name	Ralph Adams Cram
birth date	December 16, 1863
birth place	Hampton Falls, New Hampshire
death date	September 22, 1942
nationality	USA
known for	Architect }}

Ralph Adams Cram FAIA, (December 16, 1863 - September 22, 1942), was a prolific and influential American architect of collegiate and ecclesiastical buildings, often in the Gothic style. Cram & Ferguson and Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson are partnerships in which he worked.

Early life

Cram was born on December 16, 1863 at Hampton Falls, New Hampshire to the Rev. William Augustine and Sarah Elizabeth Cram. He was educated at Augusta, Hampton Falls, Westford Academy and Exeter. While his father was a Unitarian minister, he called himself an agnostic in his youth.

Cram moved to Boston in 1881, at age 18, and spent five years in the architectural office of Rotch & Tilden, after which he left for Rome. During an 1887 Christmas Eve mass in Rome, he had a dramatic conversion experience. For the rest of his life, he remained a fervent Anglo-Catholic who self-identified as High Church Anglican.

In 1900 Cram married Elizabeth Carrington Read at New Bedford. She was the daughter of Captain Clement Carrington Read C.S.A. and bore him two children, Mary Carrington and Ralph Wentworth.

Career

Cram and business partner Charles Wentworth started business in Boston in April 1889 as Cram and Wentworth. They'd landed only four or five church commissions before they were joined by Bertram Goodhue in 1892 to form Cram, Wentworth and Goodhue. Goodhue brought an award-winning commission in Dallas (never built) and brilliant drafting skills to the Boston office.

Wentworth died in 1897 and the firm's name changed to Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson to include draftsman Frank Ferguson. Cram and Goodhue complemented each others' strengths at first but shifted into competition, sometimes submitting two differing proposals for the same commission. The firm's win of the 'United States Military Academy at West Point' project in 1902 was a major milestone in their career, and it meant the establishment of the firm's New York office, where Goodhue would preside, leaving Cram to operate in Boston.

Cram's acceptance of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine commission in 1911 (on Goodhue's perceived territory) heightened the tension between the two. Close attention can attribute most projects to one partner or the other, based on the visual and compositional style and the location. The Gothic Revival Saint Thomas Church was designed by them both in 1914 on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue in New York City. It is the last example of their collaboration, and the most integrated and strongest example of their work together.

Goodhue began his solo career on August 14, 1913. Cram and Ferguson continued with major church and college commissions through the 1930s. The successor firm is HDB/Cram and Ferguson of Boston.

A leading proponent of disciplined Gothic Revival architecture in general and Collegiate Gothic in particular, Cram is most closely associated with Princeton University, where he was awarded a Doctor of Letters and served as Supervising Architect from 1907 to 1929. For seven years he headed the Architectural Department at Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Through the 1920s Cram was a public figure and frequently mentioned in the press. ''The New York Times'' called him "one of the most prominent Episcopalian laymen in the country". He made news with his defense of Al Smith, saying "I... express my disgust at the ignorance and superstition now rampant and in order that I may go on record as another of those who, though not Roman Catholics, are nevertheless Americans and are outraged by this recrudescence of blatant bigotry, operating through the most cowardly and contemptible methods."

Cram and Modernism

As an author, lecturer, and architect, Cram propounded the view that the Renaissance had been, at least in part, an unfortunate detour for western culture. Cram argued that authentic development could come only by returning to Gothic sources for inspiration, as his "Collegiate Gothic" architecture did, with considerable success. He was not altogether inflexible on this point, however, rejecting Gothic for his Rice University buildings in favor of a medieval north Italian Romanesque style more in keeping with Houston's hot, humid climate. A modernist in many ways, to the chagrin of many traditionalists today, he designed Art Deco landmarks of great distinction, including the Federal Building skyscraper in Boston and a great number of churches in deco style. For example, his design of the tower of the East Liberty Church, Pittsburgh, was inspired by the Empire State Building. His work at Rice was as modernist as medieval in inspiration. His administration building there, his secular masterwork, has been compared by Shand-Tucci to Frank Lloyd Wright's work, particularly in the way its dramatic horizontality reflects the surrounding prairies.

In his review of the standard biography of Cram by Douglass Shand-Tucci, Yale professor and architectural historian Sandy Isenstadt writes: "what Shand-Tucci has done in this book...is to demonstrate how much (modernist) disdain (of Cram) turned out to be modernism's loss". Similarly, in another review by Peter Cormack, director of London's William Morris Gallery, the British scholar commented on the neglect of Cram's work, "a phenomenon which has significantly distorted the study of America's modern architectural history... (Cram) deserves the same kind of international--and domestic--recognition accorded (all too often uncritically) to his contemporary Frank Lloyd Wright".

Veneration

Cram is honored together with Richard Upjohn and John LaFarge with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on December 16.

Works

Buildings

Cram's buildings include:

The Birches, Garrison, New York, 1882

Rehoboth, Chappaqua, New York, 1891-1892

All Saints' Church, Ashmont, Massachusetts, 1892

Christ Church (Hyde Park, Massachusetts), 1892

Church of St. John Evangelist, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1892

Lady Chapel, Church of the Advent, Boston, Massachusetts, 1894

Richmond Court, Brookline, Massachusetts, 1896

Philips Church, Exeter, New Hampshire, 1897

Public Library, Fall River, Massachusetts 1899

Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 1899

Emmanuel Church, Newport, Rhode Island, 1900

Calvary Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1904

Holy Cross Monastery, West Park, New York, with Henry Vaughan, 1904

All Saints' Chapel, Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, begun 1904, finished 1959

The Mather School, Dorchester, Massachusetts, 1905

La Santisima Trinidad pro-cathedral, Havana, Cuba, 1905

Saint Thomas Church, New York City, 1905–1913

First Unitarian Society in Newton, Massachusetts, 1905–1906

Mary K. Benedict Hall, Fletcher Hall, Mary Harley Student Health and Counseling Center, Mary Helen Cochran Library, Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Virginia, 1906–1928

Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Detroit, Michigan, 1908

Russell Sage Memorial Church, Far Rockaway, New York, 1908-1910

St. Florian Church, Hamtramck, Michigan, 1910, expanded by Cram 1928

master plan and multiple buildings at Rice University, Houston, Texas, 1910–1916

Ryland Hall, Jeter Hall and North Court, all at Richmond College, Richmond, Virginia, 1910

All Saints Cathedral, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1910

Park Avenue Christian Church, NYC, 1911

Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York City, begun 1912, unfinished

remodeling of Richard Upjohn's Grace Church, Providence, Rhode Island, 1912

multiple buildings at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, including the 1927 Cleveland Tower, the 1928 Princeton University Chapel, Campbell Hall, McCormick Hall, and multiple buildings of the Graduate College, 1913–1927

Saint Paul's Episcopal Parish, Malden, Massachusetts, begun 1913, unfinished

Fourth Presbyterian Church, Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 1914

multiple buildings at the Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, including the 1914 Academy Building

Chapel of St. Anne, Arlington, Massachusetts, 1915

All Saints Church (Peterborough, New Hampshire), ca 1916-1920

Chapel of Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, 1916–1928

Cole Memorial Chapel, Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts, 1917

Trinity Episcopal Church, Houston, Texas, 1919

St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral, Hastings, Nebraska, 1921–1929

Second Presbyterian Church (Lexington, Kentucky), 1922

Sacred Heart Church, Jersey City, New Jersey, 1923

buildings at The Choate School, Wallingford, Connecticut, 1924–1928, including St. Andrews Chapel (now Seymour St. John Chapel) and Archbold Infirmary (now Archbold House)

First Presbyterian Church, Utica, New York, 1924

First Presbyterian Church, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1925–27

Julia Ideson Building of the Houston Public Library, Houston, Texas, 1926

Chapel at St. George's School, Newport, Rhode Island, 1928

Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1928

First Presbyterian Church of Glens Falls, Glens Falls, New York, 1928

St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Winston-Salem, NC Winston-Salem, 1928

Concordia Lutheran Church, Louisville, Kentucky, 1930

Knowles Memorial Chapel, on the campus of Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, 1931–1932

chancel, Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Maryland, 1931

Doheny Library, Campus of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1931

Saint Mary's Academy, Glens Falls, New York, 1932

Cathedral of Hope, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1932–1935

U.S. Post Office and Courthouse aka J.W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse, Boston, Massachusetts, 1933

Conventual Church of St. Mary and St. John, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1936

buildings at the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial, Belleau, France, 1937

buildings at the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial, Fère-en-Tardenois, Aisne department, France, circa 1937

Berkeley Building, Boston, Massachusetts, 1947

St. James' Church, New York, renovation, 1924

Publications

Cram authored numerous publications and books on issues in architecture and religious devotion. Titles include:

''Impressions of Japanese Architecture'', The Baker & Taylor Company, 1905

''Heart of Europe'', MacMillan & Co. London, 1916 325pgs.

''The Substance of Gothic'', Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1917

''Sins Of The Fathers'', Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1918

''Walled Towns'', Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1919

''Towards the Great Peace'', Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1922

Cram was also a writer of fiction. A number of his stories, notably "The Dead Valley", were published in a collection entitled ''Black Spirits and White'' (Stone & Kimball, 1895). The collection has been called "one of the undeniable classics of weird fiction". H. P. Lovecraft wrote, "In ''The Dead Valley'' the eminent architect and mediævalist Ralph Adams Cram achieves a memorably potent degree of vague regional horror through subtleties of atmosphere and description."

Professional memberships etc

Cram was a

Fellow of the:

* Boston Society of Architects.

* American Institute of Architects.

* North British Academy of Arts.

* Royal Geographical Society of London.

Member of the:

* American Federation of Arts.

* Architectural Association of London.

Member of the clubs

* Puritan Club (Boston).

* Century Club (New York).

See also

List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s - 13 Dec. 1926

References

Shand-Tucci, Douglass. ''Ralph Adams Cram: Life and Architecture.'' 2 volumes. Boston Bohemia (University of Massachusetts Press, 1994) ISBN 1-55849-061-2, ISBN 978-1-55849-061-1; ''Ralph Adams Cram: An Architect's Four Quests'' (University of Massachusetts Press, 2005). ISBN 978-1-55849-489-3 ISBN 1-55849-489-8.

External links

HDB/Cram & Ferguson

audio tour (part 2) that covers Cram

review of recent Cram book

Recent book on Cram by Ethan Anthony

HDB

Why We Do Not Behave Like Human Beings, essay by Cram

Category:1863 births Category:1942 deaths Category:American architects Category:Gothic Revival architects Category:American ecclesiastical architects Category:University of Notre Dame people Category:Architecture of Phillips Exeter Academy Category:American Episcopalians Category:Anglo-Catholics Category:American saints Category:Anglican saints Category:Ralph Adams Cram buildings Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches Category:Architects of cathedrals

fa:رالف آدامز کرام

Sir Stephen Fox (27 March 1627 – 28 October 1716) was an English politician.

Life

Stephen Fox was the son of William Fox, of Farley, in Wiltshire, a yeoman farmer. At the age of fifteen he first obtained a post in the household of Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland; then he entered the service of Lord Percy, the earl's brother, and was present with the royalist army at the Battle of Worcester as Lord Percy's deputy at the ordnance board. Accompanying Charles II in his flight to the continent, he was appointed manager of the royal household, on the recommendation of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Clarendon described him as "a young man bred under the severe discipline of Lord Percy ... very well qualified with languages, and all other parts of clerkship, honesty and discretion".

The skill with which Fox managed the finances of the exiled court earned him further confidence and promotion. He was employed on several important missions, and acted eventually as intermediary between the king and General Monck. Honours and emolument were his reward after the Restoration; he was appointed to the lucrative offices of first Clerk of the Green Cloth and Paymaster of the Forces.

In November 1661, he became member of parliament for Salisbury. In 1665 he was knighted; was returned as MP for Westminster on 27 February 1679, and succeeded the Earl of Rochester as a commissioner of the treasury, filling that office for twenty-three years and during three reigns. In 1680 he resigned the paymastership and was made first commissioner of horse. In 1684, he became sole commissioner of horse.

He was offered a peerage by James II, on condition of turning Roman Catholic, but refused, in spite of which he was allowed to retain his commissionerships. In 1685 he was again M.P. for Salisbury, and opposed the bill for a standing army supported by the king. During the Revolution, he maintained an attitude of decent reserve, but on James's flight, submitted to William III, who confirmed him in his offices. He was again elected for Westminster in 1691 and 1695, for Cricklade in 1698, and finally in 1713 once more for Salisbury.

It is his distinction to have founded Royal Hospital Chelsea, to which he contributed £13,000. As a statesman he was second-rater, but as a public servant he creditably discharged all the duties with which he was entrusted. Unlike other statesmen of his day, he grew rich in the service of the nation without being suspected of corruption or forfeiting the esteem of his contemporaries.

Family

He was married twice (1651 and 11 July 1703); by his first wife, Elizabeth Whittle (died August, 1696), daughter of William Whittle and wife, he had seven sons, all of whom predeceased him, and three daughters; by his second, Christiana Hope (died 17 February 1718), daughter of Rev. Francis Hope and wife Christian Palfreyman, he had two sons and two daughters. The elder son by the second marriage, Stephen (1704–1776), was created Lord Ilchester and Stavordale in 1747 and Earl of Ilchester in 1756; in 1758 he took the additional name of Strangways, and his descendants, the family of Fox-Strangways, still hold the Earldom of Ilchester. The younger son, who followed his father into politics, was Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland. One of his daughters from first marriage was Elizabeth Fox (circa 1655 – Tunbridge Wells, 28 February 1681), married in Westminster Abbey on 27 December 1673 to Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis (1655 – 29 April 1698). They were the great-grandparents of General Lord Cornwallis. From the first marriage he was also the father of Jane Fox (died 10 June 1721), wife of George Compton, 4th Earl of Northampton.

References

Sir Egerton Brydges, ''Collins's peerage of England; genealogical, biographical, and historical'' (1812) pp. 529–538

Category:1627 births Category:1716 deaths Category:British MPs 1713–1715 Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England Category:Paymasters of the Forces

fr:Stephen Fox sv:Stephen Fox

name	Tanya Roberts
birth date	October 15, 1955
birth place	The Bronx, New York City, United States
birth name	Victoria Leigh Blum
yearsactive	1975–present
occupation	Actress
spouse	Barry Roberts (1974-2006) }}

Victoria Leigh Blum (born October 15, 1955), professionally recognized as Tanya Roberts, is an American actress best known for her role in as Julie Rogers on the fifth and final season of ''Charlie's Angels'' (1980-1981) and as Midge Pinciotti on ''That '70s Show'' (1998-2001).

She later headlined the films: ''The Beastmaster'', ''A View to a Kill'', and ''Sheena''. Roberts was groomed as a Hollywood sex symbol during the early 1980s.

Early life

Blum was born in The Bronx of Irish and Jewish descent. Her father was an ink pen salesman. Her parents divorced when she was a teenager. She lived with her mother in Toronto for several years, where she started formulating a photo portfolio and laying plans for a career. At age 15, she abandoned her studies to marry and lived for a while hitch-hiking across the United States, until her mother-in-law annulled the union.

She returned to New York City and became a fashion and cover model. After meeting a psychology student, Barry Roberts (while waiting in line for a movie), she proposed to him in a subway station and they were soon married. While Barry pursued a career as a screenwriter, she began to study at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg and Uta Hagen under the name Tanya Roberts.

Acting career

1970s

Her career began as a model in TV ads for Ultra Brite, Clairol and Cool Ray sunglasses. She played serious roles in the Off-Broadway productions, ''Picnic'' and ''Antigone''. She also supported herself as an Arthur Murray dance instructor. Her film debut was the 1975 thriller, ''Forced Entry''. This was followed in 1976 by ''The Yum-Yum Girls'', a comedy.

In 1977, as her husband was securing his own screenwriting career, the couple moved to Hollywood. The following year, Roberts participated in the drama, ''Fingers''. Roles in the 1979 cult-movie, ''Tourist Trap'', ''Racket'' and ''California Dreaming'' followed. Roberts was featured in several television pilots that were never picked up: ''Zuma Beach'' (a 1978 comedy); ''Pleasure Cove'' (1979); and ''Waikiki'' (1980).

1980s

In 1980, Roberts was chosen from some 2,000 candidates to replace Shelley Hack in the television series, ''Charlie's Angels'' (in what would be the last season of the series). She was featured on the February 9, 1981 cover of ''People'' magazine and afterward was offered more ambitious projects. In 1982, Roberts played Kiri in ''The Beastmaster''. She was featured in a nude pictorial in ''Playboy'' to help promote the movie, appearing on that issue's October 1982 cover.

In 1983, Roberts filmed the Italian-made, and little-known adventure, ''Paladini-storia d'armi e d'amori'' (''Paladins—the story of love and arms''; also released as ''Hearts and Armour''), based on the medieval novel, ''Orlando Furioso''. She played the role of Velda, a buxom secretary to private detective, Mike Hammer, in the television movie, ''Murder Me, Murder You''. The two-part pilot spawned the syndicated television series, ''Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer''. She declined to continue the role in the Mike Hammer series so she could work on her next project, ''Sheena: Queen of the Jungle''. The movie was a box office and critical disaster, garnering her a nomination for "Worst Actress" at the Razzie Awards.

Her subsequent appearance as Bond girl, Stacey Sutton, a well-educated and articulate geologist, in ''A View to a Kill'' (1985), which provided her a number of scenes with Roger Moore's James Bond. She again found herself nominated by the critics for a Razzie Award. Her career took a downturn. Later films in the 1980s included ''Body Slam'' (1987), an action movie set in the professional wrestling world; and ''Purgatory'', a movie about a woman wrongfully imprisoned in Africa.

1990spresent

In 1991, Roberts starred in the erotic thriller, ''Inner Sanctum'' (1991), alongside Margaux Hemingway. In 1992, she played Kay Egan in ''Sins of Desire''. She appeared on the cable TV series, ''Hot Line'', in 1994; and in the video game, ''The Pandora Directive'', in 1996.

In 1998, she took the role of Midge Pinciotti on the successful, long-running television sitcom, ''That '70s Show''. Roberts claimed to ''E! True Hollywood Story'' that she left the series in 2001 because her husband, Barry Roberts, had become terminally ill. Barry Roberts died in 2006. In 2008, Tanya Roberts wrote the foreword to the book, ''The Q Guide to Charlie's Angels''.

References

External links

Official website

Category:1955 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from the Bronx Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American people of Jewish descent

cs:Tanya Roberts de:Tanya Roberts es:Tanya Roberts fr:Tanya Roberts fy:Tanya Roberts it:Tanya Roberts nl:Tanya Roberts ja:タニア・ロバーツ pl:Tanya Roberts pt:Tanya Roberts ru:Робертс, Таня sr:Танја Робертс sh:Tanya Roberts sv:Tanya Roberts th:ทันย่า โรเบิตส์ zh:譚雅·羅拔絲