- published: 27 Jun 2011
- views: 1599
- author: mahalodotcom
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
MORE VIDEOS
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 300-page iPhone bill
- 56.com
- 7-Eleven
- 7digital
- A-side and B-side
- About.com
- AC DC
- AirPort
- Al Gore
- Album
- Album cover
- AllMyApps
- Alternative music
- Amazon Appstore
- Amazon Instant Video
- Amazon Kindle
- Amazon MP3
- Amazon.com
- American Music Award
- Amie Street
- Andrea Jung
- Antitrust laws
- Aol
- Aperture (software)
- App Store (iOS)
- Apple community
- Apple Developer
- Apple earbuds
- Apple Inc.
- Apple Keyboard
- Apple Mighty Mouse
- Apple Records
- Apple Specialist
- Apple Store
- Apple Store (online)
- Apple Time Capsule
- Apple TV
- Apple, Inc.
- AppleCare
- AppleInsider
- Appleinsider.com
- Appup
- Argentina
- Argo Records
- ARIA Charts
- ARIA Music Awards
- Arrangement
- Ars Technica
- Arthur D. Levinson
- AUD
- Audacity
- Audible.com
- Audio engineering
- Audio file format
- Audio Hijack Pro
- Audiobooks
- Australia
- Austria
- Avant-garde music
- Bandcamp
- Bandit.fm
- Barnes & Noble Nook
- BBC iPlayer
- Beamdog
- Beatport
- Bejeweled
- Belgium
- Bento (database)
- Bertrand Serlet
- Best Buy
- Big Fish Games
- BigPond
- Billboard (magazine)
- Billboard Hot 100
- Bjørn Erik Thon
- BlackBerry App World
- Blip (website)
- Blockbuster Inc.
- Blues
- Blues music
- Bob Iger
- Bob Mansfield
- Bolivia
- Book Apple Inc.
- Books
- Box set
- Braeburn Capital
- Brazil
- Break.com
- Breed 77
- Brightcove
- Brit Awards
- Britney Spears
- Broadcasting & Cable
- Bruce Sewell
- Bulgaria
- Bump (application)
- Bump Technologies
- BuyMusic
- Canada
- Canadian dollar
- Canadian Hot 100
- Canalplay
- Capitol Records
- Cards (iOS)
- Category Apple Inc.
- Category IPod
- CD Baby
- Children's music
- Chile
- Choice Music Prize
- Christian music
- Chuck (TV series)
- Classic Brit Awards
- Classical Archives
- Classical music
- CNBC
- CNET
- CNN.com
- Coca-Cola
- Cocoa Touch
- Coldplay
- Colombia
- Comedy
- Comedy rock
- Commons Apple Inc.
- ComputerWorld
- Contemporary R&B;
- Context menu
- Core Animation
- Costa Rica
- Country music
- Crackle
- Creative Technology
- Credit card
- Crossover (music)
- Cydia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- DADVSI
- Dailymotion
- Dance music
- Danger Mouse
- Danish krone
- David Jones Limited
- Deezer
- Denmark
- Desperate Housewives
- Desura
- Diapason d'Or
- Digital booklet
- Digital distribution
- Direct2Drive
- Ditto music
- Djshop
- Dock Connector
- Dock connector
- Dominican Republic
- DotEmu
- Drum and bass
- DVD-Video
- E-book
- Earphone
- Easy listening
- Echo (music award)
- Ecuador
- Eddy Cue
- El Salvador
- Electronic music
- Electronica
- Emagic
- EMI
- EMusic
- Engadget
- Entertainment law
- Estonia
- EULA
- EUR
- European Commission
- Eurozone
- Experimental music
- Extended play
- FaceTime
- FairPlay
- Faith Hill
- FanFiction.Net
- FEARnet
- Fiction Press
- FileMaker
- FileMaker Inc.
- Films
- Final Cut Studio
- Find My Friends
- FingerWorks
- Finland
- Firmware
- Flamenco
- Fnac
- Folk music
- Fortune (magazine)
- Fox News
- France
- Funk
- Fuse TV
- Gaikai
- Game Center
- GameAgent
- GameHouse
- GamersGate
- GameShadow
- Gamesplanet
- GameTap
- Gap Inc.
- GarageBand
- GBox
- GBP
- Genius Bar
- Genre
- George Harrison
- Germany
- Get a Mac
- GetJar
- Gibraltar
- Gift card
- GOG.com
- Golden Disk Awards
- GoMusic
- Good Friday
- Google Maps
- Google Play
- Gospel music
- Gracenote
- Grammy Award
- Grammy Museum
- Grand Prix du Disque
- Greece
- Green Man Gaming
- Grooveshark
- Guardian Unlimited
- Guatemala
- Guvera
- Handango
- Hays, Kansas
- Heavy metal music
- Helix-protected
- Help Editing
- Heroes (TV series)
- Hidden track
- Hip hop music
- Hip-hop music
- HitQuarters
- HMV Group
- Honduras
- Hot Press
- House (TV series)
- HP App Catalog
- Hulu
- Hungary
- IAd
- IBooks
- IBookstore
- ICloud
- IDevices
- Idol (TV series)
- IFund
- ILife
- IMac
- Imeem
- IMesh
- IMessage
- IMovie
- Impulse (software)
- Indiana
- Inside Mac Games
- Instrumental
- Intrinsity
- IOS
- IOS jailbreaking
- IOS SDK
- IOS version history
- IPad
- IPad 2
- IPhone
- IPhone (original)
- IPhone 3G
- IPhone 3GS
- IPhone 4
- IPhone 4S
- IPod
- IPod advertising
- IPod Classic
- IPod click wheel
- IPod game
- IPod Hi-Fi
- IPod Mini
- IPod Nano
- IPod Photo
- IPod Shuffle
- IPod Touch
- IPod+HP
- Irish Singles Chart
- Iriver
- Italy
- ITunes
- ITunes LP
- ITunes Producer
- ITunes Store
- IWork
- IWork.com
- Jamendo
- Japan
- Jazz
- JB Hi-Fi
- John Browett
- John Lennon
- Johnny Cash
- Jonathan Ive
- Joost
- JPY
- Juice TV
- Jumboplay
- Juno Award
- Juno Records
- Kansas
- Kazaa
- Kbit s
- Kerrang!
- Lafayette, Indiana
- Lala (website)
- Last.fm
- Latin American music
- Latin Grammy Award
- Latino
- Latvia
- Led Zeppelin
- Linux
- List of EMI labels
- List of iPod models
- Lithuania
- Logic Studio
- Lossy compression
- Lost (TV series)
- LoveFilm
- Lovely Rita
- Luxembourg
- Mac App Store
- Mac Mini
- Mac OS X
- Mac OS X Server
- Mac Pro
- MacBook
- MacBook Air
- MacBook Pro
- Macintosh
- Magic Mouse
- Magic Trackpad
- Magnatune
- Mahjong solitaire
- Mail (application)
- Malta
- Mark Papermaster
- Massachusetts
- Maxis ebuuk
- Megavideo
- Metaboli
- Metacafe
- Metadata
- Meteor Music Awards
- Mexican Spanish
- Mexico
- Michigan
- Microsoft Store
- Microsoft Windows
- Mike Lang
- Millard Drexler
- Miramax
- Mississippi Girl
- Mobile apps
- Mobile phones
- MobileMe
- MOG (online music)
- Mojo (magazine)
- Monopoly
- Motorola
- Motorola RAZR V3i
- Motorola ROKR E1
- Motorola SLVR L7
- Motown
- Movie
- MP3
- MPEG-4
- MPEG-4 Part 14
- MTV
- MuchMusic
- Music Canada
- Music education
- Music executive
- Music industry
- Music journalism
- Music piracy
- Music television
- Music Unlimited
- Music venue
- Music video
- Music videos
- Musical instrument
- Musician
- MusicStation
- MUZU TV
- MXN
- MyCoke
- México
- N-Gage (service)
- NBC
- NBC Universal
- Netflix
- Netherlands
- New Age music
- New York Times
- New Zealand
- News release
- NeXT
- Nicaragua
- Nike+iPod
- Nimbit
- Nintendo DSi
- Nintendo eShop
- Nintendo Network
- NME
- Norway
- Norwegian krone
- Nothing Real
- Notification Center
- NRJ Music Award
- NZD
- Ombudsman
- One to One (Apple)
- Online music store
- OnLive
- Open Music Model
- Operatic pop
- Operating system
- OverDrive, Inc.
- Ovi (Nokia)
- P.A. Semi
- Pac-Man
- Panama
- Pandora Radio
- Paraguay
- Paul McCartney
- Paypal
- Peacock Records
- Pepsi
- Peru
- Peter Oppenheimer
- Philip W. Schiller
- Pixar
- Playlist
- PlayNow
- PlayStation Store
- Pluzz
- PocketBook Reader
- Podcast
- Podcasts
- Poland
- Pop music
- Popcornflix
- Portal Apple Inc.
- Portugal
- PowerBook
- ProCare
- Profanity
- Protocol (computing)
- Puerto Rico
- Puretracks
- Q (magazine)
- Quantum of Solace
- QuickTime
- R&B;
- Radio promotion
- Rdio
- RealNetworks
- Record chart
- Record label
- Record producer
- Record shop
- Reggae
- Release (music)
- Republic of Ireland
- RIAA certification
- Ringo Starr
- Road crew
- Rock music
- Rolling Stone
- Romania
- Ron Johnson (Apple)
- Ronald Sugar
- Ronald Wayne
- RouteNote
- RTÉ Player
- RuTube
- Safari (web browser)
- Samsung Apps
- Sarah McLachlan
- Scott Forstall
- Scunthorpe problem
- Sellaband
- Session musician
- Silicon Color
- Simfy
- Simon & Schuster
- Sina Tamaddon
- Singer–songwriter
- Single (music)
- SingTel Skoob
- Siri (software)
- Slate (magazine)
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Slurpee
- Smash Hits
- Songs
- Songwriter
- Songza
- Sony BMG
- Sony Reader
- Soul music
- SoundCloud
- Soundtrack
- Spain
- Spanish language
- Spotify
- Spotlight (software)
- SpringBoard
- Spruce Technologies
- Stand-up comedy
- Star Academy
- Starbucks
- Stardock Central
- Steam (software)
- Steve Jobs
- Steve Wozniak
- Streaming media
- Streamwaves
- Super Bowl
- SVT Play
- Sweden
- Swedish krona
- Swiss franc
- Switzerland
- Talent manager
- Talk ITunes Store
- TEC Awards
- TechCrunch
- Technical support
- Television
- Television show
- Template Apple
- Template IPhone
- Template IPod
- Template talk Apple
- Template talk IPhone
- Template talk IPod
- Tetris
- Texas Hold 'Em
- The Beatles
- The Complete U2
- The Guardian
- The Music Factory
- The New York Times
- The NewsMarket
- The Times (Malta)
- ThePlatform
- Think Different
- Tim Cook
- Timothy Noah
- Tool (band)
- Tour promoter
- Transcode
- Tudou
- TV show
- TVCatchup
- Twilight (2008 film)
- U2
- Ubetoo
- UK Singles Chart
- Un Encuentro
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Universal Studios
- USD
- V Cast
- Variety (magazine)
- VCR
- Vendor lock-in
- Venezuela
- VentureBeat
- Veoh
- Verizon Wireless
- Video game console
- Video on demand
- Video Unlimited
- Vimeo
- Virgin Mega
- Virgin Megastores
- Viva (TV station)
- Vocal music
- Vodafone
- Voddler
- VoiceOver
- Vortex (iPod game)
- Vudu
- Wal-Mart
- Warner Music Group
- Wat Tv
- Wattpad
- We7
- WebKit
- WebObjects
- Weston, CT
- Which?
- White label
- Wii Shop Channel
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Proseline
- WildTangent
- WiMP
- Windows
- Windows Marketplace
- Windows Store
- Wine (software)
- Woodstock, Georgia
- Woolworths Limited
- World music
- World Music Awards
- X&Y;
- X86
- XML
- XQuery
- Xsan
- Youku
- YouTube
- Zattoo
- Zeebo
- Zero 7
- Zuma (video game)
- Zune Marketplace
- Zune Software
- Zylom
- À la carte
-
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
wn.com/Belgium -
Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
wn.com/Bolivia -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
wn.com/Bulgaria -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
wn.com/Chile -
CNBC
Coordinates: 40°53′55″N 73°56′21″W / 40.89861°N 73.93917°W / 40.89861; -73.93917
CNBC (officially the Consumer News and Business Channel until 1991) is a satellite and cable television business news channel in the U.S., owned and operated by NBCUniversal. The network and its international spinoffs cover business headlines and provide live coverage of financial markets. The combined reach of CNBC and its siblings is 390 million viewers around the world. In 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the U.S., worth roughly $4 billion. It is headquartered in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
The CNBC channel had its beginnings around 1980 as the Satellite Program Network (SPN), showing a low-budget mix of old movies, instructional and entertainment programs. The channel later changed its name to Tempo Television. After initially signing a letter of intent to acquire Tempo,NBC eventually opted for a deal to lease the channel's transponder in June 1988. On this platform, and under the guidance of Tom Rogers, the channel was relaunched on April 17, 1989 as the Consumer News and Business Channel. NBC and Cablevision initially operated CNBC as a 50-50 joint venture, choosing to headquarter the channel in Fort Lee, New Jersey.
wn.com/CNBC -
Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
wn.com/Colombia -
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
Costa Rica, which means "Rich Coast", constitutionally abolished its army permanently in 1949. It is the only Latin American country included in the list of the world's 22 older democracies. Costa Rica has consistently been among the top Latin American countries in the Human Development Index (HDI), ranked 69th in the world in 2011. Also was cited by the UNDP in 2010 as one of the countries that have attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, and in 2011 was highlighted by UNDP for being a good performer on environmental sustainability, and better record on human development and inequality than the median of their region. It was also the only country to meet all five criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. The country is ranked fifth in the world, and first among the Americas, in terms of the 2012 Environmental Performance Index.
wn.com/Costa_Rica -
Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
wn.com/Cyprus -
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
wn.com/Denmark -
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (i/dəˌmɪnɨkən rɨˈpʌblɪk/; Spanish: República Dominicana [reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana]) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with 48,442 square kilometres (18,704 sq mi) and an estimated 10 million people.
Taínos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo, the country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World. Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the Americas, including the first cathedral, and castle, both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
wn.com/Dominican_Republic -
Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
wn.com/Ecuador -
El Salvador
El Salvadori/ɛl ˈsælvədɔr/ (Spanish: República de El Salvador, literally 'Republic of The Savior') is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. The country's capital city and largest city is San Salvador; Santa Ana and San Miguel are also important cultural and commercial centers in the country as well as Central America. El Salvador borders the Pacific Ocean on the west, and the countries of Guatemala to the north and Honduras to the east. Its easternmost region lies on the coast of the Gulf of Fonseca, opposite Nicaragua. As of 2009, El Salvador had a population of approximately 5,744,113 people, composed predominantly of Mestizos.
The colón was the official currency of El Salvador from 1892 to 2001, when it adopted the U.S. Dollar.
In 2010 El Salvador ranked in the top 10 among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index and in the top 3 in Central America (behind Costa Rica and Panama), due in part to ongoing rapid industrialization. In addition, tropical forests and overall forest cover has expanded by nearly 20 percent from the year 1992 to 2010. Making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
wn.com/El_Salvador -
European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union.
The Commission operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "commissioners" ). There is one member per member state, though members are bound to represent the interests of the EU as a whole rather than their home state. One of the 27 is the Commission President (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso) proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament. The Council then appoints the other 26 members of the Commission in agreement with the nominated President, and then the 27 members as a single body are subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. The first Barroso Commission took office in late 2004 and its successor, under the same President, took office in 2010.
The term "Commission" is used either in the narrow sense of the 27-member College of Commissioners (or College) or to also include the administrative body of about 23,000 European civil servants who are split into departments called Directorates-General and Services. The internal working languages of the Commission are English, French and German. The Members of the Commission and their "cabinets" (immediate teams) are based in the Berlaymont building of Brussels.
wn.com/European_Commission -
Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
wn.com/Finland -
France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.
wn.com/Gibraltar -
Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
wn.com/Greece -
Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
wn.com/Guatemala -
Hays, Kansas
Hays is a city in and the county seat of Ellis County, Kansas, United States. The largest city in northwestern Kansas, it is the economic and cultural center of the region. It is also a college town, home to Fort Hays State University. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 20,510.
In late 1866, anticipating the construction of the Kansas Pacific Railway as far west as Fort Hays, a party from St. Louis, Missouri led by one William Webb selected three sections of land for colonization near the fort. In June 1867, to better serve the railroad, the U.S. Army relocated Fort Hays to a site near where the railroad was to cross Big Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River. Seeing a business opportunity, Buffalo Bill Cody and railroad contractor William Rose founded the settlement of Rome, Kansas near the fort's new location. Within a month, the population of Rome grew to over 2,000. Webb, meanwhile, established the Big Creek Land Company and then surveyed and platted a town site, which he named Hays City after the fort, roughly one mile east of Rome. The railroad reached Hays City soon thereafter and constructed a depot there. The railroad's arrival, combined with a cholera epidemic that hit Rome in the late summer of 1867, drove Rome businesses and residents to relocate to Hays City. Within a year, Rome was completely abandoned. As the western terminus of the railway, Hays City grew rapidly, serving as the supply point for territories to the west and southwest.
wn.com/Hays,_Kansas -
Honduras
Honduras is a republic in Central America. It was at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became the modern-day state of Belize. The country is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.
Honduras was home to several important indigenous cultures, most notably the Maya. Much of the country was conquered by Spain who introduced its predominant language and many of its customs in the sixteenth century. It became independent in 1821 and has been a republic since the end of Spanish rule.
Its size is just over 112,492 km² with an estimated population of almost eight million. Its capital is Tegucigalpa. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone.
It is notable for its production of minerals, tropical fruit, and recently for exportation of clothing for the international market.
wn.com/Honduras -
Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
wn.com/Hungary -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan -
Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
wn.com/Kansas -
Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette ( /ˌlɑːfiːˈɛt/ or lah-fee-YET) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States, 63 miles (101 km) northwest of Indianapolis. West Lafayette, on the other side of the Wabash River, is home to Purdue University, which has a large impact on both communities. Together, Lafayette and West Lafayette form the core of the Lafayette, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the 2010 census, its population was 67,140, an increase of 19% from 56,397 in 2000.
When European explorers first reached the area around what is now Tippecanoe County, it was inhabited by a tribe of Miami Indians known as the Ouiatenon or Weas. In 1717 the French government established Fort Ouiatenon across the Wabash River and three miles (5 km) south of the location of present-day Lafayette. The fort became the center of trade for fur trappers, merchants and Indians. An annual reenactment and festival known as Feast of the Hunters' Moon takes place there each autumn.
The town of Lafayette was platted in May 1825 by a river trader William Digby. It was made county seat of the newly formed Tippecanoe County the following year. Like many frontier towns, Lafayette was named for General Lafayette, a French soldier who significantly aided George Washington's Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Lafayette toured the United States in 1824 and 1825
wn.com/Lafayette,_Indiana -
Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
wn.com/Latvia -
Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
wn.com/Lithuania -
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
wn.com/Luxembourg -
Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
wn.com/Malta -
Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
wn.com/Massachusetts -
Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
wn.com/Michigan -
MuchMusic
MuchMusic (often referred to simply as Much) is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Bell Media. MuchMusic is dedicated to music-related programs, pop and youth culture.
MuchMusic was licensed on April 2, 1984 by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to CHUM Limited. Shortly thereafter, MuchMusic was launched on August 31, 1984 as one of the first Canadian cable specialty channels on the air. It was headed by John Martin and Moses Znaimer, the channel's founders. On June 22, 2007, CTVglobemedia gained control of MuchMusic as a result of a takeover of CHUM Limited.
The first video played on MuchMusic was "an early music-to-film synchronization short from the 1920s which featured Eubie Blake performing Snappy Songs." The first video made specifically for television air play was Rush's "The Enemy Within".
Bell Canada gained control of MuchMusic through its takeover of CTVglobemedia on April 1, 2011, thus renaming the company's name to Bell Media and giving the channel a new look and a new logo, as well as airing television shows, mainly dramas and reality shows.
wn.com/MuchMusic -
México
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/México -
Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
wn.com/Netherlands -
New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
wn.com/New_Zealand -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua (i/ˌnɪkəˈrɑːɡwə/ nik-ə-RAH-gwə), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (Spanish: República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa] ( listen)), is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The country is situated between 11 and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere, which places it entirely within the tropics. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's physical geography divides it into three major zones: Pacific lowlands; wet, cooler central highlands; and the Caribbean lowlands. On the Pacific side of the country are the two largest fresh water lakes in Central America—Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. Surrounding these lakes and extending to their northwest along the rift valley of the Gulf of Fonseca are fertile lowland plains, with soil highly enriched by ash from nearby volcanoes of the central highlands. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot.
wn.com/Nicaragua -
Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
wn.com/Norway -
Panama
Panama (i/ˈpænəmɑː/ PAN-ə-mah; Spanish: Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (Spanish: República de Panamá [reˈpuβlika ðe panaˈma]), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City. Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, named the Republic of Gran Colombia.When Gran Colombia the dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada remained joined. Nueva Granada later became the Republic of Colombia.
With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the Panama Canal to be built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the United States to Panama by the end of the century.
wn.com/Panama -
Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
wn.com/Paraguay -
Pixar
Pixar Animation Studios /ˈpɪksɑr/ is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California. The studio has earned twenty-six Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and three Grammy Awards, among many other awards and acknowledgments. It is best known for its CGI-animated feature films created with PhotoRealistic RenderMan, its own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface used to generate high-quality images. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm before it was acquired by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986. The Walt Disney Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion; the transaction made Jobs the largest shareholder in Disney.
Pixar has produced twelve feature films, beginning with Toy Story in 1995. It was followed by A Bug's Life in 1998, Toy Story 2 in 1999, Monsters, Inc. in 2001, Finding Nemo in 2003, The Incredibles in 2004, Cars in 2006, Ratatouille in 2007, WALL-E in 2008, Up in 2009, Toy Story 3 (to date, the highest-grossing animated film of all-time, grossing over $1 billion worldwide) in 2010, and Cars 2 in 2011. Eleven of the films have received critical and financial success, with the notable exception being Cars 2, which received substantially less praise than Pixar's previous films. As of February 2012, its films have made over $7 billion worldwide, with its $602 million average gross by far the highest of any studio in the industry. In addition, all of the films produced by Pixar are among the top 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time, with Finding Nemo (#27), Up (#44), and Toy Story 3 (#8) all in the top 50 highest-grossing films of all time.
wn.com/Pixar -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
wn.com/Portugal -
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
wn.com/Puerto_Rico -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
wn.com/Romania -
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
wn.com/Slovakia -
Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
wn.com/Slovenia -
Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
wn.com/Spain -
Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
wn.com/Sweden -
Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
wn.com/Switzerland -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
wn.com/Venezuela -
Weston, CT
Weston is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut. The population was 10,179 at the 2010 census. The town is served by Route 57 and Route 53, both of which run through the town center. About 19% of the town's workforce commutes to New York City, about 45 miles (72 km) to the southwest.
Like many towns in southwestern Connecticut, Weston is among the most affluent communities in the United States. Data collected in 2010 showed that Weston had the third-highest median household income in Fairfield County, Connecticut, at US$180,321.
In 2011 Connecticut Magazine named Weston as the number one town in Connecticut among towns with populations of 10,000–15,000. The rating considers education, crime, economy, cost and leisure.
Aside from a handful of stores that form the town’s center, Weston has little commercial development. Residential development is limited by two-acre zoning. Most of Devil's Den Preserve, a 1,746-acre (707 ha) nature reserve, which gets 40,000 visits a year, is located in the town.
wn.com/Weston,_CT -
Woodstock, Georgia
Woodstock is a city in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States. The population was 23,896 at the 2010 census. Originally a stop on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, Woodstock is now considered part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. In 2007 it was the tenth fastest-growing suburb in the United States.
Woodstock is located at 34°6′5″N 84°31′10″W / 34.10139°N 84.51944°W / 34.10139; -84.51944 (34.100731, -84.518972).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles (23 km2), of which, 8.8 square miles (23 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.23%) is water.
Woodstock is divided into two main sections:
As of the census of 2010, there were 23,896 people, 9,580 households, and 6,137 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,715.4 people per square mile (1043.5/km²). There were 10,298 housing units at an average density of 1170.2 per square mile (449.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.3% White, 10.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.5% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.7% of the population.
wn.com/Woodstock,_Georgia
-
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and won the popular vote in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.
Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election, Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush. It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election.
wn.com/Al_Gore -
Andrea Jung
Andrea Jung (鍾彬嫻, pinyin: Zhōng Bīnxián) (born 1958) is a Canadian-American businessperson. She is the executive chairman and former CEO of Avon Products Inc..
Her mother is a Shanghai-born amateur pianist. Jung's father is a Hong Kong-born retired architect, formerly a partner at TRO Jung Brannen, who also taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Andrea Jung was raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Jung is a magna cum laude graduate of Princeton University and is fluent in Mandarin.
Jung was executive vice president of Neiman Marcus, where she handled issues regarding accessories, intimate women's apparel, cosmetics and children's wear. Before that, she was senior vice president, general merchandising manager, for I. Magnin. http://www.avoncompany.com/aboutavon/boardofdirectors/index.html&title=Board%20of%20Directors Jung joined Avon Products, Inc. in 1994 as the company's president in its product marketing group. She became president of global marketing in 1996 and executive vice president/president of global marketing and new business in 1997. Her responsibilities at that time centered primarily around market research, joint ventures and strategic planning. She then became president and chief operating officer, with responsibility for all business units of Avon worldwide. She has been on the company's board of directors since 1998. In November 1999, Jung was promoted to chairman of the board and chief executive officer.
wn.com/Andrea_Jung -
Aol
AOL Inc. (NYSE: AOL, previously known as America Online, written as "AOL" and stylized as "Aol." but commonly pronounced as an initialism) is an American global Internet services and media company. AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York. Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services. AOL is headquartered in New York City, but has many offices throughout cities in North America, such as Atlanta, Baltimore, Beverly Hills, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Dulles, Mountain View, Orlando, San Francisco, and Toronto. London and Tokyo are its foreign offices. As of December 2011, it serves 3.3 million paid subscribers.[citation needed]
AOL is best known for its online software suite, also called AOL, that allowed customers to access the world's largest "walled garden" online community and eventually reach out to the Internet as a whole. At its prime, AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide, most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite. The company has claimed that it had 34 million subscribers at its peak, although an undisclosed portion were using free hours.
wn.com/Aol -
Arthur D. Levinson
Arthur D. Levinson (born March 31, 1950, in Seattle, Washington, United States) is the chairman of Genentech (1999 to present) and the chairman of Apple Inc. (2011 to present). He is the former chief executive officer of Genentech (1995–2009) and is also a member of Genentech’s Scientific Research Board, which serves as an advisory group to the company regarding its research and early development projects.
In addition to serving as Chairman for Genentech and Apple. Inc., Levinson serves on the Board of Directors of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Amyris Biotechnologies, Inc. and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. He currently serves on the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Industrial Advisory Board of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), the Advisory Council for the Princeton University Department of Molecular Biology and the Advisory Council for the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics.
wn.com/Arthur_D._Levinson -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Bjørn Erik Thon
Bjørn Erik Thon (born 6 February 1964) is a Norwegian jurist and ombudsman.
He graduated as cand.jur. in 1989. From 1999 to 2000, during the first cabinet Bondevik Thon worked as a political advisor in the Ministry of Justice and the Police. He has been a member of Grefsen-Kjelsås borough council for the Liberal Party. Since 2000 he has headed the office of the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman. His period was renewed in 2007. He succeeded Georg Apenes as director of the Norwegian Data Inspectorate in late May 2010, though his immediate predecessor was acting director Ove Skåra.
In 2000 he started his career as a writer with his crime novel Svart kappe.
wn.com/Bjørn_Erik_Thon -
Bob Iger
Robert A. "Bob" Iger (born February 10, 1951) is an American businessman and the current chairman and chief executive of The Walt Disney Company. He was named president of Disney in 2000, and later succeeded Michael Eisner as chief executive in 2005, after a successful effort by Roy E. Disney to shake-up the management of the company. Iger oversaw the acquisition of Pixar in 2006, following a period of strained relations with the animation studio. He also led the company to acquire Marvel Entertainment, further broadening the Disney company's character franchises, in 2009.
Iger was born in Long Island, New York. His mother worked at Boardman Junior High School in Oceanside, New York and his father was executive vice president and general manager of the Greenvale Marketing Corporation, and a professor of advertising and public relations.
Iger completed his undergraduate studies at Ithaca College where he graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Science degree in Television & Radio from Ithaca's Roy H. Park School of Communications. He then began his career as a weatherman for a local television station. He joined the American Broadcasting Company in 1974 and gradually rose through its ranks. Iger was instrumental in convincing ABC to pick up David Lynch's offbeat but influential Twin Peaks. He served as president of the ABC Network Television Group from 1993–94, and then was named president and chief operating officer of ABC's corporate parent, Capital Cities/ABC. In 1996, The Walt Disney Company bought Capital Cities/ABC and renamed it ABC, Inc., where Iger remained president until 1999.
wn.com/Bob_Iger -
Britney Spears
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist. During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20, garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".
wn.com/Britney_Spears -
Danger Mouse
Brian Joseph Burton (born July 29, 1977), better known by his stage name Danger Mouse, is an American musician, songwriter and producer. He came to prominence in 2004 when he released The Grey Album, which combined vocal performances from Jay-Z's The Black Album with instrumentals from the Beatles' White Album.
He formed Gnarls Barkley with Cee Lo Green and produced its albums St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple. He produced the second Gorillaz album, 2005's Demon Days, as well as Beck's 2008 record Modern Guilt and an album with Joker's Daughter in 2007. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the Producer of the Year category five times (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), and won the award in 2011. In addition, Burton worked with rapper MF Doom as Danger Doom and released the album The Mouse and the Mask and the EP Occult Hymn.
In 2009 he collaborated with James Mercer of the indie rock band The Shins to form Broken Bells. The group's first album was released on March 9, 2010.
Danger Mouse was listed as one of Esquire magazine's seventy-five most influential people of the 21st century. In 2010 he began producing an album for U2.
wn.com/Danger_Mouse -
George Harrison
George Harrison,MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles. Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle", Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience. Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards. His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
wn.com/George_Harrison -
John Lennon
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founder members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Together with Paul McCartney, he formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.
Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved as a teenager in the skiffle craze; his first band, The Quarrymen, evolved into The Beatles in 1960. As the group disintegrated towards the end of the decade, Lennon embarked on a solo career that produced the critically acclaimed albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, and iconic songs such as "Give Peace a Chance" and "Imagine". After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he changed his name to John Ono Lennon. Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to devote time to raising his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release.
wn.com/John_Lennon -
Johnny Cash
John R. "Johnny" Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003), was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author, who has been called one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country music icon, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll—especially early in his career—as well as blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal led to Cash being inducted in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
Cash was known for his deep, distinctive bass-baritone voice; for the "boom-chicka-boom" sound of his Tennessee Three backing band; for his rebelliousness, coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor; for providing free concerts inside prison walls; and for his dark performance clothing, which earned him the nickname "The Man in Black". He traditionally started his concerts by saying, "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash." and usually following it up with his standard "Folsom Prison Blues".
wn.com/Johnny_Cash -
Jonathan Ive
Sir Jonathan Paul "Jony" Ive, KBE (born February 1967) is a British designer and the senior vice president of Industrial Design at Apple Inc. He is the lead designer and conceptual mind behind many of Apple's products, including the iMac, MacBook Air, iPod, iPod touch, iPhone, and iPad. During Steve Jobs' tenure as CEO, Ive was given operational autonomy within the company, subject only to Jobs; he currently reports to CEO Tim Cook.
Jonathan Ive was born in Chingford, London. He was brought up by his teacher father and attended the Chingford Foundation School and went on to attend Walton High School in Stafford, then studied industrial design at Northumbria University (Newcastle Polytechnic at the time). Once enrolled in Walton, it became clear that he attained many technical and drawing skills through his father. Ive met his wife, Heather Pegg, while in secondary school. She is a year younger than Ive. They married in 1987, have twin sons and now live in San Francisco.
Ive has said that he knew he was interested in “drawing and making stuff” since around age 14. The idea of design was long in his mind, but he was unsure about exactly what he would design. His interests were very broad – from furniture and jewellery to boats and cars. He was never sure about where his interest would lead. It wasn’t until he met with various design experts that he was able to see some standard ground in wanting to further his study in product design.
wn.com/Jonathan_Ive -
Latino
Latino is a term used chiefly in the United States to refer to people of Latin American extraction or descent, though the term has also been used, perhaps incorrectly, as a synonym for Hispanic. The term latino is used to refer to males only or a combination of males and females in a group, whereas the term latina is used to refer to females only.
The U.S. Government has defined Hispanic or Latino persons as being "persons who trace their origin [to] . . . Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures." The United States Census uses the ethnonym Hispanic or Latino to refer to "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spanish speaking Central and South America countries, and other Spanish cultures." It is also stated that, "Origin can be considered as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race." The AP Stylebook's recommended usage of Latino includes not only persons of Spanish-speaking ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from -- or whose ancestors were from -- . . . Latin America," including Brazilians.
wn.com/Latino -
Mark Papermaster
Mark Papermaster is the Chief Technology Officer at Advanced Micro Devices. He previously was the Senior Vice President of Devices Hardware Engineering at Apple Inc. He replaced Tony Fadell who was responsible for the team that created the iPod. Papermaster worked at IBM from 1982–2008. His last position at IBM was as vice president of IBM's blade server division. In 2008, Papermaster's decision to move from IBM to Apple became central to a court case considering the validity and scope of an employee non-compete clause in the technology industry. In August 2010 he stepped down from his position because of issues with Apple's internal politics and corporate culture.
Mark Papermaster worked at IBM for 26 years, beginning in 1982 in Vermont. He moved to Texas in approx 1990 for the rest of his employment with the company. He started designing circuits in the Microelectronics Division. He then moved on to work in microprocessor technology development for 15 years, from 1991 until 2006, with five years spent working specifically on POWER architecture for PCs, known as PowerPC, the same architecture Apple adopted for its line of Macintosh computers. During his tenure in microprocessor development, Papermaster earned the knowledge and expertise to become a respected chip designer across the industry and a "top expert" in the field of POWER processing for PCs. IBM promoted him to Vice President of Microprocessor Technology Development.
wn.com/Mark_Papermaster -
Mike Lang
Mike Lang is the current Chief Executive Officer of Miramax Films.
Lang was a former News Corp. executive. In that job he had a hand in acquiring MySpace and starting up Hulu. Lang was a consultant on the deal for Filmyard Holdings to purchase Miramax Films from Walt Disney Company. At closing he was named CEO of Miramax Films.
dff
wn.com/Mike_Lang -
Millard Drexler
Millard "Mickey" S. Drexler (b. August 17, 1944) is the current chairman and CEO of J.Crew Group and formerly the CEO of Gap Inc. He has been a director at Apple Inc. since 1999.
He studied at the Bronx High School of Science, City College of New York, and University at Buffalo. He later received a M.B.A. from Boston University Graduate School of Management.
In the mid-1970s, Drexler was a merchandising vice-president at Abraham & Straus in Brooklyn, New York. He has also worked at Ann Taylor, Bloomingdale's, and Macy's.
Drexler is often credited with Gap's meteoric rise during the 1990s. Until then Gap had been a relatively small chain selling private and public brands. Under Drexler the company made a dramatic shift to private brand merchandise and expanded rapidly to become an iconic part of 90s pop culture. Television advertisements featuring young models and catchy music such as "Mellow Yellow" and "Dress Me Up In Your Love" came to epitomize the relaxed American casual look that defined the Gap brand.
wn.com/Millard_Drexler -
Paul McCartney
Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE, Hon RAM, FRCM (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of the Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), he has been described by Guinness World Records as "The Most Successful Composer and Recording Artist of All Time", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and with Lennon formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. After leaving the Beatles, he began a solo career and later formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine.
According to the BBC, his Beatles song "Yesterday" has been covered by over 2,200 artists—more than any other song. Wings' 1977 release, "Mull of Kintyre", became one of the best-selling singles ever in the UK, and he is "the most successful songwriter" in UK chart history, according to Guinness. As a songwriter or co-writer, he is included on thirty-one number one titles on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2012 he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA certified units in the United States.
wn.com/Paul_McCartney -
Peter Oppenheimer
Peter Oppenheimer is Apple Inc.'s senior vice president and Chief Financial Officer. As CFO, Oppenheimer oversees the controller, treasury, investor relations, tax, information systems, internal audit, facilities, corporate development and human resources functions. He reports directly to Apple's CEO Tim Cook and serves on the company's executive committee.
Oppenheimer received a Bachelor's degree from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in Agricultural Business and an M.B.A. from Santa Clara University, both with honors. Oppenheimer is a member of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity.
Oppenheimer spent six years in the Information Technology Consulting Practice with Coopers and Lybrand (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) where he managed financial, systems engagements for clients in the insurance, telecommunications, transportation and banking industries. Oppenheimer then joined Automatic Data Processing (ADP), where he was Chief Financial Officer of the Claims Services Division.
wn.com/Peter_Oppenheimer -
Philip W. Schiller
Philip W. Schiller is the senior vice president of worldwide marketing at Apple Inc. He is a prominent figure in Apple's public presentations. He aids Apple CEO Tim Cook and has been a member of the company's executive leadership team since Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997.
Schiller received a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Boston College in 1982. He began, but didn't complete, a Ph.D in English.
Schiller has over twenty four years of experience in product marketing and management, including seventeen years at Apple in various capacities. His previous experience also included positions at Macromedia (Vice President of Product Marketing), FirePower Systems, Inc. (Director of Product Marketing), Nolan, Norton & Company and Massachusetts General Hospital (Programmer and Systems Analyst).
At Apple, Schiller was instrumental in the formation and marketing of iMac, iBook, PowerBook G4, iPod, Mac OS X, and subsequent products.
Schiller frequently participated in a supporting role in keynote presentations given by Steve Jobs, usually presenting new products, like the iPhone and the iPad. During Steve Jobs's medical leave of absence, he presented numerous keynote presentations himself (with supporting segments by other Apple staff), including Apple's last appearance at IDG's Macworld trade show on January 6, 2009 and the WWDC keynote on June 8, 2009. Both presentations, held in San Francisco, were typically presented by Jobs himself. Among the things announced at these events were the updated MacBook Pro lines, the new iPhone 3GS, new versions of the iLife and iWork suites as well as pricing and DRM changes to the iTunes Music Store.
wn.com/Philip_W._Schiller -
Ringo Starr
Richard Starkey, MBE (born 7 July 1940), better known by his stage name Ringo Starr, is an English musician and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. When the band formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool band, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. He joined the Beatles in August 1962, taking the place of Pete Best. In addition to his drumming, Starr is featured on lead vocals on a number of successful Beatles songs (in particular, "With a Little Help from My Friends", "Yellow Submarine", and the Beatles version of "Act Naturally"). He is credited as a co-writer of the songs "What Goes On" and "Flying", and as the writer of "Don't Pass Me By" and "Octopus's Garden".
As drummer for the Beatles, Starr was musically creative, and his contribution to the band's music has received high praise from notable drummers in more recent times. Starr described himself as "your basic offbeat drummer with funny fills". Drummer Steve Smith said that Starr's popularity "brought forth a new paradigm" where "we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect" and that Starr "composed unique, stylistic drum parts for The Beatles songs". In 2011, Starr was picked as the fifth-best drummer of all-time by Rolling Stone readers.
wn.com/Ringo_Starr -
Ron Johnson (Apple)
Ron Johnson (born c. 1959) is the CEO of J. C. Penney and was the Senior Vice President of Retail Operations at Apple Inc. He pioneered the concept of the Apple Retail Stores and the Genius Bar. Ron joined Apple in January 2000, but left to join J. C. Penney in November 2011. He previously worked as vice president of merchandising for Target and worked at Mervyns.
Under Johnson's direction, Apple's retail stores achieved a record level of growth, exceeding a billion dollars in annual sales within two years of their debut, besting the previous record set by The Gap. Apple today operates over 300 stores, including outlets in Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Japan.
On October 31, 2007 Johnson exercised 700,000 stock options in Apple stock with a strike price of $23.72, and then sold the stock later that day for $185 to $185.21 apiece netting him a USD $112m profit. It has been reported that Johnson earned $400 million during his seven and a half years at Apple.
wn.com/Ron_Johnson_(Apple) -
Sarah McLachlan
Sarah Ann McLachlan, OC, OBC (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian musician, singer and songwriter. Known for her emotional ballads and mezzo-soprano vocal range, as of 2009, she has sold over 40 million albums worldwide. McLachlan's best-selling album to date is Surfacing, for which she won two Grammy Awards (out of four nominations) and four Juno Awards. In addition to her personal artistic efforts, she founded the Lilith Fair tour, which showcased female musicians. The Lilith Fair concert tours took place from 1997 to 1999, and resumed in the summer of 2010. Since 2006 she has also been known as a highly visible supporter of the ASPCA, as well as various other charities.
Sarah McLachlan was born on January 28, 1968, and adopted in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. As a child, she took voice lessons, along with studies in classical piano and guitar. When she was 17 years old and still a student at Queen Elizabeth High School, she fronted a short-lived rock band called The October Game. One of the band's songs, "Grind", credited as a group composition, can be found on the independent Flamingo Records release Out of the Fog and the CD Out of the Fog Too. It has yet to be released elsewhere. Her high school yearbook predicted that she was "destined to become a famous rock star."
wn.com/Sarah_McLachlan -
Sina Tamaddon
Sina Tamaddon (Persian: سینا تمدن ) was Senior Vice President of Applications for Apple Inc.
Sina Tamaddon joined Apple in September 1997. He also served the company in the position of Senior Vice President, Worldwide Service and Support and Vice President and General Manager, Newton Group. Before joining the company Tamaddon held the position of Vice President, Europe with NeXT from September 1996 through March 1997. From August 1994 to August 1996 Tamaddon held the position of Vice President, Professional Services with NeXT.
Prior to August 1994 Tamaddon worked for Software Alliance w Todd Rulon-Miller. Prior to joining Software Alliance, Tamaddon worked for NeXT as the Sales Manager for their Chicago Office. Prior to NeXT, Tamaddon worked for Sun Microsystems.
Picture of Sina Tamaddon: http://photocdn.sohu.com/20080626/Img257760456.jpg
wn.com/Sina_Tamaddon -
Steve Jobs
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.
wn.com/Steve_Jobs -
Steve Wozniak
Stephan Gary "Woz" Wozniak (born August 11, 1950) is an American computer engineer and programmer who founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne. Wozniak created the Apple I computer and co-created the Apple II computer in the mid-1970s, which contributed significantly to the microcomputer revolution of that era.
Wozniak has been referred to frequently by the nickname "Woz" or "The Woz”; "WoZ" (short for "Wheels of Zeus") is also the name of a company Wozniak founded.
Wozniak met Steve Jobs when fellow Homestead High School student, Bill Fernandez, introduced them to each other. In 1970, they became friends when Jobs worked for the summer at Hewlett-Packard (HP), where Wozniak was working on a mainframe computer. According to Wozniak's autobiography, iWoz, Jobs had the idea to sell a computer as a fully assembled printed circuit board. Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandkids they had had their own company. Together they sold some of their possessions (such as Wozniak's HP scientific calculator and Jobs' Volkswagen van), raised USD $1,300, and assembled the first prototypes in Jobs' bedroom and later (when there was no space left) in Jobs' garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was filled with monitors, electronic devices, and some computer games Wozniak had developed.
wn.com/Steve_Wozniak -
Tim Cook
Timothy D. “Tim” Cook (born November 1, 1960) is the CEO of Apple. Cook joined Apple in March 1998 as SVP of Worldwide Operations and also served as EVP of Worldwide Sales and Operations and was COO until he was named the CEO of Apple on August 24, 2011, succeeding Steve Jobs, who died on October 5, 2011, from pancreatic cancer. Cook had previously served as acting CEO of Apple after Jobs began a medical leave in January 2011.
In early 2012, he was awarded compensation of 1 million shares, vesting in 2021, by Apple's Board of Directors. As of April 2012, these shares are valued at US $600 million, making him the world's highest paid CEO.
Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, while his mother was a homemaker. Cook graduated from high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.
Cook spent six months at Compaq as VP for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple in 1998. He initially served as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations. Prior to that, Cook served as the chief operating officer (COO) of the computer reseller division of Intelligent Electronics and spent 12 years in IBM's personal computer business as the director of North American Fulfillment.
wn.com/Tim_Cook -
Timothy Noah
Timothy Robert Noah (born 1958) is an American journalist. He is a senior editor of The New Republic, where he writes the TRB column and a political blog. Noah is also a contributing editor to The Washington Monthly and a frequent commentator on CBS News' Sunday Morning. In 2010 Noah was a National Magazine Award finalist in the online news reporting category for his coverage of the health care reform bill, and for a decade he wrote Slate's "Chatterbox" column.
Noah is the son of Marian Jane (née Swentor) and Robert M. Noah, a television producer. His father is Jewish and his mother is Protestant, and he describes himself as an atheist. He is a graduate of Harvard College, from which he obtained a degree in English in 1980, and where he was on the prose board of the Harvard Advocate. He lives in Washington, D.C.[citation needed]
Noah was an assistant managing editor at U.S. News and World Report, a Washington reporter for the Wall Street Journal, a staff writer at The New Republic and a congressional correspondent for Newsweek. Prior to rejoining the New Republic after a 29-year hiatus, Noah was for 12 years a senior writer at Slate.
wn.com/Timothy_Noah
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
iTunes Store - iTunes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Check out Bas Rutten's Liver Shot on MMA Surge: bit.ly Mahalo audio expert Joey Biagas gives a brief overview of the iTunes store. Getting to the iTunes Store --------------------------------------------------------------------- To access the iTunes store, first make sure you're connected to the Internet.Launch iTunes, then click on iTunes Store in the left-hand menu. Top Menu --------------------------------------------------------------------- The menu at the top of the homepage features navigation options.Clicking on the home will take you to the homepage.The Music, Movies, TV Shows, App Store, Books, Podcasts and iTunes U (educational products) selections all take you to their various category landing pages. They are also drop-down menus featuring genres and more options for each category.Ping will take you to the main Ping section. Ping is a social network from iTunes.Sign In brings up a dialog box allowing you to easily sign into your iTunes account. This is necessary for making a purchase. Center Panels --------------------------------------------------------------------- The middle section of iTunes displays icons for iTunes products in various categories.At the top is a large panel showing products that iTunes is promoting. This cycles through several images. Smaller versions are contained on the right-hand side.Below this are the This Week and Recent Hits buttons.This Week is a breakdown of popular new songs and albums released during the week. This section and ...
http://wn.com/iTunes_Store_iTunes
Check out Bas Rutten's Liver Shot on MMA Surge: bit.ly Mahalo audio expert Joey Biagas gives a brief overview of the iTunes store. Getting to the iTunes Store --------------------------------------------------------------------- To access the iTunes store, first make sure you're connected to the Internet.Launch iTunes, then click on iTunes Store in the left-hand menu. Top Menu --------------------------------------------------------------------- The menu at the top of the homepage features navigation options.Clicking on the home will take you to the homepage.The Music, Movies, TV Shows, App Store, Books, Podcasts and iTunes U (educational products) selections all take you to their various category landing pages. They are also drop-down menus featuring genres and more options for each category.Ping will take you to the main Ping section. Ping is a social network from iTunes.Sign In brings up a dialog box allowing you to easily sign into your iTunes account. This is necessary for making a purchase. Center Panels --------------------------------------------------------------------- The middle section of iTunes displays icons for iTunes products in various categories.At the top is a large panel showing products that iTunes is promoting. This cycles through several images. Smaller versions are contained on the right-hand side.Below this are the This Week and Recent Hits buttons.This Week is a breakdown of popular new songs and albums released during the week. This section and ...
Apple Music Event 2003-iTunes Music Store Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:40
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Here we see Steve Jobs introducing the iTunes Music Store for the first time ever.
http://wn.com/Apple_Music_Event_2003-iTunes_Music_Store_Introduction
Here we see Steve Jobs introducing the iTunes Music Store for the first time ever.
- published: 09 Nov 2007
- views: 68261
- author: peestandingup
iTunes: Shop the Store
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Shop for music, movies, TV shows, audiobooks, and free podcasts from the iTunes Store on your computer. Search for anything and preview it free. Click Buy Now and your purchase starts downloading instantly. Browse the store for new releases, get recommendations based on your past purchases, and make lots of new musical discoveries. The iTunes Store even offers free songs and TV episodes every week.
http://wn.com/iTunes_Shop_the_Store
Shop for music, movies, TV shows, audiobooks, and free podcasts from the iTunes Store on your computer. Search for anything and preview it free. Click Buy Now and your purchase starts downloading instantly. Browse the store for new releases, get recommendations based on your past purchases, and make lots of new musical discoveries. The iTunes Store even offers free songs and TV episodes every week.
- published: 19 Mar 2008
- views: 7400
- author: martindati
Apple introduces the iTunes Music Store (Promo Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
Here we see Apple's promo video after the introduction of the iTunes Music Store.
http://wn.com/Apple_introduces_the_iTunes_Music_Store_Promo_Video
Here we see Apple's promo video after the introduction of the iTunes Music Store.
- published: 11 Feb 2006
- views: 54000
- author: peestandingup
iOS 6 New App Store and iTunes Store Design and Interface
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A hands on look at the new App Store and iTunes Store interface and design with iOS 6. Stay tuned for more iOS 6 based videos by subscribing above. Follow me on Twitter for updates and extras - twitter.com . Comment and thumbs up if you enjoyed the video. Thanks for watching! Become more awesome today :) - Follow me on Facebook: on.fb.me Follow me on Twitter: bit.ly Check out the site: www.iosnova.com YouTube: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/iOS_6_New_App_Store_and_iTunes_Store_Design_and_Interface
A hands on look at the new App Store and iTunes Store interface and design with iOS 6. Stay tuned for more iOS 6 based videos by subscribing above. Follow me on Twitter for updates and extras - twitter.com . Comment and thumbs up if you enjoyed the video. Thanks for watching! Become more awesome today :) - Follow me on Facebook: on.fb.me Follow me on Twitter: bit.ly Check out the site: www.iosnova.com YouTube: www.youtube.com
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 10632
- author: iguitardude2744
How to Set Up an Account at the iTunes Store For Dummies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Setting up an iTunes account puts you in store for music. After creating an account with a credit card or gift certificate, you can browse and buy music - whole albums or song by song. Opening an iTunes account is easy; this video shows you how.
http://wn.com/How_to_Set_Up_an_Account_at_the_iTunes_Store_For_Dummies
Setting up an iTunes account puts you in store for music. After creating an account with a credit card or gift certificate, you can browse and buy music - whole albums or song by song. Opening an iTunes account is easy; this video shows you how.
- published: 19 Nov 2009
- views: 20716
- author: fordummies
How To Sign Up for the iTunes Store WITHOUT A Credit Card!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:52
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
You just want to get free stuff like apps and podcasts from the iTunes store, but you don't want to give to Apple your credit card details? Then watch this video! If you encounter any problems during this process, post a comment or try searching for your problem on Google or YouTube. I used the iTunes store in Italy but this also works with other countries. Link for the wallpaper I used in this video: i28.tinypic.com
http://wn.com/How_To_Sign_Up_for_the_iTunes_Store_WITHOUT_A_Credit_Card!
You just want to get free stuff like apps and podcasts from the iTunes store, but you don't want to give to Apple your credit card details? Then watch this video! If you encounter any problems during this process, post a comment or try searching for your problem on Google or YouTube. I used the iTunes store in Italy but this also works with other countries. Link for the wallpaper I used in this video: i28.tinypic.com
- published: 27 Jul 2009
- views: 11187
- author: TheComputerGuy96
Apple iPad Tutorial Part 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:28
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Additional Content (final section): iTunes Store, iPod, YouTube, Netflix, Google Maps, Photo's and Video, Picture Frame, Restrictions, International, Bluetooth, and Factory Data Reset. iPad Tutorial iPad 1 Tutorial iPad 2 Tutorial iPad 3 Tutorial This video is the sole property of MobileConceptz Group LLC and can not be used or reproduced without express written consent. Copyright 2011 MobileConceptz Group LLC. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Apple_iPad_Tutorial_Part_4
Additional Content (final section): iTunes Store, iPod, YouTube, Netflix, Google Maps, Photo's and Video, Picture Frame, Restrictions, International, Bluetooth, and Factory Data Reset. iPad Tutorial iPad 1 Tutorial iPad 2 Tutorial iPad 3 Tutorial This video is the sole property of MobileConceptz Group LLC and can not be used or reproduced without express written consent. Copyright 2011 MobileConceptz Group LLC. All Rights Reserved.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 52233
- author: MobileProfessor
How To: Create US iTunes Store Account
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Create a US iTunes Store account WITHOUT any gift codes or a valid US credit card at hand. Good if you want a larger selection of content, some of which are FREE! Presented by www.OneMoreTap.com
http://wn.com/How_To_Create_US_iTunes_Store_Account
Create a US iTunes Store account WITHOUT any gift codes or a valid US credit card at hand. Good if you want a larger selection of content, some of which are FREE! Presented by www.OneMoreTap.com
- published: 20 Feb 2009
- views: 7465
- author: onemoretap
COMO CREAR UNA CUENTA DE ITUNES STORE GRATUITA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
RECUERDEN QUE TIENEN QUE ABRIR PRIMERO UN APLICACION "GRATUITA" LUEGO DAR CLICK EN DESCARGAR Y DAN CLICK EN SIGUIENTE LUEGO ACEPTAN LOS TERMINOS DE USO Y LE DAN SIGUIENTE ENSEGUIDA PONEN SU CORREO IMPORTANTE EL CORREO DEBE SER SUYO Y DEBE SER REAL PARA QUE PUEDAN CONFIRMAR SU CUENTA, PONEN SU CONTRASEÑA Y LA PREGUNTA MUY FACIL QUE PUEDAN RECORDAR, LUEGO DAN CLICK EN SIGUIENTE DESPUES PONEN QUE EN TARJETA NINGUNA Y LLENAN EL FORMULARIO AL FINAL LES PEDIRAN QUE CHEQUEN SU CORREO PARA QUE ACTIVEN SU CUENTA ((SOLO ABREN SU CORREO Y SIGUEN LOS PASOS QUE LES MANDAN EN EL CORREO. LISTO SOLO DEBERÁN CONECTARSE CON ITUNES ESCRIBIR SU CORREO Y SU CONTRASEÑA Y PODRAN DESCARGAR APLICACIONES "GRATUITAS" SOLO "GRATUITAS" NO SE OLVIDEN DE VISITAR EL CANAL DE dexterfl www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/COMO_CREAR_UNA_CUENTA_DE_ITUNES_STORE_GRATUITA
RECUERDEN QUE TIENEN QUE ABRIR PRIMERO UN APLICACION "GRATUITA" LUEGO DAR CLICK EN DESCARGAR Y DAN CLICK EN SIGUIENTE LUEGO ACEPTAN LOS TERMINOS DE USO Y LE DAN SIGUIENTE ENSEGUIDA PONEN SU CORREO IMPORTANTE EL CORREO DEBE SER SUYO Y DEBE SER REAL PARA QUE PUEDAN CONFIRMAR SU CUENTA, PONEN SU CONTRASEÑA Y LA PREGUNTA MUY FACIL QUE PUEDAN RECORDAR, LUEGO DAN CLICK EN SIGUIENTE DESPUES PONEN QUE EN TARJETA NINGUNA Y LLENAN EL FORMULARIO AL FINAL LES PEDIRAN QUE CHEQUEN SU CORREO PARA QUE ACTIVEN SU CUENTA ((SOLO ABREN SU CORREO Y SIGUEN LOS PASOS QUE LES MANDAN EN EL CORREO. LISTO SOLO DEBERÁN CONECTARSE CON ITUNES ESCRIBIR SU CORREO Y SU CONTRASEÑA Y PODRAN DESCARGAR APLICACIONES "GRATUITAS" SOLO "GRATUITAS" NO SE OLVIDEN DE VISITAR EL CANAL DE dexterfl www.youtube.com
- published: 12 Jul 2009
- views: 72030
- author: Erick Bse
Создание аккаунта iTunes Store без кредитной карты
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
keyStore TV - Mac OS X для начинающих Как создать учетную запись в iTunes Store без кредитной карты? -- вот один из наиболее популярных вопросов от начинающих пользователей Apple iPhone, Apple iPod Touch и Apple iPad. Данный ролик является исчерпывающим ответом на этот вопрос.
http://wn.com/Создание_аккаунта_iTunes_Store_без_кредитной_карты
keyStore TV - Mac OS X для начинающих Как создать учетную запись в iTunes Store без кредитной карты? -- вот один из наиболее популярных вопросов от начинающих пользователей Apple iPhone, Apple iPod Touch и Apple iPad. Данный ролик является исчерпывающим ответом на этот вопрос.
- published: 04 Feb 2011
- views: 30919
- author: keystoreru
iTunes Store для чайников
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Специально рассказываю что это такое и как им пользоваться)))
http://wn.com/iTunes_Store_для_чайников
Специально рассказываю что это такое и как им пользоваться)))
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 65619
- author: Entomius
![Store Account [iTunes]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121209041807im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/TISV5HYFW84/default.jpg "Store Account [iTunes]")
Store Account [iTunes]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:19
- Updated: 31 Mar 2012
Is an iTunes Store account worth it? Find out in an in depth analysis of freebies and purchase options. For more tutorials in Photoshop, llustrator, Dreamweaver,HTML, CSS, PHP, iTunes, on an expanding site go to: www.classictriple.com . Please leave a comment. Thanks.
http://wn.com/Store_Account_iTunes_
Is an iTunes Store account worth it? Find out in an in depth analysis of freebies and purchase options. For more tutorials in Photoshop, llustrator, Dreamweaver,HTML, CSS, PHP, iTunes, on an expanding site go to: www.classictriple.com . Please leave a comment. Thanks.
- published: 24 Mar 2008
- views: 2977
- author: SqualrusCT
iPod Shuffle - How to Create and access your iTunes Store account using your Apple ID or your AOL account
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 07 Aug 2012
iTunes Store, is the huge online resource of music and songs, albums, audiobooks. Showhow2 is world s easiest self support platform. It makes complex technologies easy to understand and products simple to use. Now Everything is Easy!! To Watch More Easy Tutorial videos Subscribe to - www.youtube.com Connect with SHOWHOW2 Explore: www.showhow2.com
http://wn.com/iPod_Shuffle_How_to_Create_and_access_your_iTunes_Store_account_using_your_Apple_ID_or_your_AOL_account
iTunes Store, is the huge online resource of music and songs, albums, audiobooks. Showhow2 is world s easiest self support platform. It makes complex technologies easy to understand and products simple to use. Now Everything is Easy!! To Watch More Easy Tutorial videos Subscribe to - www.youtube.com Connect with SHOWHOW2 Explore: www.showhow2.com
- published: 17 Mar 2010
- views: 9123
- author: showhow2
Criando conta na iTunes Store brasileira sem cartão de crédito
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Neste vídeo é mostrado como criar uma conta na iTunes Store brasileira sem usar um cartão de crédito. É fácil, rápido e funcional.
http://wn.com/Criando_conta_na_iTunes_Store_brasileira_sem_cartão_de_crédito
Neste vídeo é mostrado como criar uma conta na iTunes Store brasileira sem usar um cartão de crédito. É fácil, rápido e funcional.
- published: 31 Jul 2010
- views: 52394
- author: Victor Murad
Crea cuenta Itunes store Sin tarjeta de credito Facil,rapido,Funcional
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:56
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Este video esta dedicada a crear cuenta itunes store sin necesidad de tarjeta de credito facil rapido y sin necesidad de apoyarse en paginas con codigo que ya estan vencido esta forma es facil y super rapida y en este video lo explico todo cualquier duda no dudes en contactarme te puedo ayudar con dudas ahora la cuenta en itunes sirve para bajar aplicaciones gratis y buenas al ipod touch 2g que a un no tiene el jailbreak por que todavia no eiste jejeje xD lo esperamos todavia...
http://wn.com/Crea_cuenta_Itunes_store_Sin_tarjeta_de_credito_Facil,rapido,Funcional
Este video esta dedicada a crear cuenta itunes store sin necesidad de tarjeta de credito facil rapido y sin necesidad de apoyarse en paginas con codigo que ya estan vencido esta forma es facil y super rapida y en este video lo explico todo cualquier duda no dudes en contactarme te puedo ayudar con dudas ahora la cuenta en itunes sirve para bajar aplicaciones gratis y buenas al ipod touch 2g que a un no tiene el jailbreak por que todavia no eiste jejeje xD lo esperamos todavia...
- published: 09 Jan 2009
- views: 15305
- author: NAVA268
iPod Shuffle - iTunes Player and iTunes Store
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
iTunes has two parts, iTunes Player and iTunes Store. The iTunes interface is divided into six areas. Showhow2 is world s easiest self support platform. It makes complex technologies easy to understand and products simple to use. Now Everything is Easy!! To Watch More Easy Tutorial videos Subscribe to - www.youtube.com Connect with SHOWHOW2 Explore: www.showhow2.com
http://wn.com/iPod_Shuffle_iTunes_Player_and_iTunes_Store
iTunes has two parts, iTunes Player and iTunes Store. The iTunes interface is divided into six areas. Showhow2 is world s easiest self support platform. It makes complex technologies easy to understand and products simple to use. Now Everything is Easy!! To Watch More Easy Tutorial videos Subscribe to - www.youtube.com Connect with SHOWHOW2 Explore: www.showhow2.com
- published: 18 Mar 2010
- views: 401
- author: showhow2
Бесплатная регистрация в App Store (iTunes Store)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Текстовая версия доступна тут - planshet.net
http://wn.com/Бесплатная_регистрация_в_App_Store_iTunes_Store
Текстовая версия доступна тут - planshet.net
- published: 26 Nov 2010
- views: 30474
- author: Виталий Пчелкин
Criando conta na iTunes Store sem cartão de crédito
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
DETALHES: -Endereço usado no vídeo: One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 US -Telefone usado: 123 1234567
http://wn.com/Criando_conta_na_iTunes_Store_sem_cartão_de_crédito
DETALHES: -Endereço usado no vídeo: One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 US -Telefone usado: 123 1234567
- published: 04 Oct 2008
- views: 121822
- author: itouchbr
Как зарегистрироваться в itunes store
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Как_зарегистрироваться_в_itunes_store
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 22452
- author: Grinenkom
Wie man einen iTunes-Store Account ohne Kreditkarte eröffnet...*Auch nach der iTunes Änderung*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 20 May 2012
www.cardscout24.us
http://wn.com/Wie_man_einen_iTunes-Store_Account_ohne_Kreditkarte_eröffnet*Auch_nach_der_iTunes_Änderung*
www.cardscout24.us
- published: 19 May 2010
- views: 10471
- author: CARDSCOUT24
註冊iTunes Store APPLE ID 註冊教學
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
買了iPhone（iPad、iPod Touch）之後不甘寂寞，想把你的iPhone用各式各樣的應用程式灌爆iPhone容量嘛？App Store上有各式各樣的軟體可以滿足你的需求，不過在此之前需要先創一個Apple ID。創立你的個人帳戶一點也不難，這邊只要7分鐘就可以建立一個自己的帳戶，一起來瞧瞧。
http://wn.com/註冊iTunes_Store_APPLE_ID_註冊教學
買了iPhone（iPad、iPod Touch）之後不甘寂寞，想把你的iPhone用各式各樣的應用程式灌爆iPhone容量嘛？App Store上有各式各樣的軟體可以滿足你的需求，不過在此之前需要先創一個Apple ID。創立你的個人帳戶一點也不難，這邊只要7分鐘就可以建立一個自己的帳戶，一起來瞧瞧。
- published: 15 May 2011
- views: 19740
- author: NewtonsAstoner
New iPod Nano - How to search music from iTunes Store
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 07 Aug 2012
www.showhow2.com shows you how to use Search and Power Search options in iTunes Store. Browse through items on offer and buy your choicest music.
http://wn.com/New_iPod_Nano_How_to_search_music_from_iTunes_Store
www.showhow2.com shows you how to use Search and Power Search options in iTunes Store. Browse through items on offer and buy your choicest music.
- published: 24 Mar 2010
- views: 407
- author: showhow2
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Photo
06 Dec 2012
Lionel Messi missed out on a chance to match Gerd Mueller's record of 85 goals in a calendar year as he was injured during Barcelona's draw with Benfica. Messi, who hurt his left knee in a collision with Benfica keeper Artur, was taken off 30 minutes after coming on as a second-half substitute. Benfica knew a win would see them finish second behind Barca in Group G ... FC Barcelona's official Twitter account tweeted after the Benfica game....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
The Independent
09 Dec 2012
Fashion. Depeche Mode. Motorsport fans looking for a style formula (one) should drive themselves to the internet forthwith and root out leather-goods label Caracalla 1947. Taking its name from the Rome circuit where Ferrari won its first race, the label pays homage to racing history with goods inspired by the team colours and sleek style of the cars from Formula 1 and beyond ... Rebel Wilson ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... Free from iTunes store and Google Play....(size: 2.7Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
09 Dec 2012
, or download the . You can also find the podcast in the iTunes store. Dec. 8, 2012 8.24 p.m. ... To read more, ... Updated. 8.18 p.m. ... ... Dec ... ... According to the Soldon stole more than $950 in merchandise from an Illinois department store in 2007, video games from a Grafton store in February 2009, and a candy bar from a store in Madison later that year, resulting in convictions in 2010 and 2011 for a felony, a misdemeanor and a municipal violation....(size: 60.8Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
09 Dec 2012
Next to it, the telltale humps of hummock sedge in a wet meadow ... Updated ... ... Dec ... ... You can also find the podcast in the iTunes store ... ... ... According to the Soldon stole more than $950 in merchandise from an Illinois department store in 2007, video games from a Grafton store in February 2009, and a candy bar from a store in Madison later that year, resulting in convictions in 2010 and 2011 for a felony, a misdemeanor and a municipal violation....(size: 61.9Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
09 Dec 2012
According to the department. ... By of the Journal Sentinel. Click image to enlarge ... ... You can also find the podcast in the iTunes store ... According to the Soldon stole more than $950 in merchandise from an Illinois department store in 2007, video games from a Grafton store in February 2009, and a candy bar from a store in Madison later that year, resulting in convictions in 2010 and 2011 for a felony, a misdemeanor and a municipal violation....(size: 63.7Kb)
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
09 Dec 2012
Opening on a Victorian Christmas party, the ballet is based on E.T.A ... Dec ... ... Dec ... ... ... You can also find the podcast in the iTunes store ... According to the Soldon stole more than $950 in merchandise from an Illinois department store in 2007, video games from a Grafton store in February 2009, and a candy bar from a store in Madison later that year, resulting in convictions in 2010 and 2011 for a felony, a misdemeanor and a municipal violation....(size: 64.9Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
Save you money at the supermarket with awesoime apps like Coupons.com to help find coupons and deals at local stores ... You can download podcasts on the iTunes store or use a service like Stitcher (free in the App Store) to stream Internet radio shows without taking up your iPhone's limited storage space ... If you have a chunk of audio that lasts 30 seconds or less, you can convert it to an AAC file in iTunes (check the rip settings)....(size: 5.9Kb)
The Examiner
08 Dec 2012
One of our nation’s favorite Food Network stars, Tyler Florence, will visit Houston tomorrow on his Fresh cookbook tour ... Walking into the produce or the meat department of grocery store, and going ‘Okay, I’m going to take this and that and I’m going to make this tonight.' That is unlocking the intellectual freedom of going to the grocery and not feeling intimidated ... Fresh is available on Amazon.com and for download at the iTunes store....(size: 3.6Kb)
Canberra Times
08 Dec 2012
"His bass clarinet is in a truck on its way to Bonn, but we'll sort it out with a spare." ... Missing clarinets are just part of the challenge ... Now the app is finished, at a cost of £250,000 ($A385,000), and available from the iTunes Store for £9.99 ... A study by TechNet estimated that 500,000 jobs have been created in the "apps economy" in the US since Apple and Google opened their mobile app stores in 2008 ... He adds ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
Fox News
07 Dec 2012
Apple iTunes usually carries movies and music. Russian users found a very different kind of content recently.Apple. Surprised consumers using Russian iTunes have been bombarded with images of porn when searching for films to rent. Apple launched iTunes in Russia last Tuesday and movies that don't yet have an image assigned to them have been linking to a directory for porn and escort websites ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Tulsa World
07 Dec 2012
After a few minutes, I found that I didn't miss the left bar of options at all, as iTunes Store access has been integrated into each screen of the library, playlists can be opened by pressing a new playlist button, and the never-used quasi-social network Ping - admit it, you forgot it existed too - is gone ... Speaking of which, a single button on the right instantly swaps between views of your library and views of the iTunes store....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Times of India
07 Dec 2012
NEW DELHI ... This comes less than a week after the company rolled out iTunes Store in the country, which has not been its priority for long ... The report also claims the manufacturer will officially launch the fourth-generation iPad in India today ... It is a set-top box that connects to televisions and can stream content from Apple's iTunes, YouTube, iCloud, Flickr etc stores directly on TVs ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Business Wire
07 Dec 2012
The No ... It reached more than 1 million downloads within a week after its release, ranked the first place in Japanese iPhone App Store, and became a mega hit in the social media in which over 0.1 million images created by the app have been uploaded. This No ... [Manga Camera]. iTunes Store .. https.//itunes.apple.com/app/id557883632 . Web Site .. http.//tokyo.supersoftware.co.jp/mangacamera/index_en.html ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
07 Dec 2012
Phoenix, Az (PRWEB) December 07, 2012 The Android version of Profit By Search is already available for Download at Google Play whereas iPhone Version is under review and is expected to be released and available for download on iTunes Store by Next week ... review and is expected to be released and available for download on iTunes Store by Next week....(size: 2.1Kb)
This article is about the online media vendor. For the software application, see iTunes.
 |
|
|---|---|
| 301px iTunes Store 9.0.2 under Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard |
|
| Opened | April 28, 2003 (as iTunes Music Store) |
| Pricing model | À la carte, tiered; limited time rentals available for some movies |
| Platforms | Mac OS X, Windows, Apple TV, and iOS. |
| Format | Unprotected AAC (.m4a) @ 256 kbit/s (music), protected AAC (.m4p) @ 32 and 64 kbit/s (audiobooks), unprotected MPEG-4 Video (.m4v) (music videos), protected MPEG-4 Video (.m4v) (other video) |
| Restrictions | (Protected) Music — streaming to five computers every 24 hours, unlimited CDs (seven with an unchanged playlist), unlimited iPods and iPhones. |
| Catalogue | More than 28 million songs worldwide, 1,000,000+ podcasts (USA), 40,000+ music videos (USA), 3,000+ TV shows (USA), 20,000+ audiobooks (USA), 2,500+ movies (USA), 300,000+ App Store Apps |
| Preview | 90 seconds (Music, TV, & Video) / 90 seconds (Audiobooks) / 30+ seconds (Movies) |
| Streaming | Previews and Podcasts only |
| Protocol | iTunes Music Store Protocol (itms://) |
| Availability |
 Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Germany Dominican Republic Ecuador Spain Estonia Finland France United Kingdom Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Malta Netherlands Nicaragua Norway New Zealand Panama Peru Poland Portugal Paraguay Romania Slovenia El Salvador Switzerland Slovakia Sweden United States Venezuela |
| Features | Allowance, "Just For You", Celebrity Playlists, gift certificates and gift cards, iMix, billboard charts, advanced search |
| Customer support | Web only; See article |
| Website | itunes.com |
The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. Opening as the iTunes Music Store on April 28, 2003, it has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008,[1] and the most popular music vendor in the world since February 24, 2010.[2] It now offers over 28 million songs, videos and apps. The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 alone totalled nearly US$1.4 billion;[3] by October 4, 2011, the store had sold 16 billion songs.[4]
While most downloaded files initially included restrictions on their use, enforced by FairPlay, Apple's implementation of digital rights management, iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM-free music in most countries, marketed as iTunes Plus. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of the entire music catalog in the U.S.[5] Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved on April 7, 2009 in the U.S., coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model;[6] however, television episodes, many books, and films are still FairPlay-protected. As of May 2012, the iTunes Store serves over 315 million mobile devices, including iPods, iPhones and iPads.[7]
Contents |
Features and restrictions[link]
Pricing model[link]
Since the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price with no subscription fee (in contrast to most existing online music stores at the time of introduction, which charged a monthly fee for access to their catalog). Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Songs with DRM are encoded at 128 kbit/s. As of the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple has announced that all music in iTunes will be available without DRM, and encoded at the higher-quality rate of 256 kbit/s. Previously, this model, known as "iTunes Plus", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Previews, ninety seconds in length, are available free, prior to buying a song. iTunes had the option between fully loading previews before playing, or simply streaming the preview; the former feature was removed with the release of iTunes 8.[8]
Feature length movies and television episodes are available for purchase. Movies tend to be priced below a DVD of the same film while television episodes are approximately double the cost of a song.
Finally, some games are available for some models of iPods for various prices, but none as expensive as a feature length film. In addition, the iTunes Store now offers Apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, maps, movie showtimes, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch and iPhone, although some Apps are specifically for the iPhone only. Some Apps cost money (called "Paid Apps") and some are free (called "Free Apps"). Developers can decide which price they want for apps. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple.[9]
At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals.[10] Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD.[11] They are only viewable for 24 hours after users begin viewing them. This feature is not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.
Weekly promotions[link]
There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday.[12] Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty; although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store used to have a link to "Free TV" on its home page and the TV Shows section's home page which links to a complete listing of free TV shows, however it has disappeared (the page has remained online). Apple still offers free TV episodes; some channels, such as ABC and NBC, have their own pages of "Free Season Premieres".
There are usually three types of free songs on the United States iTunes Store: the regular featured free song, the Discovery Download (featuring songs from different genres), and the Canción de la Semana (Latino free single of the week). Most recently, iTunes has been weekly offering free music videos.
iTunes Store for iOS[link]
File:ITunes Music Store 2.2.png
The iTunes Store shown on iOS 4.2.
The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch.[13] Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store. However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 MB.[14] The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On 18 February 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB.
Customer support[link]
Apple provides customer support for the iTunes Store over the phone through AppleCare; Timothy Noah of Slate has also found a customer service line.[15] Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in the iTunes application.[16]
Catalog content[link]
Music[link]
The store began after Apple signed deals with the five major record labels at the time, EMI, Universal, Warner, Sony Music Entertainment, and BMG (the last two would later merge to form Sony BMG - which was later turned back into Sony Music Entertainment, with BMG becoming defunct as of October 8, 2008). Music from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later, the first from The Orchard on June 24, 2003.
The store has more than 20,000,000 songs,[17] including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, including some popular ones such as AC/DC or Tool.[18]
New songs are added to the iTunes catalog every day, while the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday. Apple also releases a 'Single of the Week' in both English and sometimes Spanish and usually a 'Discovery Download' on Tuesdays, which are available for free for one week.[19]
Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). As of the release of iTunes 7, the artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics already typed in to the application's window for them; nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music.
"Album Only" songs[link]
Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to. Most songs above 10 minutes in length are automatically album-only songs. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks.
Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records, Argo Records & Capitol Records, among many others. Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song, "Higher Ground", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst Circus (Britney Spears' 2008 album) has two songs that are only available for album download only which are Rock Me In and Phonography.
"Work Only" songs[link]
Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. One explanation given for this model is that the artist wants users to appreciate "the work" as a whole, instead of in fragments.[citation needed]
Sub-divisions[link]
When entering the U.S. music store, there are multiple sub-divided stores that one can go into. These stores are either found under 'More In Music,' 'Genres,' 'Pre-Orders,' 'Celebrity Playlists' and 'Free Downloads.' Within 'More In Music,' one can enter various stores such as Starbucks Entertainment and iTunes Essentials. Groupings of music based upon the artist of the music (Artist Essentials), the genre or history of the music (Genres and History), or any other similarities (My Groove) are on iTunes Essentials.
Each grouping of music is essentially a pre-made playlist. The songs in the playlist are all listed in order of their importance, starting with the artist's most well-known song. These playlists usually contain either 45 or 75 songs equally distributed in three sections: The Basics (the biggest, best, and most important songs), Next Steps (usually composed of popular songs just beyond the hits) and Deep Cuts (under-appreciated songs). Occasionally, specific Artist Essentials do not have a Deep Cuts section. This usually depends on how many releases the artist has completed over the years.
Within 'Genres,' one can enter music stores that only have one genre. These genres include alternative, blues, children's music, Christian & gospel, classical, comedy (this includes comedy rock and stand-up comedy), country, dance, electronic, hip-hop/rap, jazz, Latino, pop, R&B/soul, reggae, rock, singer–songwriter, soundtrack, vocal, and world. There are a total of 20 genres in the U.S. music store. 'Pre-Orders' lists albums that one can pre-order before the album is released. 'Celebrity Playlists' contains lists of songs chosen and described by celebrities. 'Free Downloads' are songs that subscribed iTunes Store users can obtain for free.
On November 1, 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, "iTunes Latino". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content is in Spanish as well as several sub-categories. Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77, released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish.
Song censorship[link]
There is a policy of censoring profanity in song titles on iTunes.[20] This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch, by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters.[21]
If the song has an explicit label, it will be marked "explicit" next to the song title. If a song is marked "explicit" it is unavailable for purchase if "restrict explicit content" is checked under the parental controls preference. Often there will be a "clean" mark next to the title of some songs, meaning the lyrics have been censored, and is available to purchase on all accounts. Generally if a song is marked "clean" there is an explicit version available as well.
Podcasts[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121209041807/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Main article: Podcast
The iTunes Store has over 150,000 podcasts available to subscribe. Once a podcast has been subscribed to, iTunes will automatically download new episodes to that person's iTunes library. They are available for free and are of various ratings. Devices with iOS 4.2 onwards allows the download of podcasts automatically in your device.
Audiobooks[link]
The iTunes Store also includes over 20,000 hours of audiobooks,[22] encoded at 32 kbit/s (22.050-24.000 kHz, mono) and 64 kbit/s (22.050 kHz, stereo). Ninety-second previews are offered for every book. These books are provided by Audible.com. This is the same format available if the user signs up directly with Audible.com and chose the "iPod" format.
The main difference is that it is unnecessary to sign up for a subscription to get audiobooks as is the case with Audible. A small discount is provided through buying audiobooks through the iTunes Store, but on a selective basis by Apple in comparison to an "always on member discount" if one has an Audible subscription. The "Audiobooks" category also includes radio shows and all other audio-only programs, except podcasts.
Video[link]
In October 2005, Apple announced the latest iPod would be capable of playing video files, which would be sold online through the iTunes Store in the U.S.[23] These videos included 2,000 music videos and episodes of popular television programs. Apple made a deal with Disney to be the first supplier of TV shows. The first shows available included episodes of Lost and Desperate Housewives with each episode becoming available the day after it originally aired on broadcast TV. Several short animated films by Pixar are available.
The selling of videos on iTunes sparked considerable debate as to whether there was a paying audience for programming available for free on TV. As MP3 Newswire pointed out, users are not so much paying for the TV programs themselves. Instead they are really paying for a service that offers the convenience of someone else digitizing free broadcast episodes for them for their portable device, each episode in commercial-free form, and a convenient place to select and download individual shows. Through an updated version of QuickTime Pro, users can create their own videos for the iPod, including digitized versions of programs recorded on their VCR if they wish to take the time and effort to save the cost.
With the launch of iTunes 8, many TV shows, such as The Office and Heroes, have begun offering their programing in High Definition (HD). Until March 7, 2012, the HD content available on iTunes was in 720p (1280 x 720). After this date, 1080p content (1920 x 1080) was offered alongside 720p.
In addition to the launch of high definition TV shows, iTunes 8 allowed for the rental of movies through the iTunes Store. The playing of movie rentals must begin within 30 days of purchase and must be completed within 24 hours of having been started.[24]
In March 2009, Apple announced that iTunes customers can purchase and rent selected movie titles in HD from their computers. Previously, HD movie rentals were only available for purchase and playback on the Apple TV. HD movies available for purchase are priced at $19.99, introduced with titles such as Quantum of Solace and Twilight.[25]
iTunes U[link]
On May 30, 2007, iTunes U was announced at Cupertino, California. The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content and PDF files for students within a college or university as well as the broader Internet; it has since been updated to include grade schools Kindergarten to 12th grade[26]. The member institutions are given their own iTunes U site that makes use of Apple's iTunes Store infrastructure. The online service is without cost to those uploading or downloading material. Content includes course lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports highlights and campus tours provided by qualifying two- and four-year accredited, degree-granting, public or private colleges, universities, elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom.[27][28]
An advantage iTunes U has over traditional podcasting tools is that access to content can be restricted because of the use of the iTunes infrastructure end-to-end. Authentication is handled by the member college or university, who prompts a visitor for information (like an account and password specific to that institution) and then passes a certain token on to the iTunes U web site. That token contains (indicates) the access level for that visitor.[29] An example might be a class podcast that can only be accessed by students enrolled in the class.
There is material from a myriad of places, including colleges and universities, on iTunes U. There are over 350,000 files available to download. Individual universities can be visited through the Universities & Colleges section, and other institutions can be visited through the "Beyond Campus" section.[30]
The functions of iTunes U are much like those of Podcasts in that users can either download individual streams or subscribe to a stream so that iTunes will automatically download it.[30]
Since making changes to individual iTunes U sites may be difficult to users not well-versed in XML tools (i.e. XQuery), Richard Wolf at the University of Illinois at Chicago has created the Woolamaloo application and Woolamaloo Automator Actions for OS X to aid users in the setup and editing of sites. Woolamaloo makes it easy for non-programmers to use the iTunes U web services. By using the Automator workflow tool in OS X, the Woolamaloo Automator Actions can not only be configured but can then be combined with other actions to help with any routine iTunes U administrative tasks. After receiving multiple requests, Mr. Wolf subsequently released Woolamaloo for Windows.[31]
iPod games[link]
Main article: iPod game
On September 12, 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the iPod Classic or iPod Nano with video playback. Launch titles included: Bejeweled, Cubis, Mini Golf, Mahjong, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, and Zuma. Though they are downloaded through iTunes, the games cannot be played within the application itself; they can only be played on an iPod Classic or iPod Nano.
App Store[link]
Main article: App Store (iOS)
With the launch of iPhone 3G and the 2.0 iOS firmware for iPod Touch and iPhone owners, the App Store allows people to download applications through the iTunes desktop software or the App Store on their iPhones. As of October 4, 2011, there are over 500,000 third-party applications available.[32] The applications can only be run on iPhones, iPod Touch or iPads. Each application is also protected with iTunes FairPlay DRM. Developers of these applications receive 70 percent of the income and free applications are distributed without charge to the developer.[33]
iBookstore[link]
Main article: iBookstore
As with the launch of the App Store on both the iOS as a standalone application and in iTunes as a section of the iTunes store, the iBookstore has been launched on both platforms in a similar fashion, with the desktop software being used to store and sync iBooks purchases exclusively with iDevices. The iPhone OS software update on 21 June 2010 allowed iPhone and iPod touch customers in the US to buy iBooks, with other countries coming on stream soon after.
Reception[link]
Since its launch, the iTunes Store has crossed many milestones. In the first 18 hours, the store sold about 275,000 tracks and more than 1,000,000 in its first 5 days. When released for Windows in October 2003, iTunes was downloaded more than 1,000,000 times in the first 3 days, selling more than 1,000,000 songs in that period. On December 15, 2003 Apple announced that it had crossed 25 million songs sold.
In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco, Steve Jobs announced (Sellers, 2004) that an unnamed person had purchased US$29,500 worth of music. On March 15, 2004, Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from the iTunes Music Store. A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit. They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year. The 50 millionth song was "The Path of Thorns" by Sarah McLachlan.[34]
On April 28, 2004, the iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold, clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit.[35] The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos, in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales. In the conference, Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed, which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution. According to an Apple Press Release released on August 10, 2004, the iTunes Music Store is the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs.[36] Also, the iTunes Music Store at that point maintained an over 70 percent market share of legal music downloads.
The emerging monopoly of the store has been criticised by Mike Lang of Miramax for "effectively strangling the industry". He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers, it is now suffering. Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy.[37]
Milestones[link]
 |
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2011) |
Music[link]
-
- 100 million songs sold: Summer, 2004
- (Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas, bought the 100 millionth song, and the twenty-year-old was given a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him.)[38]
- 125 million songs sold: September 1, 2004[39]
- 150 million songs sold: October 14, 2004[40]
- 200 million songs sold: December 16, 2004
- (Ryan Alekman of Belchertown, Massachusetts, bought the 200 millionth song, which was one of the tracks on U2's digital box set The Complete U2.)[41]
On July 5, 2005, Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songs sold.[45]
-
- 500 million songs sold: July 18, 2005
- (Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, bought the 500 millionth song, "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.)[46]
- 850 million songs sold: January 10, 2006[47]
- 1 billion songs sold: February 23, 2006
- (Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield, Michigan, bought the billionth song, "Speed of Sound" by Coldplay.[48] He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen-year-old was getting ten iPods, an iMac, a $10,000 music gift certificate, and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School.)[38]
- 1.5 billion songs sold: September 12, 2006[49]
- 2 billion songs sold: January 10, 2007[49]
- 2.5 billion songs sold: April 9, 2007[50]
- 3 billion songs sold: July 31, 2007[51]
- 4 billion songs sold: January 15, 2008
- 5 billion songs sold: June 19, 2008[52]
- 6 billion songs sold: January 6, 2009[53]
- 8 billion songs sold: July 21, 2009
- 8.6 billion songs sold: September 9, 2009
- 10 billion songs sold: February 24, 2010[54]
- (Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia, downloaded "Guess Things Happen That Way" by Johnny Cash. At 71 years old, he was the oldest milestone winner. He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card.)[55]
- 15 billion songs sold: June 6, 2011[56]
Video[link]
-
- 1 million videos sold: October 31, 2005[57]
- 3+ million videos sold: December 6, 2005[58]
- 8 million videos sold: January 10, 2006[47]
- 15 million videos sold: February 23, 2006[48]
- 45 million videos sold: September 12, 2006[49]
- 50 million television episodes sold: January 10, 2007[49]
- 1.3 million feature-length films sold: January 10, 2007[49]
- 2 million feature-length films sold: July 31, 2007[59]
- 200 million television episodes sold: October 16, 2008[60]
- 1+ million HD episodes sold: October 16, 2008[60]
Applications[link]
-
- 10 million apps downloaded: July 14, 2008[61]
- 100 million apps downloaded: September 9, 2008[62]
- 200 million apps downloaded: October 22, 2008[63]
- 300 million apps downloaded: December 5, 2008[64]
- 500 million apps downloaded: January 16, 2009[65]
- 800 million apps downloaded: March 17, 2009[66]
- 1 billion apps downloaded: April 23, 2009[67]
- 1.5 billion apps downloaded: July 14, 2009[68]
- 1.8 billion apps downloaded: September 9, 2009
- 2 billion apps downloaded: September 28, 2009
- 3 billion apps downloaded: January 5, 2010
- 7 billion apps downloaded: October 20, 2010
- 10 billion apps downloaded: January 22, 2011[69]
- 15 billion apps downloaded: July 7, 2011[70]
- 25 billion apps downloaded: March 5, 2012[7]
Market share[link]
-
- Steve Jobs announced in his "It's Showtime" keynote that Apple had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market on September 12, 2006.[49]
- Apple announced that the iTunes Store had sold more than two million movies, making it the world's most popular online movie store on April 11, 2007.[59]
- On February 26, 2008, the iTunes Store surpassed Best Buy to become the second-biggest music seller in the USA behind Wal-Mart; the iTunes Store became number one on April 3, 2008.[1]
Internationalization[link]
Originally only Mac OS X users who had credit cards with a U.S. billing address could buy songs with the service, but Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple, announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users. The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from the iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16, 2003, with immediate availability. Beginning in 2004, the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States:
| country | product type | affiliate network | price/song | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Music | Music Videos | Podcasts | TV shows | Movies | Apps | Books | iTunes Match | iTunes U | |||
| United States |
April 28, 2003 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LinkShare[71] | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| United Kingdom |
June 15, 2004 | Yes | Yes | Yes | June 4, 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.59 - 0.99 GBP (0.91 - 1.53 USD)[73] |
| France |
June 15, 2004 | Yes | Yes | Yes | April 30, 2009 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Germany |
June 15, 2004 | Yes | Yes | April 2, 2008[74] | April 16, 2009[75] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Austria |
October 26, 2004 | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Belgium |
October 26, 2004 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Finland |
October 26, 2004 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Greece |
October 26, 2004 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Italy |
October 26, 2004 | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Luxembourg |
October 26, 2004 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Netherlands |
October 26, 2004 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Portugal |
October 26, 2004 | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Spain |
October 26, 2004 | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Canada |
December 3, 2004 | Yes | Yes | Yes | June 4, 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LinkShare[77] | 0.69 - 1.29 CAD (0.67 - 1.25 USD)[73] |
| Ireland |
January 6, 2005 | Yes | Yes | N/A | April 30, 2009 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Sweden |
May 10, 2005 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 9 - 12 SEK (1.25 - 1.67 USD)[73] |
| Norway |
May 10, 2005 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 8 - 10 NOK (1.32 - 1.66 USD)[73] |
| Switzerland |
May 10, 2005 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 1.60 - 2.20 CHF (1.53 - 2.11 USD)[73] |
| Denmark |
May 10, 2005 | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | TradeDoubler[72] | 8 - 10 DKK (1.52 - 1.90 USD)[73] |
| Japan |
August 4, 2005[78] | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LinkShare Japan[71] | 150 - 250 JPY (1.81 - 3.02 USD)[73] |
| Australia |
October 25, 2005 | October 25, 2005 | Yes | June 24, 2008[79] | August 14, 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | dgm[71] | 1.19 - 2.19 AUD (1.28 - 2.35 USD)[73] |
| New Zealand |
December 6, 2005[80] | Yes | Yes | N/A | August 14, 2008 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | dgm[71] | 1.79 - 2.39 NZD (1.29 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Mexico |
August 4, 2009[81] | Yes | Yes | N/A | November 9, 2010[82] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LinkShare[83] | 9 - 15 MXN (0.71 - 1.19 USD)[73] |
| Bulgaria |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Cyprus |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Czech Republic |
September 29, 2011[84] | Yes | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Estonia |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Hungary |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Latvia |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Lithuania |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Malta |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Poland |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Romania |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Slovenia |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Slovakia |
September 29, 2011[84] | N/A | Yes | N/A | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[76] | 0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73] |
| Argentina |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Brazil |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | TradeDoubler[83] | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Bolivia |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Chile |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Colombia |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Costa Rica |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Dominican Republic |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Ecuador |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| El Salvador |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Guatemala |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Honduras |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Nicaragua |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Panama |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Paraguay |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Peru |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| Venezuela |
December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | N/A | December 13, 2011[85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | N/A | 0.69 - 1.29 USD |
| country | Music | Music Videos | Podcasts | TV shows | Movies | Apps | Books | iTunes Match | iTunes U | affiliate network | price/song |
| product type | |||||||||||
File:AppleStoreAvailability.png
The countries where iTunes Store is available are shown in green.
To buy files through the store, a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store. This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems.
- According to an Apple Press Release, the European iTunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week, with 450,000 of those songs sold in the UK.[86]
- The Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Greek stores have been localized.
- On 3 December 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EU country from buying music from stores in other EU countries, in violation of EU free-trade legislation; the immediate cause of the referral was because the €0.99 price charged in the Eurozone equates to UK£0.68 in sterling, rather than the UK£0.79 actually charged there.
- iTunes Music Store in Japan had 1 million songs available at start.[78] In the next four days the store had sold one million songs – the pace faster than that of the U.S. store.[87] In addition to a long delay, Apple failed to have one set price for singles. Pundits[who?] speculated that this may have indicated the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future, in favor of record labels[who?] who would like to see higher prices for new songs. This extension to other countries was announced in January 2009.
- The release of video-capable iPods also saw the store launch in Australia with music videos and short films by Pixar. iTunes Gift Cards (as they are now known) are now also available in many more stores such as JB Hi-Fi, David Jones, and the Woolworths chain of stores. Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand, too.[88] Failed negotiations with the Sony BMG label meant that none of that label's artists were available at the time of launch; they were later added on January 17, 2006.
- New Zealand users had briefly been able to buy from the Australian store when it first opened until that loophole was closed.
- On November 1, 2006, the store started offering a range of Latino content including television shows and music for its Hispanic American, Mexican and Puerto Rican clients.[89]
- The Spanish used on the Mexican store has been modified to Mexican Spanish.[90][91]
- As of the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo, Apple had given no new information of the (possible; future) inclusion and expansion of music videos, TV-shows and movies in other European countries. The stores of the UK, Germany and France currently remain the only European Stores with local and/or localized selections of TV-shows, movies and music videos.
Payment options[link]
A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, or the United States. Apple also offers other payment methods (like Paypal), which differ from country to country. Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews.
Available file formats / History thereof[link]
Originally, songs were encoded using FairPlay-encrypted 128 kbit/s AAC streams in an mp4 wrapper, using the .m4p extension.
While licenses to the AAC compression and the mp4 file format are readily available, Apple generally has not licensed its proprietary FairPlay encryption scheme to other mobile device manufacturers, so only devices from Apple are able to play the FairPlay-encrypted songs sold at the iTunes Store. The only exceptions were three mobile phones sold by Motorola in the years 2005–6: the Motorola ROKR E1, the Motorola RAZR V3i, and the Motorola SLVR L7.
Currently the digital booklets included with some albums are in PDF. With the present iPod software, these files are not readable on iPods without third party software. However, with the release of their latest firmware update for the iPhone and iPod Touch, these can be converted to books and viewed in the iBooks application.
From May 29, 2007 tracks on the EMI label were made available in a DRM-less format called iTunes Plus. These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kbit/s, twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through the service. They are labelled as "purchased AAC audio file" (.m4a) rather than "protected AAC audio file" (.m4p) in iTunes and the context menu obtained by right-clicking the song includes an option to convert to MP3.
In January 2009, Apple announced that all music would be available in the iTunes Plus format, bringing an end to the sale of music with DRM on iTunes. In April, the sale of protected music ended in the western versions of the store, making all music in the iTunes Store "iTunes Plus". iTunes store users may choose to "upgrade" any of their downloaded iTunes music to iTunes Plus if they wish, but most songs require payment to do so. FairPlay DRM-protected music is still available in the Japanese iTunes store.
In September 2009, Apple introduced the iTunes LP format (known pre-launch by the code name "Cocktail")[92][93] which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.
Digital rights management[link]
Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) is integrated into iTunes, which manages songs purchased in the m4p file format from iTunes Store before January 2009. iTunes relies on FairPlay to implement three main restrictions:
- Users can make a maximum of seven CD copies of any particular playlist containing songs in the m4p file format purchased from the iTunes Store.
- Users can access their purchased songs in the m4p file format on a maximum of five computers.
- Songs in the m4p file format can only be played on a computer with iTunes or an iPod; other MP3 devices do not support FairPlay encoded tracks.
There are no restrictions on number of iPods to which a purchased song can be transferred nor the number of times any individual song can be burned to CD.
When Apple initially introduced FairPlay, songs purchased through iTunes had limits of three simultaneous machines and ten CD copies of a playlist. The adjustment to the current limits was implemented with the introduction of iTunes 4.5 in April 2004, presumably as the result of re-negotiations Apple had with major labels.
Apple's DRM technology is breakable. Various programs have been written to remove the FairPlay wrapper and allow the AAC files to be used without technological restriction. More simply, a user can convert protected files to an unprotected format format by using iTunes to burn them to an audio CD and ripping the CD back to iTunes. If the CD is ripped back to iTunes in a lossy format, some audio quality will be lost in this transcoding. An alternative way of transcoding the files is to record the "Wave Out Mix" using an audio recording program (such as Audacity or Audio Hijack Pro) while playing the song on iTunes — and then encoding it to a format of the user's choice.
Competitors accused Apple of using iPod, the iTunes Store, and "FairPlay" to establish a vertical monopoly and a lock-in for iPod users to use the iTunes Store exclusively (and vice versa). This "lock" had two aspects:
- Apple has maintained tight control of its FairPlay encryption. Other online music stores cannot sell music files encoded with FairPlay, and competing devices from companies such as Creative Labs and iriver cannot play such files. This means that consumers who want to listen to songs downloaded from the iTunes Store must either have an Apple device (iPod, iPhone, iPad) or convert the files to an open format.
- The iPod does not play files encoded in Microsoft's WMA format or RealNetwork's Helix-protected format, which are used by other online music stores. iPod owners who want to play music from other such stores must circumvent the files' DRM.
In July 2004, RealNetworks debuted an application named Harmony, which converted files purchased from RealNetworks' RealRhapsody service into a FairPlay-compatible format that an iPod could play. In response, Apple accused RealNetworks of "adopting the tactics and ethics of a hacker to break into the iPod."[94] and released a firmware upgrade that rendered iPods incapable of playing such files. On January 3, 2005, an iTunes Music Store customer sued Apple, alleging the company broke US antitrust laws by freezing out competitors.[95]
In 2006, a controversy erupted about a French draft law aimed at reinforcing the protection of works of art against "piracy", or illegal copying; some clauses of the law could possibly be used to request Apple to provide information about its FairPlay system to manufacturers of competing players. Apple and associated lobbying groups protested the draft law, going as far as to suggest that it condoned "state-sponsored piracy." Some[who?] U.S. commentators claimed that the law was a protectionistic measure against the iPod.
Movement against DRM[link]
On February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs called on the Big Four record labels to allow their music to be sold DRM-free.[96] This approach was advocated by the Open Music Model as being revenue maximizing. On April 2, 2007, Apple and the record label EMI announced that the iTunes Store would begin offering, as an additional purchasing option, tracks from EMI's catalog encoded as 256 kbit/s AAC without FairPlay or any other DRM.
On May 29, 2007, Apple released version 7.2 of its iTunes software, allowing users to purchase DRM-free music and music videos from participating labels. These new files, available through the iTunes Store, have been called iTunes Plus music by Apple. iTunes Plus content was offered at a higher price than the DRM-protected versions of the same content.
In October 2007, iTunes Plus became automatic instead of optional for all iTunes Plus licensed content. In addition, the price of iTunes Plus reverted to the lower DRM price.
Almost immediately after the launch of iTunes Plus, reports surfaced that the DRM-free tracks sold by the iTunes Store contained identifying information about the customer, embedding the purchasing account's full name and e-mail address as metadata in the file. This information has always been in iTunes downloads both with and without FairPlay DRM.[citation needed]. Privacy groups expressed concerns that this data could be misused if possessions carrying the files were stolen, and potentially wrongly incriminate a user for copyright infringement.[97]
On January 6, 2009 at the Macworld Expo, Apple announced a significant overhaul of the iTunes Plus catalog with Universal Music Group, Sony BMG, Warner Music Group and EMI offering all their music in iTunes Plus immediately. As of the announcement, 8 million songs were available in Apple's DRM-free format. As of April 2009, all songs became available in the iTunes Plus format, except from the Japanese iTunes Store; the Japanese store would not undergo full conversion until February 22, 2012.[98]
Promotions[link]
On Super Bowl Sunday, February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an iPod Mini given away every hour.
On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook, iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to the iTunes Music Store.
Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled "Somersault (Dangermouse Remix)" by Zero 7, purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas. He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser-engraved with a message of thanks.
Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, Coca-Cola partnered with 7-Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32 US fl oz (950 ml). Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31, 2005. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005 by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into the iTunes Music Store application. Coca-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, myCokeMusic.com, that competed with the iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006.[99]
On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000-song gift card, 10 50-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, was "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.
On July 28, 2005, Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans.[100] From August 8 to August 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from the iTunes Music Store.
On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown. Whoever downloaded the billionth song would receive a 20" iMac, ten 60 GB iPods, and a US$10,000 iTunes Music Card. The billionth song was purchased on February 23, 2006 by Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield, Michigan. The purchased song was "Speed of Sound" as part of Coldplay's X&Y album.
On July 25, 2006, Facebook and iTunes began offering a promotion where members of the Apple Students group would receive a free 25 song sampler each week until September 30 in various music genres. The idea behind the promotion was to get students more familiar and enthusiastic with each service as Autumn classes approached.[101] However in order to prevent abuse of the promotion, the weekly code that Facebook provided stopped working after it was redeemed one million times. In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the U.S. iTunes Music Store.
On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app. Apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone. Launching a counter that is constantly running on Good Friday, Apple starting counting down.[102] Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of Weston, CT, downloaded the billionth app, "Bump" by Bump Technologies, and will receive a Macbook Pro 17", a 32 GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes store.
On February 11, 2010 Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, "Guess Things Happen That Way" by Johnny Cash, was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia.[103]
Other platforms[link]
Currently, iTunes is supported on Mac OS X (Leopard and above) and Windows operating systems. iTunes was known to run passably well in Linux on x86-based computers using the Wine compatibility layer. However, as of 13 December 2011, with the latest releases of iTunes & Wine, this is no longer the case.[104]
iTunes is supported also on iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Shuffle, iPod Touch and iPhone. iTunes Store is available only on iPod Touch and iPhone.
Technical details[link]
Store pages are delivered using standard HTML with a special header. This change was made when iTunes 9.0 was released. iTunes uses WebKit to render these pages on the screen.[105]
Prior to iTunes 9.0, the iTunes Store was delivered using a custom XML format that describes the position of all of the elements, boxes, album art and all of their properties — including whether a reference link can be dragged out of iTunes and into another document. The App Store portion of the store is still rendered in this fashion.
The store's back-end software uses WebObjects - Apple's own application server it acquired from NeXT. Content is uploaded to the iTunes data store using an internal Apple program called iTunes Producer, which automatically encodes and adds metadata to uploaded files.[citation needed]
Legal disputes[link]
Main article: Apple Inc. litigation
Apple Records[link]
Main article: Apple Corps v. Apple Computer
For three years, The Beatles' record company Apple Records were in a legal dispute, Apple Corps v. Apple Computer, with Apple Computer over the name "Apple." On May 8, 2006, a ruling was declared in favor of Apple Computer, but Apple Records said it would appeal the ruling. Despite this, plans were announced by Neil Aspinall in April 2006 to completely remaster and release the entire Beatles catalog on an unspecified online music service, as well as release some previously unheard work by the band. No date was set at that time.[106] It has also been reported that the Beatles' music catalog might initially be appearing on iTunes only, as Apple is reported to be negotiating with Britain's EMI group over an online distribution deal that might be exclusive for a limited time.[107]
During his January 9, 2007 Macworld Keynote address, Apple CEO Steve Jobs used the band's song "Lovely Rita" to introduce the music-playing capabilities of the company's new iPhone. This was regarded by industry observers as further evidence that the Beatles catalog would be introduced to the iTunes Music Store catalog in the near future.[108] On February 5, 2007, Apple Corps and Apple Inc. announced they had reached a settlement in their legal dispute.[109]
In a related development, Apple announced on August 14, 2007 that the entire solo catalog of John Lennon would be available on iTunes.[110] The solo catalogs of the other three Beatles, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison, are also available on iTunes.
On November 16, 2010, the entire Beatles catalog was officially made available on the iTunes Store.
The Consumer Council of Norway EULA challenge[link]
On June 6, 2006, The Consumer Ombudsmen in Norway, Sweden and Denmark launched a common open letter to Apple regarding the EULA of iTunes through the Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman Bjørn Erik Thon.[111] The iTunes case is based upon an official complaint[112] filed by The Consumer Council of Norway on January 25, 2006.
The main allegations were that:
- The EULA is unbalanced to disfavor the customer. Scandinavian law requires any written agreement to favor both parties. The weak party also enjoys protection from exploitation according to Norwegian consumer laws.
- The iTunes Store's use of Digital rights management limits the number of devices purchased songs can be played on.
- iTunes' contract entitles the company to at any time change the terms of the contract without notice, including the selection of players or software that must be used for iTunes files, and also the number of times a customer can change or copy already purchased files.
- The EULA is both vague and hard to understand for the customers.
- The EULA states that the legal relationship between the company and customers is regulated by English contract law. It is unreasonable to expect Norwegian consumers to have comprehensive knowledge of English law. Products marketed to Norwegian consumers in Norway are subject to Norwegian law — a right that cannot be waived by a clause in a company's standard customer contract.
- The EULA removes iTunes' responsibility regarding damage to the consumer's computer due to software errors even though responsibility cannot be waived in Scandinavian Law.
Apple responded July 31, 2006.[113]
On January 22, 2007, German and French consumer groups joined forces with Norway and Finland.[114][115] Their goal is to create a united European front against iTunes (Germany and France have each had their own negotiation process with iTunes). According to the press statement Apple is in favor of this. The key points in the negotiations were:
- Interoperability — the consumer should have the right and ability to play his or her music on any device of his or her own choice.
- Change of conditions — iTunes must revoke their right to change the terms and conditions (EULA) at any time without the consent of the consumer.
- Liability — iTunes should change its clause limiting its liability to recover consumer damages if they are caused by content sold by iTunes.
- Applicable Law — Consumers entering into a contract with iTunes should be able to rely on the consumer protection rules according to the law of the country in which they live.
EU anti-trust case[link]
In 2004, Which? magazine complained to the European Commission about the higher prices in UK for the same songs sold in the EU. Typically 0.99 Euro in EU and 79 pence in the UK.[116] In 2008 the Commission withdrew its investigation after Apple agreed to end the price discrimination.
Content disputes[link]
Universal Music Group[link]
 |
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (August 2010) |
On July 1, 2007, the New York Times reported[117] that Universal (currently the world's biggest music corporation) would not renew its annual contract to sell music through iTunes. Instead, Universal said that it would market music to Apple at will, allowing it to remove its songs from the iTunes service on short notice if the two sides did not agree on pricing or other terms.
On August 9, 2007, UMG announced a plan to sell some songs in MP3 format, without Digital rights management, through a variety of online services such as Amazon MP3 and the newly created gBox. While these tracks continue to be available through the iTunes Store, Universal chose to license these songs in DRM-free formats only through other services.[118]
NBC Universal TV series[link]
On August 31, 2007, Apple announced that programs on NBC's 2007-08 television schedule would not be available on iTunes.[119] NBC had informed Apple the previous day that it would not be renewing its contract.[120] It was later clarified that this change only applied to series produced by NBC Universal-owned Universal Media Studios, including Universal-produced shows on other networks such as House. NBC programs produced by other studios, such as Chuck (Warner Bros.) and Journeyman (20th Century Fox), would remain available on iTunes.[121]
Apple has publicly asserted that NBC would only renew their contract if Apple agreed to a price increase of US$4.99 per episode, which they did not. NBC disputes that claim, claiming that Apple balked at NBC's request to package shows together and make wholesale pricing more flexible.[122] NBC claims that they never asked to double the wholesale price and insisted that their shows would be sold by the iTunes Store through early December.[123] Other networks who sell their shows via iTunes did not follow suit. On December 1, 2007 NBC shows were pulled from iTunes.
On September 9, 2008, Apple and NBC Universal announced that NBC's TV shows were once again available on the US iTunes Store.
The UK iTunes Store has many shows from NBC available, though they are distributed by Universal Studios. The pricing for these seasons are higher than they were on the US store, an example being, Season 3 of The Office is priced at UK£43.47 (roughly US$72) vs. $52.99 (US Store HD).
See also[link]
Notes and references[link]
- ^ a b "iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the USA". Apple, Inc.. 2008-04-03. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/04/03itunes.html.
- ^ "Apple's iTunes serves up 10 billionth song download". http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/02/25itunes.html.
- ^ "iTunes Store quietly generates record revenues of $1.4 billion". Apple Insider, 21 April 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ "Apple: 16 billion iTunes songs downloaded, 300 million iPods sold". Engadget. 4 October 2011. http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/04/apple-16-billion-itunes-songs-downloaded-300-million-ipods-sol/. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ "Apple to end music restrictions". BBC News. 2009-01-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7813527.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- ^ "iTunes Store now infected with variable pricing, Amazon still $0.99". Engadget. April 7, 2009. http://www.engadget.com/2009/04/07/itunes-store-now-infected-with-variable-pricing-amazon-still-0/. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ a b Apple Inc. (March 5, 2012). "Apple’s App Store Downloads Top 25 Billion". http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2012/03/05Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-25-Billion.html. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
- ^ "Apple — iTunes — Volume Discounts — Frequently Asked Questions". Apple Inc.. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080417171948/http://www.apple.com/itunes/volumediscounts/faq.html. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ iOS Developer Program Website, Retrieved 2011- 08- 24 Apple Inc.
- ^ "Macworld: New iPhone Software, iTunes Video Rentals, Updated AppleTV". About.com. http://ipod.about.com/b/2008/01/15/macworld-keynote-coverage.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ "AppleInsider, Apple Announces same day as DVD release iTunes movies sales". Appleinsider.com. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/05/01/apple_expected_to_announce_new_movie_sales_in_itunes.html. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
- ^ Free iTunes Music
- ^ "iPod touch Features". apple.com. http://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/features/. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ^ "Apple Ditches iTunes DRM, Adds Variable Prices, 3G Downloads". About.com. http://ipod.about.com/b/2009/01/06/apple-ditches-itunes-drm-adds-variable-prices-3g-downloads.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ Noah, Timothy (2006-12-06). "Calling iTunes, Part 3". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2154994/. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
- ^ "iTunes Store Support: Customer Service". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/support/itunes/musicstore.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Apple - iTunes - Learn about the features of iTunes 9.". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/itunes/features/#purchasingmusic. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
- ^ "Metallica Bows to iTunes; Led Zeppelin and Radiohead Still Holding Out". Fox News. August 2, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,206566,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06. "But music fans still can't purchase songs from a handful of prominent holdouts, such as Led Zeppelin."
- ^ Single of the week (iTunes required)
- ^ The songs that are too rude for iTunes, Michael Cragg, The Guardian 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008.
- ^ iTunes glitch censors song titles, Friday 24 October 2008
- ^ Audible and Apple Announce Availability of Exclusive Content Through Apple iTunes
- ^ "Apple Announces iTunes 6 With 2,000 Music Videos, Pixar Short Films & Hit TV Shows". Apple Inc.. 2005-10-12. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/oct/12itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ Movie Rentals
- ^ Movie Fans Can Buy & Rent Films in High Definition on the iTunes Store
- ^ http://events.apple.com.edgesuite.net/1201oihbafvpihboijhpihbasdouhbasv/event/index.html approximately the last 15 minutes
- ^ "Apple Announces iTunes U on the iTunes Store". Apple Inc.. 2007-05-30. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/05/30itunesu.html.
- ^ "Plan ahead. You'll be glad you did.". Apple Inc.. http://education.apple.com/itunesu/.
- ^ "Understanding Credentials and User Access for Advanced Access". Apple Education — iTunes U Administrator's Guide. 2008-10-31. http://deimos.apple.com/rsrc/doc/iTunesUAdministratorsGuide/AdministeringYouriTunesUSite/chapter_6_section_7.html. [dead link]
- ^ a b "iTunes U". Apple — iTunes. http://www.apple.com/itunes/whatson/itunesu.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Woolamaloo for iTunes U". The University of Illinois at Chicago - iTunesU. http://itunes.uic.edu/Woolamaloo.html.
- ^ Apple - iPhone 4 - Find over 500,000 apps on the App Store
- ^ Distribute your App - iOS Developer Program - Apple Developer
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 50 Million Songs". Apple Inc.. 2004-03-15. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/mar/15itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ Markoff, John (2004-04-29). "Apple Sells 70 Million Songs In First Year of ITunes Service". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20060219213053/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/29/technology/29apple.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs". Apple Inc.. 2004-08-10. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/aug/10itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ Farrell, Nick (October 6, 2011). "ITunes threatens music industry more than piracy". TechEYE.net. http://news.techeye.net/internet/itunes-threatens-music-industry-more-than-piracy. Retrieved October 18, 2011. "The CEO of Miramax [Mike Lang] has warned that iTunes is more of a threat to Big Content than piracy. [...] He said the chokepoints in the distribution chain were when there isn't enough diversity in distribution, so there are intermediaries that end up totally controlling an industry. He added that another problem is the emergence of digital monopolies such as the one Apple has in the digital music business. [...] The music business is suffering because it allowed too few players to flog content, presumably fearful of their content being stolen. Encouraging Apple's iTunes at the expense of others is effectively strangling the industry, he said."
- ^ a b Levy, Steven. The Perfect Thing, How the iPod Shuffles. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
- ^ "Apple Launches iTunes Affiliate Program". Apple Inc.. 2004-09-01. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/sep/01itunesaffiliate.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 150 Million Songs". Apple Inc.. 2004-10-14. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/oct/14itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top 200 Million Songs". Apple Inc.. 2004-12-16. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/dec/16itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top a Quarter Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2005-01-24. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/24itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Surpass 300 Million". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/mar/02itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Launches in Denmark, Norway, Sweden & Switzerland". Apple Inc.. 2005-05-10. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/may/10itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Apple Kicks Off iTunes Music Store Countdown to Half a Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2005-07-05. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jul/05itms_live8.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top Half a Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2005-07-18. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jul/18itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ a b "Macworld '06: An overview of Apple's big day". ComputerWorld. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20060219043733/http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2006/0,4814,107631,00.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ a b "iTunes Music Store Downloads Top One Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2006-02-23. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/feb/23itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-23.
- ^ a b c d e f "iTunes Store Tops Two Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2007-01-09. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/09itunes.html. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
- ^ "100 Million iPods Sold". Apple Inc.. 2007-04-09. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/09ipod.html. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ "iTunes Store Tops Three Billion Songs". Apple Inc.. 2007-07-31. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/07/31itunes.html. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- ^ iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs Sold
- ^ "iTunes Sells 6 Billion Songs, And Other Fun Stats From The Philnote". TechCrunch. 2009-01-06. http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/01/06/itunes-sells-6-billion-songs-and-other-fun-stats-from-the-philnote/. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
- ^ iTunes Store Hits 10 Billion Song Downloads!
- ^ 10 Billionth Song Sold by Apple's iTunes - ABC News
- ^ "Apple has now sold 15 billion iTunes songs". Digital Music News, 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Videos in Less Than 20 Days". Apple Inc.. 2005-10-31. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/oct/31itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "NBC Universal & Apple Offer New Primetime, Cable, Late-Night & Classic TV Shows on the iTunes Music Store". Apple Inc.. 2005-12-06. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/dec/06nbc.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ a b "Award-Winning MGM Films Now on the iTunes Store". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/11itunes.html. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- ^ a b "ABC, CBS, FOX & NBC Offer Incredible Lineup of Programming in Stunning HD on the iTunes Store". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/10/16itunes.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ "iPhone App Store Downloads Top 10 Million in First Weekend". Apple Inc.. 2008-07-14. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/07/14appstore.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ "App Store Downloads Top 100 Million Worldwide". Apple Inc.. 2008-09-09. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09appstore.html. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ "iPhone App Store continues to exceed iTunes song sales growth". AppleInsider. 2008-10-22. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/21/iphone_app_store_continues_to_exceed_itunes_song_sales_growth.html. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ "Apple Apps "Bubble" Talk Just That, As Downloads Soar". CNBC. 2008-12-05. http://www.cnbc.com/id/28070203/site/14081545. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ "The Little App Store That Could". CNBC. 2009-01-16. http://www.cnbc.com/id/28691281/site/14081545. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ "App Store: 25 000 apps, 800 million downloads". VentureBeat. 2009-03-17. http://venturebeat.com/2009/03/17/app-store-25000-apps-800-million-downloads/. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
- ^ Apple - iTunes - Thanks a Billion
- ^ "Apple's App Store Downloads Top 1.5 Billion in First Year". Apple Inc.. 2009-07-14. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/07/14apps.html. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
- ^ "Apple App Store hits more than 10 billion Apps downloads". http://www.newsden.net/apple-app-store-hits-more-than-10-billion-apps-downloads-6163.
- ^ "Apple's App Store Downloads Top 15 Billion". http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/07/07Apples-App-Store-Downloads-Top-15-Billion.html.
- ^ a b c d "Affiliate Program for App Developers". http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/documentation/app-store-affiliate-program.html. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "List of the original European countries with iTunes Affiliate Programs". http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/documentation/linking-to-the-itunes-music-store.html#AffiliateEncodingTradeDoubler. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "Average for USD in multiple currencies for Jan 2010 to Dec 2010". http://www.oanda.com/currency/average?amount=1&start_month=1&start_year=2010&end_month=12&end_year=2010&base=USD&avg_type=Year&Submit=1&exchange=AUD&exchange=CAD&exchange=CHF&exchange=DKK&exchange=EUR&exchange=GBP&exchange=JPY&exchange=MXN&exchange=NOK&exchange=NZD&exchange=SEK&interbank=0&format=HTML. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ http://www.pcwelt.de/start/dsl_voip/online/news/154212/
- ^ Apple iTunes Deutschland nun mit HD-Filmen zum Ausleihen auf HDTVTotal.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "15 New Affiliate Programs Added". http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/blog/15-new-affiliate-programs-added.html. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ "Mention of Canada as a country with an iTunes Affiliate Program". http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/documentation/linking-to-the-itunes-music-store.html. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ a b "Apple Launches iTunes Music Store in Japan". Apple Inc.. 2005-08-04. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/aug/04itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Award-Winning Television Programming Now Available on the iTunes Store in Australia". Apple Inc.. 2008-06-25. http://www.apple.com/au/pr/library/2008/06/24itunes.html. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ "Apple Launches iTunes & Online Apple Stores in New Zealand". Apple Inc.. 2006-12-06. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/dec/06itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
- ^ iTunes' Mexico launch could shake up digital market
- ^ iTunes México - Movies
- ^ a b "Brazil and Mexico Affiliate Programs Added". http://www.apple.com/itunes/affiliates/resources/blog/brazil-and-mexico-affiliate-programs-added.html. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "iTunes store now available in Malta". The Times (Malta). 2011-09-29. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110929/local/itunes-store-now-available-in-malta.386974. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Apple confirms iTunes Store launch in 15 Latin American countries and iTunes Match in Brazil". TNW. http://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/12/13/apple-confirms-itunes-store-in-15-latin-american-countries-and-itunes-match-launch-in-brazil/.
- ^ "iTunes Music Store in Europe Sells 800,000 Songs in First Week". Apple Inc.. 2004-06-23. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/jun/23itunes.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Japan iTunes Music Store Sells One Million Songs in First Four Days". Apple Inc.. 2005-07-08. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/aug/08itms.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Apple inadvertently lights up New Zealand iTMS". Infinite Loop. Ars Technica. 2005-10-26. http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2005/10/26/1638. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Apple Announces iTunes Latino on the iTunes Store". Apple Inc.. 2006-11-01. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/nov/01ituneslatino.html. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ iTunes Music Store to be launched in August (in Spanish)
- ^ It's Not a Rumour: iTunes lands in Mexico on 4th August (in Spanish)[dead link]
- ^ New iTunes LP format is live | Digital Noise: Music and Tech - CNET News
- ^ CNN. http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200909091345DOWJONESDJONLINE000568_FORTUNE5.htm. [dead link]
- ^ Bangeman, Eric (2004-07-29). "Apple responds to RealNetworks FairPlay hack". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20040729-4051.html. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Lawsuit claims Apple violates law with iTunes". News.com. http://news.com.com/Lawsuit+claims+Apple+violates+law+with+iTunes/2100-1027_3-5514244.html?tag=cd.top. Retrieved 2006-02-17.
- ^ "Thoughts on Music". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
- ^ Frith, David (2007-06-12). "Privacy problem for iTunes Plus". Australian IT. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20070714071829/http://australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,21874643-39525,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
- ^ "アップル、iTunes in the Cloudなどの新機能でiTunes Storeを強化 - ソニーの一部楽曲も取扱開始" (in Japanese). 2012-02-22. http://news.mynavi.jp/articles/2012/02/22/itunes/index.html. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
- ^ Charles Arthur (2006-06-22). "Who benefits from the death of mycokemusic.com?". Guardian Unlimited (London). http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1802533,00.html. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
- ^ "Jeans and Music — The Perfect Fit at Gap this Fall". Gap Inc.. 2005-07-28. http://www.gapinc.com/public/Media/Press_Releases/med_pr_GapFallJuly2805.shtml. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Cheng, Jacqui (2006-07-25). "Infinite Loop: Apple and Facebook partner up for back to school iTunes promo". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/7/25/4766.
- ^ Apple - iTunes - Thanks a Billion
- ^ "Help iTunes reach 10 billion song downloads, and you could win a $10,000 iTunes Gift Card.". http://www.apple.com/itunes/10-billion-song-countdown/. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
- ^ "Wine Application DB — Viewing App — iTunes". winehq.org. http://appdb.winehq.org/appview.php?appId=1347. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ "iTunes 9, now with more WebKit". Will Norris. http://willnorris.com/2009/09/itunes-9-now-with-more-webkit. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
- ^ "Beatles Catalog To Be Remastered, Offered Online". World Entertainment News Network. Starpulse. 2006-11-11. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2006/04/11/beatles_catalog_to_be_remastered_offered. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ Arungo, Tim (2006-11-27). "Beatles: only on iPod?". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/22/technology/apple_beatles_ipod.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ Apple teases fans with "Lovely Rita" — but no Beatles on iTunes - International Herald Tribune
- ^ "Apple Inc. and The Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd. Enter into New Agreement" (Press release). Apple Inc.. 2007-02-05. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/02/05apple.html. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ "John Lennon Solo Catalog Debuts on iTunes Store" (Press release). Apple Inc.. 2007-08-14. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/14itunes.html. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
- ^ iTunes violates Norwegian law, Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway
- ^ iTunes' questionable terms and conditions - Forbrukerportalen
- ^ Apple response, Simonsen Advokatfirma DA (PDF)
- ^ European consumer organisations join forces in legal dispute over iTunes Music Store. CNN.com. Retrieved on January 28, 2007.
- ^ European drive against iTunes builds support. Homepage Forbrukerombudet Norway
- ^ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/09/apple_cuts_uk_prices/
- ^ Universal in Dispute With Apple Over iTunes
- ^ Aughton, Simon (2007-08-13). "gBox — Not Google — has DRM-free Universal deal". PC Pro. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011171928/http://pcpro.co.uk/news/122284/gbox-not-google-has-drmfree-universal-deal.html. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ "iTunes Store To Stop Selling NBC Television Shows". Apple Inc.. 2007-08-31. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/08/31itunes.html.
- ^ Barnes, Brooks (2007-08-31). "NBC Will Not Renew ITunes Contract". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/technology/31NBC.html?ex=1346299200&en=e8dc46b2e3dfee67&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ New Episodes of Fox's House Won't Be on iTunes, Broadcasting & Cable, October 1, 2007.
- ^ Fritz, Ben (2007-08-31). "iTunes drops NBC's new fall shows". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971161.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=NBC+iTunes. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ "NBCU's Response: Never Asked To Double Price; Shows Will Be On iTunes Through Early December". 2007-08-31. http://www.paidcontent.org/entry/419-nbcus-response-never-asked-to-double-price-shows-will-be-on-itunes-thro/.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/ITunes_Store
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://es.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://ru.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://nl.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://pt.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://pl.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://fr.wn.com/ITunes Store
http://de.wn.com/ITunes Store
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see AOL (disambiguation).
| 276px AOL logo featuring Eraser canvas. |
|
| Type | Public |
|---|---|
| Traded as | NYSE: AOL |
| Industry | Internet Telecommunication Media |
| Founded | 1983 as Control Video Corporation 1991 as America Online, Vienna, Virginia (Tysons Corner), U.S.[1] 2006 as AOL |
| Headquarters | New York City, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Tim Armstrong (Chairman and CEO) |
| Revenue |  US$ 2.417 billion (2010)[2] |
| Operating income | US$ -983 million (2010)[2] |
| Net income | US$ -783 million (2010)[2] |
| Total assets | US$ 2.962 billion (2010)[2] |
| Total equity | US$ 2.287 billion (2010)[2] |
| Employees | 5,860 (2010)[2] |
| Website | AOL.com AOL.com Corporate site AOL Blog AOL Corporate Communications on Twitter AOL on Twitter AOL on Facebook |
AOL Inc. (NYSE: AOL, previously known as America Online, written as "AOL" and stylized as "Aol." but commonly pronounced as an initialism) is an American global Internet services and media company.[3][4] AOL is headquartered at 770 Broadway in New York.[5][6] Founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation, it has franchised its services to companies in several nations around the world or set up international versions of its services.[7] AOL is headquartered in New York City, but has many offices throughout cities in North America, such as Atlanta, Baltimore, Beverly Hills, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Dulles, Mountain View, Orlando, San Francisco, and Toronto. London and Tokyo are its foreign offices. As of December 2011, it serves 3.3 million paid subscribers.[citation needed]
AOL is best known for its online software suite, also called AOL, that allowed customers to access the world's largest "walled garden" online community and eventually reach out to the Internet as a whole. At its prime, AOL's membership was over 30 million members worldwide,[8] most of whom accessed the AOL service through the AOL software suite. The company has claimed that it had 34 million subscribers at its peak, although an undisclosed portion were using free hours.[9]
In 2000 AOL and Time Warner merged under the name AOL Time Warner. The merger was not fruitful and on May 28, 2009, Time Warner announced that it would spin off AOL into a separate public company. The spinoff occurred on December 9, 2009,[10] ending the eight-year relationship between the two companies.[11]
Contents |
History[link]
Major milestones[link]
With regional branches around the world, the former American "goliath among Internet service providers"[8] once had more than 30 million subscribers[8] on several continents. It ranked fourth (behind the Web, email, and graphic user interfaces) in a 2007 USA TODAY retrospective on the 25 events that shaped the first 25 years of the Internet[12] and was named to the ".com 25" by a panel of Silicon Valley influencers on the occasion of the same anniversary.[13]
In January 2000, AOL and Time Warner announced plans to merge, forming AOL Time Warner, Inc. The terms of the deal called for AOL shareholders to own 55% of the new, combined company. The deal closed on January 11, 2001. The new company was led by executives from AOL, SBI, and Time Warner. Gerald Levin, who had served as CEO of Time Warner, was CEO of the new company. Steve Case served as Chairman, J. Michael Kelly (from AOL) was the Chief Financial Officer, Robert W. Pittman (from AOL) and Dick Parsons (from Time Warner) served as Co-Chief Operating Officers.
AOL stock went from $226 billion in 2001 to about $20 billion in 2006.[14]
As of June 2010, AOL's subscriber base dropped to 4.4 million.[15]
An AOL subscription was rated the "Worst Tech Product of All Time" by PC World in 2006 who stated that it had the "stigma of being the online service for people who don't know any better".[16] AOL was rated both one of the best and worst Internet suppliers in the UK, according to a poll by BBC Watchdog.[17]
AOL ceased to be a part of Time Warner on December 9, 2009. The company declared an IPO on that day, under the stock symbol NYSE:AOL.[18]
In February 2011, AOL purchased The Huffington Post for $315 million.[19] Shortly after the acquisition was announced, Huffingtonpost.com co-founder Arianna Huffington assumed the role of President and Editor-in-Chief of The AOL Huffington Post Media group. Huffington replaced David Eun.[20] She oversees the development of all editorial content from both companies including news, technology, music and local media websites.
1980s[link]
| AOL release timeline | |
|---|---|
| 1983 | GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console |
| 1985 | Quantum Link for Commodore 64- and 128 |
| 1988 | AppleLink for Apple II and Macintosh |
| 1988 | PC Link for IBM PC compatibles |
| 1989 | America Online for Macintosh received as a popular Apple Macintosh BBS |
| February 1991 | AOL for DOS launched |
| January 1993 | AOL 2.0 for the Apple Macintosh released, AOL 1.0 for Microsoft Windows 3.x launched |
| June 1994 | AOL 1.5 for Microsoft Windows 3.x released |
| September 1994 | AOL 2.0 for Microsoft Windows 3.x released |
| June 1995 | AOL 2.5 for Microsoft Windows 3.x released |
| June 1995 | AOL 3.0 (Win16) for Windows 3.x/Windows 95/Windows NT released |
| June 1996 | AOL 3.0 for Windows 95 released |
| July 1998 / June 1999 | AOL 4.0 (Casablanca) and Refresh 2 released |
| September 1999 | AOL 5.0 (Kilimanjaro) released |
| June 2000 | AOL 5.0 for 9x/NT/2K (Niagara) released |
| October and December 2000 | AOL 6.0 (K2 – Karakorum) and Refresh released |
| September 2001 | AOL 6.0.2 for XP (Steppenwolf) launched |
| October and December 2001, May and July 2002 | AOL 7.0 (Taz) and Refresh 1, Refresh 2, and Refresh 2 Plus released |
| October 2002 | AOL 8.0 (Spacely) released |
| April 2003 | AOL 8.0 Plus (Elroy) launched |
| August and September 2003 | AOL 9.0 Optimized (Bunker Hill / Blue Hawaii) and Refresh released |
| May 2004 | AOL 9.0 Optimized SE/LE (Thailand / Tahiti) released |
| November 2004, July 2005 | AOL 9.0 Security Edition SE/LE (Strauss) and Refresh released |
| August 2005 to March 2006 | AOL Suite Beta launched (cancelled) |
| September 2006, March 2007 | AOL OpenRide (Streamliner) launched |
| November 2006, April 2007 | AOL 9.0 VR and Refresh (Raga) released (AOL 9.0 for Microsoft Windows Vista but also works with Microsoft Windows 98, ME, 2000 and XP) |
| September 2007 | AOL Desktop for Mac Beta released |
| October 31, 2007 | AOL 9.1 (Tarana) released |
| December 2007 | AOL Desktop (a.k.a. AOL 10.0) launched |
| May 2008 | AOL Desktop for Mac 10 officially launched |
| September 2008 | AOL Desktop 10.1 released |
| February and November 2009 | AOL 9.5 and 9.5 Refresh released (Classic) |
| November 2010 | AOL Desktop 9.6 |
| December 2011 | AOL Desktop 9.7 |
AOL began as a short-lived venture called Control Video Corporation (or CVC), founded by Bill von Meister. Its sole product was an online service called GameLine for the Atari 2600 video game console after von Meister's idea of buying music on demand was rejected by Warner Brothers.[21] Subscribers bought a modem from the company for 49.95 USD and paid a one-time 15 USD setup fee. GameLine permitted subscribers to temporarily download games and keep track of high scores, at a cost of 1 USD per game. The telephone disconnected and the downloaded game would remain in GameLine's Master Module and playable until the user turned off the console or downloaded another game.
The original technical team was composed of Marc Seriff, Tom Ralston, Ken Huntsman, Janet Hunter, Dave Brown, Steve Trus, Ray Heinrich, Craig Dykstra, and Doug Coward.
In January 1983, Steve Case was hired as a marketing consultant for Control Video on the recommendation of his brother, investment banker Dan Case. In May 1983, Jim Kimsey became a manufacturing consultant for Control Video, which was near bankruptcy. Kimsey was brought in by his West Point friend Frank Caufield, an investor in the company.[21] Von Meister quietly left the company in early 1985. Control Video was reorganized as Quantum Computer Services, Inc. on May 24, 1985, with Kimsey as Chief Executive Officer and Marc Seriff as Chief Technology Officer. Out of 100 employees from Control Video, only 10 remained in the new company.[21] Case himself rose quickly through the ranks; Kimsey promoted him to vice-president of marketing not long after becoming CEO, and later promoted him further to executive vice-president in 1987. Kimsey soon began to groom Case to ascend to the rank of CEO, which he did when Kimsey retired in 1991.
Kimsey changed the company's strategy, and in 1985 launched a dedicated online service for Commodore 64 and 128 computers, originally called Quantum Link ("Q-Link" for short). The Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, Inc, (founded in 1983 by Howard Goldberg and Dave Panzl). In May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy Corporation. After the company parted ways with Apple in October 1989, Quantum changed the service's name to America Online.[22][23]
Steve Case positioned AOL as the online service for people unfamiliar with computers, in particular contrast to CompuServe, which had long served the technical community. The PlayNet system that AOL licensed was the first online service to require use of proprietary software, rather than a standard terminal program; as a result it was able to offer a graphical user interface (GUI) instead of command lines, and was well ahead of the competition in emphasizing communication among members as a feature.[citation needed]
From the beginning, AOL included online games in its mix of products; many classic and casual games were included in the original PlayNet software system. In the early years of AOL the company introduced many innovative online interactive titles and games, including:
- Graphical chat environments Habitat (1986–1988) and Club Caribe (1988) from LucasArts.
- The first online interactive fiction series QuantumLink Serial by Tracy Reed (1988).
- Quantum Space, the first fully automated Play by email game (1989–1991).
1990s[link]
In February 1991 AOL for DOS was launched using a GeoWorks interface followed a year later by AOL for Windows. This coincided with growth in pay-based online services, like Prodigy, CompuServe, and GEnie. 1991 also saw the introduction of an original Dungeons & Dragons title called Neverwinter Nights from Stormfront Studios; it was the first Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG) to depict the adventure with graphics instead of text.
AOL discontinued Q-Link and PC Link in the fall of 1994. In September 1993, AOL added USENET access to its features.[24] This is commonly referred to as the "Eternal September". AOL quickly surpassed GEnie, and by the mid-1990s, it passed Prodigy (which for several years allowed AOL advertising) and CompuServe.
In particular was the Chat Room concept from PlayNet, as opposed to the previous paradigm of CB-style channels. Chat Rooms allowed a large group of people with similar interests to convene and hold conversations in real time, including:
- Private rooms – created by any user. Hold up to 23 people.
- Conference rooms – created with permission of AOL. Hold up to 48 people and often moderated.
- Auditoriums – created with permission of AOL. Consisted of a stage and an unlimited number of rows. What happened on the stage was viewable by everybody in the auditorium but what happened within individual rows, of up to 27 people, was viewable only by the people within those rows.[citation needed]
Between 1990–94,[citation needed] AOL launched services with the National Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers, National Geographic, the Smithsonian Institution, the Library of Congress, Pearson, Scholastic, ASCD, NSBA, NCTE, Discovery Networks, Turner Education Services (CNN Newsroom), National Public Radio, The Princeton Review, Stanley Kaplan, Barron's, Highlights for Kids, the US Department of Education, and many other education providers. AOL's offered the first real-time homework help service (the Teacher Pager—1990; prior to this, AOL provided homework help bulletin boards), the first service by kids, for kids (Kids Only Online, 1991), the first online service for parents (the Parents Information Network, 1991), the first online courses (1988), the first omnibus service for teachers (the Teachers' Information Network, 1990), the first online exhibit (Library of Congress, 1991), the first parental controls, and many other online education firsts.
The first chat room-based text role-playing game, Black Bayou. was introduced by AOL in 1996.
Originally, AOL charged its users an hourly fee, but in October 1996 this changed to a flat monthly rate of $19.95. During this time, AOL connections would be flooded with users trying to get on, and many canceled their accounts due to constant busy signals. A commercial featuring Steve Case telling people AOL was working day and night to fix the problem was made. Within three years, AOL's userbase grew to 10 million people. In 1995 AOL was headquartered at 8619 Westwood Center Drive in the Tysons Corner CDP in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia,[25][26] near the Town of Vienna.[27]
AOL was quickly running out of room in October 1996 for its network at the Fairfax County campus. In 1996,[citation needed] AOL moved to 22000 AOL Way in Dulles, unincorporated Loudoun County, Virginia.[28] The move to Dulles took place in mid-1996 and provided room for future growth. In a five year landmark agreement with the most popular operating system, AOL was bundled with Windows software.[citation needed]
On March 31, 1997, the short-lived eWorld was purchased by AOL.
2000s[link]
File:Aol subscribers Q201-Q407.png
Decline in U.S. subscribers 2Q 2001 – 2Q 2009.[citation needed]
In January 2000, AOL and Time Warner announced plans to merge. The terms of the deal called for AOL shareholders to own 55% of the new, combined company. The deal closed on January 11, 2001 after receiving regulatory approval from the FTC, the FCC, and the EU's COMP.[citation needed]
In 2004, along with the launch of AOL 9.0 Optimized, AOL also made available the option of personalized greetings which would enable the user to hear his or her name while accessing basic functions and mail alerts, or while logging in or out.
In 2005, AOL broadcast the Live 8 concert live over the Internet, and thousands of users downloaded clips of the concert over the following months.[citation needed] In late 2005, AOL released AOL Safety & Security Center,[citation needed] a bundle of McAfee anti-virus, CA anti-spyware, and proprietary firewall and phishing protection software. News reports in late 2005 identified companies such as Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Google as candidates for turning AOL into a joint venture;[29] those plans were apparently abandoned when it was revealed on December 20, 2005 that Google would purchase a 5% share of AOL for $1 billion.
On April 3, 2006, AOL announced that it was retiring the full name "America Online"; the official name of the service became "AOL", and the full name of the TimeWarner subdivision became "AOL, LLC".[30]
On June 8, 2006,[31] AOL offered a new program called AOL Active Security Monitor. This is a diagnostic tool to check the local PC's security status, and recommends additional security software from AOL or Download.com. The program rated the computer on a variety of different areas of security and general computer health. Two months later,[32] AOL released AOL Active Virus Shield. This software was developed by Kaspersky Lab. Active Virus Shield software was free and did not require an AOL account, only an internet email address. The ISP side of AOL UK was bought by The Carphone Warehouse in October 2006 to take advantage of their 100,000 LLU customers which made The Carphone Warehouse the biggest LLU provider in the UK.[33]
On August 2006, AOL announced that they would give away email accounts and software previously available only to its paying customers provided the customer accessed AOL or AOL.com through a non-AOL-owned access method (otherwise known as "third party transit", "bring your own access", or "BYOA"). The move was designed to reduce costs associated with the "Walled Garden" business model by reducing usage of AOL-owned access points and shifting members with high-speed internet access from client-based usage to the more lucrative advertising provider, AOL.com. [34]The change from paid to free was also designed to slow the rate of members canceling their accounts and defecting to Microsoft Hotmail, Yahoo!, or other free email providers. The other free services included:[35]
- AIM (AOL Instant Messenger)
- AOL Video[36] featured professional content and allowed users to upload videos as well.
- AOL Local, comprising its CityGuide,[37] Yellow Pages[38] and Local Search[39] services to help users find local information like restaurants, local events, and directory listings.
- AOL News
- AOL My eAddress, a custom domain name for email addresses. These email accounts could be accessed in a manner similar to other AOL and AIM email accounts.
- Xdrive was a service offered by AOL which allowed users to back up their files over the Internet.[40] It was closed on January 12, 2009.[41]
According to AOL CEO Randy Falco, as of December 2007, the conversion rate of accounts from paid access to free access was over 80%.[42]. Later in August 2006, AOL informed its American customers that it would be increasing the price of its dial-up access to US$25.90. The increase was part of an effort to migrate the service's remaining dial-up users to broadband, as the increased price was the same price they had been charging for monthly DSL access.[43] However, AOL has since started offering their services for $9.95 a month for unlimited dial-up access.[44]
On September 17, 2007, AOL announced that it was moving one of its corporate headquarters from Dulles, Virginia to New York City[45] and combining its various advertising units into a new subsidiary called Platform A. This action followed several advertising acquisitions, most notably Advertising.com, and highlighted the company's new focus on advertising-driven business models. AOL management stressed that "significant operations" will remain in Dulles, which included the company's access services and modem banks.
In October 2007, AOL announced that it would move one of its other headquarters from Loudoun County, Virginia to New York City; it would continue to operate its Virginia offices.[6] As part of the impending move to New York and the restructuring of responsibilities at the Dulles headquarters complex after the Reston move, AOL CEO Randy Falco announced on October 15, 2007 plans to lay off 2000 employees worldwide by the end of 2007, beginning "immediately".[46]. The end result was a near 40% layoff across the board at AOL.
By November 2007, its customer base had been reduced to 10.1 million subscribers,[47] just narrowly ahead of Comcast and AT&T Yahoo!.
On January 3, 2008, AOL announcing the closing one of its three Northern Virginia data centers, Reston Technology Center, and sold it to CRG West.[48]
On February 6, 2008, Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes announced that Time Warner would split AOL's internet access and advertising businesses into two, with the possibility of later selling the internet access division.[49]
On March 13, 2008, AOL purchased the social networking site Bebo for $850m (£417m).[50] On July 25, 2008 AOL announced it was shedding Xdrive, AOL Pictures, and BlueString to save on costs and focus on its core advertising business.[51] AOL Pictures was terminated on December 31, 2008. On October 31, 2008, AOL Hometown (a web hosting service for the websites of AOL customers) and the AOL Journal blog hosting service were eliminated,[52] after first announcing the impending shutdown on September 30, 2008[53]
On March 12, 2009, Tim Armstrong, formerly with Google, was named Chairman and CEO of AOL.[54]
On May 28, 2009, Time Warner announced that it would spin AOL off as an independent company once Google's shares ceased at the end of the fiscal year, and AOL's page and logo changed afterward.[55]
On June 11, 2009, AOL announced the acquisition of Patch Media, a community-specific news and information that focuses on individual towns and communities. [56]
On November 23, 2009, AOL unveiled a sneak preview of a new brand identity which has the a wordmark Aol logo superimposed onto canvases created by commissioned artists. The new identity, designed by Wolff Olins,[57] was enacted onto all of AOL's services on December 10, 2009.
The New AOL[link]
On December 10, 2009, AOL traded independently for the first time since the Time Warner merger on the NYSE under the symbol AOL. [58]
On April 6, 2010, AOL announced that they were planning to shut down or sell Bebo. This has been successfully concluded but with a huge loss on investment.[59] On June 16, 2010, AOL sold Bebo to Criterion Capital Partners for an undisclosed amount, believed to be around $10 million. [60]
On September 28, 2010, at the San Francisco TechCrunch Disrupt Conference, AOL signed an agreement to acquire TechCrunch to further its overall strategy of providing premier online content.[61][62]
In December 2010, AIM eliminated access to AOL chat rooms noting a marked decline of patronage in recent months. [63] On December 12, 2010, AOL acquired about.me, a personal profile/identity platform, 4 days after public launch. [64]
On January 31, 2011, AOL announced the acquisition of European video distribution network, goviral. [65] On February 7, 2011, AOL bought The Huffington Post for $315 million.[66]
On March 10, 2011, AOL announced it will cut around 900 workers in the wake of the Huffington Post deal.[67]
On September 14, 2011, AOL formed a strategic ad selling partnership with two of its largest competitors, Yahoo and Microsoft.[68]
On March 15, 2012, AOL announced the acquisition of Hipster, a mobile photo sharing app for an undisclosed amount. [69]
On April 9, 2012, AOL announced a deal to sell 800 patents to Microsoft for $1.056 billion. The deal includes a "perpetual" license for AOL to use these patents. [70]
On April 24, 2012 the company launched the AOL On network, a single web site for its video output.[71]
Controversies[link]
 |
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
Community leaders[link]
Prior to mid-2005, AOL used online volunteers called Community Leaders, or CLs, to monitor chatrooms, message boards, and libraries. AOL's use of remote volunteers dated back to the establishment of its Quantum Link service in 1985. Some community leaders were recruited for content design and maintenance using a proprietary language and interface called RAINMAN, although most content maintenance was performed by partner and internal employees.
Two former community leaders, Brian Williams of Dallas and Kelly Hallissey of New York filed a class action lawsuit against AOL citing violations of U.S. labor laws in its use of community leaders. The lawsuit was filed in the United States Federal Courthouse, New York City on May 25, 1999 which subsequently was followed by the dismissal of all community leaders under the age of 18 years old as well as a reorganization of the community leader program as a whole. The Department of Labor was also investigating AOL's alleged labor law violations, but came to no conclusion closing their investigation in 2001.[72] AOL began drastically reducing the responsibilities and privileges of its volunteers in 2000. The program was eventually ended on June 8, 2005. Current Community Leaders at the time were offered 12 months of credit on their accounts in thanks for their service.
Within one decade of the class action lawsuit being filed, the class had grown to over 6,000 members citing the largest class action lawsuit ever filed against an internet based company. Currently it is the third largest class ever involved in any lawsuit on a federal level in the United States, affecting ultimately the employment eligibility of individuals in an online environment.
In February 2010, a settlement was approved by the Courts in the class action suit. The settlement included a $15 million USD payment. This payment was then divided by one third, the first of which was attorney and legal fees. Five Million was then divided among the included members of the class which consisted of more than 7,000 individual former Community Leaders. The final five million dollars was donated to charities hand picked by Hallissey and Williams then approved by the Courts for distribution. One such charity, The Remote Area Medical Foundation (www.ramusa.org), received payments in excess of $1.2 million USD for the provision of medical services, supplies and medication for those in need within the more rural areas of the United States and beyond.
Prior to the 1999 class action lawsuit, the community leaders were informed of a change in compensation for duties performed by AOL. Community leaders would be charged a reduced rate per month for their accounts and no longer would be given unlimited access without invoice. During this live announcement via an online meeting of all community leaders in a virtual arena, Brian Williams of Dallas led many community leaders in a virtual "strike" or "sit-in" to protest the new charges the community leaders were being asked to now pay. This protest or strike is noted as the first of its kind for an online environment and was nicknamed for the row of the arena it was held in; Row 800. Following the protest, AOL terminated the online working relationship between itself and several of the Community Leaders involved. Quickly following the release of these community leaders was the reinstatement of each one terminated with exception to Williams, which AOL was not willing to review due to the role he played within the cause of the protest. During this time, Williams role on AOL was that of Guide XNT (Guide Program), CB Naked (Crystal Ball forum), VnV Naked (iVillage's Vices and Virtues Forum) and JCommBrian (Jewish Community Online Forum).
Billing disputes[link]
AOL has faced a number of lawsuits over claims that it has been slow to stop billing customers after their accounts have been canceled, either by the company or the user. In addition, AOL changed its method of calculating used minutes in response to a class action lawsuit. Previously, AOL would add 15 seconds to the time a user was connected to the service and round up to the next whole minute (thus, a person who used the service for 11 minutes and 46 seconds would be charged for 13 minutes). AOL claimed this was to account for sign on/sign off time, but because this practice was not made known to its customers, the plaintiffs won (some also pointed out that signing on and off did not always take 15 seconds, especially when connecting via another ISP). AOL disclosed its connection-time calculation methods to all of its customers and credited them with extra free hours. In addition, the AOL software would notify the user of exactly how long they were connected and how many minutes they were being charged.
AOL was sued by the Ohio Attorney General in October 2003 for improper billing practices. The case was settled on June 8, 2005. AOL agreed to resolve any consumer complaints filed with the Ohio AG's office. In December 2006, AOL agreed to provide restitution to Florida consumers to settle the case filed against them by the Florida Attorney General.[73]
Account cancellation[link]
Many customers complained that AOL personnel ignored their demands to cancel service and stop billing. In response to approximately 300 consumer complaints, the New York Attorney General's office began an inquiry of AOL's customer service policies.[citation needed] The investigation revealed that the company had an elaborate scheme for rewarding employees who purported to retain or "save" subscribers who had called to cancel their Internet service. In many instances, such retention was done against subscribers' wishes, or without their consent. Under the scheme, consumer service personnel received bonuses worth tens of thousands of dollars if they could successfully dissuade or "save" half of the people who called to cancel service.[citation needed] For several years, AOL had instituted minimum retention or "save" percentages, which consumer representatives were expected to meet. These bonuses, and the minimum "save" rates accompanying them, had the effect of employees not honoring cancellations, or otherwise making cancellation unduly difficult for consumers.
On August 24, 2005, America Online agreed to pay $1.25 million to the state of New York and reformed its customer service procedures. Under the agreement, AOL would no longer require its customer service representatives to meet a minimum quota for customer retention in order to receive a bonus.[74] However the agreement only covered people in the state of New York.[9]
On June 13, 2006, Vincent Ferrari documented his account cancellation phone call in a blog post,[75] stating he had switched to broadband years earlier. In the recorded phone call, the AOL representative refused to cancel the account unless the 30-year-old Ferrari explained why AOL hours were still being recorded on it. Ferrari insisted that AOL software was not even installed on the computer. When Ferrari demanded that the account be canceled regardless, the AOL representative asked to speak with Ferrari's father, for whom the account had been set up. The conversation was aired on CNBC. When CNBC reporters tried to have an account on AOL cancelled, they were hung up on immediately and it ultimately took more than 45 minutes to cancel the account.[76]
On July 19, 2006, AOL's entire retention manual was released on the Internet.[77] On August 3, 2006, Time Warner announced that the company would be dissolving AOL's retention centers due to its profits hinging on $1 billion in cost cuts. The company estimated that it would lose more than six million subscribers over the following year.[78]
Direct marketing of disks[link]
File:AOL promotional CDs in Canada.jpg
A few promotional CD-ROMs distributed in Canada.
Prior to 2006, AOL was infamous for the unsolicited mass direct mail of CD-ROMs and 3½" floppy disks containing their software. They were the most frequent user of this marketing tactic, and received criticism for the environmental cost of the campaign.[79] According to PC World, in the 1990s "you couldn't open a magazine (PC World included) or your mailbox without an AOL disk falling out of it".[9]
The mass distribution of these disks was seen as wasteful by the public and led to protest groups. One such was No More AOL CDs, a web-based effort by two IT workers[80] to collect one million disks with the intent to return the disks to AOL.[81] The website was started in August 2001, and an estimated 410,176 CDs were collected by August 2007 when the project was shut down.[81] AOL CDs were recognized as No.1 on PCWorld's top ten list of most annoying tech products.[82]
Software[link]
- In 2000, AOL was served with an $8 billion lawsuit alleging that its AOL 5.0 software caused significant difficulties for users attempting to use third-party Internet service providers. The lawsuit sought damages of up to $1000 for each user that had downloaded the software cited at the time of the lawsuit. AOL later agreed to a settlement of $15 million, without admission of wrongdoing.[83] The AOL software then was given a feature called AOL Dialer, or AOL Connect on Mac OS X. This feature allowed users to connect to the ISP without running the full interface. This allowed users to use only the applications they wish to use, especially if they do not favor the AOL Browser.
- AOL 9.0 was once identified by Stopbadware as being under investigation[84] for installing additional software without disclosure, and modifying browser preferences, toolbars, and icons. However, as of the release of AOL 9.0 VR (Vista Ready) on January 26, 2007, it was no longer considered badware due to changes AOL made in the software.[85]
Usenet newsgroups[link]
When AOL gave clients access to Usenet in 1993, they hid at least one newsgroup in standard list view: alt.aol-sucks. AOL did list the newsgroup in the alternative description view, but changed the description to "Flames and complaints about America Online". With AOL clients swarming Usenet newsgroups, the old, existing user base started to develop a strong distaste for both AOL and its clients, referring to the new state of affairs as Eternal September.[86]
AOL discontinued access to Usenet on June 25, 2005.[87] No official details were provided as to the cause of decommissioning Usenet access, except providing users the suggestion to access Usenet services from a third-party, Google Groups. AOL then provided community-based message boards in lieu of Usenet.
Terms of Service (TOS)[link]
AOL has a detailed set of guidelines and expectations for users on their service, known as the Terms of Service (TOS, also known as Conditions of Service, or COS in the UK). It is separated into three different sections: Member Agreement, Community Guidelines and Privacy Policy.[88][89] All three agreements are presented to users at time of registration and digital acceptance is achieved when they access the AOL service.
There have been many complaints over rules that govern an AOL user's conduct. Some users disagree with the TOS, citing the guidelines are too strict to follow coupled with the fact the TOS may change without users being made aware. A considerable cause for this was likely due to alleged censorship of user-generated content during the earlier years of growth for AOL.[90][91][92][93]
Certified email[link]
In early 2005, AOL stated its intention to implement a certified email system called Goodmail, which will allow companies to send email to users with whom they have pre-existing business relationships, with a visual indication that the email is from a trusted source and without the risk that the email messages might be blocked or stripped by spam filters.
This decision drew fire from MoveOn, which characterized the program as an "email tax", and the EFF, which characterized it as a shakedown of non-profits.[94] A website called Dearaol.com[95] was launched, with an online petition and a blog that garnered hundreds of signatures from people and organizations expressing their opposition to AOL's use of Goodmail.
Esther Dyson defended the move in a New York Times editorial saying "I hope Goodmail succeeds, and that it has lots of competition. I also think it and its competitors will eventually transform into services that more directly serve the interests of mail recipients. Instead of the fees going to Goodmail and EON, they will also be shared with the individual recipients."[96]
Other members of the antispam and blogging community were broadly critical of moveon.org and the EFF's attempts to characterize this as a "shakedown".[citation needed]
Tim Lee of the Technology Liberation Front[97] posted an article that questioned the EFF's adopting a confrontational posture when dealing with private companies. Lee's article cited a series of discussions[98] on Declan McCullagh's Politechbot mailing list on this subject between the EFF's Danny O'Brien and antispammer Suresh Ramasubramanian, who has also compared[99] the EFF's tactics in opposing Goodmail to tactics used by Republican political strategist Karl Rove. Spamassassin developer Justin Mason posted some criticism of the EFF's and Moveon's "going overboard" in their opposition to the scheme.
The dearaol.com campaign lost momentum and disappeared, with the last post to the now defunct dearaol.com blog—"AOL starts the shakedown" being made on May 9, 2006.
Comcast, who also used the service, announced on its website that Goodmail had ceased operations and as of February 4, 2011 they no longer used the service.[100]
Search data[link]
Main article: AOL search data scandal
On August 4, 2006, AOL released a compressed text file on one of its websites containing 20 million search keywords for over 650,000 users over a 3-month period between March 1, 2006 and May 31, intended for research purposes. AOL pulled the file from public access by August 7, but not before its wide distribution on the Internet by others. Derivative research, titled A Picture of Search[101] was published by authors Pass, Chowdhury and Torgeson for The First International Conference on Scalable Information Systems.[102]
The data were used by Web sites such as AOLstalker[103] for entertainment purposes, where users of AOLstalker are encouraged to judge AOL clients based on the humorousness of personal details revealed by search behavior.
User list exposure[link]
In 2005, Jason Smathers, an AOL employee, was convicted of stealing America Online's 92 million screen names and selling them to known spammers.[104][105]
Company purchases[link]
Main article: List of acquisitions by AOL
Notable people[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) |
- Marc Andreessen (Netscape co-founder and AOL Chief Technology Officer)[106][107]
- Jim Barksdale (former director)[108]
- John Barnes (former head researcher)
- Randall Boe (Executive Vice President and General Counsel)[109]
- Jason Calacanis (former CEO of Weblogs, Inc. and former GM of Netscape)[110]
- Steve Case (former CEO and Board Chairman)[111]
- Mary Cheney (former Vice President for Consumer Advocacy)[112]
- Elwood Edwards (Voice actor for "You've got Mail")[113]
- Randy Falco (former CEO and Board Chairman)[114]
- Justin Frankel (Nullsoft founder)[115]
- Maureen Govern (former CTO)[116]
- Ron Grant (former President and COO)[117]
- Alexander Haig (former Director)[118]
- Michael Jones (former CEO of Userplane)[119]
- Jim Kimsey (former CEO and Board Chairman)[120]
- Ted Leonsis (Vice Chairman, President AOL Audience Group)[121]
- Joanna Lumley (UK voice for "You've got mail.")[122]
- Jonathan Miller (former CEO and Board Chairman)[123]
- Robert W. Pittman (former President)[124]
- Michael Powell (involved during merge with Time Warner)[125]
- Barry Schuler (former CEO)[126]
- Marc Seriff (former CTO)
- Jason Smathers (former AOL employee convicted of stealing America Online's 92 million screen names and selling it to known spammers)[104][105][127]
- Jean Villanueva (former Vice President of Corporate Communications, married Steve Case in 1998)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ America, Online!. Wired.com (January 4, 2009). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "2010 Form 10-K, AOL Inc.". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1468516/000119312511046265/d10k.htm.
- ^ "AOL Chief Technology Officer Ted Cahall Appointed to New Virginia Technology Board". http://corp.aol.com/press-releases/2009/10/aol-chief-technology-officer-ted-cahall-appointed-new-virginia-technology-boa.
- ^ Goldfarb, Zachary A.; Diaz, Sam (September 18, 2007). "AOL Moving Executives, Headquarters To New York". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/17/AR2007091700415.html.
- ^ "Company Overview". aol.com. http://corp.aol.com/about-aol/company-overview. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ a b Goldfarb, Zachary and Sam Diaz (Tuesday September 18, 2007). "AOL Moving Executives, Headquarters to New York". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/17/AR2007091700415.html. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ "International Services – About AOL". http://about.aol.com/international_services.
- ^ a b c Holahan, Catherine (July 31, 2006). "Will Less Be More for AOL?". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2006/tc20060731_168094.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
- ^ a b c Tynan, Dan (May 26, 2006). "The 25 Worst Tech Products of All Time". PCWorld. http://www.pcworld.com/printable/article/id,125772/printable.html. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ^ "Time Warner to Spin Off AOL on December 9" Retrieved on November 16, 2009.
- ^ "Time Warner to spin off AOL, ending ill-fated deal."
- ^ "How the Internet took over". USA Today. April 30, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/top25-internet.htm.
- ^ "The .com25 Honorees". thedotcom25. http://www.25yearsof.com/thedotcom25/. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ Li, Kenneth (July 26, 2006). "AOL expected to scrap charges". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060818100420/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060727/wr_nm/media_timewarner_aol_dc_7. Retrieved August 9, 2006.
- ^ "Form 10-Q". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1468516/000119312510176095/d10q.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ The 25 Worst Tech Products of All Time, Dan Tynan, PCWorld.com, May 26, 2006
- ^ "Broadband survey results". BBC News. March 21, 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/consumer/tv_and_radio/watchdog/reports/internet/internet_20070321.shtml. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
- ^ BetaNews.com. BetaNews.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ FT.com. FT.com (February 7, 2011). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Wired.com. Wired.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c Klein, Alec (2003). Stealing Time: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5984-X.
- ^ "History of Computing Industrial Era (1985–1990)". The History of Computing Project. March 20, 2006. Archived from the original on 3 November 2005. http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1989.htm. Retrieved September 24, 2005.
- ^ "Apple II history chapter 22". December 31, 2002. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005. http://apple2history.org/history/ah22.html. Retrieved September 24, 2005.
- ^ Catb.org. Catb.org. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Encyclopedia.com" The Washington Post. April 17, 2005. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
- ^ "Tysons Corner CDP, Virginia." United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
- ^ Sugawara, Sandra. "America Online to Reduce Rates; Firm Faces Subscriber Boycott, Pressure From Competitors." The Washington Post. October 13, 1994. Financial B09. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
- ^ "Company Overview." AOL. February 8, 2008. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
- ^ Yang, Catherine (November 11, 2005). "Has AOL Met Its Match?". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2005/tc20051111_725373.htm. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
- ^ "America Online Changes Its Name to AOL". April 3, 2006. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1179447,00.html. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
- ^ AOL Launches Free Software To Improve PC Security For All Internet Users. Timewarner.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ AOL News and Broadcast Center. Press.aol.com (November 11, 2010). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Carphone Warehouse buying AOL UK". BBC News. October 11, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6039740.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ AOL scraps fees in bid to keep users. USA Today. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ "AOL Uses Refurbished Software to Woo Customers". The Money Times. October 4, 2006. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. http://www.themoneytimes.com/articles/20061004/aol_uses_refurbished_software_to_woo_customers-id-101785.html. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
- ^ Video.aol.com. Video.aol.com (November 11, 2010). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Cityguide.aol.com
- ^ Yellowpages.aol.com. Yellowpages.aol.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Local.aol.com. Local.aol.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Pogue, David (January 6, 2007). "Fewer excuses for not doing a PC backup". The New York Times. http://news.com.com/Fewer+excuses+for+not+doing+a+PC+backup/2100-1046_3-6147459.html?tag=nefd.lede. Retrieved January 6, 2007. Quote: "Online backups, where files are shuttled off to the Internet for safekeeping, are suddenly becoming effortless, capacious and even free."
- ^ "Xdrive storage site to close". Webuser IPC Media Limited. January 5, 2009. http://www.webuser.co.uk/news/news.php?id=274634. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ "AOL (TWX): Randy Falco's Year-End Love Note to AOLers". Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. http://www.alleyinsider.com/2007/12/aol-twx-randy-falcos-yearend-love-note-to-aolers.html. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
- ^ Mills, Elinor. "AOL hanging up on dial-up customers?". CNET. Archived from the original on 14 August 2006. http://news.com.com/AOL+hanging+up+on+dial-up+customers/2100-1025_3-6043910.html?tag=nl. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
- ^ "AOL price plans". Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. http://free.aol.com/thenewaol/plan_choice.adp. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Steel, Emily (September 17, 2007). "AOL Moves Headquarters To New York City". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119003377082529719.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
- ^ Hansell, Saul (October 15, 2007). "Tuesday is Layoff Day at AOL". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/10/15/tuesday-is-layoff-day-at-aol/. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ Rosencrance, Linda (November 8, 2007). "AOL revenue, subscribers plummet". ComputerWorld. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046103&intsrc=news_ts_head. Retrieved November 12, 2007.
- ^ "CRG West accounces the acquisition of Data Center in Reston, Virginia" (PDF). January 3, 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. http://www.crgwest.com/PDFs/12100_Sunrise_Press_Release.pdf. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ Time Warner Will Split AOL: Financial News – Yahoo! Finance[dead link]
- ^ BBC NEWS | Business AOL acquires Bebo social network
- ^ Washingtonpost.com, AOL shutting 3 services to cut costs, focus on ads
- ^ AOL's PeopleConnectionBlog.com: We're Closing Our Doors
- ^ We're Closing Our Doors – notice that was linked from banners on Hometown sites
- ^ Tim Armstrong Named Chairman and CEO of AOL. AOL Press Release. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ Time Warner walking out on AOL marriage. MSNBC (May 28, 2009). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ AOL Acquires Two Local Services, Patch and Going AOL Press Release. Retrieved on April 9, 2012
- ^ Public Class. "AOL". Wolff Olins. http://www.wolffolins.com/work/aol. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ AOL Celebrates Day One as an Independent Company. AOL Press Release. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ AOL prepares to shut down Bebo Retrieved on April 6, 2010.
- ^ AOL sells Bebo for scrap - and a $275 million tax break. CNN Money. Retrieved on April 12, 2011.
- ^ Armstrong, Tim (September 28, 2010). "We Got TechCrunch!". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/28/tim-armstrong-we-got-techcrunch/. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ Arrington, Michael (September 28, 2010). "Why We Sold TechCrunch to AOL and Where We Go From Here". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/28/why-we-sold-techcrunch-to-aol-and-where-we-go-from-here/. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ Why is AIM Chat Closed?. AOL Help. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ AOL Acquires Personal Profile Startup About.Me. TechCrunch. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ ONLINE VIDEO DISTRIBUTION NETWORK GOVIRAL ACQUIRED BY AOL EUROPE. AOL Press Release. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ AOL buys Huffington Post: the beginning of the end?. Guardian. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ AOL cuts 900 jobs after HuffPo buy. CNN Money. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ "allthingsd.com". allthingsd.com. September 14, 2011. http://allthingsd.com/20110914/all-for-one-yahoo-aol-microsoft-band-together-for-ad-plan/. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ AOL acquires mobile photo-sharing app Hipster. VentureBeat. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ AOL and Microsoft Announce $1.056 Billion Deal. AOL Press Release. Retrieved on April 9, 2012.
- ^ Coyle, Jake (April 24, 2012). "AOL launches online video network, AOL On". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/aol-launches-online-video-network-aol-222116148.html. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- ^ Postigo, Hector (2009). "America Online volunteers". International Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications) 12 (5): 451–469.
- ^ "AOL". Better Business Bureau. http://www.dc.bbb.org/report.html?national=Y&compid=2087. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
- ^ "AOL". Better Business Bureau. http://www.dc.bbb.org/report.html?national=Y&compid=2087. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
- ^ "Cancelling AOL". insignificantthoughts.com. June 13, 2006. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. http://insignificantthoughts.com/2006/06/13/cancelling-aol/. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Wells, Jane (June 21, 2006). "How hard can it be to cancel an AOL account?". CNBC. Archived from the original on 22 July 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13447232/. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
- ^ Popken, Ben. (July 19, 2006) America Online: AOL Retention Manual Uploaded in Full. Consumerist.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ AOL: TimeWarner Dissolves AOL Retention Centers. Consumerist.com (August 3, 2006). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Rusty Dornin (October 18, 2002). "Campaign: Send AOL CDs back". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/10/17/aol.discs/.
- ^ What to do with those AOL CDs, a March 2003 CBC News article
- ^ a b Internet Archive Wayback Machine 2007 Aug 20 archive of NoMoreAOLCDs.com main page. Web.archive.org (August 20, 2007). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Your Top 10 Most Annoying Tech Products". PCWorld. April 16, 2007. http://www.pcworld.com/article/130647/your_top_10_most_annoying_tech_products.html. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
- ^ Gardencitygroup.com (PDF). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Stopbadware.org[dead link]
- ^ StopBadware.org. StopBadware.org (January 26, 2007). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "The Making of an Underclass: AOL" net.wars Chapter 3, Wendy M. Grossman, NYU Press, 1998.
- ^ AOL Pulls Plug on Newsgroup Service. BetaNews. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ AOL Member Agreement[dead link]
- ^ Conditions of Service – AOL Help
- ^ Aolwatch.org. Aolwatch.org (July 25, 1996). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Thetruthseeker.co.uk, The Truth Seeker – Internet Censorship
- ^ Censorship on AOL Late 1998–1999. Fglaysher.com (March 9, 1999). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ EFF.org[dead link]
- ^ Cindy Cohn (February 8, 2006). "AOL, Yahoo and Goodmail: Taxing Your Email for Fun and Profit". EFF. http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/archives/004398.php.
- ^ "Stop AOL's Email Tax". dearaol.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070104175854/http://www.dearaol.com/. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Dyson, Esther (March 17, 2006). "You've Got Goodmail". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/opinion/17dyson.html?ex=1300251600&en=04138dcf8237c907&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
- ^ Techliberation.com. Techliberation.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Debate over DearAOL.com between Suresh Ramasubramanian and Danny O'Brien". politechbot.com. http://www.politechbot.com/2006/04/15/debate-over-dearaolcom/. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Ramasubramanian, Suresh (May 12, 2006). "EFF and Its Use of Propaganda: Could Karl Rove do better? Probably". CircleID. http://www.circleid.com/posts/eff_use_of_propaganda_karl_rove/. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Security.comcast.net, February 4, 2011
- ^ IR.iit.edu. (PDF) . Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ CS.hku.hk. CS.hku.hk. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "AOLstalker homepage". http://www.aolstalker.com.
- ^ a b "Ex-AOL worker who stole e-mail list sentenced". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8985989/. , August 17, 2005
- ^ a b "Pair Nailed in AOL Spam Scheme". TheSmokingGun.com. June 23, 2004. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0623042aol1.html.
- ^ "Marc Andreessen". elpub.pbworks.com. http://elpub.pbworks.com/Marc-Andreessen. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ "A Panorama of Venture Capital and Beyond (Entire Talk)". ecorner.stanford.edu. May 13, 2010. http://ecorner.stanford.edu/authorMaterialInfo.html?mid=2457. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ Markoff, John. "James L. Barksdale". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/b/james_l_barksdale/index.html.
- ^ "Supreme Court Denies Certiorari Petition in Zeran v. AOL". June 22, 1998. http://www.techlawjournal.com/internet/80622aol.htm.
- ^ "Jason Calacanis Departs AOL". November 16, 2006. http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2006/11/16/jason-calacanis-departs-aol.
- ^ Bob Van Voris (August 1, 2006). "Steve Case immerses himself in life after AOL". Bloomberg News. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/08/01/business/story03.html.
- ^ Perry, Simon (April 5, 2007). "Mary Cheney Expecting a Boy, Her Dad Reveals". People. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20033753,00.html. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "Elwood Edwards". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0249977/.
- ^ "Randy Falco Named Chairman and CEO of AOL LLC". Time Warner. November 15, 2006. http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1559998,00.html.
- ^ Nate Mook (January 3, 2005). "Justin Frankel Reveals Life After Winamp". http://www.betanews.com/article/Justin-Frankel-Reveals-Life-After-Winamp/1104776162.
- ^ Parmy Olson (August 22, 2006). "Maureen Not Fit To Govern As AOL Tech Chief". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2006/08/22/aol-technology-govern-cx_po_0822autofacescan01.html.
- ^ Parmy Olson (November 21, 2006). "AOL and Time Warner Veteran Ron Grant Appointed President and COO of AOL LLC". http://www.timewarner.com/corp/newsroom/pr/0,20812,1562032,00.html.
- ^ "Alexander Haig, Former SACEUR and Atlantic Council Director, Dead at 85". February 20, 2010. http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/general-alexander-haig-former-saceur-and-atlantic-council-director-dead-85.
- ^ Techcrunch.com. Techcrunch.com (August 20, 2008). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Achievement.org. Achievement.org. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Tedstake.com. Tedstake.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ McVeigh, Tracy (2009-05-09). "Joanna Lumley: Never mess with an old Avenger". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/10/profile-joanna-lumley-gurkhas-rights. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- ^ Kara.allthingsd.com. Kara.allthingsd.com (March 27, 2009). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ "A conversation with... Robert W. Pittman, President of AOL Networks". The Washington Post. January 16, 1998. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/conversation/pitt.htm.
- ^ Corp.aol.com. Corp.aol.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Standupwithpetedominick.com. Standupwithpetedominick.com. Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
- ^ Life.com. Life.com (June 24, 2004). Retrieved on July 8, 2011.
External links[link]
- AOL
- AOL mobile
- AOL Trademark List – list of major trademarks owned by AOL
- AOL CD Collecting Site has the only published book on AOL Disk Collecting with older CD versions available
- Organizational Chart of AOL, from wikiorgcharts.com
- Nieman Journalism Lab. "AOL". Encyclo: an encyclopedia of the future of news. http://www.niemanlab.org/encyclo/aol. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
International Sites[link]
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/AOL
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/AOL
http://cs.wn.com/AOL
http://id.wn.com/AOL
http://es.wn.com/AOL
http://ru.wn.com/AOL
http://nl.wn.com/AOL
http://pl.wn.com/AOL
http://fr.wn.com/America Online
http://de.wn.com/AOL
http://hi.wn.com/एओऍल
http://pt.wn.com/AOL
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.jpg){kind=link}
