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Chakram
Sikhs with chakrams, inscribed "Nihang Abchal Nagar" (Nihang from Hazur Sahib), 1844
Type	Circle
Place of origin	India

The chakram (Devanāgarī: चक्रं, Punjabi: chakkar, Malay: cakera) is a throwing weapon from India. Its shape is of a circle with a sharp outer edge from 12–30 centimetres (4.7–12 in) in diameter. It is also known as chalikar, or circles.^[1]‌

Unlike Chinese wind and fire wheels, which are generally larger and used as melee weapons only, the chakram was designed to be thrown but could also be used in-close.^{[citation needed]} Because of its aerodynamic circular shape it is not easily deflected by wind.

History[link]

Earliest references to the chakram come from the Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana where the Sudarshana Chakra is the weapon of the god Vishnu. Chakradhaari ("chakram-wielder," or simply "circle-man") is a name for Krishna. The chakram was later used extensively by the Sikhs as recently as the days of Ranjit Singh. It was often associated with Sikhs because of the Nihang practice of wearing chakram on their arms, around the neck and even tied in tiers on high turbans.

From its native India, variations of the chakram spread to other Asian countries. In Tibet, Malaysia, and Indonesia, the chakram was not flat but torus-like. The Mongol cavalry used a similar throwing weapon with spiked edges.^{[citation needed]}

Construction[link]

Akali Turban Cotton over a wicker frame, Steel overlaid with gold. Lahore. Mid-19th century. "A tall conical turban provided convenient transportation for a number of sharp steel quoits - edged weapons hurled to lethal effect by the practised hand of the Akalis."

Chakram are traditionally made from steel or brass which is beaten into a circular shape against an anvil with an indentation for the curvature. Two ends are connected with a piece of brass and then heated, forming a complete circle before the brass is removed. Some chakram, even those used in combat, were ornately engraved, or inlaid with brass, silver or gold.^[2]

Techniques[link]

The chakram's combat application is largely dependent on its size. Regular-sized (15+ cm dia.) steel chakram could be thrown 40–60 meters, while brass chakram, due to their better airfoil design, could be thrown in excess of 100 meters.^[3] If properly constructed, it should be a perfect circle. In single combat, the chakram could be thrown underarm like a modern Aerobie. In battle, it was usually thrown vertically so as to avoid accidentally hitting an ally on the left or right side. A stack of chakram could be quickly thrown one at a time like shuriken. On elephant or horseback, chakram could be more easily thrown than spears or arrows.

The most iconic method of throwing a chakram is tajani, wherein the weapon is twirled on the index finger of an upraised hand and thrown with a timed flick of the wrist. The spin is meant to add power and range to the throw, while also avoiding the risk of cutting oneself on the sharp outer edge. An adept user can twirl the chakram while using another weapon with the other hand. The use of tajani in battle was perfected by the Nihang who employed a particular formation to protect the chakram-wielder from harm. Although variants of the chakram would make their way to neighbouring parts of the region, the tajani technique remained unique to Indian martial arts.

Chakram could also be worn on the arms or wrists and used like knuckledusters. Some are as large as a shield and worn around the neck, making them equally suited for hand-to-hand combat as well as for throwing.^[why?] When worn on the arms the chakram could be used to break or cut the opponent's arms while grappling. In the turban, it could be raked across an enemy's face or eyes while fighting in close-quarters.

In popular culture[link]

• Xena: Warrior Princess: Xena's most iconic weapon in the series was a chakram. In later seasons, it also split in half, firing off in two different directions, before rejoining as it returns to her.
• In Tron, the original identity disc was derived from the frisbee, but was updated with the chakram design for Tron: Legacy.
• In the strategy videogame Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties, there's a settlement of Sikhs (called an Udasi Temple in-game). This allows the training of Sikh warriors who throw chakram at the enemy.
• In the book Tiger's Curse by Colleen Houck, Ren is given a chakram by Durga. It is later used in the next book, Tiger's Quest, by his brother, Kishan.
• In Tales of Symphonia, the player-controllable character Colette Brunel wields a pair of chakrams and can be equipped with progressively better ones, including whimsical variations like the flying disc (e.g. "frisbee") and the tambourine.
• In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, reptilian creatures known as Reptilicus wield chakrams.
• In the Kingdom Hearts games, the character Axel wields two chakrams as his weapons. It should be noted that these weapons are mislabled, and are instead based on the Chinese wind and fire wheels.
• In the Dynasty Warriors series, Sun Shang Xiang wields chakrams as her main weapon (except in Dynasty Warriors 6, where her weapon is simply called "Circle.") Like in Kingdom Hearts above, these are mislabeled. They are actually Chinese wind and fire wheels.
• In the game Threads of Fate, the character Mint uses a pair of chakrams to cast a variety of magic spells.
• In the Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare, Hodges weapon of choice was the chakram.
• In the Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning videogame, dual-wielded chakrams are one of the three weapon types used by characters who follow the sorcery skill-tree. Although dual-wielded, the character uses them much in the same way Xena used in the TV-Series, with them acting like boomerangs.

See also[link]

• Aerobie
• Flying guillotine (weapon)
• Shuriken
• Wind and fire wheels

References[link]

External links[link]

• Details of chakram history and use
• History of chakram
• More history and cultural details
• http://www.flight-toys.com/rings/chackrum.html