Foreign direct investment (FDI) is direct investment into production in a country by a company located in another country, either by buying a company in the country or by expanding operations of an existing business in the country. Foreign direct investment is done for many reasons including to take advantage of cheaper wages in the country, special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country or the region. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds. ^{[1] [2]}

As a part of the national accounts of a country FDI refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.^[3] It is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.^[4] FDI is one example of international factor movements.

History[link]

The figure below shows net inflows of foreign direct investment in the United States. The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North America, Western Europe and Japan).

US International Direct Investment Flows:^[5]

Types[link]

1. Horizontal FDI arises when a firm duplicates its home country-based activities at the same value chain stage in a host country through FDI.^[6]
2. Platform FDI
3. Vertical FDI takes place when a firm through FDI moves upstream or downstream in different value chains i.e., when firms perform value-adding activities stage by stage in a vertical fashion in a host country.^[7]

Whereas Horizontal FDI decrease international trade as the product of them is usually aimed at host country, the two other types generally act as a stimulus for it.

Methods[link]

The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:

• by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company
• by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
• through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
• participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise...

Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:^{[citation needed]}

• low corporate tax and individual income tax rates
• tax holidays
• other types of tax concessions
• preferential tariffs
• special economic zones
• EPZ – Export Processing Zones
• Bonded Warehouses
• Maquiladoras
• investment financial subsidies
• soft loan or loan guarantees
• free land or land subsidies
• relocation & expatriation
• infrastructure subsidies
• R&D support
• derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)

Global foreign direct investment[link]

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development said that there was no significant growth of Global FDI in 2010. In 2010 was $1,122 billion and in 2009 was $1,114 billion. The figure was 25 percent below the pre-crisis average between 2005 & 2007.^[8]

Foreign direct investment in the United States[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The United States is the world’s largest recipient of FDI. U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010. 84% of FDI in the U.S. in 2010 came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.^[9] The $2.1 trillion stock of FDI in the United States at the end of 2008 is the equivalent of approximately 16 percent of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP).

Benefits of FDI in America: In the last 6 years, over 4000 new projects and 630,000 new jobs have been created by foreign companies, resulting in close to $314 billion in investment.^{[citation needed]} US affiliates of foreign companies have a history of paying higher wages than US corporations.^{[citation needed]} Foreign companies have in the past supported an annual US payroll of $364 billion with an average annual compensation of $68,000 per employee.^{[citation needed]}

Increased US exports through the use of multinational distribution networks. FDI has resulted in 30% of jobs for Americans in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 12% of all manufacturing jobs in the US.

Affiliates of foreign corporations spent more than $34 billion on research and development in 2006 and continue to support many national projects. Inward FDI has led to higher productivity through increased capital, which in turn has led to high living standards.^{[10][dead link]}

Foreign direct investment in China[link]

FDI in China, also known as RFDI (Renminbi foreign direct investment), has increased considerably in the last decade reaching $185 billion in 2010.^[11] China is the second largest recipient of FDI globally. FDI into China fell by over one-third in 2009 due the Global Financial Crisis (global macroeconomic factors) but rebounded in 2010.^[12]

Foreign direct investment in India[link]

Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990, a recent UNCTAD survey projected India as the second most important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 2010–2012. As per the data, the sectors which attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and hardware. Mauritius, Singapore, the US and the UK were among the leading sources of FDI. According to Ernst and Young, foreign direct investment in India in 2010 was $44.8 billion, and in 2011 experienced an increase of 25% to $50.8 billion ^[13].India has seen an eight fold increase in its FDI in March 2012.^[14]

The world’s largest retailer WalMart has termed India’s decision to allow 51% FDI in multi-brand retail as a “first important step” and said it will study the finer details of the new policy to determine the impact on its ability to do business in India.However this decision of the government is currently under suspension due to opposition from multiple political quarters.

Foreign direct investment and the developing world[link]

FDI provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds,investment in addition to an increase in the transfer of skills, technology, and job opportunities.^{[citation needed]} Many of the Four Asian Tigers benefited from investment abroad.^{[citation needed]} A recent meta-analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment on local firms in developing and transition countries suggest that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth.^[15] The Commitment to Development Index ranks the "development-friendliness" of rich country investment policies.

See also[link]

• List of countries by received FDI

References[link]

External links[link]

• UNCTAD – Division on Investment and Enterprise
• UNCTAD – FDI Statistics
• Investment Map : database provided by the UN/WTO agency "International Trade Centre" (ITC)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012)

Kaushik Basu (born 9 January 1952) is an Indian economist who is currently the Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India^[1] and is also the C. Marks Professor of International Studies and Professor of Economics and, till recently, he was Chairman of the Department of Economics and Director, Center for Analytic Economics at Cornell University.

Early life[link]

Kaushik Basu was born in Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, and schooled at St. Xavier's Collegiate School, Kolkata. In an autobiographical essay he noted that finishing school in 1969 he was caught in a dilemma. His father wanted him to study physics. But those were revolutionary times and he wanted to study nothing. They settled on economics as a half-way house between physics and nothing. In 1969 he moved to Delhi to do his undergraduate studies in Economics (Honors), with Mathematics as subsidiary, from St. Stephen's College. He then went on to the London School of Economics, to do his M.Sc in Economics completing it in 1974. Post his Master's, Basu was supposed to move to England to study law and take over his father's legal practice. But he had fallen in love with the concept of logic and deductive reasoning and came under the spell of Amartya Sen in his early days.^[2] He stayed on at the London School for his PhD, from 1974 to 1976.^[3] He did his PhD on choice theory under the chairmanship of Amartya Sen.

Personal Life and Beliefs[link]

Kaushik Basu is married to Alaka Malwade Basu with two children,Karna and Diksha. Alaka is a professor at the Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University and a visiting professor at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Her areas of specialization include Population Studies, Reproductive Health and Family Planning, Gender and Development, Child Health and Mortality, Culture and Demographic Behavior.

Kaushik Basu believes strongly that good moral qualities are essential for growth and development within the economy. Honesty, trustworthiness and integrity are important qualities that need to be inculcated in an individual for personal development as well as within the society for development. Basu also feels the need to promote quality thinking in government and public debate.^[4] In his paper, 'Why, for a class of Bribes, the act of Giving Bribes should be treated as Legal", Basu refers to certain bribes as 'Harassment Bribes' that are given to get what a person is legally entitled to such as a ration card or a passport. In such cases, only the act of taking a bribe should be illegal. This will cause a divergence in the interests of the bribe giver and taker and will be willing to cooperate to help the bribe taker get caught. This view has been under a lot of public debate. ^[5]

Basu describes himself as left-leaning and owes his intellectual awakening to Bertrand Russel. His greatest icon is David Hume.^[6]

Career[link]

On completing his PhD from London, Basu lectured briefly at Reading University, and returned to India in 1977, to be Reader in Economics and, later, Professor of Economics at the Delhi School of Economics. Over the years Basu has held visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), CORE (Louvain-la-Neuve) and the London School of Economics (where he was Distinguished Visitor in 1993); he has been Visiting Professor at MIT, Harvard and Princeton; and Visiting Scientist at the Indian Statistical Institute. He is currently Chief Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. He is on leave from Cornell University where he is Professor of Economics and the C. Marks Professor of International Studies. A Fellow of the Econometric Society and recipient of the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal, Basu has published scientific papers in development economics, game theory, industrial organization, political economy and the economics of child labor,^[7] and crafted the traveler's dilemma.^[8]

More recently, he has worked on aggregating infinite streams of returns, and the axiomatic structures, pertaining to inter-generational anonymity and different forms of the Pareto principle, that such aggregations can satisfy.

In 1992 he founded the Centre for Development Economics (CDE) at the Delhi School of Economics, Delhi, and was the Centre's first Executive Director till 1996.^[9]

He is a columnist for BBC News Online, Hindustan Times, Business Standard and is the author of several books on economics and a play, Crossings at Benaras Junction, which was published in The Little Magazine (vol. 6, 2005). He is the editor of the Oxford Companion to Economics in India, published by Oxford University Press (February, 2007), which is a compendium on the Indian economy. His new book, Beyond the Invisible Hand: Groundwork for a New Economics, was published in 2011 by Princeton University Press and Penguin, India, and is to be published shortly in translation in Italian, Chinese and Spanish.He also advises the Income Tax Department in its working and accompanies the Finance Minister to many seminars and conferences on tax related issues.

Kaushik Basu is also the president of the Human Development and capabilities association founded by Amartya Sen which promotes high quality research in areas of human development and capability. He is the Editor of Social Choice and Welfare, Associate Editor of Japanese Economic Review and is on the Board of Editors of the 'World Bank Economic Review.

Kaushik Basu is the motivation behind Arthapedia, an online portal that provide explanations to the concapts used in the Indian Policy domain to assist its understanding among citizens.^[10]

He is also the creator of the two-player board game Dui-doku.

Awards and Honors[link]

• CORE Fellow, 1981-82
• The National Mahalanobis Memorial Medal, 1989
• UGC-Prabhavananda Award for Economics, 1990
• Fellow of the Econometric Society, 1991-Present
• Padma Bhushan, Government of India, 2008^[11]
• D.Litt. (Honoris Causa) for “Outstanding Contribution to the Field of Economics”, University of Lucknow, 2010.
• Elected President-Elect of the Human Development and Capabilities Association.^[12]

Books[link]

• Revealed Preference of Government, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
• The Less Developed Economy: A Critique of Contemporary Theory, Basil Blackwell, 1984.
• Agrarian Structure and Economic Development, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990. This book is part of the series Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics edited by J. Lesourne and H. Sonnenschein.
• Economic Graffiti: Essays for Everyone. Oxford University Press.  1991
• Lectures in Industrial Organization Theory. Blackwell Publishers.  1992
• (editor, with Pulin Nayak) Development Policy and Economic Theory, Oxford University Press, 1992.
• (editor, with Mukul Majumdar and Tapan Mitra) Capital, Investment and Development, Basil Blackwell, 1993.
• (editor) Agrarian Questions, Oxford University Press, 1994.
• (editor, with Prasanta Pattanaik and Kotaro Suzumura) Development, Welfare and Ethics, Clarendon Press, 1995.
• Of People, Of Places: Sketches from an Economist's Notebook. Oxford University Press.  1994.
• (editor, with Sanjay Subrahmanyam) Unravelling the Nation: Sectarian Conflict and India's Secular Identity, Penguin paperback, New Delhi, 1996.
• Analytical Development Economics, The MIT Press, 1997, ISBN 0-262-02423-3.
• Prelude to Political Economy: A Study of the Social and Political Foundations of Economics. Oxford University Press.  2000.
• (editor) Readings in Political Economy, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
• (editor, with Henrik Horn, Lisa Roman and Judith Shapiro) International Labor Standards, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
• (editor) India's Emerging Economy: Performance and Prospects in the 1990s and Beyond, The MIT Press, 2004, ISBN 0-262-02556-6.
• Collected Papers In Theoretical Economics, Volume 1: Development, Markets, And Institutions. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-566761-1. 
• Collected Papers In Theoretical Economics, Volume 2: Rationality, Games And Strategic Behaviour. Oxford University Press.  2005.
• (editor) Oxford Companion to Economics in India, Oxford University Press, forthcoming.
• An Economist's Miscellany, Oxford University Press, 2011

Research Papers[link]

• Isolate and Proximate Illiteracy, with James E. Foster and S. Subramaniam, Economic and Political Weekly, 2000
• India and the Global Economy, Economic and Political Weekly, 2001
• Is Literacy Shared Within Households? Theory and Evidence from Bangladesh, with Ambar Narayan and Martin Ravillion, 2001
• Stratergy for Economic Reform in West Bengal, with Abhijit Banerjee, Pranab Bardhan, Mrinal Dutta Chaudhuri, Maitreesh Ghatak and Ashok Sanjar Guha, Economic and Political Weekly, 2002
• The Collective Model of the Household and an Unexpected Implication for Child Labor Hypothesis and an Empirical Test, with Ranjan Ray, 2002
• EMS and Partyless Panchayats, with Abhijit Banerjee, Pranab Bardhan, Mrinal Dutta Chaudhuri, Maitreesh Ghatak and Ashok Sanjar Guha, Economic and Political Weekly, 2003
• Contract Farming, with Abhijit Banerjee, Pranab Bardhan, Mrinal Dutta Chaudhuri, Maitreesh Ghatak and Ashok Sanjar Guha, Economic and Political Weekly, 2003
• New Empirical Development Economics, Economic and Political Weekly, 2005
• Beyond Nandigram: Industialisation in West Bengal, with Abhijit Banerjee, Pranab Bardhan, Mrinal Dutta Chaudhuri, Maitreesh Ghatak and others, Economic and Political Weekly, 2007
• Practicality in Economics, Economic and Political Weekly, 2007
• India's Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Policymaking in a Globalised World, Economic and Political Weekly, 2008
• China and India: Idiosyncratic Paths to High Growth, Economic and Political Weekly, 2009
• The Economics of Foodgrain Management in India , 2010
• India's Foodgrain Policy: An Economic Theory Perspective, Economic and Political Weekly, 2011
• Understanding Inflation and Controlling it, Economic and Political Weekly, 2011
• Why, for a Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe should be Treated as Legal, Economic and Political Weekly, 2011^[13]
• The evolving dynamics of global economic power in the postcrisis world: Revelations from a new Index of Government Economic Power, with Kaushik Basu, Supriyo De, Rangeet Ghosh and Shweta^[14]
• Strategic Theory for Central Banking: How to Influence Exchange Rates without Affecting Reserves, 2011^[15]

References[link]

External reference[link]

• Kaushik Basu - Biography
• [2] Kaushik Basu's personal page: (now defunct link)
• [3] Kaushik Basu's articles at BBC world
• [4] - Globalization and Babool Gum

Sushma Swaraj
Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)
Incumbent
Assumed office 18 December 2009
Preceded by	Lal Krishna Advani
Constituency	Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh)
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 30 September 2000 – 29 January 2003
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chief Minister of Delhi
In office 13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998
Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications
In office 19 March 1998 – 12 October 1998
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Haryana State Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies
In office 1987–1990
Haryana State Minister of Labour and Employment
In office 1977–1979
Personal details
Born	(1952-02-14) 14 February 1952 (age 60) Palwal, Haryana
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)	Swaraj Kaushal
Residence	New Delhi
Alma mater	Punjab University, Chandigarh
Profession	Lawyer
Military service
Awards	Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2004 and 2010

Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.

Early life[link]

She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.^[1]

She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.

Political career[link]

Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.

In 1980, 1984, and 1989, she unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha elections from Karnal in Haryana. All three times, she was defeated by the Congress Party's Chiranji Lal Sharma.

She was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha in 1990. In 1996, she was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi. She was Union Cabinet Minister of Information and Broadcasting in 1996, during the 13-day Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government.

She was re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha for a 2nd term in 1998. Under the second Vajpayee government, she retained the Information and Broadcasting ministry and had additional charge of the Ministry of Telecommunications from 19 March to 12 October 1998.

She left the Union Cabinet from October – December 1998 to serve as the first woman Chief Minister of Delhi. The BJP lost the assembly elections, and she returned to national politics.

In 1999, she took on a high profile as she contested against the Congress party's President, Sonia Gandhi, from the Bellary constituency in Karnatka, which had returned Congress winners since India's independence. The fervent, high-pitched campaign came to an end with the expected loss of Sushma.

She returned to Parliament in April 2000 as a Rajya Sabha member from Uttarakhand.^[2] She was re-inducted into the cabinet as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting, which she held from September 2000 until January 2003. At that time, she was made the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, and also held the post of Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. She held these posts from January 2003 until May 2004, when the National Democratic Alliance government lost elections.

In a heavily publicized and emotionally charged episode following the elections, Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head, don a white saree and eat groundnuts (symbolically mourning) if Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born Congress leader, became Prime Minister of India.

She was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2006 from Madhya Pradesh. She served as the deputy leader of BJP in Rajya Sabha. Speculation ran high that Sushma Swaraj was one of the top contenders to be President of the BJP, following Advani's resignation from that role in late 2005. Rajnath Singh ultimately was elected to that post.

She won the 2009 election to the 15th Lok Sabha from the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, on a BJP candidacy, by a highest margin of 4.01 lakh votes. This is her 10th election.

She has been awarded by Outstanding Parliamentarian Award twice.

Leader of the opposition[link]

Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009 in the 15th Lok Sabha,^[3]

Personal life[link]

She married Swaraj Kaushal Madahar on 13 July 1975 and has a daughter.

Positions held[link]

• 1977–82 and 1987–90 Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.^[1]
• 1977–79 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• 1987–90 Cabinet Minister, Education, Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• April 1990 Elected to Rajya Sabha
• 1996 Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha
• 16 May-1 June 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting.^[1]
• 1998 Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (2nd term)
• 19 March-12 Oct.1998 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications (Additional charge)
• 13 Oct.-3 Dec. 1998 Chief Minister, Delhi
• April 2000 Elected to Rajya Sabha (2nd term)^[4]
• 30 Sept. 2000–29 Jan. 2003 Minister of Information and Broadcasting
• 29 Jan. 2003 – 22 May 2004 Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
• April 2006 Re-elected to Rajya Sabha (3rd term)^[5]
• 16 May 2009 Elected to the 15th Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 3 June 2009 Elected as Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 18 Dec 2009 Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009.

External links[link]

• Official website of BJP

References[link]

Subodh Gupta (born in 1964) is an artist based in New Delhi. He was born in Khagaul, land famous for ancient mathematician Aryabhatta in Patna. He studied at the College of Art, Patna in 1983–1988, before moving to New Delhi where he currently lives and works. Trained as a painter, he went on to experiment with a variety of media. His work encompasses sculpture, installation, painting, photography, performance and video. He is married to artist Bharti Kher.

Work[link]

Subodh Gupta is best known for incorporating everyday objects that are ubiquitous throughout India, such as the steel tiffin boxes used by millions to carry their lunch as well as thali pans, bicycles, and milk pails. From such ordinary items the artist produces sculptures that reflect on the economic transformation of his homeland and which relate to Gupta's own life and memories. As Gupta says: 'All these things were part of the way I grew up. They are used in the rituals and ceremonies that were part of my childhood. Indians either remember them from their youth, or they want to remember them.'^[1] And: 'I am the idol thief. I steal from the drama of Hindu life. And from the kitchen - these pots, they are like stolen gods, smuggled out of the country. Hindu kitchens are as important as prayer rooms.'^[2]

Gupta transforms the icons of Indian everyday life into artworks that are readable globally. He is among a generation of young Indian artists whose commentary tells of a country on the move, fuelled by boiling economic growth and a more materialistic mindset. Gupta's strategy of appropriating everyday objects and turning them into artworks that dissolve their former meaning and function brings him close to artists like Duchamp; The Guardian called him 'the Damien Hirst of Delhi.'^[3] He succeeds in finding an art language that references India and at the same time can be appreciated for its aesthetic throughout world; as Gupta says: 'Art language is the same all over the world. Which allows me to be anywhere.'^[4]

One of his recent major works, consisting of Indian cooking utensils, is 'Line of Control' (2008), a colossal mushroom cloud constructed entirely of pots and pans. The work was shown in the Tate Triennial at Tate Britain in 2009.

Painting is also an important part of Subodh Gupta's art practice. His series 'Still Steal Steel' consists of photorealistic paintings of kitchen utensils falling and moving in space. In his early paintings, Gupta used another element of Indian every day life, cow dung. This is used in India for building houses and as fuel for cooking fires. Moreover, it is a cleaning agent. The idea that cow dung is inherently clean is ingrained in rural India. There, it is a purifying element, both ritual and symbolic. In his video 'Pure' (2000, 9 min.), Gupta takes the detergent concept literally and has filmed himself taking a shower, to free himself of the thick layer of dung that covers his body.

An earlier series of paintings is 'Saat Samunder Paar'. Baggages, migration and the "return home" have been enduring concerns of Subodh Gupta. It is a theme that crystallised in works such as 'Across the Seven Seas' (2006) where he uses baggage trolleys of modern airports to allude to the grim historical reality of migration from India, especially from his home state of Bihar.

In works that Subodh Gupta presented at Hauser & Wirth in October 2009, the artist moved away from composite sculptures toward objects that possess an auratic quality. Ready-made commodities experience transformations in scale and material. Relations to European art history were now to be found. Among the new works is a three-dimensional reworking in bronze of Duchamp's mustachioed Mona Lisa 'L.H.O.O.Q.' (1919).

His oil on canvas painting 'Saat Samundar Paar' went under the hammer for Rs 3.4 crores in the Saffronart autumn online auction.^[5] In 2008, he along with several other artists raised 3.93 crores for Bihar flood victims.^[6]

In 2010, Gupta designed the stage set for the ballet CREATION 2010 by Angelin Preljocaj, the French choreographer. The ballet was produced by the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and the Ballet Preljocaj.

Recent solo exhibitions include 2011's ' Et Tu, Duchamp', at the KÖR am Kunsthalle in Vienna and ' A glass of water' at Hauser & Wirth, New York.

Subodh Gupta is represented by Hauser & Wirth.

Selected solo exhibitions[link]

2011

• A glass of water, Hauser & Wirth, New York NY
• Sara Hildén Art Museum, Tampere, Finland

2010

• Faith Matters, PinchukArtCentre, Kiev, Ukraine
• Take off your shoes and wash your hands, Tramway, Glasgow, UK
• Arario Gallery, Cheonan, Korea
• Arario Gallery, Seoul, Korea
• Et tu, Duchamp, KÖR Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Kunsthalle Wien project space, Vienna, Austria
• Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India
• Hauser & Wirth, Zurich, Switzerland

2009

• Common Man, Hauser & Wirth, London, UK
• Line of Control, The Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia

2008

• Still Steal Steel, Jack Shainman Gallery, New York City, USA
• There is always Cinema, Galleria Continua, San Gimignano, Italy
• Line of Control, Arario Beijing, China

2007

• Start.Stop, Bodhi Art Gallery, Bombay
• Silk Route, Baltic Art Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
• Idol Thief, IN SITU - Fabienne Leclerc, Paris, France

2006

• Hungry God, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi
• Artes Mundi Prize, Cardiff National Museum, UK

2005

• Jootha, IN SITU - Fabienne Leclerc, Paris, France
• I go home every single day, Jack Shainman Gallery, New York NY, USA
• Jootha, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, India

2004

• I go home every single day, The Showroom Gallery, London, UK

'2003

• Saat Samunder Paar, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India
• This side is the other side, Art & Public, Geneva, Switzerland

2000

• Recent Works, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

1999

• Recent Works, Gallery Foundation for Indian Art, Amsterdam, Netherlands

1997

• Bose Pacia Modern, New York NY, USA
• The Way Home, Gallery Chemould, Mumbai, India

1996

• Grey Zones, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, India

Selected group exhibitions[link]

2011

• Beijing Online Inlive. 10 Hands 100 Fingers, Beijing, China
• Camulodunum, Firstsite, Colchester, England
• One, Another, FLAG Art Foundation, New York NY
• Home Spun, Devi Art Foundation, New Delhi, India
• Artzuid 2011, Avenues of Berlage's Plan-Zuid, Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Indian Highway V, MAXXI Museo Nazionale delle Arti del XXI Secolo, Rome, Italy (Travelling Exhibition)
• Eating Art: From Goya to Ferran Adrià, La Peddrera, CatalunyaCaixa, Barcelona, Spain
• In Praise of Doubt, Punta della Dogana, François Pinault Foundation, Venice, Italy
• Paris-Delhi-Bombay, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
• Indian Highway IV, Lyon Museum of Contemporary Art, Lyon, France (Travelling Exhibition)
• Time Unfolded, Kiran Nadar Museum of Contemporary Art, New Delhi, India

2010

• Hareng Sauer: Ensor and Contemporary Art, S.M.A.K - Stedelijk Museum voor Actueke Kunst, Ghent, Belgium
• REM(A)INDERS, Galleria Continua, Beijiing, China
• Da Sopra, Castello Svevo di Bari, Bari, Italy
• C'est La Vie. Vanities from Caravaggio to Damien Hirst, Fondation Dina Vierny, Paris, France
• The Empire Strikes Back: Indian Art Today, The Saatchi Gallery, London, England
• Contemplating the Void, Guggenheim Museum, New York NY

2009

• The Sixth Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art, Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Australia
• Altermodern. Tate Triennial 2009, Tate Britain, London, UK
• Un certain État du Monde?, The Garage Centre for Contemporary Culture in Moscow, Russia
• The 4th Fukuoka Asian Art Triennial, Fukuoka Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
• Chalo! India: A New Era of Indian Art, Essl Museum, Klosterneuburg, Austria (Travelling Exhibition)
• Indian Highway, Astrup Fearnley Museum, Oslo, Norway (Travelling Exhibition)
• Chalo! India: A New Era of Indian Art, National Museum of Contemporary Art, Seoul, Korea (Travelling Exhibition)

2008

• Lustwarande 08 - Wanderland. 3rd Edition Lustwarande, Park de Oude Warande & Museum De Pont, Tilburg, Netherlands
• Re-imagining Asia. A Thousand Years of Separation, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany (Travelling Exhibition)
• Distant Nearness, The Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art at Johnson Community College, Kansas City KS
• Aurum. Gold in der zeitgenössischen Kunst, Centre PasquArt, Biel, Switzerland
• Martian Museum of Terrestrial Art, Barbican Art Gallery, London, England
• Heavy Metal: The Inexplicable Lightness of a Material, Kunsthalle zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
• India Moderna, Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
• God & Goods – Spirituality and Mass Confusion, Villa Manin, Udine, Italy
• Indian Focus. Artistes Indiens Contemporains dans la Collection de Claude Berri, Espace Claude Berri, Paris, France
• Chalo! India: A new Era of Indian Art, Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan (Travelling Exhibition)
• Indian Highway, Serpentine Gallery, London, England (Travelling Exhibition)
• Where in the World, Devi Art Foundation, New Delhi, India

2007

• Sequence 1. Painting & Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection, Palazzo Grassi, Venice, Italy
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, India (Travelling Exhibition)
• New Delhi – New Wave, Primo Marella Gallery, Milan, Italy
• India: Public Places / Private Spaces, The Newark Museum, Newark NJ, USA

2006

• Hungry God, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada
• Sequence 1. Painting and Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection, Venice, Italy
• Altered, Stiched & Gathered, P.S.1 MoMA, New York NY, USA
• Venice – Istanbul, Istanbul Modern, Istanbul, Turkey
• Taipei Biennial 2006, China
• Lille 3000, Lille, France
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, Montalvo Arts Center, Saratoga CA, USA (Travelling Exhibition)
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley CA, USA (Travelling Exhibition

2005

• Edge of Desire: Recent Art in India, Queens Museum of Modern Art, Queens NY (Travelling Exhibition)
• Edge of Desire: Recent Art in India, The Asia Society, New York NY (Travelling Exhibition)
• 51st Venice Biennale, Italy
• Weightless Space, The Herzliya Museum Of Contemporary Art, Israel
• The Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Dialectics of Hope, Russia
• Universal Experience: Art, Life and the Tourist's Eye, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago IL, USA (Travelling Exhibition)
• Universal Experience: Art, Life and the Tourist's Eye, Hayward Gallery, London, England (Travelling Exhibition)

2004

• Indian Video Art: History in Motion, Fukuopka Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, The Art Gallery Of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
• Vanitas Vanitatum, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, India

2003

• 8. Biennale Havanna, Cuba
• Body. City. Citing Contemporary Culture in India, House of World Cultures, Berlin, Germany
• The Tree from the Seed, Contemporary Art from India, Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Høvikodden, Norway

2002

• Creative Space, Sakshi Gallery at Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
• Self: Contemporary Indian Video Art, IMA - Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia
• Inaugural Show, Palais de Toyko, Paris, France
• Kapital & Karma, Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria
• Photosphere, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

2001

• Post Production (Sampling, Programming & Displaying), Galleria Continua, San Gimignano, Italy
• Context as Content – Museum as Metaphor – Museum of Fine Art, Museum of Fine Art, Chandigarh, India (Travelling Exhibition)
• Context as Content / Museum as Metaphor, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India (Travelling Exhibition)

2000

• Vilas, Birla Academy, Mumbai, India
• Kwangju Biennial, Korea
• Invisible Boundary: Metamorphosed Asian Art, Utsunomiya Museum of Art, Japan

1999

• Fukuoka Asian Art Triennial, Fukuoka, Japan
• Of, based on, or obtained, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

1998

• New Millenum, New Media, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, India

1997

• UNESCO-ASHBERG Bursaries for Artists hosted by InIVA, Gaswork Studios, London, England
• Points of Contact, Shirley Fiterman Gallery, New York NY, USA
• Khoj International Artists Exhibition, British Council, New Delhi, India

1996

• Indo-Cuban Exhibition of Contemporary Art, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi, India

1995

• Nessuno Tocchi Caino (Hands off Cain,), La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy

Selected works[link]

• Et tu, Duchamp?, black bronze, 114 x 88 x 59 cm, 2009
• Jeff the Koons, aluminium, painted, 2009
• Aam Aadmi, painted bronze mangoes, 2009
• Wall, fibreglass cast of tree and wall, 2009
• Spooning, 2 cast spoons, stainless steel, 34 x 275 x 52 cm, 2009
• Line of Control, stainless steel utensils, 10 x 10 x 10 m, 2008
• Date by Date, installation, 2008
• Mind shut down, skull of stainless steel utensils and old utensils, 240 x 150 x 205 cm, 2008
• Still Steal Steel #9, oil and enamel on canvas, 198 x 364 cm, 2008
• Still Steal Steel #8, oil and enamel on canvas, 198 x 364 cm, 2008
• School, 45 brass cast stools and stainless steel utensils, installation, 2008
• Gandhi's Three Monkeys, bronze, old utensils, steel, three heads, one with terrorist mask, one with military helmet, one with gas mask, 2007–2008
• Faith matters, sushibelt with cooking utensils, 2007–2008
• U.F.O., brass and stainless steel utensils, 2007
• 1 kg War, 1 kg gold, 24 carat, 2007
• Potato Eaters, bronze potatoes, plastic bag, 45 x 35 x 15 cm, 2007
• Bhandarghar, Indian pots, metal, ropes, 2007
• Leap of Faith, stainless steel buckets, 700 x 180 x 180 cm, 2006
• Cheap Rice, life size rickshaw, brass utensils, metal, 170 x 120 x 280 cm, 2006
• Very Hungry God, skull of stainless steel utensils, 2006
• Across Seven Seas, conveyor belt with luggage cast in bronze and aluminium, 2006
• Curry, stainless steel utensils, 5 cabinets, 360 x 270 x 330 cm each cabinet, 2006
• Cow, lifesize aluminium and bronze cast from bicycle and milk pails, 2005
• Everything is Inside, taxi roof, luggage cast in bronze, 162 x 276 x 104 cm, 2004
• Doot, lifesize aluminium cast of an Ambassador car, 2003
• Saat Samunder Paar VII, oil on canvas, 167 x 228 cm, 2003
• Bihari, cow dung, acrylic, sequence light on handmade paper, 109 x 76 cm, 1999
• How to spell cow in Hindi (III), oil, acrylic, cowdung on canvas, 225 x 153 cm, 1999

Selected films and performances[link]

• Still Life Juggler, film on DVD, 1:50', 2008
• All Things are Inside, film on DVD, 4:30', 2007
• Haasil, appeared in his friend Tigmanshu Dhulia's film, 2003
• Pure (I), performance at Khoj workshop, Modi Nagar, India, 1999
• Pure, video on DVD, 9', 1999

See also[link]

• Gallery Nature Morte's Subodh Gupta page for biography, curriculum vitae and images.
• hauserwirth.com^[7]

Biography, bibliography, images and press - Subodh Gupta

• artfacts.net^[8]

Additional information and images – Subodh Gupta

• artnet.com^[9]

Various other resources and images – Subodh Gupta

• artists-org^[10]

Modern and contemporary artists and art – Subodh Gupta

• artpublic.ch^[11]

Raised in the northern province of Bihar (India's poorest and most violent) Subodh Gupta spent his formative years traveling with a Hindi language theatre group, working as a set designer and fabricator as well as an actor.

• bbc.co.uk^[12]

In her exhibition entitled Around and Around 1000 Times, Schandra Singh presents large-scale paintings that address the issue of escapism as a means of coping with suffering.

• paletteartgallery.com^[13]

Subodh Gupta was born in Khagaul, Bihar. He did his BFA (Painting) from the College of Art Patna. He has had several solo shows including one at Bose Pacia Modern, New York in 1997.

• jackshainman.com^[14]

American Gallery representing Subodh Gupta – additional images and information on past and current exhibitions

• universes-in-universe.de^[15]

• The installation refers to Indian workers in the Gulf States. On their way home after months of slaving away and living in the closest of quarters, they proudly carry their acquisitions with them in such cartons (never in suitcases).

• saatchigallery.com^[16]

Whilst the skull on everyone's lips of late has been Damien Hirst's diamond-encrusted 'For the Love of God', the skull exciting many people at the Venice Biennale is by Indian artist Subodh Gupta. 'Very Hungry God', an enormous skull made out of stainless steel utensils, was first exhibited in Paris in 2006 and is now in the collection of François Pinault. 'Very Hungry God' is currently on view by the Grand Canal outside Pinault's Palazzo Grassi in Venice. Subdoh explains here the background to this work.

• manchesterinternationalfestival.com^[17]

Subodh Gupta is one of India's most prolific artists and has participated in numerous highly-acclaimed international exhibitions. Gupta works in a wide range of mediums from sculpture and painting to installation, photography, video and performance.

• asianart.com^[18]

New Perspectives From India – images of work by contemporary Indian artists, including work of Subodh Gupta

• artsmundi.org^[19]

Subodh Gupta works in a wide range of mediums from sculpture and painting to installation, photography, video and performance. He elevates the status of found objects from everyday items to artworks; using the products of rural India such as cow dung, milk buckets, kitchen utensils, scooters, guns and gulal powder as his materials.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Subodh Gupta at Hauser & Wirth
• Subodh Gupta at Gallery Nature Morte
• Subodh Gupta Solo review at Arario on The Arts Trust Online Magazine
• Subodh Gupta on ArtNet.com
• More information and images from the Saatchi Gallery
• Further images and biography from Jack Shainman
• Galleria Continua

Subramanian Swamy (born 15 September 1939 in Chennai, India sometimes spelt Subramaniam Swamy) is an Indian politician, academician and an economist.^[1] He is the President of the Janata Party of India. He also presently serves as chairman^[2] of the SCMS Board of Governors of the SCMS Group of Educational Institutions in Kerala.

Swamy has previously served as member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of India. He has written extensively on foreign affairs dealing largely with India-China, India-Pakistan and Indo-Israel relation and is also a published author.

In November 1978, Swamy was member of the Group of Eminent persons called to Geneva to prepare a report of the United Nations (UNCTAD) on Economic Co-operation between Developing countries (ECDC).Swamy simplified trade procedures and formulated a new export strategy which became the forerunner of trade reform adopted subsequently. In 1994, Swamy was appointed as Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade by then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. This was perhaps for the first time that an Opposition Party member was given a Cabinet rank post by the ruling party.

He is also known for his anti corruption activism.

Early life and education[link]

Subramanian Swamy was born in Mylapore, Chennai, India. His father Sitaram Subramanian^[3] is from Madurai, Tamil Nadu who was an Indian Statistical Service officer^[4] and retired as Director of the Central Statistical Institute.^[5][6] His mother Padmavati Subramanian^[4] belongs to Kerala Iyer family from Trichur, Kerala.

He attended Hindu College, University of Delhi, from where he earned his Bachelor Honours degree in Mathematics.^[5] He studied for his Masters degree in Statistics at the Indian Statistical Institute.^[5] He then went to study at Harvard University on a full Rockefeller scholarship.^[5] He received a Ph.D. in Economics in 1965. His thesis adviser was Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets.^[7]

For some time, while completing his dissertation in 1963, he worked at the United Nations Secretariat in New York as an Assistant Economics Affairs Officer. He subsequently worked as a resident tutor at Lowell House at Harvard university.

Academic career[link]

Professorships[link]

In 1964, Swamy joined the faculty of economics at Harvard and since then has taught in the Department of Economics.^[8] He began as an assistant professor in July 1966^[5][9] and in 1969 became an associate professor.^[10] When he was Associate Professor at Harvard University, he was invited by Noble Laureate Amartya Sen^[3] for reader’s chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics.^[4] He accepted the offer and came back. However, when he arrived for the position at DSE, his appointment was cancelled due to his views on the nuclear capabilities for India and market friendly attitude.^[3] Thereafter, he moved to the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and alongside to his teaching duties, he took special interest in talking to the hostel students. From 1969 to 1991, he was a Professor^[9] of mathematical economics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.^[11] He was removed from the position by its board of Governors in the early 1970s but was legally reinstated in the late 1990s by the Supreme Court of India. He continued in the position until 1991 when he resigned to become a cabinet minister. He served on the Board of Governors of the IIT, Delhi (1977–80), and on the Council of IITs (1980–82).

He taught economics courses in summer session at Harvard ^[12] until 2011. In December 2011, the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences removed his course from the Harvard Summer School course offerings in response to a controversial article he wrote, effectively ceasing his employment at Harvard.^[13]

Political career[link]

Early politics[link]

Swamy's career started with his involvement in Jayaprakash Narayan's Sarvodaya movement, which was an apolitical movement but which formed the foundation of the creation of Janta Party later.^[14]. The real turn in his political career came after his sacking from IIT. Liberal economic policies put forward by him didn't go well with the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who discredited him as 'Santa Claus with unrealistic ideas'. As a result he was expelled from Indian Institute of Technology. This marked the beginning of his active political career. Staunch opponent of Indira Gandhi and right wing political party Jansangh sent him to Rajya Sabha - the upper house of Indian Parliament.^[3]

He was elected Member of Parliament 5 times between 1974 and 1999. He has twice represented the city of Mumbai North East during 1977 and 1980, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the Parliament.^[3]

During the period of emergency, he fled to America, seeking save haven with a Indian businessman in Michigan who had become the spokesperson of opposition in the US. In 1976 when emergency was still in force and an arrest warrant issued in his name, he came to parliament to attend the session and managed to escape India after attending the session. This act made him a hero in the eyes of opposition parties.

He was one of the founding members of the Janata Party and has been its president since 1990.^[3]

Minister of Commerce and Law of India[link]

Economic Reforms in India[link]

During 1990 and 1991 Swamy was a member of the Planning Commission of India and Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Law of India. During this period he created the blueprint^[15][16] for economic reforms in India under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar which was later carried out in 1991 by Manmohan Singh^[5], then Finance Minister under leadership of Prime Minister Narasimha Rao.^[16] The current Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh recently stated that Dr. Swamy was the first to envisage and articulate the need for reforms in India.^[2][17]

Between 1994 and 1996, he held the position of "Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade" (equivalent to the rank of a cabinet minister) under the P. V. Narasimha Rao government.^[3] Dr. Swamy has been subject to several defamation cases. He is known to argue these cases himself without the agency of lawyers. In October 2004, he along with other members of the erstwhile Janata Party established the Rashtriya Swabhiman Manch to oppose the policies of the ruling UPA.

Issues held and contributions[link]

Foreign policy and affairs[link]

China and India[link]

He is known for his efforts in normalizing relations between China and India. In 1981, Indira Gandhi sought his help and upon which he persuaded Deng Xiaoping^[18] to open the Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet to the Hindu pilgrims from India.^[19] He became the first Indian on the reopening to visit Kailash and Mansarovar in 1981. In 1990–1991, he was a minister in the Chandra Shekhar cabinet and was in charge of the Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Law and Justice.

Israel[link]

In his speeches and articles, Dr Swamy has expressed his admiration for Israel, and has credited its retaliatory capacity for its ability to survive in a hostile Arab environment. He made pioneering efforts at establishing diplomatic relations with Israel. In 1982, Dr. Swamy became the first Indian political leader to make publicized trip to Israel, where he met with some important Israeli leaders such as Yitzhak Rabin and then Prime Minister Menachem Begin. His efforts at normalizing relations with Israel have borne fruit now with India's decision in 1992 to open Embassies in the respective countries.^[20]

Revealing 2G spectrum scam[link]

In November 2008, Subramanian Swamy wrote the first of five letters to PM Manmohan Singh seeking permission to prosecute A. Raja in regards to the 2G spectrum scam.^[21] However, Singh took no action^[22], leading Swamy to file a case on his own in the Supreme Court of India regarding the matter, which then asked the Central Bureau of Investigation to produce a detailed report on the matter.^[23] He further called on the Indian government to re-auction the 2G spectrum without the involvement of Communications Minister Kapil Sibal.^[24]

Swamy has raised allegations that Sonia Gandhi's two sisters Anushka and Nadia have received sixty percent of the kickbacks in the 2G spectrum scam, amounting to Rs.18,000 crores each.^[25] On 15 April 2011, he filed a 206-page long petition with PM Singh seeking permission to prosecute Gandhi. In the petition, he claimed to have strong evidence of corrupt acts committed by Gandhi as early as 1972; he also raised doubts regarding her acquisition of Indian citizenship.^[26] At a lecture on corruption given on 29 May 2011, he again repeated his allegation against Sonia Gandhi, saying she has Rs.1 lakh crore stashed abroad.^[27] Most of Swamy's letters to the prime minister regarding this matter are backed up with full proof, which makes him defensive about his allegations.^[28]

Swamy filed various documents in the court to prosecute Minister of Home Affairs P.Chidambaram by including a January 15, 2008 letter written by Chidambaram to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Swamy also placed on record the certified copy of the minutes of a meeting between Chidambaram, Raja and the Prime Minister during the tenure of Raja as the MOC&IT. ^[29]After supreme court verdict cancelling all 122 licences awarded during A Raja tenure, Cho Ramaswamy described Subramanian swamy as not only man of the match but man of the series.^[30]

Supreme court petition in 2G scam[link]

On January 31, 2012, the Supreme Court of India accepted Swamy's petition against the Prime Minister's Office in the 2G case, saying that all public authorities should give a sanction within 3 months against any public official if a request is made for prosecution. The Supreme Court said that Subramanian Swamy had the locus to seek sanction from the Prime Minister for the prosecution of A Raja in the 2G scam. Sanction by a competent authority for the prosecution of a public servant has to be granted within a time frame, the apex court said. Justice A K Ganguly said that the sanction would be deemed to be granted if competent authority failed to take a decision within four months. Swamy's arguments were that he wrote to the PMO on November 29, 2008 but it was only on March 19, 2010 the PMO replied that the plea made by Swamy was "premature" as investigation was being carried out by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Raja was arrested by the CBI in the case and got bail on 15th May 2012 after spending nearly 15 months in the Tihar Central Jail.^[31]

Views on Kashmir[link]

In September 2008, Dr. Swamy stridently retorted against the contentions of some Indian columnists who voiced their opinions in favour of "peacefully" surrendering Kashmir to Pakistan. He said,

"I would say that the silent suffering majority of India wants none of this. The ‘Kashmir issue,’ in fact, can no more be solved by dialogue either with the Pakistanis or the Hurriyat, leave alone the constitutional impossibility of allowing it to secede. [...]Kashmir, in fact, is now our defining identity. It is a touchstone for our resolve to preserve our national integrity. The population of that State may be majority Muslim but the land and its history is predominantly Hindu. For our commitment to the survival of the ancient civilisation of India and the composite culture that secularists talk of, we have not only to win that coming inevitable war but also resolve never to part with Kashmir. [...]

I will not blame the jihadis for the coming war. They are, after all, programmed that way by their understanding of Islamist theology. I will blame ourselves for not understanding their understanding of the fundamentals of Islam. [...]

Pakistanis often cite the United Nations resolutions on Kashmir to argue for a plebiscite. This obfuscates the fact of accession of the State to India. The legality of the Instrument of Accession signed in favour of India by the then Maharaja of J&K, Hari Singh, on October 26, 1947 has to prevail anyway. "^[32]

Controversial Article and Its Impacts[link]

Article about 2011 Mumbai bombings[link]

In response to the 2011 Mumbai bombings, he wrote an editorial in Daily News and Analysis (DNA) Some of Swamy’s Controversial suggestions in the article.

• The Hindu is the target and that Muslims of India are being programmed by a slow reactive process to become radical and thus slide into suicide against Hindus.
• Remove Article 370, and re-settle ex-servicemen in the Valley. Create Panun Kashmir for Hindu Pandit community. Look or create opportunity to take over PoK. If Pakistan continues to back terrorists, assist the Baluchis and Sindhis to struggle for independence.
• Remove the masjid in Kashi Vishwanath temple complex, and 300 others in other sites as a tit-for-tat.
• Make Sanskrit learning compulsory and singing of Vande Mataram mandatory, and declare India as Hindu Rashtra in which only those non-Hindus can vote if they proudly acknowledge that their ancestors are Hindus. Rename India as Hindustan as a nation of Hindus and those whose ancestors are Hindus.

• Enact a national law prohibiting conversion from Hindu religion to any other religion.

Propagate the development of a Hindu mindset ^[33][34]. Swamy had written a similar column in The New Indian Express after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Negative reactions[link]

His column provoked a variety of reactions. His house was attacked by people alleged to be Congress party workers.^[35] Minorities Council of Maharashtra Vice Chairman Abraham Mathai and National Commission for Minorities chairman Wajahat Habibullah accused him of violating Indian Penal Code Section 153A.^[36][37] New Delhi law student Shehzad Poonawala attempted to lodge an FIR against him at Defence Colony police station, but was disallowed by the officer on duty.^[37] DNA published two hostile response columns by Rakesh Sharma and Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr. calling him a "Hindu Taliban", "maverick", and "Zionist" in response to his views.^[38][39]

Controversy at Harvard[link]

Some students at his alma mater Harvard University, where he also teaches economics in the summer school, accused him of stoking communalism and circulated a petition calling on the university to fire him and publicly repudiate his remarks. Two PhD students, Umang Kumar and Sanjay Pinto, started an online petition asking for the removal of courses taught by Dr Swamy, which received more than 450 signatures from students and faculty.^[40][41] Adam Kissel, on behalf of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, wrote in a letter to Harvard that a disciplinary investigation against him would be inappropriate for an academic institution dedicated to intellectual freedom, represented a threat to free speech, and could lead to self-censorship by other faculty members.^[42]

In response to the petition, Donald H. Pfister, dean of Harvard Summer School, stated that the school would "give this matter our serious attention", and decided to stand by its instructor.^[35] On Tuesday, 6 December 2011, the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted to exclude Subramanian Swamy's summer school courses from its catalog.^[43][44][45] The Op-Ed was considered more to be a case of hate speech rather than free speech. 'I was persuaded... that the views expressed in Dr Swamy's op-ed piece amounted to incitement of violence instead of protected political speech,' Philosophy Department Chair Sean D Kelly wrote in an e-mail to the Crimson.^[46] Comparative Religion Professor Diana Eck said, "Swamy's op-ed [piece] clearly crosses the line by demonising an entire religious community and calling for violence against their sacred places".^[47] Swamy described the move as "nothing serious", saying "non-economists at Harvard don't like my views on how to protect India".^[48]

Views on Tamil Nadu Politics[link]

He is well known for his critical views against the Government of Tamil Nadu and against the "Aryan versus Dravidian" brand of divisive politics of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy.

He was staunch opponent of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.^[49][50]

He obtained Supreme Court Stay against the implementation of Sethu Samuthiram Shipping Channel project (SSSCP). He believes that it would hurt the sentiments of people who believe that this shallow land connecting between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka was built by Lord Rama. He strongly opposes the implementation of SSSCP citing that implementing this scheme may affect the sentiments of Hinduism. He wrote letters to Prime Minister of India in June 2009 asking him to stop the project.^[51]. He has also strongly urged the Supreme Court of India to declare this Rama-Sethu as a National heritage & historical monument.

Family and Personal life[link]

Dr.Swamy married Dr. Roxna Swamy (a Parsi) in June 1966 whom he met at Harvard. Then she had obtained Ph.D in Maths ^[52] who is presently an advocate at the Supreme Court of India. They have two daughters, Dr. Gitanjali Swamy who is married to Sanjay Sarma, a professor at MIT and Suhasini Haider, a senior editor at CNN-IBN is married to Nadeem Haidar who is a son of Salman Haider, former foreign secretary and external affairs minister.^[53] His brother-in-law is Jewish, his son-in-law Muslim, his sister-in-law Christian, and his wife Parsi.^[40]

Honours, awards and international recognition[link]

Books, Research Papers and Journals[link]

Subramanian Swamy is a published author of several books, research papers and journals. A complete list of papers, books and journals is included below to which he is the author.

Books[link]

• Economic Growth in China and India, 1952–70 (Publisher: University of Chicago Press; ISBN 978-0-226-78315-4)
• Indian economic planning;: An alternative approach (Publisher: Barnes & Noble; ISBN 978-0-389-04202-0)
• Building a New India: An Agenda for National Renaissance (Publisher: South Asia Books; ISBN 978-81-85674-21-6)
• India's Labour Standards and the WTO Framework (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0585-1)
• India's economic performance and reforms: A perspective for the new millennium (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0594-3)
• Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi: Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0591-2)
• India's China perspective (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0606-3)
• Financial Architecture and Economic Development in China and India (Publisher: Konark Publishers; ISBN 978-81-220-0718-3)
• Trade and Industry in Japan: A Guide to Indian Entrepreneurs and Businessmen (Publisher: Prentice-Hall of India; ISBN 978-81-203-0785-8)
• Sri Lanka in Crisis: India's Options (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1260-1)
• Kailas and Manasarovar after 22 years in Shiva's domain (Publisher: Allied Publishers)
• Hindus Under Siege (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1207-6)
• Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1418-6)
• Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence for India's National Security (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1344-8)
• Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum & Sundaram (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1486-5)
• 2G Spectrum Scam (Publisher: Har Anand Publications; ISBN 978-81-241-1638-8)
• Electronic voting machines: unconstitutional and tamperable (Publisher: Vision Books; ISBN 978-81-7094-798-1)

Article, Research Papers and Journals[link]

Article[link]

• Can India make it? India's path to sustained growth (Publisher: Harvard Asia Pacific review, Volumes 6-8 by Harvard University. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, 2002)
• The response to economic challenge: A comparative economic history of China and India, 1870-1952 (Publisher: The Quarterly journal of economics, Volume 93 by Harvard University by the MIT Press, 1979)

Research Papers[link]

• Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation (Publisher: Harvard University, 1965)
• Nuclear policy for India (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh Publication, 1968)
• Plan for full employment (Publisher: Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 1970)
• Theoretical aspects of index numbers (Publisher: Harvard Institute of Economic Research, 1985)
• Land reforms: an economist's approach (Publisher: Deendayal Research Institute)

References[link]

External links[link]

	Biography portal
	India portal

• Official Twitter Account @Swamy39
• Bio-Data at Janata Party website
• Official Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha: Swamy

Others[link]

• Subramanian Swamy collected laws and court judgements at Indian Kanoon
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at India Today
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Times of India
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at Tehelka
• Subramanian Swamy collected news and commentary at The Hindu