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Friday, 28 December 2012

MW3 RAP BATTLE!!! Grover or RMB - you decide

RMB - Spring (Vocal Mix) ★★★[OFFICIAL VIDEO edits by ToJ]★★★ + Lyrics

CDJ-2000nexus Kissy Sell Out performance

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Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны́ Apsny, IPA /apʰsˈnɨ/; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti; Russian: Абхазия Abkhaziya) is a disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.
Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny. This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu and also by the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Georgian government and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, de facto independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 cease fire agreement and the termination of the UN and CIS missions.^{[citation needed]}

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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.

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Bhutan

Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.

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Bohai Economic Rim
The Bohai Economic Rim or BER or Bohai Bay Economic Rim is a term used to describe the economic hinterland surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong which surrounds the Bohai Sea. This region has gone through major changes in economic and infrastructures. This emerging region is rising as a Northern economic power house and rivals the Pearl River Delta in the south and the Yangtze River Delta in the east^{[citation needed]}.
The Bohai Economic Rim has traditionally been involved in heavy industries and manufacturing. Tianjin's strengths have always been in aviation, logistics and shipping. Beijing complements this with strong petrochemical, education and R&D industries. The area is becoming a significant growth cluster for the automobile, electronics, petrochemical sectors, especially with Shenyang's automotive industry, software and aircraft, Dalian attracting foreign investments in manufacturing and Qingdao for its health services.
The Chinese central government has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster economic development. This includes building an advanced communications network, better highways, increased education and scientific resources as well as tapping natural resources off the Bohai rim.

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Bohai Sea
Coordinates: 38°42′N 119°54′E / 38.7°N 119.9°E / 38.7; 119.9
Bohai Sea (Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bó Hǎi; Wade–Giles: Po-hai), also known as Bohai Gulf, Bohai, or Bo Hai, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea on the coast of Northeastern and North China. It is approximately 78,000 km² (30,116 sq. mi) in area and its proximity to Beijing, the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, makes it one of the busiest seaways in the world.
Until the early 20th century, Bo Hai was often called the Gulf of Chihli (直隸海灣 Zhílì Hǎiwān) or the Gulf of Pechihli or Pechili (北直隸海灣 Běizhílì Hǎiwān). Zhili and Beizhili were historic provinces in the area surrounding Beijing.
The Bohai Sea is bounded by the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas. It has become one of busiest sea routes in recent times. There are three major bays inside the Bohai Sea: Laizhou Bay to the south, Liaodong Bay to the north, and Bohai Bay to the west. At the easternmost end of the Bohai Sea, between the southernmost end of the Liaodong Peninsula and northernmost end of the Shandong Peninsula, is the Bohai Strait (渤海海峡). A few of the rivers entering the gulf include the Yellow, Hai, Liao, and Luan Rivers. There are a few important oil reserves in the vicinity of the gulf, including the Shengli Field. Important island groups or islands in the gulf include the Changshan Islands (长山列岛), Changxing Island, and Xizhong Island (西中岛). The PRC provincial-level divisions that have a Bohai Sea coastline are, from the south, going clockwise: Shandong Province, Hebei Province, Tianjin Municipality, and Liaoning Province

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Brunei
Brunei ⁱ/bruːˈnaɪ/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li. It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion. Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.

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Burma
Burma ⁱ/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar ⁱ/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km² (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).

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Cambodia
Cambodia (ⁱ/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.

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China
China (ⁱ/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.

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Cyprus
Cyprus ⁱ/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.

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East China Sea
Coordinates: 30°N 125°E / 30°N 125°E / 30; 125
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 square kilometres (482,000 sq mi).
The East China Sea is bounded on the east by Kyūshū and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, on the south by the island of Taiwan, and on the west by mainland China and the Asian continent. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the north to the Yellow Sea.
States with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Eastern China Sea (Tung Hai)" as follows:
On the South.
On the East.
On the North.
On the West.
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.
There is a cluster of submerged reefs in the northern East China Sea. These include:

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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timor ⁱ/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.

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Expo 2010
Expo 2010, officially Expo 2010 Shanghai China was held on both banks of the Huangpu River in the city of Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010. It was a major World Expo in the tradition of international fairs and expositions, the first since 1992. The theme of the exposition was "Better City – Better Life" and signifies Shanghai's new status in the 21st century as the "next great world city". The Expo emblem features the Chinese character 世 ('world', Chinese "shì") modified to represent three people together with the 2010 date. It had the largest number of countries participating and was the most expensive Expo in the history of the world's fairs. The Shanghai World Expo was also the largest World's Fair site ever at 5.28 square km.
By the end of the expo, over 73 million people had visited – a record attendance – and 250 countries and international organizations had participated. On 16 October 2010, the expo set a single-day record of having over 1.03 million visitors enter the exhibition that day.

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Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip (Arabic: قطاع غزة‎ Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah, IPA: [qitˤaːʕ ɣazza]) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, within the Middle East (at 31 25 N, 34 20 E). The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest, 11km long, and Israel on the east and north, 51km long. It is about 41 kilometres (25 mi) long, and between 6 and 12 kilometres (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi). It has a 40 km coastline onto the Mediterranean Sea, but has no maritime claims due to Israeli administration. The territory takes its name from Gaza-city, its main city and administrative center.
The Gaza Strip has a temperate climate, with mild winters, and dry and hot summers, subject to drought. The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at 105 metres above sea level. Main resources are arable land (about a third of the strip is irrigated), and recently discovered natural gas. Environmental issues include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources.

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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km² (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.

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Kinmen
Kinmen or Quemoy (/kɪˈmɔɪ/; see also "Names" section below) is a small archipelago of several islands administered by the Republic of China (Taiwan): Greater Kinmen, Lesser Kinmen, and some islets. Administratively, it is Kinmen County of Fujian Province, ROC. The county is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as part of its own Fujian Province's Quanzhou Prefecture. It is geographically very near Xiamen, no more than 2 kilometers. Some islands of other counties, such as Wuchiu, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Kinmen County by the ROC government following its civil war defeat and retreat to Taiwan. Matsu is the other set of islands on the Fujian coast controlled by the Republic of China.
Kinmen was first named Jīnmén (金門; lit, "golden gate") in Chinese 1387 when the Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming Dynasty appointed a military officer to administer the island and protect it from wokou (pirate) attacks. The name, pronounced Jīnmén in the official Mandarin Chinese and Kim-mûi in the native Zhangzhou dialect of Hokkien Minnan. The various names used in English for the islands derive from these name.

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Kokang
Kokang (Burmese: ကိုးကန့်; Chinese: 果敢; pinyin: Guǒgǎn), formally the First Special Region, is a self-administrative region of Burma (also known as Myanmar). It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and it shares a border with China's Yunnan Province in the east. Its total land area is around 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). The capital is Laukkai (Chinese: 老街; pinyin: Lǎojiē). Kokang is mostly populated by Kokang people, a Han Chinese group living in Burma. According to new Myanmar Constitution (2008), Kongyan Township and Laukkai Township aka Laukkaing Township are grouped together to form Kokang self-Administered Zone and replace the 'First Special Region'.
Historically, Kokang was Burma's feudal state (Chinese: 土司; pinyin: tǔsī) for Burmese Chinese. It was founded by the Yang clan, a Chinese military house that fled with the Ming loyalists from Nanjing to Yunnan Province in the mid-17th century and later migrated to the Shan State in eastern Burma. From the 1960s to 1989, the area was ruled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the dissolution of that party in 1989 it became a special region of Burma.

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Laos
Laos ((ⁱ/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.

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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.

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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).

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Mongolia
Mongolia ⁱ/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.

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North China Plain
The North China Plain (simplified Chinese: 华北平原; traditional Chinese: 華北平原; pinyin: Huáběi Píngyuán) is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi ('western mountains') plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Sea, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai Sea.
Below the Sanmenxia Dam is the multipurpose Xiaolangdi Dam, located in the river's last valley before the North China Plain, a great delta created from silt dropped at the Huang He's mouth over the millennia. The North China Plain extends over much of Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces. and merges with the Yangtze delta in northern Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. The Yellow River meanders over the fertile, densely populated plain emptying into the Bohai Sea. The plain is one of China's most important agricultural regions, producing corn, sorghum, winter wheat, vegetables, and cotton. Its nickname is "Land of the yellow earth."

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North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.

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Northern Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti), commonly called Northern Cyprus, is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the north east, westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the area), and southward to the village of Louroujina/Akıncılar. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both states.
Tensions between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot populations in Cyprus culminated in 1974 with a coup d'état, an attempt to annex the island to Greece, and an invasion by Turkey in response. This resulted in the partitioning of the island, the resettlement of many of its inhabitants, and a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.

wn.com/Northern_Cyprus
Portugal
Portugal ⁱ/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.

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Russia
Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

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Singapore
Singapore (ⁱ/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.

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South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi). The area's importance largely results from one-third of the world's shipping transiting through its waters, and that it is believed to hold huge oil and gas reserves beneath its seabed.
It is located
The minute South China Sea Islands, collectively an archipelago, number in the hundreds. The sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea.
South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in neighboring countries, often reflecting historical claims to hegemony over the sea.
The English name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mar da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea. The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".

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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.

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Taiwan
Taiwan (ⁱ/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.

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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.

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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.

wn.com/Vietnam
Wa State
Wa State (Wa: Mēng Vax or Meung Va; Chinese: 佤邦; pinyin: Wǎ Bāng) is an unrecognised state in Burma (also known as Myanmar) and is currently subsumed under the official Wa Special Region 2 of the Northern Shan State. The administrative capital is Pangkham (Chinese: 邦康; pinyin: Bāngkāng, formerly known as Panghsang, 邦桑). The name Wa derives from an ethnic group, who speaks a language in the Austroasiatic family of languages. Wa State has a population of an estimated 558,000. Wa State is an undefined area that encloses eastern Shan State.
Many of the Wa are animists, and a small proportion of the population follows a derivative of either Buddhism or Christianity. The Wa were once known as the Wild Wa for their "savage" behavior as headhunters.
The United Wa State Army (UWSA) is the largest narcotics trafficking organization in Southeast Asia, with 30,000 soldiers. It was once allied with the Communist Party of Burma, with 4,000 soldiers. The UWSA cultivates vast areas of land for the opium poppy which is later refined to heroin. The money from the opium is used for weapons. Although the Burmese government has begun taking measures to decrease the production of such drugs, it is an arduous task, because of corruption at high levels in the government and lack of infrastructure to carry out operations.

wn.com/Wa_State
West Bank
The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية‎ aḍ-Ḍaffah l-Ġarbiyyah, Hebrew: הגדה המערבית‎, HaGadah HaMa'aravit also known as Hebrew: יהודה והשומרון‎ Yehuda ve-Ha'Shomron (Judea and Samaria)) of the Jordan River is the landlocked geographical eastern part of the Palestinian territories located in Western Asia. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant coastline along the western bank of the Dead Sea. Since 1967, most of the West Bank has been under Israeli military occupation and is referred to as Judea and Samaria Area by Israel. A smaller part of the West Bank is administered by the Israeli civilian authorities as part of Jerusalem District.

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Yellow Sea
Coordinates: 35°0′N 123°0′E / 35°N 123°E / 35; 123
The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It is located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. Its name comes from the sand particles from Gobi Desert sand storms that turn the surface of the water golden yellow.
The innermost bay of the Yellow Sea is called the Bohai Sea (previously Pechihli Bay or Chihli Bay). Into it flow both the Yellow River (through Shandong province and its capital Jinan) and Hai He (through Beijing and Tianjin). Deposits of sand and silt from those rivers contribute to the sea color.
The Yellow Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the White Sea.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Yellow Sea (which it also names as "Hwang Hai") as follows:
On the South. The parallel of 33°17' North from Saisyu To (Quelpart) [now known as Jeju-do] to the mainland [of China].

wn.com/Yellow_Sea

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (ⁱ/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.

wn.com/Barack_Obama
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (IPA: [tə̂ŋ ɕjɑ̀ʊpʰǐŋ] ( listen); 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with the two most powerful men after him: Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
Born into a peasant background in Guang'an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in rural regions and was considered a "revolutionary veteran" of the Long March. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Deng worked in Tibet and other southwestern regions to consolidate Communist control. He was also instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong. As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution but regained prominence in 1978 by outmaneuvering Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng.

wn.com/Deng_Xiaoping
Dong Biwu
Dong Biwu
(5 March 1886 – 2 April 1975) was a Chinese communist political leader during the regime of Mao Zedong.
Dong Biwu was born in Huanggang, Hubei. He was the President (Chairman of the Executive Committee) of China from 1948 to 1949 and Acting President from 1968 until 17 January 1975 when Zhu De became the succeeding Chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's National Congress (formal Head of State). He was also Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 1959 until 1975, jointly with Soong Ching-ling. In 1975 he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Standing Committee of People's National Congress (Parliament).
Dong was a member of Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1945 to 1975. He was elected one of nine members of the Standing Committee of the Politburo at 10th Congress of the Communist Party in 1973.
He died just a year before Mao and several other important politicians like Zhou Enlai and Zhu De.
In 1991, a statue of Dong Biwu was erected in one of Wuhan's central squares, Hongshan Guangchang. Hubei Provincial museum houses a collection of Dong's personal items.

wn.com/Dong_Biwu
Jeffrey Frankel
Jeffrey Alexander "Jeff" Frankel (born November 5, 1952 in San Francisco, California) is the James W. Harpel Professor of Capital Formation and Growth at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. A member of the Council of Economic Advisors under President Bill Clinton, Frankel is a noted international macroeconomist. Frankel's contributions include showing econometrically that openness is good for economic growth, by means of a gravity model of trade (with David Romer).
Frankel directs the Program in International Finance and Macroeconomics at the National Bureau of Economic Research and is also on the Business Cycle Dating Committee, which officially declares US recessions.
He called for a decrease in lower-class taxes and middle-class taxes in a discussion with Glenn Beck on Fox News, and was referred to as "Stalin" in response.

wn.com/Jeffrey_Frankel
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.
Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a Second United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and leading the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacted sweeping land reform, by using violence and terror to overthrow the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. During the years when Mao was China’s 'Great Helmsman', a range of positive changes came to China. These included promoting the status of women, improving popular literacy, doubling the school population, providing universal housing, abolishing unemployment and inflation, increasing health care access, and dramatically raising life expectancy. In addition, China's population almost doubled during the period of Mao's leadership (from around 550 to over 900 million). As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many in China as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation. Maoists further promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, while anti-revisionists continue to defend most of his policies.

wn.com/Mao_Zedong
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced [ni.kɔ.la saʁ.kɔ.zi] ( listen), born Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa; 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the 23rd President of the French Republic from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.
Before his presidency, he was leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Under Jacques Chirac's presidency he served as Minister of the Interior in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's (UMP) first two governments (from May 2002 to March 2004), then was appointed Minister of Finances in Raffarin's last government (March 2004 to May 2005) and again Minister of the Interior in Dominique de Villepin's government (2005–2007).
Sarkozy was also president of the General council of the Hauts-de-Seine department from 2004 to 2007 and mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of France from 1983 to 2002. He was Minister of the Budget in the government of Édouard Balladur (RPR, predecessor of the UMP) during François Mitterrand's last term.
In foreign affairs, he promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States. During his term, he faced the late-2000s financial crisis (followed by the recession and the debt crisis caused by it) and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria). He also married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris.

wn.com/Nicolas_Sarkozy
Stephen Harper
Stephen Joseph Harper, PC MP (born April 30, 1959) is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Conservative Party. Harper became prime minister when his party formed a minority government after the 2006 federal election. He is the first prime minister from the newly reconstituted Conservative Party, following a merger of the Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance parties.
Harper has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Calgary Southwest in Alberta since 2002. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West. He was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election, and instead joined, and shortly thereafter led, the National Citizens Coalition. In 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance (the successor to the Reform Party) and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada. He was elected as the party's first non-interim leader in March 2004.

wn.com/Stephen_Harper

RMB - Spring

RMB - Spring Vocals - Marion Haarmeyer For better quality version: www.youtube.com...

published: 05 Sep 2007

author: raaf123

RMB - Reality (16:9) HQ

RMB - Reality (1996)...

published: 30 Aug 2010

author: DarkSLF2

MW3 RAP BATTLE!!! Grover or RMB - you decide

Get Your Kontrol Freeks At: www.kontrolfreek.com Use Coupon Code: "2sik" for 10% OFF NEW M...

published: 13 Feb 2012

author: 2SikTv

RMB - Spring (Vocal Mix) ★★★[OFFICIAL VIDEO edits by ToJ]★★★ + Lyrics

RMB - Spring (Vocal Mix) + Lyrics ★★★【OFFICIAL VIDEO edits by TranceOnJeroen】★★★...

published: 04 Sep 2010

author: TranceOnJeroen2

CDJ-2000nexus Kissy Sell Out performance

Pro-DJs are about to get a new lease of life, as Pioneer unveils the CDJ-2000nexus -- the ...

published: 06 Sep 2012

author: pioneerdjglobal

RMB - Break the silence

Country:Germany; Released:1997; Genre:Electronic;Produced and Written by - Farid Gharadjed...

published: 19 Dec 2008

author: adnmax

RMB REDEMPTION

Falls ihr fragen habt schreibt kommentare...

published: 27 Oct 2010

author: Eminem5170

RMB - Deep Down Below (live)

Live at Club Rotation 2000 rmb.subu.hu...

published: 04 Apr 2009

author: zsubbu

RMB - Love is an ocean

This is the promo release without release number only artist and track names etched in the...

published: 24 Nov 2010

author: DirtyThumper

RMB - Matisse

raving robbers :)...

published: 06 Feb 2011

author: discodevil338

RMB - Break the Silence (Long Mix)

Sound: RMB - Break the Silence (Long Mix) Pic: silent Ocean Year: 1997...

published: 06 Nov 2009

author: Geisterwolf84

RMB - Follow me

Classic trance track from the Heaven & Hell EP by Rolf Maier-Bode (RMB) Label: Le Petit Pr...

published: 29 Dec 2007

author: Bondangoed

RMB - Redemption

original video clip...

published: 08 Aug 2007

author: w0lf6pack

RMB - Experience (Follow Me)

www.discogs.com...

published: 27 Nov 2009

author: Czech1Raver

5 Minutes V.10.02

ONS Reload featuring AMD, RMB, UPS, SM and some more, Trainwriting from East Germany More...

published: 04 Apr 2010

author: I Love Graffiti

RMB

Chinese Cabal Guild RMB...

published: 04 May 2010

author: Rivers da zzy

Sexy Girls Slideshow Part XVIII (HD)

Part 18 of my slideshows of models and hot girls. Enjoy =) Music: 0:01 Kanye West-Love L...

published: 04 Feb 2012

author: Light Storm66

Happy Holidays from RMB!!

Everybody at Rocky Mountain wishes everyone a wonderful and safe holiday....

published: 20 Dec 2011

author: Rocky Mountain Bicycles

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photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives

U.S. Army Spc. Jacob Bobbe, security force team member for Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) Farah, maintains security on the street during a key leader engagement in the Lash-e Juwayn district of Farah province, Afghanistan, Dec. 11 2012.

Imperial Lockstep

CounterPunch

27 Dec 2012

Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)

photo: WN / Janice Sabnal

Six dead as winter snowstorms pound US

Zeenews

27 Dec 2012

Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / Ben Curtis

In this Sunday, April 29, 2012 file photo, troops from the Central African Republic stand guard at a building used for joint meetings between them and U.S. Army special forces, in Obo, Central African Republic, where U.S. special forces have paired up with local troops and Ugandan soldiers to seek out Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

CAR seeks foreign help against rebels

Al Jazeera

28 Dec 2012

The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)

photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary

Supporters of Pakistan's slain leader Benazir Bhutto, stand beside her portrait after lighting earth lamps at a ceremony to mark the second anniversary of her death

Pakistan marks fifth anniversary of Benazir Bhutto murder

BBC News

27 Dec 2012

Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

photo: AP / Maya Alleruzzo

Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi speaks to reporters during a joint news conference with Tunisian President Moncef Marzouki, unseen, at the Presidential palace in Cairo, Egypt.

Morsi Admits ‘Mistakes’ in Drafting Egypt’s Constitution

The New York Times

27 Dec 2012

CAIRO — President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt took responsibility on Wednesday for “mistakes” during the run-up to ratification of the new Constitution and urged Egyptians to appreciate the fierce disagreements about it as a “healthy phenomenon” of their new democracy. Times Topic. Egypt News — Revolution and Aftermath. Related. Egypt Opposition Gears Up After Constitution Passes (December 24, 2012) ... Twitter List....(size: 11.8Kb)

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BOCHK Launches Microfinance Scheme (Bank of China Ltd)

noodls

29 Dec 2012

(Source. Bank of China Ltd). 28 Dec 2012 ... The Scheme is introduced by the Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited ("HKMC") in collaboration with banks and non-governmental organisations. Under the Scheme, Micro-Business Start-up Loan, Self-employment Loan and Self-enhancement Loan are offered ... - End - ... On 13 July 2010, BOCHK was authorised as the Clearing Bank of RMB banknotes business for the Taiwan region ... (noodl....(size: 3.1Kb)

China Nepstar (NPD) Completes Sale of Minority Stake in JZJ

StreetInsider

28 Dec 2012

In accordance with the terms of the agreement entered into by the Company and JZJ Holding in connection with the transaction, JZJ Holding has acquired Nepstar's 40% equity ownership in JZJ for a total cash consideration of RMB 81.48 million ... in JZJ with an initial investment of RMB 0.4 million ... JZJ reported net income of RMB 3.9 million for 2011....(size: 2.4Kb)

China Nepstar Completes Disposition of 40% Equity Ownership in Yunnan Jianzhijia Chain Drugstore

Seeking Alpha

28 Dec 2012

China Nepstar Completes Disposition of 40% Equity Ownership in Yunnan Jianzhijia Chain Drugstore (China Nepstar Chain Drugstore Ltd)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

("JZJ Holding"). In accordance with the terms of the agreement entered into by the Company and JZJ Holding in connection with the transaction, JZJ Holding has acquired Nepstar's 40% equity ownership in JZJ for a total cash consideration of RMB 81.48 million ... of RMB 0.4 million ... JZJ reported net income of RMB 3.9 millionfor 2011....(size: 5.8Kb)

Composite Support Services Framework Agreement (China Power International Development Ltd)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source. China Power International Development Ltd) ... China Power International Development Limited. 中國電力國際發展有限公司 ... 2380) ... 28 December 2012 Parties ... Principal Terms ... 2010 (RMB'000) ... 2011 (RMB'000) ... 2012 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2013 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2014 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2015 (RMB'000) ... -- ... "RMB" Renminbi, the lawful currency of the PRC "Stock Exchange" The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited....(size: 17.6Kb)

Technical Repair and Maintenance Framework Agreement (China Power International Development Ltd)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source. China Power International Development Ltd) ... China Power International Development Limited. 中國電力國際發展有限公司 ... 2380) ... 31 December 2012 ... 28 December 2012 Parties ... 2 ... 2010 (RMB'000) ... 2011 (RMB'000) ... 2012 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2013 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2014 (RMB'000). Estimated Annual Cap in 2015 (RMB'000) ... "RMB" Renminbi, the lawful currency of the PRC "Stock Exchange" The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited....(size: 18.4Kb)

Keppel Land China strengthens foothold in Wuxi with acquisition of fifth site (Keppel Corporation Ltd)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source. Keppel Corporation Ltd) ... Mr Ang Wee Gee, Executive Vice Chairman of Keppel Land China, said, "This is Keppel Land China's fifth project in Wuxi ... Its GDP per capita of RMB 106, 998 is higher than Suzhou's RMB 100,382 and Shanghai's RMB 81,807 ... Wuxi's urban disposable income per capita has been rising steadily in tandem with the economic growth, recording a 14% increase to achieve RMB 31,638 in 2011 ... - End -....(size: 7.3Kb)

ZTE CORPORATION CONTINUING CONNECTED TRANSACTIONS PURCHASES OF RAW MATERIALS FROM ZHONGXINGXIN (ZTE Corporation)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source. ZTE Corporation) ... ZTE CORPORATION. 中興通訊股份有限公司. (a joint stock limited company incorporated in the People's Republic of China with limited liability) (Stock Code. 763) ... 1 ... 2 ... 1 ... 2010 (RMB million) (Excluding VAT) ... 2011 (RMB million) (Excluding VAT) ... 2012 (RMB million) (Excluding VAT) ... 2012 (RMB million) (Excluding VAT) ... 573.80 ... "RMB" Renminbi, the lawful currency of PRC "Shareholders" the shareholders of the Company "VAT" value added tax....(size: 17.1Kb)

Announcements and Notices - Discloseable Transaction Acquisition of Land (Zhuguang Holdings Group Company Ltd)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source ... Bureau on 25 December 2012 ... Date ... "RMB" Renminbi, the lawful currency of the PRC "Stock Exchange" The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited ... For the purpose of this announcement, all amounts denominated in RMB has been translated into HK$ using the exchange rates of RMB1 ... No representation is made that any amounts in RMB or HK$ can be or could have been converted at the relevant dates at the above rates or any other rates at all....(size: 8.8Kb)

Weichai Power and KION Group Successfully Close Transaction to Form Long-term Strategic Partnership

Stockhouse

28 Dec 2012

WEIFANG, China, Dec ... Weichai Power Co., Ltd ... In 2011, Weichai Power generated revenue of RMB 60 billion (about USD 9.5 billion or EUR 7.5 billion) and a net profit of RMB 5.6 billion (about USD 900 million or EUR 700 million) ... In 2011, the Group generated revenue of RMB 122.5 billion (about USD 19.4 billion or EUR 15.4 billion) and a profit of RMB 8.6 billion (about USD 1.4 billion or EUR 1.1 billion), with 60,000 employees worldwide ... ....(size: 12.3Kb)

China Keli Announces Q2 2013 Financial Results; Quarterly Yr-Over-Yr Revenues Up 11.6%, and Six Month ...

Stockhouse

28 Dec 2012

VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Dec. 28, 2012) - China Keli Electric Co. Ltd ... The Company's unrealized foreign exchange income on translation of the Group's functional currency to its reporting currency is subject to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the RMB and the Canadian dollar in each reporting period ... The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is Chinese Yuan (also known as "Renminbi" or "RMB") ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)

Solars Tick Higher as One German Energy Firm Bets on Future Projects (STP) (LDK)

StreetInsider

28 Dec 2012

Tweet. Get Alerts LDK Hot Sheet. Price. $1.37 +12.30%. Overall Analyst Rating ..   SELL ( Up). EPS Growth %. -163.9% ... STP), LDK Solar (NYSE ... LDK (LDK) Contract Wtih JYT Valid, LDK To Pay RMB 294M Apple (AAPL) on Watch as Pearson (PSO) Joins NOOK Effort (BKS) (MSFT) U.K ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

RENEWAL OF CONTINUING CONNECTED TRANSACTIONS (ND - Net Dragon Websoft Inc)

noodls

28 Dec 2012

(Source. ND - Net Dragon Websoft Inc) ... NetDragon Websoft Inc. (incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability) (Stock Code. 777). ANNOUNCEMENT. RENEWAL OF CONTINUING CONNECTED TRANSACTIONS ... The Board announces that on 28 December 2012.. I ... II ... Fuzhou Tianliang is wholly owned by Miss Lin ... - 1 - ... 5 September 2011 to 31 December 2012 ... I ... - 2 - ... (RMB) (RMB) (RMB) NetDragon (Fujian) under the ... ( ... "RMB" Renminbi, the lawful currency of the PRC....(size: 21.9Kb)

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"CNY" and "RMB" redirect here. For other uses, see CNY (disambiguation) and RMB (disambiguation).

Renminbi

人民币 (Chinese)

Renminbi banknotes of the 2005 series

ISO 4217 code CNY

Central bank

People's Bank of China

Website www.pbc.gov.cn

Official user(s) China

Unofficial user(s) Mongolia^[1]^[2]^[3]
North Korea (until Nov 2009)^[2]
Burma (in Kokang and Wa)

Inflation 5.4%

Source The World Factbook, 2011 est.

Pegged with Partially, to a basket of trade-weighted international currencies

Subunit

1 yuán (元,圓)

1/10 jiǎo (角)

1/100 fēn (分)

Symbol

Nickname none

yuán (元,圓) kuài (块)

jiǎo (角) máo (毛)

Plural The language(s) of this currency does not have a morphological plural distinction.

Coins

Freq. used ¥0.1, ¥0.5, ¥1

Rarely used ¥0.01, ¥0.02, ¥0.05

Banknotes

Freq. used ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50, ¥100

Rarely used ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥2

Renminbi

Traditional Chinese

人民幣

Simplified Chinese

人民币

Transcriptions
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin	rénmínbì
- Wade–Giles	Jenminpi

yuan

Chinese

元

Transcriptions
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin	yuán
- Wade–Giles	Yüan

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

The Renminbi (RMB, sign: ¥; code: CNY; also CN¥, 元 and CN元) is the official currency of China (People's Republic of China). Renminbi is legal tender in mainland China, but not in Hong Kong or Macau. It is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China.^[4] Its name (simplified Chinese: 人民币; traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: rénmínbì) means "people's currency".

The primary unit of renminbi is the yuán (元). One yuan is subdivided into 10 jiǎo (角), which in turn is subdivided into 10 fēn (分). Renminbi banknotes are available in denominations from 1 jiao to 100 yuan (¥0.1–100) and coins have denominations from 1 fen to 1 yuan (¥0.01–1). Thus, some denominations exist in coins and banknotes, but they are usually used in coins if under ¥1. Coins under ¥0.1 are used infrequently.

Through most of its history, the value of the renminbi was pegged to the U.S. dollar. As China pursued its gradual transition from central planning to a market economy, and increased its participation in foreign trade, the renminbi was devalued to increase the competitiveness of Chinese industry. It has been claimed that the current official exchange rate is lower than the value of the renminbi by purchasing power parity, undervalued by as much as 37.5% (see below).^[5]

Since 2005, the renminbi exchange rate has been allowed to float in a narrow margin around a fixed base rate determined with reference to a basket of world currencies. The Chinese government has announced that it will gradually increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. China has initiated various pilot projects to "internationalize" the RMB in the hope that it will become a reserve currency over the long term.^[6]^[7]

Etymology [link]

Production and minting [link]

Renminbi currency production is carried out by a state owned corporation, China Banknote Printing and Minting (CBPMC; 中国印钞造币总公司) headquartered in Beijing.^[10] CBPMC uses several printing and engraving and minting facilities around the country to produce banknotes and coins for subsequent distribution. Banknote printing facilities are based in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, and Nanchang. Mints are located in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Shenyang. Also, high grade paper for the banknotes is produced at two facilities in Baoding and Kunshan. The Baoding facility is the largest facility in the world dedicated to developing banknote material according to its website.^[11] In addition, the People's Bank of China has its own printing technology research division that researches new techniques for creating banknotes and making counterfeiting more difficult.

First series [link]

The first series of renminbi banknotes was introduced by the People's Bank of China in December 1948, about a year before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It was issued only in paper money form and replaced the various currencies circulating in the areas controlled by the communists. One of the first tasks of the new government was to end the hyperinflation that had plagued China in the final years of the Kuomintang (KMT) era. That achieved, a revaluation occurred in 1955, at the rate of 1 new yuan = 10,000 old yuan.

Banknotes [link]

Main article: First series of the renminbi

On December 1, 1948, the newly founded People's Bank of China introduced notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 yuan. Notes for 200, 500, 5000 and 10,000 yuan followed in 1949, with 50,000 yuan notes added in 1950. A total of 62 different designs were issued. The notes were officially withdrawn on various dates between April 1 and May 10, 1955.

These first renminbi notes were printed with the words "People's Bank of China", "Republic of China", and the denomination, written in Chinese characters by Dong Biwu.^[12]

The name "renminbi" was first recorded as an official name in June 1949. After work began in 1950 to design the second series of the renminbi, the previous series were retroactively dubbed the "first series of the renminbi".^[9]

Second to fifth series [link]

The second series of renminbi banknotes was introduced in 1955. During the era of the command economy, the value of the renminbi was set to unrealistic values in exchange with western currency and severe currency exchange rules were put in place. With the opening of the mainland Chinese economy in 1978, a dual-track currency system was instituted, with renminbi usable only domestically, and with foreigners forced to use foreign exchange certificates. The unrealistic levels at which exchange rates were pegged led to a strong black market in currency transactions.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, China worked to make the RMB more convertible. Through the use of swap centres, the exchange rate was brought to realistic levels and the dual track currency system was abolished.

The renminbi is convertible on current accounts but not capital accounts. The ultimate goal has been to make the RMB fully convertible. However, partly in response to the Asian financial crisis in 1998, China has been concerned that the mainland Chinese financial system would not be able to handle the potential rapid cross-border movements of hot money, and as a result, as of 2012, the currency trades within a narrow band specified by the Chinese central government.

The fen and jiao have become increasingly unnecessary as prices have increased. Chinese retailers tend to avoid decimal values (such as ¥9.99), opting instead for integer values of yuan (such as ¥9 or ¥10).^[13]

Coins [link]

In 1955, aluminium 1, 2 and 5 fen coins were introduced. In 1980, brass 1, 2, and 5 jiao and cupro-nickel 1 yuan coins were added, although the 1 and 2 jiao were only produced until 1981, with the last 5 jiao and 1 yuan issued in 1985. In 1991, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of an aluminium 1 jiao, brass 5 jiao and nickel-clad-steel 1 yuan. Issuance of the 1 and 2 fen coins ceased in 1991, with that of the 5 fen halting a year later.^{[citation needed]} The small coins were still made for annual mint sets, and from the beginning of 2005 again for general circulation. New designs of the 1 and 5 jiao and 1 yuan were introduced in between 1999 and 2002. The frequency of usage of coins varies between different parts of China.

Banknotes [link]

File:RMB10 PBOC languages.JPG

"People's Bank of China Ten Yuan" written in 5 different languages. From top to bottom and left to right: Mandarin pinyin, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Zhuang languages.

In 1955, notes (dated 1953), were introduced in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 fen, 1, 2 and 5 jiao, and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 yuan. Except for the three fen denominations and the 3 yuan, notes in these denominations continue to circulate, with 50 and 100 yuan notes added in 1980 and 20 yuan notes added in or after 1999.

The denomination of each banknote is printed in Chinese. The numbers themselves are printed in financial Chinese numeral characters, as well as Arabic numerals. The denomination and the words "People's Bank of China" are also printed in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang on the back of each banknote, in addition to the boldface Hanyu Pinyin "Zhongguo Renmin Yinhang" (without tones). The right front of the note has a tactile representation of the denomination in Chinese braille starting from the fourth series.

File:Yuan collection.jpg

Collection of Chinese yuan (renminbi) banknotes. ¹⁄₁₀ yuan to 10 yuan notes are of the fourth series of the renminbi. 20 to 100 yuan (red) are of the fifth series of the renminbi. The polymer note on the lower right commemorates the third millennium.

Second series [link]

Main article: Second series of the renminbi

The second series of renminbi banknotes (the first having been issued for the previous currency) was introduced on 1 March 1955. Each note has the words "People's Bank of China" as well as the denomination in the Uyghur, Tibetan, Mongolian and Zhuang languages on the back, which has since appeared in each series of renminbi notes. The denominations available in banknotes were ¥0.01, ¥0.02, ¥0.05, ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥3, ¥5 and ¥10.

Third series [link]

Main article: Third series of the renminbi

The third series of renminbi banknotes was introduced on April 15, 1962. For the next two decades, the second and third series banknotes were used concurrently. The denominations were of ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥5 and ¥10. The third series was phased out during the 1990s and then was recalled completely on July 1, 2000.

Fourth series [link]

Main article: Fourth series of the renminbi

The fourth series was introduced between 1987 and 1997, although the banknotes were dated 1980, 1990, or 1996. They are still legal tender. Banknotes are available in denominations of ¥0.1, ¥0.2, ¥0.5, ¥1, ¥2, ¥5, ¥10, ¥50 and ¥100.

Fifth series [link]

Main article: Fifth series of the renminbi

In 1999, a new series of renminbi banknotes and coins was progressively introduced. The fifth series consists of banknotes for ¥1, ¥5, ¥10, ¥20, ¥50 and ¥100. Significantly, the fifth series uses the portrait of Mao Zedong on all banknotes, in place of the various leaders and workers which had been featured previously.

Commemorative designs [link]

In 1999, a commemorative red ¥50 note was issued in honor of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the People's Republic of China. This note features Mao Zedong on the front and various animals on the back.

An orange polymer note, and so far, China's only polymer note, commemorating the new millennium was issued in 2000 with a face value of ¥100. This features a dragon on the obverse and the reverse features the China Millennium monument (Center for cultural and scientific fairs).

For the 2008 Beijing Olympics, a green ¥10 note was issued featuring the Bird's Nest on the front with the back showing a classical Olympic discus thrower and various other athletes.

Suggested future design [link]

On March 13, 2006, some delegates to an advisory body at the National People's Congress proposed to include Sun Yat-sen and Deng Xiaoping on the renminbi banknotes. However, the proposal was not adopted.^[14]

International use [link]

International trade [link]

Before 2009, the Chinese renminbi had little to no exposure in the international markets because of strict government controls by the central Chinese government that prohibited almost all forms of yuan holdings or transactions. Transactions between Chinese companies and a foreign entity would have to be denominated in US dollars. With Chinese companies unable to hold US dollars and foreign companies unable to hold Chinese yuan, all transactions would go through the People's Bank of China. Once the sum was paid by the foreign party in dollars, the central bank would pass the settlement in renminbi to the Chinese company. In June 2009 the Chinese officials announced a pilot scheme where business and trade transactions were allowed between limited businesses in Guangdong and Shanghai municipalities and only counterparties in Hong Kong, Macau, and select ASEAN nations. Proving a success,^{[citation needed]} the program was further extended to 20 Chinese provinces and counterparties internationally in July 2010, and in September 2011 it was announced that the remaining 11 Chinese provinces would be included.

In steps intended to establish the renminbi as an international reserve currency, China has agreements with Russia, Vietnam, and Thailand allowing trade with those countries to be settled directly in renminbi instead of requiring conversion to US dollars.^[15]

International reserve currency [link]

Currency restrictions regarding renminbi denominated bank deposits and financial products were greatly liberalized in July, 2010.^[16] In 2010 renminbi denominated bonds were reported to have been purchased by Malaysia's central bank^[17] and that McDonald's had issued renmimbi denominated corporate bonds through Standard Chartered Bank of Hong Kong.^[18] Such liberalization allows the yuan to look more attractive as it can be held with higher return on investment yields, whereas previously that yield was virtually none. Nevertheless, some national banks such as Bank of Thailand (BOT) have expressed a serious concern about RMB since BOT cannot substitute the depreciated US Dollars in the 200 billion dollar Foreign Exchange Reserves held by BOT with Renminbi Yuan as much as BOT wishes because:

The Chinese Government has not taken the full responsibilities and commitments on the economic affairs at the global levels.
Renminbi Yuan still has not become well-liquidated (fully convertible) yet.
The Chinese government still lacks deep and wide vision about how to perform fund-raising to handle international loans at global levels.^[19]

However HSBC expects the Renminbi to become the third major reserve currency in 2011.^[20]

Countries that are left-leaning in the political spectrum have also begun to use the Renminbi as an alternative reserve currency to the United States dollar; the Chilean central bank reported in 2011 to have US$91 million worth of Renminbi in reserves, and the president of the central bank of Venezuela, Nelson Merentes, made statements in favour of the Renminbi following the announcement of reserve withdrawals from Europe and the United States.^[21]

Use as a currency outside mainland China [link]

The two special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau, have their own respective currencies, according to the "one country, two systems" principle and the basic laws of the two territories.^[22]^[23] Therefore, the Hong Kong dollar and the Macanese pataca remain the legal tenders in the two territories, and renminbi, although sometimes accepted, is not legal tender. Banks in Hong Kong allow people to maintain accounts in RMB.^[24] Because of changes in legislation in July 2010, many banks around the world^[25] are now slowly offering individuals the chance to hold deposits in Chinese renminbi.

The RMB had a presence in Macau even before the 1999 return to the People's Republic of China from Portugal. Banks in Macau can issue credit cards based on the renminbi but not loans. Renminbi based credit cards cannot be used in Macau's casinos.^[26]

The Republic of China, which governs Taiwan, believes wide usage of the renminbi would create an underground economy and undermine its sovereignty.^[27] Tourists are allowed to bring in up to 20,000 renminbi when visiting Taiwan. These renminbi must be converted to the New Taiwan dollar at trial exchange sites in Matsu and Kinmen.^[28] The Chen Shui-bian administration insisted that it would not allow full convertibility until the mainland signs a bilateral foreign exchange settlement agreement,^[29] though president Ma Ying-jeou has pledged to allow full convertibility as soon as possible.

The renminbi is circulated in some of China's neighbors, such as Pakistan, Mongolia^[2]^[3] and northern part of Thailand.^[30]^[31] Cambodia welcomes the renminbi as an official currency and Laos and Myanmar allow it in border provinces.^[2] Though unofficial,^{[clarification needed]} Vietnam recognizes the exchange of the renminbi to the đồng.^[2]

April 2011: In Hong Kong, the Chinese property investment trust, Hui Xian has raised Rmb10.48 billion ($1.6 billion) in the first Initial Public Offering with denomination in Renminbi. Beijing has allowed renminbi-denominated financial markets to develop in Hong Kong because the central Chinese government wants to increase the usage of renminbi in international market and consequently reduce the use of the US dollar.^[32]

Since 2007, RMB-nominated bonds are issued outside the Mainland China; these are called "dim sum bonds".

CNH [link]

While the CNY is the RMB which is traded both onshore in China, and offshore (primarily in Hong Kong) are the same currency, they trade at different rates. This is by design: as regulation has explicitly kept onshore and offshore separated, the respective supply and demand conditions lead to separate market clearing exchange rates. Hence the emergence of a new currency code, CNH, to represent the exchange rate of RMB that trades offshore in Hong Kong. However, it does not end here. There is the traditional offshore RMB market, the dollar settled non-deliverable forward (NDF), which itself trades independently of either onshore CNY or offshore CNH, as well as a trade-settlement exchange rate (sometimes called CNT) to which offshore corporates have access, just to add to the complexity.

This article or section may have been copied and pasted from http://www.research.hsbc.com/midas/Res/RDV?p=pdf&key=UHa14N6Tu3&n=282753.PDF (Duplication Detector report), possibly in violation of Wikipedia's copyright policy. Please remedy this by editing this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly, or flagging the content for deletion. (May 2012)

Value [link]

Main article: Renminbi currency value

1 RMB to US dollar, since 1981

For most of its early history, the RMB was pegged to the U.S. dollar at 2.46 yuan per USD (note: during the 1970s, it was appreciated until it reached 1.50 yuan per USD in 1980). When China's economy gradually opened in the 1980s, the RMB was devalued in order to improve the competitiveness of Chinese exports. Thus, the official USD to RMB exchange rate declined from 1.50 yuan in 1980 to 8.62 yuan by 1994 (lowest ever on the record). Improving current account balance during the latter half of the 1990s enabled the Chinese government to maintain a peg of 8.27 yuan per USD from 1997 to 2005.

As of August 30, 2011, yuan's exchange rate at 6.38 to the U.S. dollar—its highest official level since a currency revaluation in 2005.^[33] China's leaders raised the yuan to tame inflation, a step U.S. officials have pushed for years to help repair the massive trade deficit with China.^[33]

Depegged from the U.S. dollar [link]

On July 21, 2005, the peg was finally lifted, which saw an immediate one-off RMB revaluation to 8.11 per USD.^[34] The exchange rate against the euro stood at 10.07060 yuan per euro.

However the peg was reinstituted unofficially when the financial crisis hit: "Under intense pressure from Washington, China took small steps to allow its currency to strengthen for three years starting in July 2005. But China 're-pegged' its currency to the dollar as the financial crisis intensified in July 2008."^[35]

On June 19, 2010, the People’s Bank of China released a statement simultaneously in Chinese and English indicating that they would "proceed further with reform of the RMB exchange rate regime and increase the RMB exchange rate flexibility."^[36] The news was greeted with praise by world leaders including Barack Obama, Nicolas Sarkozy and Stephen Harper.^[37] The PBoC maintained there would be no "large swings" in the currency. The RMB rose to its highest level in five years and markets worldwide surged on Monday, June 21 following China's announcement.^[38]

China has shifted some of their reserves from dollar accounts to accounts in their competitor nations,^{[citation needed]} leading these other nations to invest in dollars to keep their own currencies down.^{[citation needed]}^[39]

Managed float [link]

The RMB is now moved to a managed floating exchange rate based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of foreign currencies. The daily trading price of the U.S. dollar against the RMB in the inter-bank foreign exchange market would be allowed to float within a narrow band of 0.3% around the central parity published by the People's Bank of China (PBC); in a later announcement published on May 18, 2007, the band was extended to 0.5%.^[40] China has stated that the basket is dominated by the United States dollar, Euro, Japanese yen and South Korean won, with a smaller proportion made up of the British pound, Thai baht, Russian ruble, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and Singapore dollar.^[41]

On April 10, 2008, it traded at 6.9920 yuan per US dollar, which was the first time in more than a decade that a dollar had bought less than seven yuan,^[42] and at 11.03630 yuan per euro.

Beginning in January 2010, Chinese and non-Chinese citizens have an annual exchange limit of a maximum of 50,000 USD. Exchange will only proceed if the applicant appears in person at the relevant bank and presents his passport or his Chinese ID; these deals are being centrally registered. The maximum withdrawal is 10,000 USD per day, the maximum purchase limit of USD is 500 per day. This stringent management of the currency leads to a bottled-up demand for exchange in both directions. It is viewed as a major tool to keep the currency peg, preventing inflows of 'hot money'.

A shift of Chinese reserves into the currencies of their other trading partners has caused these nations to shift more of their reserves into dollars, leading to no great change in the value of the Renminbi against the dollar.^[43]

Futures market [link]

Renminbi futures are traded at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The futures are cash-settled at the exchange rate published by the People's Bank of China.^[44]

Purchasing power parity [link]

Scholarly studies suggest that the yuan is undervalued on the basis of purchasing power parity analysis. One recent study suggests 37.5% undervaluation.^[5]

The World Bank estimated that, by purchasing power parity, one International dollar was equivalent to approximately RMB1.9 in 2004.^[45]
The International Monetary Fund estimated that, by purchasing power parity, one United States dollar was equivalent to approximately RMB3.462 in 2006, RMB3.621 in 2007, RMB3.798 in 2008, RMB3.872 in 2009, and RMB3.922 in 2010.^[46]

Current CNY exchange rates
From Google Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR RUB
From Yahoo! Finance:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR RUB
From XE.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR RUB
From OANDA.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR RUB
From fxtop.com:	AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR RUB

References [link]

^ The Chinese Renminbi is widely accepted, alongside the Mongolian tögrög which is the official currency.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "RMB increases its influence in neighbouring areas". People's Daily. 2004-02-17. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200402/17/eng20040217_134974.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
^ ^a ^b 2009-5-6, 人民幣在蒙古國被普遍使用 - Takungpao
^ Article 2, "The People's Bank of China Law of the People's Republic of China". 2003-12-27. http://www.cin.gov.cn/law/main/2004010802.htm.
^ ^a ^b Lipman, Joshua Klein (April 2011). "Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi". Michigan Journal of Business 4 (2). http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
^ Wagner, Wieland (26 January 2011). "China Plans Path to Economic Hegemony". Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,741303,00.html.
^ Frankel, Jeffrey (10 October 2011). "The rise of the renminbi as international currency: Historical precedents". Voxeu.org. http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7075.
^ "Yuan | Define Yuan at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yuan. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
^ ^a ^b "中华人民共和国第一套人民币概述". Finance.sina.com.cn. http://finance.sina.com.cn/money/collection/youbika/20050901/15471935211.shtml. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
^ China Banknote Printing and Minting^{[dead link]}
^ 保定钞票纸厂^{[dead link]}
^ "中国最早的一张人民币". Cjiyou.net. 2007-10-22. http://www.cjiyou.net/html/2007-10/34498.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
^ Coldness Kwan (2007-03-06). "Do you get one fen change at Origus?". China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/06/content_821037.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ Quentin Sommerville (13 March 2006). "China mulls Mao banknote change". BBC News, Shanghai. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4801486.stm. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
^ "In China, Tentative Steps Toward a Global Currency" article by David Barboza in The New York Times February 11, 2011
^ "China revs up renminbi expansion" article by Robert Cookson in The Financial Times July 28, 2010 17:50, accessed October 7, 2010
^ "Malaysian bond boost for renminbi" article by Kevin Brown in Singapore, Robert Cookson in Hong Kong and Geoff Dyer in Beijing in The Financial Times September 19, 2010, accessed October 7, 2010
^ " McDonald's RMB Corporate Bond Launched in HK" 2010-08-19 Xinhua Web Editor: Xu Leiying, accessed October 7, 2010
^ "ธปท.หาทางถ่วงน้ำหนักทุนสำรองหลังดอลลาร์สหรัฐผันผวน". MCOT. http://www.mcot.net/cfcustom/cache_page/202740.html. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
^ Yongding, Yu. "The renminbi's journey to the world.", Al Jazeera, 29 May 2011.
^ Diego Laje, 29 September 2011, China's yuan moving toward global currency?, CNN Business
^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". 1990-04-04. http://www.info.gov.hk/basic_law/fulltext/content0202.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-23. "Article 18: National laws shall not be applied in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region except for those listed in Annex III to this Law."
^ "The Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". 1993-03-31. http://www.umac.mo/basiclaw/english/ch2.html. Retrieved 2007-03-23. "Article 18: National laws shall not be applied in the Macao Special Administrative Region except for those listed in Annex m to this Law."
^ "Hong Kong banks to conduct personal renminbi business on trial basis". Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 18 November 2003. http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/press/2003/20031118e4.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
^ "Bank of China New York Offers Renminbi Deposits". http://www.bocusa.com/portal/Info?id=652&lang=1&. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
^ "Macao gets green light for RMB services". China Daily. 2004-08-05. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/05/content_359235.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
^ "Regular Press Briefing of the Mainland Affairs Council". Mainland Affairs Council. 5 January 2007. http://www.mac.gov.tw/english/english/macnews/enews/enews960105.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-21. ^{[dead link]}
^ "CBC head urges immediate liberalization of reminbi conversion". Government Information Office, Taiwan. 2006-12-26. http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56017&ctNode=6. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ "Taiwan prepares to allow renminbi exchange". Financial Times. 3 January 2007. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/13eecafa-9acf-11db-bbd2-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
^ "Asian Monetary Cooperation: Perspective of RMB Asianalization".
^ "Widely used in Mongolia". http://chinanewswrap.com/2009/05/07/mongolians-prefer-the-renminbi-to-the-us-dollar.
^ "Hong Kong's first renminbi IPO raises $1.6bn". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/39d32174-6af2-11e0-9744-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1K40sg22y.
^ ^a ^b Yahoo Finance, Dollar extends slide on views of low US rates. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
^ "Public Announcement of the People's Bank of China on Reforming the RMB Exchange Rate Regime". 2005-07-21. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.asp?col=6400&ID=542.
^ "'Critically important' that China move on currency: Geithner. Treasury chief says he shares Congress' ire over dollar peg". 2010-06-10. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/geithner-takes-strong-stand-on-china-currency-2010-06-10?pagenumber=1.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ Phillips, Michael M.; Talley, Ian (2010-06-21). "Global Leaders Welcome China's Yuan Plan". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704365204575316512609162050.html?mod=WSJ_Markets_LeadStory.
^ "World stocks soar after Chinese move on yuan". http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gTL-hG_nDdnmwzgwNuP51AVtVbqQ.
^ Jonathan Wheatley and Peter Garnham, Brazil in 'International Currency War': Finance Minister Financial Times, 28 September 2010
^ "Public Announcement of the People's Bank of China on Enlarging the Floating Band of the RMB Trading Prices against the US Dollar in the Inter-bank Spot Foreign Exchange Market". 2007-05-18. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.asp?col=6400&ID=837.
^ "央行行长周小川在央行上海总部揭牌仪式上的讲话". 2005-08-10. http://www.chinanews.com.cn/news/2005/2005-08-10/26/610367.shtml.
^ David Barboza (2008-04-10). "Yuan Hits Milestone Against Dollar". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/business/worldbusiness/10cnd-yuan.html. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^ Frangos, Alex Don’t Worry About China, Japan Will Finance U.S. Debt The Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2010
^ "Chinese Renminbi Futures". CME Group. http://www.cmegroup.com/rulebook/CME/III/250/270/270.pdf. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ World Bank: World Development Indicators 2006^{[dead link]}
^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009". IMF. 2006-09-14. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=7&sy=2006&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=PPPEX&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-06.

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Kissy Sell Out
Kissy live in Jersey
Background information
Birth name	Thomas Bisdee^[1]
Born	18th June 1984
Origin	UK
Genres	Electro Speed Garage
Occupations	DJ Producer Graphic Designer
Labels	San City High Cheap Thrills Records Lavolta Records Asylum Records Ministry of Sound Australia
Website	myspace.com/kissysellout BBC Radio 1 minisite

Kissy Sell Out, born Thomas Bisdee on 18 June 1984 in Colchester, Essex, England, is an English DJ, producer and graphic designer. Kissy Sell Out gained notability in 2006 for his eccentric electro productions and energetic DJ style.^[2] In 2009 Mixmag described him as "one of the most exciting, charismatic and entertaining DJs of the decade".^[3]

He also heads the independent record label San City High in addition to his DJ work^[4] and he has released two albums "Youth" and the critically acclaimed follow-up "Wild Romance".^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

1 Background
2 Kissy Klub Versions
3 Youth
4 Wild Romance
5 Discography
6 Charity work
7 Support for unsigned artists
8 Awards
9 References
10 External links

Background [link]

From 2007-2012 he hosted a hugely successful BBC Radio 1 show called the "Kissy Klub". The show was regularly referred to on air as the "craziest show in dance music" and turned heads every week with a weekly tracklist that blended classical music, and computer-voiced fictional characters with an exclusive selection of remixes created specifically for the show called "Kissy Klub Versions".

With this radio show Kissy became an influential force in the developing electro scene not just as a producer but as a taste-maker too. Notable players such as Diplo, Felix Da Housecat, Hervé, Uffie & Erol Alkan made regular appearances alongside exclusive tracks Kissy supported which kick-started careers for a long list of breakthrough producers and DJs^[9] ^[10] ^[11] across the globe.^[12]

As Kissy grew more experienced, his live DJ shows began to focus on his ability to mix records of all genres together on four Pioneer CD decks.^[13] A signature trick he developed on his radio show and live tours was to put electro beats over classical pieces of music. This is something which began to attract media attention when was invited to speak at a formal debate at the Cambridge Union against Stephen Fry about the relevance of classical music to the youth of today in May 2011.^[14]

When not working on his own music, much of his time as a music producer is spent mentoring fresh names in dance music through his label San City High and also by judging DJ competitions such as the Red Bull Thre3style UK tour.^[15]

Kissy has often been described by the press as being a staple of the east London electro scene,^[16] and most of his records are produced at San City High Studios in the Shoreditch/Brick Lane area.

Kissy is originally from Colchester in Essex. It was during his adolescent years growing up there that he became obsessed with records by Nirvana, Aphrodite, Swans, Felix Da Housecat and John Martyn,^[17] while dividing the rest of his time between school, DJing at teenage house parties and meeting girls at the local roller-skating rink.^[18] His particular interest is in melodically complex post-modern dance tracks around 128 BPM in tempo.^[19]

Until 2009 the majority of his musical output as a producer was in remixes for other artists but since then he has released two albums "Youth" and the critically acclaimed follow-up "Wild Romance".^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

In July 2007 Kissy Sell Out was signed by BBC Radio 1 to present a monthly installment of a specialist dance music show called In New DJs We Trust.^[24] In October 2008 he permanently took over Eddie Halliwell's Thursday night slot^[25] to host his own weekly show called the "Kissy Klub".^[26] His radio show covers a selection of musical styles and genres with the tracks often seamlessly mixed together. A feature of his radio shows are the Kissy Klub Versions which are unofficial remixes created for the show.

Inspired by early recordings of underground drum'n'bass events in the UK, Kissy used to use an air horn during his DJ sets and in June 2007 was pictured on the front cover of DJ Magazine blasting one into the air.

During his final year studying Graphic Design at Central Saint Martins College Of Art And Design in London, Kissy worked full-time as a design assistant at a high-fashion magazine called POP Magazine.

Kissy Klub Versions [link]

Kissy Klub Versions were unofficial remixes of songs by artists which are played exclusively on Kissy Sell Out's BBC Radio 1 Show.^[27] The idea to remix songs for a radio show is down to the BBC's rules on conflict of interest which restrict the amount of air time producers such as Kissy can fill with their own material. Since Kissy's own re-edits of tracks have been a widely talked about feature of his DJ sets since 2006,^[28] Kissy felt it was important to continue this feature in his radio show and thus the Kissy Klub Version concept was started.

During the show's life-span, very few other DJs ever obtained copies of the near 1000 long list of exclusive remixes. Efforts were made to release a BBC Kissy Klub Versions CD but failed due to the incredibley complex licensing paperwork it would have involved to clear permissions for a large amount of highly established artists who were unfamiliar with the unusual concept.

After the Kissy Klub radio show finished, Kissy himself announced that fans of the show should keep an eye on his Soundcloud page as it would be the new home for his studio DJ mixes and Kissy Klub Versions new and old. ^[29]

[edit] Youth

Kissy's debut album Youth took over a year to make and is inspired by his childhood memories of growing up in Essex, UK.^[30] It contains 11 tracks, three of which are instrumental, as well as covering cheerfully remembered anecdotes of Kissy's "teenage relationships, drinking & social misbehaviour,"^[31] the content of the songs on the album are said to also reflect the hard times Kissy and Danimal Kingdom experienced while writing the album. In a cover feature for iDJ magazine, Kissy talked about the post-adolescent alienation he felt during the recording process^[32] and the relationship problems he and Danimal Kingdom encountered which resulted during the making of the album in a song called "Bethnal Green Café" being penned.^[33]

[edit] Wild Romance

May 2011 saw the release of Kissy's sophomore LP "Wild Romance" on his label San City High. The 12-track album is influenced by the theatrical showmanship of his live four-deck DJ performances and weekly show on BBC Radio 1.^[34]

Whilst including the post-modern motifs of Kissy's high energy arrangements (many of which are played on classical instruments such as cellos, oboes and plucked violas), all the tracks revolve around the more familiar dance music conventions of breakdowns and bassline drops which reference genres such as UK speed garage, electro and drum'n'bass. Online press tipped the twelve-track album as "...retain[ing] the extroverted sound he has become synonymous with, but is overall more confident."^[35]

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

Youth (2009)
Introducing Kissy Sell Out (2010 - North American only release)
Wild Romance (2011)

Singles [link]

Her / Permanent Record (Released 9 May 2007 on San City High Records)^[36]
Her (Released 23 July 2007 on Lavolta Records)^[37]
Rikkalicious Feat. Hervé (Released 20 October 2008 on Cheap Thrills Records)^[38]
This Kiss (Released 1 June 2009 on San City High Records)^[31]
Come On Over (This Could Be Love) Feat. Tinashé (released 8 March 2010 on Island Records/San City High Records)
Garden Friends (released 9 April 2010 on Ministry Of Sound Australia)
Joanna (released 16 August 2010 on San City High Records)
Wild In The Warehouse / Redrinkulous (released 4 April 2011 on San City High Records)^[39]
Homesick Ft. Oh Snap!! (released 2011 on San City High Records)^[40]
Turn It On Ft. MC Cobra (released 2011 on San City High Records) ^[41]

Compilations [link]

Mashed Four: Mixed By Kissy Sell Out and The Aston Shuffle (released 19 April 2008 on Ministry Of Sound Australia)^[42]
Kissy Sell Out's Xmas Blowout: Mixed By Kissy Sell Out (released 1 December 2009 on Mixmag)^[43]

Charity work [link]

In January 2008 Kissy released a four-track EP of bootleg tracks on limited edition CD and digital downloads so he could donate all proceeds to the British Association for Adoption and Fostering [8]. The EP contains a blog-house track called "Get Busy Tropicana" as well as "You're On Fire" which was championed by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 [9].

Kissy also began supporting the Changing Faces charity in 2010 after meeting a severely facially disfigured young girl in a British airport whilst on his way to DJ in Ibiza. In an interview with Thomas H. Green published in Mixmag he talked of how the brief but poignant moment reduced him to tears and made him realise how lucky he was to be a successful DJ.^[44]

Support for unsigned artists [link]

Since Kissy himself claims to owe a lot of his early success to the support he received from DJs such as Simian Mobile Disco, Headman, DJ Touché, The Loose Cannons, Eddy Temple Morris and Tommie Sunshine, Kissy has insisted on championing unsigned artists and new independent producers as much as he can on his radio shows, festival appearances and press interviews.

Some of the fresh faces in music Kissy has shown support for include Ronnie Flex, Foamo, Jo Kira, Metal On Metal, Proxy, 16 Bit, Jack Beats, Last Japan, Norrit, AutoErotique, Bear Cavalry, Kamikaze Cream Cake, Late Of The Pier, MC Cobra, Linda's Nephew, Chew Fu and the Palms Out Sounds blog, Haydn Haydn, Cap'nHarry, Figure, Frankmusik, Thoko, Mr. Vega, Matt Sayers, Dynasty, ETC!ETC!, Black Peter Group, Futuristic Retro Champions, and Andy George and Jaymo who were signed to BBC Radio 1 after Kissy picked them to support him on a BBC Introducing edition of Radio 1's Essential Mix.^[45]

Kissy is curator of a music festival in the French Alps called Tignesfest.

Awards [link]

IDJ Player Of The Year 2007^[46]

References [link]

^ Kissy Sell Out discography at Discogs
^ "Kissy Sell Out Biography". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/innewdjswetrust/biog_kissysellout.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ [1]
^ "Kissy Sell Out - Upcoming Shows". Myspace. http://events.myspace.com/33109964/Events/1.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.metro.co.uk/music/reviews/862671-wild-romances-exuberance-will-raise-a-grin-well-beyond-party-environments.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://newsflash.bigshotmag.com/reviews/music-reviews/15657/.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.reviewgraveyard.com/00_revs/r2011/music/11-05-07_kissysellout-romance.html.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.contactmusic.com/album-review/kissy-sell-out-wild-romance.
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]
^ [5]
^ http://www.djsounds.com/09/03/kissy-sell-out-djsounds-show-2011
^ http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/radio-1-dj-kissy-sell-out-classical-music-is-irrelevant-to-todays-youth-2282561.html
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.redbull.co.uk/cs/Satellite/en_UK/Article/Kissy-Sell-Out-A-Trak-introduce-Red-Bull-Thre3style--021242909572581.
^ Hutchinson, Kate (2007-06-04). "East End's top DJs". Time Out London. Time Out Group Ltd. http://www.timeout.com/london/clubs/features/2974.html. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ "Kissy Sell Out Artist Profile". Annie Mac Presents. http://www.anniemacpresents.com/artists.php?artistID=2. Retrieved 2008-11-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Kissy Sell Out Biography". X-Ray Touring DJ's. http://www.dex-ray.com/kissy_sell_out_dj.php. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ Lawrence, Eddy (2007-07-11). "Interview: Kissy Sell Out". Time Out London. Time Out Group Ltd. http://www.timeout.com/london/music/features/3165.html. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.metro.co.uk/music/reviews/862671-wild-romances-exuberance-will-raise-a-grin-well-beyond-party-environments.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://newsflash.bigshotmag.com/reviews/music-reviews/15657/.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.reviewgraveyard.com/00_revs/r2011/music/11-05-07_kissysellout-romance.html.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". http://www.contactmusic.com/album-review/kissy-sell-out-wild-romance.
^ "Radio 1 refreshes In New DJs We Trust roster". Radio 1 Press Release (BBC). 2007-07-06. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/06/radio1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ "Radio 1 welcomes new talent to revamped evening schedule". Radio 1 Press Release (BBC). 2008-08-14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/07_july/06/radio1.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ [6]
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/kissysellout/
^ http://www.i-dj.co.uk/technique/making-the-perfect-electro-track
^ [7]
^ http://www.myspace.com/kissysellout
^ ^a ^b http://www.ish-media.com/artistdetail.php?artid=187
^ http://c3.ac-images.myspacecdn.com/images02/4/l_aa414631806d45cd8affd054faa52486.jpg
^ http://c2.ac-images.myspacecdn.com/images02/5/l_96dcde5fb499463b917b3ee666245381.jpg
^ http://likehotcakes.net/2011/04/19/hotcakes-meets-kissy-sell-out/
^ http://www.nerdy-frames.org/2011/04/kissy-sell-out-wild-romance-lp-new.html
^ "KISSY SELL OUT : Her". Phonica. http://www.phonicarecords.co.uk/detail.aspx?ID=13017. Retrieved 2008-11-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ Graham, Mhairi (2007-08-03). "Kissy Sell Out – 'Her'". Gigwise. http://www.gigwise.com/article.php?contentid=35758. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ Your Army
^ http://disordermagazine.com/kissy-sell-wild-warehouse-redrinkulous/news/
^ http://www.discogs.com/Kissy-Sell-Out-Homesick/release/3021532
^ http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/turn-it-on-remixes/id461495952
^ "Various: Ministry Of Sound / Mashed 4: 2CD (CD)". Sanity. http://www.sanity.com.au/product/product.asp?sku=2107830. Retrieved 2008-11-11. ^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.discogs.com/Kissy-Sell-Out-Kissy-Sell-Outs-Xmas-Blowout/release/2068918
^ Green, Thomas H. (April 2010), "The Mad Hatter's Free Party!", Mixmag
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/essentialmix/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20080426
^ International DJ Magazine

External links [link]

Kissy Sell Out on Facebook
Kissy Sell Out on Myspace

Kissy Sell Out's DJ Mix Podcast

Persondata
Name	Thomas Bisdee
Alternative names	Kissy Sell Out
Short description	DJ, producer and graphic designer
Date of birth	June 18, 1984
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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[edit] Youth

[edit] Wild Romance