Lupinus
Wild Perennial Lupin (Sundial lupine, Lupinus perennis).
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Tribe:	Genisteae
Subtribe:	Lupininae
Genus:	Lupinus L.
Species
See text

Lupinus, commonly known as Lupins or lupines (North America), is a genus in the legume family (Fabaceae). The genus comprises about 280 species (Hughes), with major centers of diversity in South and western North America (Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl.), parts of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand and parts of Australia) and the Andes and secondary centers in the Mediterranean region and Africa (Subgen. Lupinus).^[1][2]

Description[link]

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3–1.5 m (0.98–4.9 ft) tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (10 ft) tall—see also bush lupin^{[disambiguation needed ]}—with one species (Lupinus jaimehintoniana from the Mexican state of Oaxaca) a tree up to 8 m (26 ft) high with a trunk 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green leaves which in many species bear silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into 5–28 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1–2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard' or 'banner', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. Due to the flower shape, several species are known as bluebonnets or quaker bonnets^{[disambiguation needed ]}. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.

Usage[link]

Culinary[link]

The yellow legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who spread the plant's cultivation throughout the Roman Empire; hence common names like lupini in Romance languages. The name 'Lupin' derives from the Latin word lupinus (meaning wolf), and was given with regard to the fact that many found that the plant has a tendency to ravage the land on which it grows. The peas, which appear after the flowering period, were also said to be fit only for the consumption of wolves. Lupin beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin.

Lupini dishes are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in Portugal, Egypt, and Italy, and also in Brazil. In Portugal, Spain and the Spanish Harlem they are popularly consumed with beer. In Lebanon, salty and chilled Lupini Beans are called "Termos" and are served pre-meal as part of an aperitif. The Andean variety of this bean is from the Andean Lupin (tarwi, L. mutabilis) and was a widespread food in the Incan Empire. The Andean Lupin and the Mediterranean L. albus (White Lupin), L. angustifolius (Blue Lupin),^[3] and Lupinus hirsutus^[4] are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water.^[5] Lupins were also used by Native Americans in North America, e.g., the Yavapai people. Lupins are known as altramuz in Spain and Argentina. In Portuguese the lupin beans are known as tremoços, and in Antalya (Turkey) as tirmis.^{[verification needed]} Edible lupins are referred to as sweet lupins because they contain smaller amounts of toxic alkaloids than the bitter lupin varieties. Newly bred variants of sweet lupins are grown extensively in Germany; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from vegan sausages to lupin-tofu or baking-enhancing lupin flour.

Agriculture[link]

Given that lupin seeds have the full range of essential amino acids and that they, contrary to soy, can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a cash crop alternative to soy.

Three Mediterranean species of lupin, Blue Lupin, White Lupin, and Yellow Lupin (L. luteus) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.

Lupins are also cultivated as forage and grain legumes. Like most members of their family, lupins can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia via a rhizobium-root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants, this adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor quality soils. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium soil bacteria.^[6] Some species have a long central tap roots, or have proteoid roots.

Companion plant[link]

Ornamental lupins, Ushuaia

Lupins make good companion plants for crops that need significant amounts of nitrogen in their soil and can be intercropped properly, like cucumbers, squash, broccoli, and spinach.

Horticulture[link]

Lupin population, Lake Tekapo, New Zealand

Lupins are popular ornamental plants in gardens. There are numerous hybrids and cultivars. Some species, such as Garden Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus) and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (L. × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin (L. arboreus) are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native range.

In New Zealand Lupinus polyphyllus have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. Although considered attractive by some it is also seen as an invasive species. A similar spread of the species has occurred in Finland after the non-native species was first deliberately planted alongside main roads as part of the road landscaping.

Ecology[link]

Canadian Tiger Swallowtail on wild lupine, Gatineau, Quebec

For several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), lupins are an important larval food. These include:

• Callophrys irus (Frosted Elfin)^[7][8]
• Chesias legatella (The Streak)^[9]
• Chionodes braunella
• Glaucopsyche xerces (Xerces Blue) – extinct
• Icaricia icarioides missionensis (Mission Blue)^[8][10]
• Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Karner Blue)^[7][8]
• Melanchra persicariae (Dot Moth)
• Phymatopus behrensii
• Schinia suetus^[11]

The endangered Apodemia mormo langei (Lange's Metalmark) mates on Silver Bush Lupin (L. albifrons).

The most significant diseases of lupins are anthracnose as well as wilting and root rot diseases caused by Fusarium and other pathogens, and some bacterial and viral diseases.^[12]

Potential harms[link]

Lupins contain significant amounts of certain secondary compounds like isoflavones and toxic alkaloids, e.g. lupinine and sparteine. On 22 December 2006, the European Commission submitted directive 2006/142/EC, which amends the EU foodstuff allergen list to include "lupin and products thereof".

Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to neurolathyrism. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica;^[13] the fungus produces mycotoxins called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. Poisonous lupin seeds cause annually the loss of many cattle and sheep on western American Ranges.^[14]

People with peanut allergy should generally avoid lupins. In one study^[15] 44% of people with peanut allergy had a positive allergy test for lupin allergy and 7 of 8 who had a positive test and were fed lupin as part of a study reacted to this food.

Taxonomy[link]

Lupin and other wildflowers cover the mountaintop of Raspberry Island (Alaska)

Lupinus flavoculatus

Lupinus texensis, state flower of Texas

Overall the taxonomy of this genus has been traditionally confusing. The last major monograph, by Agardh in 1835 recognised 83 species, yet about 1800 names are in use.(Hughes) Some of the most recent phylogenetics indicates the presence of 13 Old World species, where the genus is thought to have originated, and two groups of New World species. The smaller of these two clades comprises c. 35 species distributed largely in the Eastern lowlands, and the larger of c. 222 in Western highland regions.(Hughes)^[16]

History[link]

Watson (1873) originally divided the genus Lupinus into three sections, Platycarpos, Lupinus and Lupinellus based on habitat and the number of ovules. Most of the species found in the Americas were assigned to Lupinus. Platycarpos consisted of some annuals with two ovules and two seeds (e.g., L. densiflorus, L. micricarpus), while Lupinellus had only one species (L. uncialis).

While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of N American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) was more global. They described two subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos using similar criteria. Most species fell into the subgenus Eulupinus, while Platycarpos included the annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere in Watson's classification.

Current schema (Kurlovich and Stankevich 2002) retain this distinction but use the nomenclature for the subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus. In this schema Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western hemisphere, two or more ovules. Subgen. Lupinus consists of eleven species from Africa and the mediterranean, with a minimum of ovules or seedbuds.

[edit] Subgenus Platycarpos (circa 270 species)

(Wats.) Kurl., comb.nova. - §2. Platycarpos Wats. 1873, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 8:522; B. Platycarpos Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:232. - §1. Lupinus Wats. 1873, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 8:522, p.p.; A. Eulupinus Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:221 p.p. (New World’s or flat-fruited lupins)^[1]

Selected species

• Lupinus adsurgens – Drew's silky lupine
• Lupinus affinis – fleshy lupine
• Lupinus albicaulis – sickle-keel lupine
• Lupinus albifrons – silver bush lupine
• Lupinus × alpestris
• Lupinus andersonii – Anderson's lupine
• Lupinus angustiflorus – narrowflower lupine
• Lupinus antoninus – Anthony Peak lupine
• Lupinus arboreus – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine
• Lupinus arbustus – longspur lupine
• Lupinus arcticus – Arctic lupine
• Lupinus argenteus – silvery lupine
  • Lupinus argenteus var. palmeri
• Lupinus aridorum – scrub lupine
• Lupinus arizonicus – Arizona lupine
• Lupinus benthamii
• Lupinus bicolor – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine
• Lupinus bingenensis – Bingen lupine
• Lupinus brevicaulis – shortstem lupine
• Lupinus breweri – Brewer's lupine
• Lupinus burkei – Burke's lupine
• Lupinus caespitosus – stemless dwarf lupine
• Lupinus caudatus – Kellogg's spurred lupine
• Lupinus cervinus Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine (= L. latissimus)
• Lupinus chamissonis – Chamisso bush lupine
• Lupinus citrinus – orange lupine
• Lupinus concinnus
• Lupinus constancei – The Lassics lupine
• Lupinus covillei – shaggy lupine
• Lupinus croceus – saffron-flowered lupine
• Lupinus dalesiae – Quincy lupine
• Lupinus densiflorus – (Subgenus type species)
• Lupinus duranii – Mono Lake lupine
• Lupinus diffusus – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine
• Lupinus elatus – tall silky lupine
• Lupinus elegans – elegant lupine
• Lupinus elmeri – Elmer's lupine
• Lupinus excubitus – grape soda lupine
• Lupinus flavoculatus
• Lupinus foliolosus
• Lupinus formosus – summer lupine
• Lupinus grayi – Sierra lupine
• Lupinus guadalupensis – Guadalupe Island lupine
• Lupinus havardii
• Lupinus hirsutus
• Lupinus hirsutissimus – stinging lupine
• Lupinus holmgrenianus – Holmgren's lupine
• Lupinus hyacinthinus – San Jacinto lupine
• Lupinus incanus – Hoary lupine
• Lupinus jaimehintoniana
• Lupinus kuntii
• Lupinus kuschei – Yukon lupin
• Lupinus lapidicola ; Mt. Eddy lupine
• Lupinus latifolius – broadleaf lupine
  • Lupinus latifolius var. barbatus – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
• Lupinus lepidus – prairie lupine
• Lupinus leucophyllus – woolly-leaf lupine
• Lupinus littoralis – seashore lupine
• Lupinus longifolius – longleaf bush lupine
• Lupinus luteolus – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine
• Lupinus lyallii – Lyall's lupine
• Lupinus macbrideanus
• Lupinus michelianus
• Lupinus microcarpus – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
  • Lupinus microcarpus var. densiflorus – dense-flowered lupin
• Lupinus minimus – Kettle Falls lupin
• Lupinus mutabilis – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, tarwi, tarhui, chocho
• Lupinus nanus – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
• Lupinus nevadensis – Nevada lupine
• Lupinus nipomensis – Nipomo Mesa lupine
• Lupinus niveus
• Lupinus nootkatensis – Nootka lupin
• Lupinus nubigenus
• Lupinus obtusilobus – bluntlobe lupine
• Lupinus odoratus – royal Mojave lupin
• Lupinus onustus – Plumas lupine
• Lupinus oreganus – Oregon lupin
• Lupinus padre-crowleyi – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
• Lupinus parviflorus – lodgepole lupin
• Lupinus peirsonii – Peirson's lupine, long lupine
• Lupinus perennis – wild perennial lupin, sundial lupin, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets
• Lupinus plattensis
• Lupinus polycarpus – smallflower lupin
• Lupinus polyphyllus – largeleaf lupin, bigleaf lupin, garden lupin
• Lupinus pratensis – Inyo Meadow lupine
• Lupinus prunophilus – hairy bigleaf lupin
• Lupinus pusillus – small lupin
• Lupinus × regalis – rainbow lupin
• Lupinus rivularis – riverbank lupin
• Lupinus rupestris
• Lupinus saxosus – rock lupine
• Lupinus sericatus – Cobb Mountain lupine
• Lupinus sericeus – Pursh's silky lupin
• Lupinus shockleyi – purple desert lupine
• Lupinus smithianus
• Lupinus sparsiflorus – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin
• Lupinus spectabilis – shaggyhair lupine
• Lupinus stiversii – harlequin annual lupine
• Lupinus subcarnosus – buffalo clover
• Lupinus succulentus – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
• Lupinus sulphureus – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin
  • Lupinus sulphureus ssp. kincaidii – Kincaid's lupin (formerly in L. oreganus)
• Lupinus texensis – Texas bluebonnet
• Lupinus tidestromii – Tidestrøm's Lupin
• Lupinus toratensis – Warwanzo, Lito
• Lupinus tracyi – Tracy's lupine
• Lupinus truncatus – collared annual lupine
• Lupinus vallicola – open lupin
• Lupinus variicolor – varied lupin
• Lupinus villosus
• Lupinus wyethii – Wyeth's lupin

Subgenus Lupinus (11 species)[link]

Blue Lupin (L. angustifolius)

Lupinus pilosus, Judean Foothills, Israel

A. Eulupinus Aschers. et Graebn. 1907, Mitteleurop. Fl. 6,2:221, p.p. (Old World Lupins)^[1]

• Lupinus albus L. 1753 – white lupine (Subgenus type species)
• Lupinus angustifolius L. 1753 – blue lupin, narrowleaf lupine
• Lupinus atlanticus Gladstones, 1974
• Lupinus cosentinii Guss. 1828
• Lupinus digitatus Forsk. 1775
• Lupinus hispanicus Boiss. et Reut. 1842
• Lupinus luteus L. 1753 – yellow lupine
• Lupinus micranthus Guss. 1828
• Lupinus palaestinus Boiss. 1849 –White-grey lupine, indigenous to Israel
• Lupinus pilosus Murr. 1774 – Blue Mountain lupine, indigenous to Israel
• Lupinus princei Harms, 1901

Symbolic uses[link]

Bluebonnet lupins, notably the Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) are the state flower of Texas, USA.

See also[link]

• Alice Eastwood
• Lupin bean
• Lupin milk
• Lupin poisoning

Footnotes[link]

References[link]

• Ainouche, Abdel-Kader & Bayer, Randall J. (1999): Phylogenetic relationships in Lupinus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Am. J. Bot. 86(4): 590-607. PDF fulltext
• Eastwood, R.J., Drummond, C.S., Schifino‐Wittmann, M.T. & Hughes, C.E. 2008. Diversity and evolutionary history of lupins – insights from new phylogenies. Pp. 346‐354, in: Palta, J.A. & Burger, J.B. (Eds.) Lupins for Health & Wealth, Proceedings 12th International Lupin Conference, Fremantle, Australia, International Lupin Association, Canterbury, New Zealand.
• Golubev, A.A. & Kurlovich, Boguslav S.: Diseases and Pests. In: Kurlovich 2002: 287-312.
• Hedrick, U.P. (ed.) (1919): Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World
• Hughes, Colin, Dept Systematic Botany, University of Zurich
  • Lupinus
• Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (ed.) Lupins: Geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding. Department of Leguminous Crops of N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, 2002, ISBN 5-86741-034-X ; 468 pages.
• Kurlovich BS and Stankevich AK. Description of the New World's lupins (Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats). Kurl.), in Kurlovich BS and Stankevich AK: Classification of Lupins, in Kulovich BS (ed.) 2002 pp 44-61
• Kurlovich BS and Stankevich AK. Description of the Old World's lupins and their intraspecific diversity (Subgen. Lupinus), in Kurlovich BS and Stankevich AK: Classification of Lupins, in Kulovich BS (ed.) 2002 pp 62-87
• Kurlovich, Boguslav S.; Tikhonovich, I.A.; Kartuzova, L.T.; Heinänen, J.; Kozhemykov, A.P.; Tchetkova, S.A.; Cheremisov B.M. & Emeljanenko, T.A.: Nitrogen fixation. In: Kurlovich 2002: 269-286.
• Murcia, José & Hoyos, Isabel (1998): Características y aplicaciones de las plantas: ALTRAMUZ AZUL (Lupinus angustifolius) [in Spanish]. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
• Williamson, P.M.; Highet, A.S.; Gams, W.; Sivasithamparam, K. & Cowling, W.A. (1994): Diaporthe toxica sp. nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research 98(12): 1364-1365. HTML abstract ADRIS record
• University of Melbourne: Sorting Lupinus Names

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lupinus

Wikispecies has information related to: Lupinus

• Classification of lupins
• Lupins resource website
• Alternative field crops manual: Lupine
• Seed proteome reference maps at Lupin Protein Team

Seongha Jeong (정성하) (colloquially: Sungha Jung) (born 2 September 1996) is a South Korean professional acoustic finger-style guitarist who has risen to fame on YouTube and other sites. As of 2012, his channel had over 17 million views, with his videos getting a total of over 454 million views, and also over 726,000 subscribers.^[1]

Seongha typically takes three days to learn and practice a new piece, and video-record it for upload onto YouTube.^[2] His genre selection is rather broad, as he learns and plays many pieces that are playable on guitar, therefore consequently spread across numerous genres.

Seongha has won 13 awards on YouTube, including 6 "#1" awards. Also on YouTube, Seongha has 523 videos with over one million views. Seongha's video with the most views is the one which shows him playing the theme from "Pirates Of The Caribbean".

In 2010, he was featured on Narsha's solo album "Narsha" for the song "I'm in Love" Seongha has composed 18 pieces as of February 2011, two of which are featured in his debut album, "Perfect Blue". He released his second album, "Irony", on 21 September 2011.

In 2011, he performed in the US with Trace Bundy, as well as touring in Scandinavia and Japan.^[1]

See also[link]

• Yuto Miyazawa, Seongha's Japanese electric guitar-playing counterpart
• Trace Bundy, Fellow acoustic guitarist with whom Seongha collaborates
• Ulli Bögershausen, Fellow acoustic guitarist who helped him get his sponsorship with Lakewood Guitars

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Fujiko Mine (峰 不二子, Mine Fujiko^?) is a fictional character created by Monkey Punch for his manga series Lupin III, which debuted in Weekly Manga Action on August 10, 1967. She is a professional criminal and burglar that regularly uses her attractiveness to fool her targets. Unlike the rest of the Lupin III cast, Fujiko's physical appearance changes for most installments. Her name means "mountain peaks of Fuji", a pun on the size of her breasts, which is usually the only thing consistent in her various designs.

She is the star of the fourth Lupin III anime, Mine Fujiko to Iu Onna, which began airing on April 4, 2012,^[1] making it the first not to star Arsène Lupin III.

Personality[link]

Fujiko is not part of Lupin's gang, but often participates in their exploits. However, it is usually for her own interests, which usually conflict with Lupin's. Frequently, these schemes involve her betraying Lupin to get close to the enemy, whom she intends on double-crossing at a later time as well (and sometimes, though rarely, help to extricate Lupin and the gang for the trouble she put them into, as if to atone for her misdeed). In the 1995 movie Die! Nostradamus, he told Fujiko (who had lost her memory) he almost looks forward to her betraying him. She is also an excellent shot, usually outfitting herself with a Browning M1910, typically holstered in her garter. Like the other members of Lupin's team, she is able to pilot virtually any land, sea, and air vehicle, with her personal preference being a Kawasaki motorcycle. She is sometimes very promiscuous when it comes to some of her jobs, and has kissed and slept with different men for information or to escape a situation.

Daisuke Jigen despises Fujiko and sees her showing up as a sign of rough times ahead, although despite this, in the original manga he was still one of her suitors. Goemon Ishikawa XIII has been known to work with Fujiko on capers, but can be equally distrustful of her when he thinks she is manipulating Lupin.

Lupin is completely infatuated with Fujiko, and will do anything for her. While Fujiko uses this, she never gets Lupin into any trouble he cannot get out of. Monkey Punch has said that the two "enjoy each other", and are quite content with their bizarre yet amicable relationship, comparing it to his own marriage.^[2]

Fujiko does exhibit feelings of love for Lupin, but usually only if she thinks one (or both) of them are dying. On occasions where Lupin appears to have died, she grieves and has even stated that her life has no meaning without him. However, her attitude always reverts at once when she finds him alive.

Background[link]

In the original manga series, Fujiko originally arrives in the third chapter of the first volume, thus being the first of Lupin's three associates to arrive. She initially appears as a con woman attempting to worm her way into the fortune of a rich family, whose heir has hired Lupin as security. Immediately upon arriving, she recognizes Lupin through his disguise, and by the end of the arc, Lupin has sided with her to rob the entire family.

Due to the episodic nature of the manga, many of Fujiko's appearances treat her and Lupin as meeting for the first time, even after the incident where Lupin kills her father. Many of the stories feature her trying to capture the same object as Lupin, usually being bested by Lupin, only occasionally being the one who gets the prize. It should also be noted that unlike his anime version, Lupin is a ladies-man in the manga, with he and Fujiko having slept together numerous times.

This is the opposite in the anime adaptations (excluding the fourth series), which often has Fujiko betraying Lupin and for the most part denying his flirting. Fujiko's professional background is most likely connected with Japanese organized crime, as hinted by the TV episode, "An Assassin Sings the Blues". During the episode, Lupin's sidekick Jigen recalls a story of the Golden Couple; a partnership formed between a mysterious female assassin and the notorious Killer Pun. The couple was famous for carrying out contract killings without failure. However, the partnership ended abruptly when Pun's employer ordered the woman's execution. Pun failed to kill the woman, due to emotional attachment, and she disappeared. Furthermore, Lupin and Jigen were led to believe that Fujiko suffers from amnesia. Fujiko claims not to remember anything prior the three years she first met Lupin. The timing of her memory loss coincided with the disappearance of Pun's partner. Her connection with Pun was later confirmed in the episode.

Reception[link]

In 2007, Oricon magazine polled readers on which characters they would most like to see in their own series.^[3] Fujiko appeared in the seventh position among female voters, and fifth place overall. The magazine company also asked their readers in the very same year who they believed is the most beautiful woman in manga. Fujiko Mine was crowned the title by scoring first place overall with high rankings from both male and female voters.^[4] She was voted as the 2nd most iconic anime heroine from Mania.com^[5]

In the manga Azumanga Daioh, Tomo Takino is a fan of the Lupin III series and admires Fujiko. She constantly makes references to herself as Fujiko Mine, despite the fact the two are totally different in looks and personality.^[6] In the Aria the Scarlet Ammo franchise, the character Riko Mine Lupin IV claims to be the daughter of Lupin and Fujiko.

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010)

Yuji Ohno (大野 雄二, Ōno Yūji^?, born 30 May 1941 in Atami, Shizuoka, Japan) is a Japanese jazz musician. Ohno is principally known for his musical scoring of Japanese anime television series, of which Lupin III, specifically the 1977 series^[1] Shin Rupan Sansei and the feature film The Castle of Cagliostro are his most well known works. Later anime series scored by Ohno include Shingu: Secret of the Stellar Wars and the 1979 Toei series Captain Future (known as Capitaine Flam in France). He has composed scores for live-action films, namely Toei's tokusatsu series Seiun Kamen Machineman, his only work on this genre to date.

Ohno is also a member of a jazz trio with Czech bassist Miroslav Vitous and American drummer Lenny White.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Yuji Ohno's Official Site (in Japanese)
• Yuji Ohno at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia

This article about a Japanese musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Sophomore slump. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2010.

Second season syndrome is the now-common phrase that is used to describe a downturn in fortunes for a football club two seasons after its promotion to the Premier League of English football – particularly if the first season after promotion had brought a strong finish.^[1] The syndrome actually predates the Premiership, and could be seen in the cases of Swansea City (1981–1983) and Millwall (1988–1990) in the old First Division. Second season syndrome has also been used to describe other sports where a successful first season has taken place, followed by a poor second season^[2] as well as individual sportspersons.^[3] In the US, this event (more commonly applied to athletes than teams) is known as a sophomore slump.

Examples[link]

Since the creation of the Premier League in 1992, the following seasons have seen the following clubs suffer from "second season syndrome".

[edit] 1996–97

• Middlesbrough were promoted to the Premier League as Division One champions in 1995, and started the following season in fine form, occupying fourth place in late October and looking like serious contenders for a European place. Despite a dismal run of mid-season form which saw them lose 10 out of 11 games, they still finished 12th in the final table – comfortably clear of the relegation zone. That summer, manager Bryan Robson paid some of the highest transfer fees of that era for high profile foreign stars included Fabrizio Ravanelli and Emerson. The new signings performed well, but Middlesbrough were relegated the following season in 19th place.^[4]

[edit] 2000–01

• In 1999, Bradford City returned to the top flight after an absence of 77 years, after coming second to Sunderland. The Bantams stayed up the following season, with a then Premier League record low of 36 points. A 1–0 victory on the final day of the season over Liverpool with a David Wetherall goal ensured City and not Wimbledon stayed up. However just days after the season finished, manager Paul Jewell sensationally left the club and was succeeded by his assistant Chris Hutchings. Hutchings struggled and was sacked after just one win from 12 league games. He was replaced by Jim Jefferies but City remained in the bottom three for the rest of the season. Relegation was confirmed several games before the end of the season with a 2–1 defeat at Everton, with both Benito Carbone and Robbie Blake missing penalties. The club has since run into financial trouble, been in administration twice, and had a further two relegations.^[4]

[edit] 2001–02

• Ipswich Town gained promotion to the Premier League in 2000 as Division One playoff winners, and in their first season back at the highest level, they finished fifth to gain UEFA Cup qualification. But they won just one of their opening 17 Premier League fixtures the following season, leaving them bottom of the table in early December. A run of seven wins from eight games looked to have saved them as they stood 12th at the end of January, but another setback pushed them back into the drop zone and defeat to Liverpool on the final day of the season confirmed their relegation.^[4]

[edit] 2003–04

• Manchester City reached the Premier League as Division One champions in 2002, and finished ninth the following year – their highest finish for a decade. But the following season they finished 16th and having only secured top-flight survival in the penultimate game.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] 2006–07

• West Ham United were promoted to the Premier League as Football League Championship playoff winners in 2005. The following year they finished ninth in the Premier League and reached the FA Cup final, where only a late equaliser and a penalty shoot-out triumph by Liverpool prevented them from winning their first major trophy since 1980. But a dismal start to the following season saw Alan Pardew sacked in December, and as late as March they were 10 points adrift of safety. But a dramatic upturn in fortunes, engineered by a core group of players including Argentine striker Carlos Tévez, saw them beat the drop and finish 15th.^[5]
• Wigan Athletic reached the top division of English football for the first time ever in 2005, and were many people's favourites for an immediate return to the Championship. But they were in the top six for much of the first half of the season, occupying second place in late October, and finished 10th in the final table. They also reached their first ever major domestic cup final, reaching the Carling Cup final but losing 4–0 to Manchester United. The following season brought a major struggle, and Wigan only managed to stay up on goal difference with a surprise away win over Sheffield United, who were relegated instead.^[6]

[edit] 2007–08

• Reading were promoted as Champions from the Championship in 2006 and enjoyed a very successful first season in the Premier League, where the team finished 8th, narrowly missing out on qualification for the UEFA Cup by one position. Reading's second season however was different in that the team struggled to get out of the lower half of the Premier League table. After a 2–1 defeat to newly promoted Sunderland, manager Steve Coppell admitted that Reading were suffering from second season syndrome. This was confirmed following their relegation on the final day of the season.^[7]

[edit] 2009–10

• Hull City were promoted in the play-offs in 2008 and set the division alight early on, with shock wins away at Arsenal among other games, and were 3rd placed in late October with 20 points after 9 games, which would account for well over half their final total. Their form declined thereafter with one win from their next seven, but as late as early December, they having played 16 games they stood 5th in the table with 26 points. After than Hull took just one win from their remaining 22 games, and a final total of just 35 points, which was enough for them to survive by a single point. This poor form continued into the following season, with manager Phil Brown sacked, and HIll ended the season second from bottom. Thus, alongside Millwall, Hull are one of two clubs to complete only two seasons in a row in the top flight overall.

[edit] 2010–11

• Birmingham City F.C. were promoted in 2009 after grabbing a second place finish in The Championship. In The 2009–10 season Birmingham managed a 9th Placed finish with 50 points and a 15 game unbeaten run along the way. However the following season saw Birmingham relegated to The Championship after losing 2–1 to Tottenham Hotspur on the last day, despite winning the Carling Cup in February.

References[link]