a été réduit à 3ES (2ème boucle annulée car spéciales impraticables suite aux chutes de pluies qui ont transformées la terre en boue) - visit www.planetemarcus.com
- published: 22 Apr 2012
- views: 8426
- author: Jérémie BILLIOT
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): Incidents et deuxième intérruption du match
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Craquage de fumigènes et protestation des Ultra Auxerre, interruption du match. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_Incidents_et_deuxième_intérruption_du_match
Craquage de fumigènes et protestation des Ultra Auxerre, interruption du match. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
- published: 25 May 2012
- views: 12183
- author: Mouss Besson
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): reprise du match et deuxième but d'Utaka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:52
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
Reprise du match après évacuation de la tribune des Ultras Auxerre, deuxième but de John "Wo Taka". Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_reprise_du_match_et_deuxième_but_d'Utaka
Reprise du match après évacuation de la tribune des Ultras Auxerre, deuxième but de John "Wo Taka". Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
- published: 25 May 2012
- views: 11696
- author: Mouss Besson
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): Je t'aime toi le Montpellier Hérault
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:34
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Nous ne sommes pas monté en touristes. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_Je_t'aime_toi_le_Montpellier_Hérault
Nous ne sommes pas monté en touristes. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 24923
- author: Mouss Besson
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): Toujours se déplacer ne jamais rien lacher
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Arrivée "pétardante" des Ultra Auxerre, réaction du parcage Pailladin, ouverture du score Auxeroise mais les Pailladins ne lâchent rien.. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_Toujours_se_déplacer_ne_jamais_rien_lacher
Arrivée "pétardante" des Ultra Auxerre, réaction du parcage Pailladin, ouverture du score Auxeroise mais les Pailladins ne lâchent rien.. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012
- published: 23 May 2012
- views: 6106
- author: Mouss Besson
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): Tellement ma ville est belle!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Tellement ma ville est belle, les Pailladins ne lâchent rien et apprennent l'ouverture du score des Lorientais face au PSG.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_Tellement_ma_ville_est_belle!!
Tellement ma ville est belle, les Pailladins ne lâchent rien et apprennent l'ouverture du score des Lorientais face au PSG.
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 6469
- author: Mouss Besson
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): égalisation d'Utaka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:49
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
De l'égalisation de John Utaka à la fin des 45 premières minutes, sans relâche. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_égalisation_d'Utaka
De l'égalisation de John Utaka à la fin des 45 premières minutes, sans relâche. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 5202
- author: Mouss Besson
FCBP U17 - Auxerre U17
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
FCBP U17 - Auxerre U17 / Dimanche 22 avril 2012 / Stade Municipal de Péronnas U17 National / Groupe C
http://wn.com/FCBP_U17_Auxerre_U17
FCBP U17 - Auxerre U17 / Dimanche 22 avril 2012 / Stade Municipal de Péronnas U17 National / Groupe C
- published: 25 Apr 2012
- views: 2113
- author: FCBPful
plenum de la cathédrale St Etienne d'Auxerre, vue intérieure
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
un grand merci aux Auxerrois, à Joseph, pour l'accueil, et au Père Joël Rignault, archiprètre de la cathédrale pour m'avoir autorisé l'accès au clocher fin de l'angélus et volée sur les 4 cloches. les 4 cloches sont bien harmonisées entre elles, bien équilibrée en puissance, elles forment un ensemble homogène très agréable à écouter. elles ont toutes les 4 été refondues au XIX°. elles sont en lancé franc, et n'ont pas été tournées. bourdon : SOL2 (bas) diamètre 1m93 2° cloche : SI2(bas) : diamètre 1m55 3° cloche : Ré3(bas) : diamètre 1m32 4° cloche : Sol3(bas) : diamètre 1m015
http://wn.com/plenum_de_la_cathédrale_St_Etienne_d'Auxerre,_vue_intérieure
un grand merci aux Auxerrois, à Joseph, pour l'accueil, et au Père Joël Rignault, archiprètre de la cathédrale pour m'avoir autorisé l'accès au clocher fin de l'angélus et volée sur les 4 cloches. les 4 cloches sont bien harmonisées entre elles, bien équilibrée en puissance, elles forment un ensemble homogène très agréable à écouter. elles ont toutes les 4 été refondues au XIX°. elles sont en lancé franc, et n'ont pas été tournées. bourdon : SOL2 (bas) diamètre 1m93 2° cloche : SI2(bas) : diamètre 1m55 3° cloche : Ré3(bas) : diamètre 1m32 4° cloche : Sol3(bas) : diamètre 1m015
- published: 10 Jun 2012
- views: 4175
- author: senonais
Auxerre Montpellier (Los Paillados): La fontaine du jouvence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Avoir une pensée en fin de match pour ceux qui n'ont pas pu être présents, et revoir tout à coup les sirènes orange et bleu du MHSC réapparaitre. Deuxième plongeon dans le bain de l'Abbé Deschamps. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
http://wn.com/Auxerre_Montpellier_Los_Paillados_La_fontaine_du_jouvence
Avoir une pensée en fin de match pour ceux qui n'ont pas pu être présents, et revoir tout à coup les sirènes orange et bleu du MHSC réapparaitre. Deuxième plongeon dans le bain de l'Abbé Deschamps. Mouss Besson, Los Paillados 2012.
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 4101
- author: Mouss Besson
Cortege Ultras Montpellier à Auxerre 2012 (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Cortège des ultras de Montpellier (Armata Ultras, Butte Paillade) dans les rues d'Auxerre lors du dernier match de la saison 2011-2012 qui verra Montpellier champion de France
http://wn.com/Cortege_Ultras_Montpellier_à_Auxerre_2012_2
Cortège des ultras de Montpellier (Armata Ultras, Butte Paillade) dans les rues d'Auxerre lors du dernier match de la saison 2011-2012 qui verra Montpellier champion de France
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 4519
- author: sayessaye
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
04 Mar 2013
VICE President Jejomar Binay on Monday urged the Sultanate of Sulu and the Malaysian authorities to sit down and discuss the ongoing conflict in Sabah peacefully. "What is important is that the lines of communication are open and there is continuing dialog. We should avoid taking hardline positions because it will not resolve anything," he said in Cagayan de Oro City ... "The Embassy needs to verify these reports so we can act accordingly....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: AP
03 Mar 2013
"Our path to freedom is irreversible," declared Nelson Mandela on February 11, 1990. Addressing over fifty thousand cheering South African supporters in Cape Town, he had just been freed after three decades of imprisonment ... Millions of South Africans accepted his challenge. Political violence and interethnic tensions soon diminished. Educational and employment opportunities increased ... Without one the other two cannot exist....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
04 Mar 2013
Srinagar, March 4. Shops and other businesses were shut in most parts of the Kashmir Valley today in response to a shutdown call by separatists against the mysterious death of a Kashmiri student in Hyderabad ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
photo: AP / Hussein Malla
03 Mar 2013
Syrian president Bashar Assad has accused the British government of being "naive, confused and unrealistic" in its approach to the conflict in his country and warned of dire consequences if the West armed its rebels. In an interview with the Sunday Times Mr Assad said Britain was sacrificing peace talks to push for an end to an EU arms embargo, which would allow rebels to be armed ... "We do not expect an arsonist to be a firefighter." ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
04 Mar 2013
(Source. Real Madrid CF). "The playoff's at 50% ... Real's first European-level competition with Mourinho at the helm was in France against Auxerre in September 2010. Di Maria's goal gave the victory to whites by 0-1 ... CHAMPIONS LEAGUE AWAY GAMES WITH MOURINHO Season Round Match 2010/11 Fase de Grupos Auxerre 0-1 Real Madrid 2010/11 Fase de Grupos Milan 2-2 Real Madrid 2010/11 Fase de Grupos Ajax 0-4 Real Madrid 2010/11 Octavos (ida) O....(size: 2.1Kb)
noodls
04 Mar 2013
The other teams he has faced are Milan, Lyon, and Tottenham, twice each, and Auxerre, Barcelona, and Dínamo de Zagreb. MATCHES PLAYED BY CARVALHO IN CHAMPIONS LEAGUE WITH REAL MADRID Date Match 15/09/2010 Real Madrid 2-0 Ajax 19/10/2010 Real Madrid 2-0 Milan 03/11/2010 Milan 2-2 Real Madrid 08/12/2010 Real Madrid 4-0 Auxerre 22/02/2011 Olympique ......(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
03 Mar 2013
(Source. FIFA - Fédération Internationale de Football Association). In our regular Sunday feature, FIFA.com presents you with some of the biggest names in football who will be celebrating their birthdays over the coming week. 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... Prior to achieving those feats, he played at the FIFA U-20 World Cup 2005. 6 ... A product of Auxerre's renowned youth set-up, the free-scoring striker has spent his entire club career to date in Europe....(size: 6.8Kb)
ESPN
02 Mar 2013
Auxerre were playing Real Madrid and AC Milan in the Champions League just three years ago, but now face being banished to the backwaters of the French game after falling into financial difficulty. GettyImagesThe smiles have long left Auxerre, with the debt-ridden club facing a fight for survival ... "Auxerre is in an unprecedented financial situation....(size: 1.8Kb)
Sowetan Live
28 Feb 2013
Rookies beat Ajax to sign veteran striker . Mwaruwari had been on a week-long trial with the Urban Warriors and played for them in a training match against Milano United on Monday ... Mwaruwari last played in the PSL in 2001 with Jomo Cosmos, before leaving for a successful spell in Europe with French side Auxerre and English clubs Portsmouth, Manchester City, Sunderland and Blackburn Rovers ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Sky Sports
22 Feb 2013
Orange News
22 Feb 2013
noodls
22 Feb 2013
(Source. Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds plc). A Luis Suarez double was not enough to prevent Liverpool slipping out of the Europa League on away goals ... Joe Allen was the other scorer on a night that came close to emulating famous comebacks such as Olympiacos 2004 and Auxerre 1991. Liverpool started brightly amid a wall of noise at Anfield, Steven Gerrard and Jordan Henderson mustering early shots ... Never mind ... distributed by....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
21 Feb 2013
The last time Liverpool turned around a deficit of this size was 22 years ago, when Molby scored as Graeme Souness' side recovered to knock out Auxerre ... "But I know it can be done because I was part of the side who achieved it against Auxerre at Anfield back in 1991. "There's not a great deal of difference between Auxerre's standing in 1991 and Zenit's standing now."....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Daily Mail
21 Feb 2013
The Independent
21 Feb 2013
The Reds' next game is not until March 2, when they travel to Wigan, so they are expected to pick a strong side ... KICK-OFF. Thursday, 8.05pm. PAST MEETINGS… ... STATS… ... Liverpool, who have not recovered from a 2-0 away defeat since beating Auxerre 3-0 at home in November 1991, are aiming to win this competition for a fourth time after previous successes in 1973, 1976 and 2001 ... ODDS…. Liverpool to win ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
21 Feb 2013
(Source. Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds plc). As the Reds prepare for another big European night, make sure you have the perfect companion for the crucial clash - Liverpool's official matchday programme ... We have a comprehensive guide to the visitors and recall the 1991 night when the Kop roared the team to a 3-0 win over Auxerre after the team had trailed 2-0 after the first leg ... distributed by....(size: 1.9Kb)
Sporting Life
21 Feb 2013
The Uruguayan will once again be the main attacking spearhead as the Reds seek to overturn a 2-0 deficit against Zenit St Petersburg at Anfield to claim a place in the last 16. Player Profile. 7. Luis Suarez ... Rodgers said ... "He didn't want to come off ... He said ... Only once have Liverpool overturned a 2-0 first-leg deficit to win, against Auxerre in the UEFA Cup in 1991, but their history is filled with memorable European fightbacks ... He said ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
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Auxerre |
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| Yonne river | |
 Auxerre
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Location within Burgundy region
Auxerre
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| Administration | |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Region | Burgundy |
| Department | Yonne |
| Arrondissement | Auxerre |
| Intercommunality | Auxerrois |
| Mayor | Guy Ferez (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 93–217 m (305–712 ft) (avg. 102 m or 335 ft) |
| Land area1 | 49.95 km2 (19.29 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 44,620 (2006) |
| - Density | 893 /km2 (2,310 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 89024/ 89000 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000.[1] People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Contents |
History[link]
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop[2] and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
Bourgeois activities accompanied the traditional land and wine cultivations starting from the twelfth century, and Auxerre developed into a commune with a Town Hall of its own. The Burgundian city, which became part of France under King Louis XI, suffered during the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of Religion. In 1567 it was captured by the Huguenots, and many of the Catholic edifices were damaged. The medieval ramparts were demolished in the 18th century.
In the 19th century numerous heavy infrastructures were built, including a railway station, a psychiatric hospital and the courts, and new quarters were developed on the right bank of the Yonne.
In 1995 it was named "Town of Art and History".
File:Auxerre old slide.jpg
Old Slide
Main sights[link]
- Cathedral of St. Étienne (11th–16th centuries). In Gothic style, it is renowned for its three doorways with remarkable bas-reliefs. The stained glass windows in the choir and the apsidal chapel are among the finest in France. The 11th century crypt houses the remains of the former Romanesque cathedral.
- Abbey of Saint-Germain, existing from the ninth century. The crypt has some of the most ancient mural paintings in France, and houses the tomb of the bishops of Auxerre. Also interesting are the chapter room (12th century), the cellar (14th century) and the cloister (seventeenth century).
- The Clock tower, located in the Old Town
- The church of St. Pierre en Vallée (17th–18th centuries), established over a 6th century abbey. In the style of late Gothic architecture, it has a tower similar to that of the cathedral. Portions of the decorations and inner chapels were financed by local winegrowers.
- Church of St. Eusèbe, founded in the 7th century. The nave was rebuilt in the 13th century, while the tower is in Romanesque style.
- Museum of Natural History.
Personalities[link]
- Théodore Frédéric Gaillardet, (1808–1882), born in Auxerre, journalist, publisher of French-language newspaper Courrier des Etats-Unis in New York City, mayor of Plessis-Bouchard, France.[3]
- Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, (1769–1830), born in Auxerre, mathematician, experimental physicist, and politician.[4]
- Saint Patrick (5th Century AD), Apostle to the Irish, visited Bishop Germanus of Auxerre here. Possibly he studied in Auxerre.
- Saint Helladius (d. 387), bishop of Auxerre
Sister and twin cities[link]
Greve in Chianti, Italy
Płock, Poland
Redditch, United Kingdom
Roscoff, France- Saint-Amarin, France
Varaždin, Croatia- Worms, Germany
See also[link]
- County of Auxerre
- Bishopric of Auxerre
- Cathédrale Saint-Étienne d'Auxerre
- Lady of Auxerre
- Saint Germanus of Auxerre
- Remigius of Auxerre
- William of Auxerre
- Communes of the Yonne department
- AJ Auxerre, the local football club
References[link]
- ^ Populations légales 2007 de la commune d’Auxerre, INSEE
- ^ Councils were held here in 578 and 1147.
- ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.
- ^ Howard Eves (1990). An Introduction to the History of Mathematics (sixth ed.). Saunders College Publishing.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Auxerre |
Goyau, Georges (1913). "Sens". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. - Auxerre Town Hall (French)
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Auxerre". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Djibril Cissé | ||
| Date of birth | (1981-08-12) 12 August 1981 (age 30)[1] | ||
| Place of birth | Arles, France | ||
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)[2] | ||
| Playing position | Striker | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Queens Park Rangers | ||
| Number | 23 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1989–1996 | Arles-Avignon | ||
| 1996 | Nîmes | ||
| 1996–1998 | Auxerre | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1998–2004 | Auxerre | 128 | (70) |
| 2004–2006 | Liverpool | 49 | (13) |
| 2006–2009 | Marseille | 58 | (24) |
| 2008–2009 | → Sunderland (loan) | 35 | (10) |
| 2009–2011 | Panathinaikos | 61 | (43) |
| 2011–2012 | Lazio | 18 | (1) |
| 2012– | Queens Park Rangers | 8 | (6) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 1998–2002 | France U21 | 19 | (6) |
| 2002– | France | 41 | (9) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17:18, 13 May 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
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Djibril Cissé (French pronunciation: [dʒibʁil sise]; born 12 August 1981) is a European Cup winning French international footballer who plays for Queens Park Rangers as a striker. He is well known for his speed and acceleration. Since 2005, he has held the title of Lord of the Manor of Frodsham.[3] Cissé started his career at AC Arles in 1989 at the age of eight. After seven years at the club, he had a six-month spell at Nîmes Olympique before moving to Auxerre joining the club's youth system. Cissé spent two years in the system before graduating to the first team in 1998. Having had a move to Liverpool delayed once, he moved to the Merseyside-based club in 2004, after playing for Auxerre for six seasons, scoring 90 goals in 166 appearances.
During his time at Anfield, he played 79 games, scoring 24 times.[4] He had a loan spell to Marseille, scoring 15 goals in 25 appearances before the deal was made permanent. Cissé returned to the Premier League in 2008 with a loan spell at Sunderland, scoring 11 goals in 39 appearances. On 25 June 2009, he signed a four-year contract with Greek side Panathinaikos. In the summer of 2011 he secured a move to Serie A side Lazio. On 31 January 2012, Cissé signed for Queens Park Rangers for a reported £4 million, scoring in his debut in a 2–2 draw with Aston Villa.[5]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Cissé was born to Muslim Ivorian parents in France, but later converted to Christianity. His late father Mangué Cissé was a professional footballer and had captained his country before his parents moved to France in 1974. Djibril was the seventh and last child of his family, after siblings Nma, Damaye, Abou, Fode, Seni and Hamed.[6] After his move to Liverpool, Cissé purchased a house in the village of Frodsham, Cheshire, and in doing so gained the title of Lord of the Manor of Frodsham.[7] Soon after buying the house, his decision to refuse the Cheshire Forest Hunt permission to hunt on his land received substantial press coverage.[8] On 18 June 2005, Djibril Cissé married Jude Littler (born 1975), a college lecturer from Anglesey. The wedding took place at Bodelwyddan Castle, with notable guests including Shaun Wright-Phillips and Cissé's French national teammates Louis Saha and Sylvain Wiltord.[9] Cissé got married in a tuxedo in the red of Liverpool.[9]
He and his wife Jude have three children: Cassius Clay (born 6 March 2006), Prince Kobe (born 26 July 2008) and Marley Jackson (born 20 February 2010).[10] Djibril also has a daughter Ilona (born 2001) from a previous relationship, while Jude has a son Liam (born 1994) also from a previous relationship.[11]
In 2005 Cissé received a police caution for assaulting a 15 year old boy.[12] In 2006 he received a further police caution after he assaulted his pregnant wife.[13] On 1 April 2009, he was arrested on suspicion of assaulting a woman outside a lap-dancing club in Newcastle, believed to be The Diamonds club in Grey Street. He was later released on police bail.[14]
Cissé also had a cameo role in a French action comedy film Taxi 4, featuring in a high-speed driving scene.[15]
Club career[link]
Auxerre[link]
Having started his career with Nîmes Olympique,[16] he then signed for AJ Auxerre at the age of 15.[17] Playing for the youth team in 1999, Cissé won the Coupe Gambardella, the equivalent of the FA Youth Cup.[18] But in his first two seasons as a senior with the South of France club, he made just three appearances scoring no goals.[18] In his first season as a regular in the 2000–01 season, he scored 8 goals in 25 games.[18] His first honour in his senior Auxerre career came as they won the French Cup in May 2003.[19] The French Cup win led to Auxerre playing in the French Champions Trophy, where they were defeated 2–1 by Olympique Lyonnais on 26 July 2003.[20] Cissé was also the top scorer in the French Ligue 1 in the 2001–02 and 2003–04 seasons,[19] and in his time there, he scored 70 goals in 128 league games[21] before signing for Liverpool in a deal worth over £14 million.[22] Liverpool had pursued Cissé for over a year,[23] and it was an open secret that then Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier admired Cissé's qualities.[24]
Liverpool[link]
At Liverpool, Cissé scored 5 goals in 24 first-team games in all competitions for Liverpool in the 2004–05 season.[19] He had only played 19 games for Liverpool when a freak accident occurred while playing against Blackburn Rovers on 30 October 2004. While Cissé and Blackburn's Jay McEveley were challenging for the ball, Cissé's boot got caught in the turf and his leg snapped. This resulted in a broken tibia and fibula, and physio Daryl Martin said "It could take six to nine months for a recovery and the absolute worst-case scenario is 18 months..."[25] Cissé later revealed that had it not been for prompt attention from the trainers at the stadium, he would probably have lost the leg below the knee.[26] He had pins inserted in the leg, and was expected to be out of action for the rest of the 2004–05 season.[27] l[28]
However, in an unexpected return, Cissé was able to come on as a 75th minute substitute in the second leg of Liverpool's Champions League quarter-final tie with Juventus on 13 April 2005.[29] He went on to score both Liverpool goals in their last Premiership match of the season, a 2–1 win over Aston Villa[30] and also converted a penalty in Liverpool's penalty shootout win over AC Milan in the Champions League final.[31] During the 2005–06 season, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez deployed Cissé on the right wing on numerous occasions.[23] While his pace made him well suited to such a role, it was doubtful whether he would be happy to continue in this role rather than in his preferred position as striker.[16] He scored two goals as Liverpool won the 2005 UEFA Super Cup. Cissé also scored Liverpool's opening goal in the 2006 FA Cup Final with a sliding shot past West Ham United keeper Shaka Hislop. Liverpool went on to win 3–1 on penalties. He ended the 05/06 season with 19 goals in all competitions.
Marseille[link]
From summer 2005, the media had linked Cissé with a move away from Anfield.[32] Speculation intensified as the season went on due to his lack of starting appearances. On 2 July 2006, Cissé claimed on Sky Sports that Benitez was forcing him out of the club.[33] In early June 2006, it was reported that a transfer to Olympique de Marseille had been agreed.[34] The very same day Cissé broke his leg in a tackle from Zheng Zhi during France's final warm up match against China on 7 June 2006. It was thought that even though a relatively quick recovery was expected,[28] Cissé's transfer would be postponed until at least the January transfer window.[35] However, the two teams agreed a loan deal in July 2006.[36]
Cissé made his return to training on 20 October 2006,[37] and scored his first goal for Olympique de Marseille on 22 December 2006 when they beat AS Saint-Étienne 2–1.[38] With only four goals in 14 appearances by April, Cissé's performances were drawing such criticism that former player Jean-Pierre Papin urged Cissé's critics to be more patient while the striker recovered from his career-threatening injury.[39] Despite the slow start, Cissé managed to score 4 goals in his final 7 league appearances to finish with 8 goals in 21 league appearances,[19] helping Marseille to finish 2nd in the 2006–07 season and guarantee a Champions League place for the 2007–08 season.[40] On 12 May 2007, he scored 2 goals in the French Cup Final against Sochaux, although Marseille still lost the match 5–4 on penalties, after a 2–2 stalemate after extra time following a late equaliser by another Liverpool player on loan Anthony Le Tallec.[41]
On 7 July 2007, Marseille president Pape Diouf announced that the club had struck a deal with Liverpool to sign Cissé permanently, for an estimated fee of €8 million.[42] But subsequently, Cissé was linked with a return to the English Premier League with Blackburn Rovers, Wigan Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Portsmouth and Bolton Wanderers said to be interested.[43] Manchester City had their approach for Cissé rejected by Marseille boss, who said, "He is wanted, that is for sure, I myself have been approached by Manchester City (about Cissé) but I turned it down categorically".[44] On 26 January 2008, Cissé scored a hat-trick in Marseille's 6–1 win against Caen.[45]
Sunderland[link]
On 20 August 2008, Cisse secured a loan switch to Premier League club Sunderland.[46] At the same ground where he had scored on his Liverpool debut, Cissé scored the winning header on his debut against Tottenham to make it 2–1 to Sunderland.[47] A few days later, Cissé announced his desire to secure a permanent deal with the club.[48] Manager Roy Keane also expressed his desire to sign Cissé, telling The News of the World, "I'd be happy to break the transfer record if Djibril's doing the business".[49] In the Tyne-Wear derby, Cissé scored his third Sunderland goal on 25 October 2008, Sunderland winning 2–1.[50] After scoring in a 4–1 victory against Hull, Cissé stated that despite the departure of Roy Keane from Sunderland, he still wished to complete a permanent move to the club.[51] On 18 April 2009, Cisse scored his 10th league goal of the season in a 1–0 victory over Hull City at the Stadium of Light.[52] On 24 May, it was confirmed that Sunderland would not be taking up the option to sign Cissé permanently, and he subsequently returned to Marseille.[53]
Panathinaikos[link]
On 25 June 2009, Cissé signed a four-year contract with Panathinaikos.[54] It was reported that the player would earn €2.5 million per year, while French club Marseille would get an estimated €8 million as a transfer fee. The total cost of the transfer is about €20 million, taking into account the various bonuses.[55] He scored his first goal in Greece against Crete-based Ergotelis and soon he became the new leader of the team. He was the Superleague topscorer for the 2009–10 leading his team to win the double. In his first year in Greece, Cisse scored 23 goals in 28 matches.
Cisse's performances made Panathinaikos fans love him, and he became their football idol. He had stated that after making the double in Greece he would love to play again in the Champions League with Panathinaikos and looking for a successful season also in Greece. On 30 October 2010, he scored two goals (one with penalty) in the Derby of the eternal enemies against arch-rivals Olympiacos in a 2–1 home win. At the MVP award ceremony for the 8th fixture, Cisse said "I am not only a player of Panathinaikos, but I am also a fan." In the new season, he has already scored 18 goals in 20 matches in the Greek League and one goal in the Greek Cup. He was also the team captain of Panathinaikos.
On 21 February 2011, Olympiakos beat Panathinaikos 2–1 and after the final whistle, dozens of Olympiakos fans invaded the pitch and, amid the celebrations, several of them was said by Cissé that they aimed kicks and punches at Cissé and some of his teammates including Cédric Kanté, Simão Junior, Josu Sarriegi and Alexandros Tzorvas. Cisse stated that he was being racially abused by Olympiakos fans, and he would leave the Superleague Greece at the end of the 2010–11 season.[56] Cisse also suggested that Panathinaikos should have won the derby and were only denied by the referee Dimitris Kalopoulos’s decision to disallow what seemed a legitimate Panathinaikos goal for offside and to allow a controversial Olympiakos goal in the 91st minute to stand. He stated that he has lost his patience with questionable refereeing in Greece: "I will make my decisions but believe me, I’ve had enough. I can’t go on under these conditions."[57] One month later, Cisse reached 50 goals as a Panathinaikos player in domestic and European competitions. He celebrated this goal by wearing a t-shirt of Panathinaikos supporters group Gate 13.
Lazio[link]
Cissé was transferred to Serie A club Lazio on 12 July 2011 for €5.8 million.[58][59] He signed a four-year contract with the Italian side.[60] He made his debut in a UEFA Europa League match against FK Rabotnički on 18 August, scoring two goals in a 6–0 win for the home side.[61] Cissé scored on his league debut in a 2–2 draw with Milan at the San Siro on 9 September.[62]
Queens Park Rangers[link]
On 31 January 2012, Cissé signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Queens Park Rangers for an undisclosed fee. He was Mark Hughes' fourth signing since taking over as manager.[63] He scored on his début, against Aston Villa in a 2–2 draw at Villa Park on 1 February.[64] He was then given a straight red card in his second game for violent conduct, when he reacted to a late challenge by Wolverhampton Wanderers player Roger Johnson by grabbing Johnson by the throat.[65] With QPR down to ten men, they went on to lose the game 2–1. On 21 March 2012, Cissé scored QPR's equalising goal in a 3–2 victory against his former club Liverpool.[66] Three days later, he was sent off for the second time in his first five games for QPR when he received a straight red card for a two-footed lunge on Sunderland's Fraizer Campbell.[67] He then returned from suspension on 29 April 2012, and scored a late consolation goal against Chelsea in a 6–1 loss at Stamford Bridge. Cissé went on to score his fifth goal in seven matches to win the match against Stoke City.[68] On the 13th May 2012 Cisse scored the goal to make it 1-1 against Manchester City. This was his sixth goal in eight matches for QPR. QPR went on to lose the match 3-2, as City scored two goals in stoppage time, but avoided relegation as Bolton succumbed to a 2-2 draw at Stoke.[69] The goal continued Cisse's run of scoring or getting sent off in all 8 games that he has played for QPR, six goals and two red cards.[70]
International career[link]
Youth career[link]
Before he played for the senior France national football team, Cissé had previously played for the Under-19's and Under-21's sides.[71] He played for France in the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship, where they reached the quarter-finals, with the player scoring six goals over the five games.[71] These goals included a hat-trick against Iran on 18 June 2001 in a 5–0 win on their opening game,[72] and two goals against Germany on 27 June 2001 in the round of 16.[73] While playing for France in the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship, Cissé scored two goals against Portugal in the first leg of qualification playoffs, winning 2–1.[74] However, in the second leg, Cissé having already scored a goal was sent off for kicking Mário Sérgio. France went on to lose the game 4–1 on penalties, after drawing 3–3 on aggregate.[75] As a result of the sending off, he was given a five match ban and missed UEFA Euro 2004.[76]
Senior career[link]
Cissé made his international debut, aged 21, against Belgium coming on as a 48th minute substitute for David Trezeguet on 18 May 2002.[77] French manager Roger Lemerre included Cissé in his 23 man squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[78] In the tournament he played in all of the group matches against Senegal,[79] Uruguay,[80] and Denmark,[81] coming on as a substitute in all three games but France were knocked out of the World Cup in the group stages. His first goal for the senior side came on 7 September 2002 against Cyprus in qualifying for Euro 2004.[82] Cissé was included as part of the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup winning French team. He scored his only goal of the tournament from the penalty spot in France's 1–0 win against Colombia on 18 June 2003.[83]
After being banned from UEFA Euro 2004, the next tournament for Cissé was the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.[84] However, in France's final warm-up match against China on 7 June 2006, he suffered another broken leg when ten minutes into the game he was knocked off balance by the China captain Zheng Zhi and fell with his leg twisting under him.[85] "It's so tough to hear Djibril scream like that," said fellow French striker Thierry Henry. "You lose a teammate and also a friend. But he is tough; he will come back." Immediate surgery to repair his open fractured tibia followed the accident, ruling him out of the tournament.[86] During the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, Cissé played three games,[21] but could not win a place in the France squad for the finals.[87]
After demonstrating his goal-scoring form for Panathinaikos, in March 2010, Cissé was recalled to the French squad for a friendly match against Spain in Paris. When introduced into the match as a substitute, he had a considerable impact, heading on a Florent Malouda cross only for Iker Casillas to push it onto the post.[88] On 11 May 2010, he was included by manager Raymond Domenech in France's final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. On 22 June he was in France's starting eleven for the team's final game of the group stage versus South Africa.[89]
Career statistics[link]
Club[link]
Updated on 6 May 2012[1]
| Club | Season | Ligue 1 | French Cup | Ligue Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Auxerre | 1998–99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1999–00 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| 2000–01 | 25 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 15 | |
| 2001–02 | 29 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 24 | |
| 2002–03 | 33 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 21 | |
| 2003–04 | 38 | 26 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 30 | |
| Club | Season | Premiership | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Liverpool | 2004–05 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 5 |
| 2005–06 | 33 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 57 | 19 | |
| Club | Season | Ligue 1 | French Cup | Ligue Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Marseille (loan) | 2006–07 | 21 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 15 |
| Marseille | 2007–08 | 35 | 16 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 22 |
| 2008–09 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
| Club | Season | Premiership | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Sunderland (loan) | 2008–09 | 35 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 11 |
| Club | Season | Super League Greece | Greek Football Cup | League Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Panathinaikos | 2009–10 | 28 | 23 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 46 | 29 |
| 2010–11 | 33 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 22 | |
| Club | Season | Serie A | Coppa Italia | Supercoppa Italiana | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Lazio | 2011–12 | 18 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 5 |
| Club | Season | Premiership | FA Cup | League Cup | Europe | Others | Total | ||||||
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| QPR | 2011–12 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 6 |
| Total | 354 | 165 | 39 | 28 | 12 | 5 | 75 | 22 | 5 | 0 | 485 | 220 | |
International[link]
- As of 8 October 2011[90]
| France national team | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2002 | 7 | 1 |
| 2003 | 9 | 2 |
| 2004 | 3 | 1 |
| 2005 | 8 | 5 |
| 2006 | 3 | 0 |
| 2007 | 5 | 0 |
| 2008 | 2 | 0 |
| 2009 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | 3 | 0 |
| 2011 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 41 | 9 |
International goals[link]
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 7 September 2002 | GSP Stadium, Nicosia, Cyprus |  Cyprus |
2–1 | Win | UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying |
| 2. | 30 April 2003 | Stade de France, Paris, France |  Egypt |
5–0 | Win | Friendly |
| 3. | 22 June 2003 | Stade de France, Paris, France |  New Zealand |
5–0 | Win | 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup |
| 4. | 8 September 2004 | Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands |  Faroe Islands |
2–0 | Win | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 5. | 31 May 2005 | Stade Municipal Saint-Symphorien, Metz, France |  Hungary |
2–1 | Win | Friendly |
| 6. | 9 November 2005 | Stade d'Honneur de Dillon, Fort-de-France, Martinique |  Costa Rica |
3–2 | Win | Friendly |
| 7. | 3 September 2005 | Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands | Faroe Islands |
3–0 | Win | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 8. | 3 September 2005 | Tórsvøllur, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands | Faroe Islands |
3–0 | Win | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 9. | 8 October 2005 | Stade de Suisse, Bern, Switzerland |  Switzerland |
1–1 | Draw | 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |
Honours[link]
Club[link]
International[link]
Individual[link]
- French League Top scorer: 2001–02
- French League Top scorer: 2003–04
- UNFP Young Player of the Year: 2001–02
Super League Greece Top Scorer: 2010- Super League Greece Top Scorer: 2011
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External links[link]
- Djibril Cissé at National-Football-Teams.com
- Djibril Cissé career stats at Soccerbase
- Djibril Cissé French league stats at LFP.fr (French)
- Official site (in French and English)
- FootballDatabase provides Djibril Cissé's profile and stats
- ESPN Profile
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cissé, Djibril |
| Alternative names | Djibril Cissé |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | 12 August 1981 |
| Place of birth | Arles, France |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Djibril_Cissé
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
http://cs.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
http://id.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
http://es.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
http://ru.wn.com/Сиссе, Джибриль
http://nl.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
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http://de.wn.com/Djibril Cissé
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Cissé
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
