- published: 01 Dec 2010
- views: 364
- author: 45bonkers
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- A3 road
- A30 road
- A303 road
- A3036 road
- A3054 road
- A3055 road
- A307 road
- A308 road
- A3090 road
- A31 road
- A316 road
- A32 road
- A3220 road
- A329 road
- A33 road
- A337 road
- A338 road
- A34 road (England)
- A340 road
- A3400 road
- A342 road
- A344 road
- A345 road
- A346 road
- A35 road
- A350 road
- A354 road
- A36 road
- A360 road
- A361 road
- A363 road
- A368 road
- A369 road
- A37 road
- A370 road
- A371 road
- A374 road
- A379 road
- A38 road
- A38(M) motorway
- A380 road
- A382 road
- A385 road
- A386 road
- A386 road (England)
- A39 road
- A390 road
- A4025 road
- A4174 road
- A422 road
- A435 road
- A44 road
- A441 road
- A442 road
- A448 road
- A449 road
- A4536 road
- A4540 road
- A456 road
- A46 road
- A491 road
- A50 road
- A5121 road
- A5127 road
- A52 road
- A5250 road
- A610 road
- Alcester
- Allestree
- Almondsbury
- Alrewas
- Ashburton, Devon
- Aston
- Astwood Bank
- B4058 road
- B4090 road
- B4091 road
- B4096 road
- B4138 road
- B4550 road
- Barton Turn
- Bat bridge
- Bedminster, Bristol
- Belper
- Birmingham
- Bishopsworth
- Bodmin
- Bolsover (district)
- Bournbrook
- Bridgwater
- Bristol
- Bristol Airport
- Bromsgrove
- Buckfastleigh
- Buckover
- Burnaston
- Burton upon Trent
- Cam, Gloucestershire
- Catshill
- Cheltenham
- Chudleigh
- Chudleigh Knighton
- Concurrency (road)
- Cornwall
- Cotes Park
- Cotswold Line
- Cotswold Way
- Cromhall
- Cross Country Route
- Cross-City Line
- Crownhill
- Dartmoor
- Derby
- Devon
- Devon Expressway
- Diamond Bus
- Diglis Basin
- Dobwalls
- Droitwich
- Droitwich Canal
- Droitwich Spa
- Dual carriageway
- Dudley
- Dursley
- Earls Croome
- East Brent, Somerset
- East Staffordshire
- Edgbaston
- Eric Varley
- Exeter
- Filton
- First Midland Red
- Foley Park Halt
- Frankley services
- Gary Streeter
- GeoRSS
- Gloucester
- Glynn Valley
- Grade separation
- Haldon
- Halesowen
- Hambrook
- Highbridge, Somerset
- Highways Agency
- Holbrook, Derbyshire
- Horfield
- Icknield Street
- Ivybridge
- Kennford
- Kennington Lane
- King's Mill Hospital
- Lambeth Road
- Leominster Canal
- Lichfield
- Lickey End
- Lickey Hills
- Liskeard
- Little Chester
- Little Eaton
- Littleover
- Longbridge
- Lower Langford
- Lydiate Ash
- M1 motorway
- M42 motorway
- M5 motorway
- M6 motorway
- Mansfield
- Markeaton
- Martin Hussingtree
- Metchley Fort
- Metchley roman fort
- Mickleover
- Midland Main Line
- Midlands (England)
- Midshires Way
- Monarch's Way
- North Petherton
- Northwood Halt
- Nottinghamshire
- Plymouth
- Plympton
- Primary status
- Ripley, Derbyshire
- River Parrett
- River Plym
- River Severn
- River Tamar
- River Teme
- River Trent
- Robert Watchorn
- Roman roads
- Roundabout
- Rubery
- Ryknild Street
- Salt
- Salt road
- Saltash
- Saltash Tunnel
- Saxon
- Sea Mills, Bristol
- Selly Oak
- Severn Stoke
- Severn Way
- Somercotes
- Somerset
- South Brent
- South Derbyshire
- South Normanton
- Stapleton, Bristol
- Stinchcombe
- Stokes Croft
- Streethay
- Strensham services
- Sutton Coldfield
- Sutton-in-Ashfield
- Swanwick, Derbyshire
- Tamar Bridge
- Tardebigge Locks
- Taunton
- Teign Valley Line
- Tewkesbury
- Torbay
- Torpoint Ferry
- Tour de France
- Trago Mills
- Trerulefoot
- Trunk road
- Tytherington
- University of Derby
- Wall, Staffordshire
- Wellington, Somerset
- Winscombe
- Worcester
- Worcestershire Way
- Wychavon Way
- Wychnor
- Wychnor Hall
-
A3 road
The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road for much of its length, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile (108 km) length, it is classified as a trunk road and therefore managed by the Highways Agency. Much of the road has been upgraded to a dual carriageway standard. Close to its southerly end traffic for Portsmouth is signed via the A3(M), A27 and M275. However the designation A3 is still used to identify the old road.
The historic Portsmouth Road once had great strategic significance as the major link between the capital city and one of its major sea ports. Many of the towns and villages that it passed through gained income and prestige as a result — such as Kingston upon Thames, Esher, Guildford, Godalming, Haslemere and Petersfield. The modern A3 follows the general route of the Portsmouth Road, but bypasses many of the towns and villages along the way, leaving the various stretches of the old Portsmouth Road for local traffic — for instance, the A307 which passes through Kingston-upon-Thames and Esher, is also known as the Portsmouth Road. For some of its length, the road follows a similar line to the Portsmouth Direct Line railway, although one of the major exceptions is that the A3 does not go through or closely bypass Havant.
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A3036 road
The A3036 is an A road in London, England.
It starts at the southern tip of the County Hall roundabout (51°30′01″N 0°07′00″W / 51.5003°N 0.1168°W / 51.5003; -0.1168 (A3036 road (northeastern end))), where the A302 Westminster Bridge, York Road and A23 Westminster Bridge Road all intersect.
This stretch of the route is called Lambeth Palace Road and heads southwest, past St Thomas' Hospital and the Palace itself, at the roundabout junction with the A3203 at Lambeth Bridge, where it runs along the south side of the Thames.
After this, the road is called Albert Embankment and continues to run alongside the river, until it passes the MI6 headquarters at the major junction known as Vauxhall Cross, where the A202 Vauxhall Bridge, Durham Street and Harleyford Road, the A203 South Lambeth Road, and the A3205 Nine Elms Lane all converge.
From Vauxhall, the route is then called Wandsworth Road until it crosses the A3216 Queenstown Road / Cedars Road junction in Battersea. At that point the street name changes to Lavender Hill, continuing until Clapham Junction.
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A3054 road
The A3054 is an A-Class Road on the Isle of Wight in Southern England. It forms the Northern half of the circular around-the-Island A-class loop, the southern half being the A3055. It connects Newport and Ryde, the two largest towns on the Island, as well as continuing to West Wight.
Because of the road's short length, there are no confirmatory signs with distances, although on a few direction signs at junctions you may find the distance to the next major place. The final destination of the road (Freshwater/Totland or Ryde), in common with most UK roads, is not always signed along the whole length of the route.
Coordinates: 50°42′22″N 1°19′13″W / 50.7060°N 1.3203°W / 50.7060; -1.3203
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A3055 road
The A3055 is an A-Class Road on the Isle of Wight in Southern England. It forms the Southern portion of the circular around-the-Island A-class loop, the northern section being the A3054. The stretch along the south-west coast of the Island is formed by the Military Road.
Because of the road's relatively short length, there are no confirmatory signs with distances, although on a few direction signs at junctions you may find the distance to the next major place. The final destination of the road (Freshwater/Totland or Ryde), in common with most UK roads, is not signed along the whole length of the route. As well as fitting with national practice, this is also because anybody wishing to travel from Totland to Ryde by road would do so via the North coast A3054, as it is much more direct.
The Military Road is the section of the A3055 regional coast road on the Isle of Wight which starts at Chale in the East and ends at Freshwater Bay in the West. The road has had to be in part relocated and repaired due to coastal erosion at various times since it was built in the late nineteenth century, and this continues today.
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A307 road
The A307 road is a link road running through SW London and NW Surrey, which is primary at the start but for the most part is now more local in character. It begins at the junction with the A205 South Circular Road beside Kew Green (51°28′58″N 0°17′13″W / 51.4827°N 0.2869°W / 51.4827; -0.2869 (A307 road (northern end))). It thens runs through Richmond upon Thames, through Petersham and Ham then onto Kingston upon Thames, and ends at Cobham (51°19′56″N 0°25′04″W / 51.3321°N 0.4178°W / 51.3321; -0.4178 (A307 road (southern end))), going via Surbiton, Long Ditton, Thames Ditton, and Esher. At nearly every point along this route, it is named the Portsmouth Road. At Cobham, the A307 joins the A3, which is generally also known as the Portsmouth Road.
The A307 follows the route of the old Portsmouth Road. Since the invention of the motorway, the Portsmouth Road has been diverted away from towns and instead routed through countryside.
Robert Clive was one of the first to divert the Portsmouth Road. (He believed it ran too close to his house at Claremont.)
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A308 road
The A308, is a road in England in two parts.
Coordinates: 51°28′01″N 0°35′46″W / 51.46695°N 0.59601°W / 51.46695; -0.59601
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A31 road
The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset.
The road begins in the centre of Guildford, meeting the A3 road before running south west along the Hog's Back. It continues past Farnham, Alton and New Alresford before joining the route of the M3 motorway at its junction just east of Winchester. The original route from Alresford to Winchester is now the B3404 and from Winchester is now a minor A-road A3090 road through Romsey and on to the New Forest. The M27 motorway flows seamlessly into the road near Lyndhurst, from where it continues as a trunk road through the New Forest and past Ringwood, Ferndown and Wimborne Minster before terminating at its roundabout junction with the A35 road at Bere Regis. The A35 is not a trunk road east of Bere Regis, but is a continuation of the A31 trunk road to the west.
The A31 is part of the ancient route from London to Winchester.
The A31 between Wimborne Minster and Bere Regis is primarily a single-carriageway road, used by heavy goods vehicles and as such is particularly slow, especially during busy times of the day.
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A316 road
The A316, also known in parts as the Great Chertsey Road, is a major road in England, which runs from the A315 at Chiswick to the M3 motorway.
Outward from London it starts at Chiswick and crosses successively:
the A4 at the Hogarth Roundabout (the connection for central London),
the Thames on Chiswick Bridge,
the South Circular Road (A205) at Chalker's Corner,
and, after passing to the north of Richmond (bisecting Old Deer Park),
crosses the Thames again on Twickenham Bridge.
Then, after running near:
Twickenham Rugby Stadium.
the Kempton Park Steam Engines at the prominent waterworks,
and Kempton Park Racecourse,
it joins the motorway end-on at Sunbury Cross (Junction 1 of the M3) in Sunbury-on-Thames.
Coordinates: 51°28′37″N 0°15′50″W / 51.47686°N 0.26395°W / 51.47686; -0.26395
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A32 road
The A32 is a road in Hampshire, southern England, that links Gosport and Alton. Starting at Gosport, facing Portsmouth, it travels north via Fareham, Wickham, Droxford, before joining the A31 road near Alton. The road is 29.2 miles (47.0 km) long from the seafront at Gosport to the roundabout with the A31 near Alton, and has entirely non-primary status.
Despite its non-primary status, the road forms the main access to the town of Gosport. At rush-hour times, the road is often extremely congested (northbound in the morning rush, southbound in the evenings) as commuters head through central Fareham from the Gosport peninsula to the M27.
The main pinch-point is the 1-mile (1.6 km) long section of road between the Newgate Lane Flyover (junction B3334) and the Quay Street Roundabout in central Fareham where traffic delays often cause northbound tailbacks of 3 miles (4.8 km) at peak times. During the evening rush, traffic can at times back up to the M27 at Junction 11 and along the slow lane (Lane One) of the motorway.
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A3220 road
The A3220 is a primary A road in London. It runs north from Clapham Common to the A40 Westway at Ladbroke Grove.
The road crosses the River Thames at Battersea Bridge and from this point until its end it forms the western boundary of the London Congestion Charge zone. Turning left at the northern end of the bridge, the A3220 follows the northern bank of the Thames for some 500 m before swinging northwestward and becoming two separate roads as part of a one-way system. 500 m after crossing the A315, the route returns to being a standard bidirectional single-carriageway road for some 750 m as far as the Holland Park roundabout, from where it forms the dual-carriageway West Cross Route, formerly the M41 motorway.
Coordinates: 51°29′23″N 0°11′41″W / 51.4897°N 0.1947°W / 51.4897; -0.1947 (A3220 road)
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A329 road
The A329 is an east-west road in Southern England that runs from Wentworth in Surrey to Thame in Oxfordshire. The A329 starts at the A30 in Surrey and passes through the towns of Ascot, Bracknell, Wokingham, Earley, Reading, the village of Pangbourne, and Wallingford in Oxfordshire. It connects to junction 7 of the M40 before finally ending at a junction with the A418 at Thame.
The A329 originally (in 1922) terminated at Reading. In the 1930s it was extended to Shillingford on part of the route of the former A42. After the M40 motorway was opened in the 1970s it was extended to Thame on the former route of the B4013. In 1993, when the new Winterbrook Bridge enabled traffic to by-pass Wallingford, the section between Wallingford and Shillingford was downgraded to become an unclassified road.
Most of the road is single carriageway, apart from the section through Bracknell, and in central Reading. In Reading the road is dualled where it forms the Inner Distribution Road. In Bracknell the A329 originally ran along the High Street (now pedestrianised) and continued west along the Wokingham Road (now B3408). Today the original London Road is dualled for a short section approaching the Met Office Roundabout. The dual carriageway then by-passes north of the pedestrianised town centre to the Giroscope Roundabout, where it crosses the former route, heading south west to the Twin Bridges roundabout and along the dual Berkshire Way to meet the old route at Amen Corner. Here the A329 continues into Wokingham on the original route, while the A329(M) by-passes to the north.
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A33 road
The A33 is a major road in England. The road formerly ran from Reading to Southampton, but now consists of three disjoint sections:
The northern section, from Reading to Basingstoke, is mostly a single carriageway road. The dual carriageway section near Reading connects with the M4's junction 11 and was notorious for congestion. A two-year redevelopment scheme ran from early 2008 until well late 2010. It widen the northern section of the dual carriageway and significantly expanded and improved the motorway junction. The Mereoak roundabout south of the motorway was replaced with two separate junctions with traffic lights.
North of the motorway, the A33 now bypasses most of suburban Reading until it joins Reading's Inner Distribution Road where it ends. This section services the Kennet Island residential development, Madejski Stadium and Green Park Business Park
The southern section, formerly one of the two trunk roads to Southampton, has been bypassed by the M3, and as part of the planning approval, the old A33 Winchester bypass (a notorious bottleneck with traffic lights) was torn up and restored to grass. This was subject to direct action protests at Twyford Down. The M3 was completed in 1994.
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A337 road
The A337 road is a road in southern England that runs from the M27 motorway in Hampshire to Christchurch in Dorset.
The A337 begins at junction 1 of the M27 motorway near Cadnam (50°55′13″N 1°34′54″W / 50.9202°N 1.5817°W / 50.9202; -1.5817 (A337 road (northeastern end))). It heads south through the New Forest to the large village of Lyndhurst. On account of the A337 being one of only a few main roads into the New Forest, it is frequently congested. In Lyndhurst the A337 meets the A35 road, and rings Lyndhurst village centre as a large roundabout. It continues south through the village of Brockenhurst, where it crosses the South Western Main Line at a level crossing, to the town of Lymington. In Lymington the A337 avoids the town centre, and heads west through Everton and Downton to the town of New Milton. It crosses the border into Dorset, travels through Highcliffe high-street and terminates at a roundabout with the A35 road in Christchurch (50°44′33″N 1°44′26″W / 50.7426°N 1.7405°W / 50.7426; -1.7405 (A337 road (southwestern end))).
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A338 road
The A338 is a major trunk road in southern England, that runs from the junction with the A35 at Bournemouth in Dorset to the junction with the A420 at Besselsleigh in Oxfordshire, roughly 92 miles (148 km) long.
The road begins on the very edge of Poole - by the border with Bournemouth, before heading northward as a grade separated dual carriageway, one of the main roads in the South East Dorset conurbation. From near Bournemouth International Airport it follows the western side of the Avon valley, joining the route of the A31 road heading north-east for 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) to cross the valley, before turning left at Ringwood in Hampshire where it joins the original, single carriageway route to the east of the river.
Heading northward up the east side of the Avon, it crosses to the west again near the town of Fordingbridge. After crossing into Wiltshire near Downton, it meets the A354 road at a roundabout on the southern outskirts of Salisbury (Britford), before joining the route of the A36 road as it bypasses the city centre to dual carriageway standard. It meets the A30 road at a roundabout, before continuing in a north-easterly direction, to follow the entire length of the River Bourne. It has a junction with the main A303 road, which it crosses, and then travels through the town of Tidworth. From there the road travels north to Collingbourne Ducis, where it twists through the village around the church to a mini-roundabout. It turns right to continue northwards alongside the Bourne through another narrow stretch at Collingbourne Kingston to another mini-roundabout before again heading north.
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A340 road
The A340 is a major road in the south of England, portions of which are known as the Aldermaston Road, Tadley Hill, Basingstoke Road and Tidmarsh Road.
Starting in the south of Basingstoke, Hampshire, it runs west, forming the western side of the Basingstoke ringroad, before swinging north to Tadley and then enters Berkshire. It passes the gates of the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, before passing through the village of Aldermaston itself and then joining the A4 at Aldermaston Wharf. After approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north-east, the A340 runs further north to Pangbourne, to the west of Reading. This section of the road is thought to follow the Roman road from Calleva Atrebatum (about 7 miles (11 km) to the south).
Coordinates: 51°22′25″N 1°09′05″W / 51.3737°N 1.1515°W / 51.3737; -1.1515 (A340 road)
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A3400 road
The A3400 is a road in the Midlands of England, running from Hockley Heath (near Solihull) to a junction with the A44 near Chipping Norton. At its northern end it joins up with the A34, of which it was originally one section. At its southern end it joins the A44, passing through Woodstock and joining the A34 at the Pear Tree Roundabout. The road was renumbered in the early 1990s, after the newly completed M40 motorway took away most of its long-distance traffic, leaving the route with a lower traffic volume than its designed capacity.
The A3400 passes through a number of market towns in Warwickshire including Henley-in-Arden, Stratford-upon-Avon, and Shipston-on-Stour.
The number is out of zone, as it starts clockwise of the A4 it should have a 4 zone number.
Coordinates: 52°14′19″N 1°44′40″W / 52.23848°N 1.74449°W / 52.23848; -1.74449
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A342 road
The A342 is an A road that runs from Pewsham near Chippenham, Wiltshire to Andover, Hampshire.
The road begins at the A4 junction just outside of the small village Pewsham, to the east of Chippenham. It heads south past the village of Derry Hill towards Devizes, briefly meeting with the A3102 near Sandy Lane. Just outside Devizes the road meets the A361 and once in the centre of town meets the A360. Continuing south east the road crosses Salisbury Plain before reaching Upavon where the road meets the A345 and heads east. After heading through Everleigh the road meets the A338 before entering Ludgershall and meeting the A3026. The final part of the route heads south east where it ends at a roundabout with the A343 and A303 just outside Andover.
Coordinates: 51°18′05″N 1°50′07″W / 51.3013°N 1.8354°W / 51.3013; -1.8354 (A342 road)
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A344 road
The A344 is an A road in the English county of Wiltshire. It runs from its junction with the A303 road at Stonehenge north west to its junction with the A360 road, 2 miles (3.2 km) away.
What remains today of the A344 was once part of a slightly longer route, stretching from Andover in the East to Warminster in the West. The section from Andover to Amesbury was redesignated as the A303, when the new route to the south west was created to bypass the A30 to the south. The western section, from Shrewton to Warminster has been re-classified as the B390.
The remaining section passes close to Stonehenge and was planned for closure to enhance the setting of the stones should approval for widening and tunneling of the nearby A303 have been given by the British government.
The pressure group Heritage Action have an alternative plan for a scheme to close the A344 to enhance the immediate area around Stonehenge without the increasing capacity on the A303.
Coordinates: 51°10′58″N 1°50′25″W / 51.1827°N 1.8404°W / 51.1827; -1.8404
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A345 road
The A345 is a secondary A road in Wiltshire, England running from Salisbury to Marlborough ending at a roundabout leading to the High Street and the A4.
The road begins in Salisbury at the Castle Roundabout (51°04′34″N 1°47′50″W / 51.0760°N 1.7971°W / 51.0760; -1.7971 (A345 road (southern end))) and heads north out of the city. Here the road takes you to Boscombe Down and then Amesbury before meeting the A303 at a roundabout situated near Countess Services. Continuing north the road passes near to Woodhenge and the Ministry of Defence base at Larkhill. This part of the route can be particularly hazardous as there are often tanks crossing and the road is susceptible to subsidence. The next significant places you meet are Netheravon, and then Upavon where the road meets the A342 to Devizes. From here the road takes you to Pewsey, where the Pewsey White Horse is best viewed, and then continues on to Marlborough (51°25′02″N 1°44′04″W / 51.4173°N 1.7345°W / 51.4173; -1.7345 (A345 road (northern end))).
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A346 road
The A346 is a road in Wiltshire, southern England, that runs from Ludgershall to Swindon.
The road begins off the A342 road 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of the small town of Ludgershall (51°15′41″N 1°38′30″W / 51.2613°N 1.6418°W / 51.2613; -1.6418 (A346 road (southern end))). Shortly afterwards it joins the route of the A338 road for 5 miles (8.0 km). At a roundabout south of Burbage, the road re-appears, and heads north, bypassing the village. The road crosses over the Kennet and Avon Canal and passes through Savernake Forest. The road then goes through the town of Marlborough, where it meets the A4 road (to Chippenham and Newbury). The road heads north still, through the valley of the River Og, before terminating at junction 15 of the M4 motorway where it also meets the A419 road, 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) south-east of Swindon town centre (51°31′33″N 1°43′29″W / 51.5259°N 1.7246°W / 51.5259; -1.7246 (A346 road (northern end))). The road is built entirely to single carriageway standard, and is a primary route from Burbage to the M4.
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A35 road
The A35 is a trunk road in southern England, running from Honiton in Devon, that then passes through Dorset and terminates in Southampton, Hampshire. It originally ran from Exeter to Southampton, however the original A35 ran along what is now the A3052 and would join the present A35 at Charmouth.
Beginning in Honiton off the A30 road, the A35 travels in a roughly south-easterly direction past Axminster, Charmouth and Bridport. After Bridport, there is a 2-mile (3.2 km) section of dual carriageway, before it reaches its bypass around Dorchester. After Dorchester, there are approximately 8 miles (13 km) of dual carriageway, including the Puddletown bypass, until it reaches its roundabout with the A31 road at Bere Regis. Continuing roughly south-easterly still, it becomes dual carriageway again near Upton, before returning to a single carriageway through Poole and Bournemouth, apart from a small section of dual carriageway on Wessex Way. Upon reaching Christchurch, there is a dual carriageway on the bypass. It then heads in a north-easterly direction through the New Forest, passing through the town of Lyndhurst where it meets the A337 road (to Lymington). It continues through Ashurst and Totton, meeting the A36 road and M27 motorway at grade separated junctions. It then turns north-east, acting as the western part of Southampton's ring road, with the A27 road making up the eastern part. It terminates at Swaythling, on the northern outskirts of Southampton.
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A350 road
The A350 is a north-south primary route in southern England, that runs from the M4 motorway in Wiltshire to Poole in Dorset. Starting at junction 17 of the M4 motorway north of Chippenham (51°30′53″N 2°07′18″W / 51.5148°N 2.1217°W / 51.5148; -2.1217 (A350 road (northern end))), it goes past the small village of Lacock and then through the towns of Melksham, Westbury, Warminster, Shaftesbury and Blandford Forum, ending in Poole beside Poole Harbour, an English Channel port (50°42′31″N 1°59′35″W / 50.7087°N 1.9931°W / 50.7087; -1.9931 (A350 road (southern end))). There have been many bypasses built along the A350, including at Shaftesbury in the 1950s, Chippenham, Warminster, Blandford Forum and most recently south of Melksham at Semington. The Semington stretch was made wide enough for future carriageway 'dualling' should it be required. Most parts of the route are single carriageway with a few short tracts of dual carriageway.
The section between Chippenham and Warminster also takes in the towns of Melksham and Westbury, plus several villages. Nevertheless, this entire stretch of the A350 remains a single carriageway. This section frequently becomes congested due to the close proximity of several sizeable population centres over a relatively short distance (whose thousands of commuters are served by only a single-lane road), and the fact that it is also a major trunk road linking the M4 to the port of Poole, used by thousands of heavy goods vehicles each week.
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A354 road
The A354 is a primary route in England which runs from Salisbury in Wiltshire to Easton on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, a total distance of 51 miles (82 km). From Salisbury the road crosses Cranborne Chase and briefly merges with the A350 at the Blandford Forum bypass before crossing the Dorset Downs and merging with the A35 at the Puddletown bypass. 7 miles (11 km) to the west it splits from the Dorchester bypass and runs south. The road now bypasses Upwey and Broadwey on a new section of road which has some 2 lane sections going north and 1 lane continuously going south towards Weymouth. After the old and new sections meet at Manor Roundabout the road follows down Weymouth Way alongside Radipole Lake. The final stretch runs across a short bridge over Chesil beach onto Portland.
The project was to build a 3.75-mile (6.04 km) single carriageway road, with crawler lane along part, linking the A354 Manor Roundabout near Radipole to the A354 at the top of the Ridgeway Hill. The main carriageway of the Weymouth Relief Road opened on Thursday 17 March 2011. Work is continuing to finish the remaining elements of the £89m scheme, including the park and ride facility, the Bincombe junction and the Littlemoor Road improvements. The coming of the 2012 Olympics to Portland has played a major factor in making funding for the road available.
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A360 road
The A360 is a minor A road in Wiltshire, England, running from Devizes to Salisbury, through the villages of Potterne, West Lavington, Tilshead, and Shrewton, and passing near Stonehenge.
The road starts at the junction of A342 and A361 roads in the town of Devizes, continues southwards to West Lavington via Potterne, then southeast to Shrewton via Tilshead, turns right at junction with A344 just near the Stonehenge, crosses A303 and continues southwards into Salisbury, joining A36 in the centre of the city.
Coordinates: 51°12′31″N 1°56′09″W / 51.2086°N 1.9358°W / 51.2086; -1.9358 (A360 road)
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A368 road
The A368 is a part primary status A road in North Somerset, England. It runs from Marksbury (near Bath) to Banwell (near Weston-super-Mare) along the northern edge of the Mendip Hills and past the reservoir at Chew Valley Lake.
The road runs through the village of Chelwood, where there is a roundabout for the junction with the A37, then via the villages of Stanton Wick and Bishop Sutton to the large reservoir at Chew Valley Lake before crossing the B3114 at West Harptree. It then runs via Compton Martin to another smaller reservoir at Blagdon Lake. At Burrington, there is a turning for the B3134 which leads through Burrington Combe. The road crosses the A38 at traffic lights just west of Churchill, and goes through Sandford before ending at Banwell on the A371.
Coordinates: 51°18′58″N 2°40′29″W / 51.3162°N 2.6747°W / 51.3162; -2.6747 (A368 road)
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A374 road
The A374 is a main road in the United Kingdom, one of six A-roads making the border crossing between Devon and Cornwall. It is the most southerly of the A37x group of roads, starting and ending its journey with the A38 trunk road, from the outskirts of Plymouth in Devon to the Trerulefoot roundabout in Cornwall.
Starting at the Marsh Mills junction of the A38, the A374 heads west into Plymouth, following the course of the River Plym along a section of dual carriageway. At Prince Rock the A379 merges from Plymstock and continues into the city. On the edge of the city centre it meets the Charles Cross roundabout, in the middle of which stands the preserved shell of the derelict Charles Church. Skirting the Plymouth city centre to the north, the A374 continues past the main buildings of the University of Plymouth and is met by the A386 near Plymouth railway station. Going westward down the locally notorious Union Street, the road enters Devonport and comes to the River Tamar.
The A374 coninues on into Cornwall, across the river, via the vehicle carrying Torpoint Ferry. Through the town of Torpoint the road continues, following the River Lynher, through the villages of Antony and Sheviock and on to Polbathic, where the B3249 starts northwards to join the A38, avoiding a low bridge at Trerulefoot roundabout. The A374 climbs further through agricultural land, with the A387 joining from the west, and ends at Trerulefoot roundabout, re-joining the A38.
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A379 road
The A379 is a road in the English county of Devon. It links points on the edges of that county's two principal cities, Exeter and Plymouth, by an indirect and largely coastal route. The A38 provides a faster and more direct inland route between Exeter and Plymouth, whilst the A380 provides a similarly faster route between Exeter and the Torbay area. However the A379 serves a large number of smaller coastal communities and ports along the coast. The indented nature of the South Devon coast means that the road is usually out of sight of the sea, but the many rivers and estuaries are crossed by bridges and, in one case, a cable ferry.
At its northeastern end, the A379 has two branches and two starting points. One branch starts with a junction with the M5 motorway at Clyst St Mary (J30), whilst the other branch starts with a junction with the A38 at Kennford. Both these branches were historically part of the A38, and the first crosses the Countess Wear bridges over the River Exe and the Exeter Canal, once infamous for the delays caused on what was then the principal route to the holiday resorts of Devon and Cornwall.
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A380 road
The A380 is a road in South West England, connecting the Torbay area to the A38, and hence to the rest of Great Britain's main road network.
The A380 leaves the A38 at Kennford, some 3 miles (4.8 km) from that road's junction with the M5 motorway, and 6 miles (9.7 km) from the centre of the city of Exeter. It then proceeds in a generally southerly direction, climbing over the Haldon Hills before descending past the towns of Kingsteignton and Newton Abbot, where it meets the A381.
Beyond Newton Abbot, the road passes through the village of Kingskerswell before bypassing the large seaside resort of Torquay. Torquay is served by the A3022 that loops off the A380. The A380 finally ends at Collaton St Mary, 1 mile (1.6 km) inland from Paignton, where it meets the A3022 (again) and the A385.
The road is a dual carriageway from the A38 as far as Newton Abbot, but mostly single carriageway thereafter. There have been plans to alleviate the traffic congestion on the stretch of the road between Newton Abbot and Torquay since 1951. Construction of a bypass around Kingskerswell was almost authorised by the Department for Transport, with construction to start in 2010 and completion in 2013, but in March 2009 it was suggested that with the economic recession there may not be sufficient money left for constructing a bypass, since money was awarded to other road building schemes elsewhere in the UK the previous autumn. A public enquiry was held in 2009. In October 2010 the government refused to fund the scheme, and placed it in a funding pool to compete against 33 other schemes nationwide for a £600 million development fund. However in November 2011 the government awarded £74.6 million towards the cost of the bypass, and construction could start in October 2012.
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A390 road
The A390 is a road in Cornwall and Devon, England. It runs from Tavistock to 5 miles (8.0 km) north west of the city of Truro. Starting in Tavistock, it heads south-westwards towards Liskeard, crossing over the River Tamar and into Cornwall, then through Gunnislake and Callington. Immediately before Liskeard, it merges with the A38 north of the town. It diverges from the A38 at Dobwalls, where it then runs in a south-westerly direction to Truro via Lostwithiel, St. Blazey, and St Austell. It then forms an upside down elongated square loop, and bypasses Truro City Centre. It then heads north west out of the city, where it forms the main corridor into Truro from the west. It passes the Royal Cornwall Hospital and skirts the village of Threemilestone, before linking up with the A30 road at Chiverton Cross, where the A390 terminates. It forms part of the main route (the Truro to Dobwalls section) from Truro to Plymouth, although after a severe accident in Lostwithiel in 1999 heavy goods vehicles are diverted from it at the top of Edgcumbe Road, Lostwithiel.
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A4025 road
The A4025 is a short major road in England, a mere two miles in length. It runs south-east from Stourport-on-Severn to provide a link to the busy A449 dual carriageway at Crossway Green.
Coordinates: 52°19′39″N 2°15′25″W / 52.3275°N 2.2569°W / 52.3275; -2.2569
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A4174 road
The A4174 is a major road in England which runs around the northern and eastern edge of Bristol, mainly in South Gloucestershire, and through the southern suburbs of Bristol. When it was first conceived it was planned to circle the whole of Bristol, and is referred to as the "Bristol Ring Road" on road signs and by many local people, but this is technically inaccurate, as the road does not circle the whole city, instead covering roughly half of the route.
The completed section of the northern and eastern route runs from the A38 at Filton, under the M32 motorway, through to Frenchay, Bromley Heath, Emersons Green, Kingswood, Warmley, and Longwell Green before joining the A4 at Hicks Gate junction near Keynsham. This section of the road is entirely dual carriageway and runs through several roundabouts with local routes. Many of these roundabouts formerly experienced long queues, but since 2005, most have been signalised, resulting in reduced congestion. The junction with the M32 motorway still experiences long delays despite the introduction of traffic lights.
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A422 road
The A422 is an "A" road for east-west journeys in south central England, connecting the county towns of Bedford and Worcester by way of Milton Keynes, Buckingham, Banbury and Stratford-upon-Avon. For most of its length, is a narrow single carriageway.
The eastern end of the road is at Bromham on the outskirts of Bedford, where it branches off the A428. Its route then crosses into the Borough of Milton Keynes (and Buckinghamshire). It briefly merges with the A509 to bypass Newport Pagnell. Entering Milton Keynes itself, it crosses the northern part of the city as a dual carriageway known locally as the H3 Monks Way. It has followed these routes since they were developed in the 1970s as part of the grid road system in Milton Keynes.
Upon meeting the A5 the A422 follows its route for 3 miles (4.8 km) before crossing briefly into Northamptonshire and regaining its identity (and single carriageway status).It then bypasses Deanshanger, goes through the centre of Buckingham, around Brackley in Northamptonshire, into Oxfordshire, just before crossing the M40 at Junction 11 and into Banbury. From the A422/B4525 roundabout, on the western edge of Middleton Cheney, Banbury (east of Junction 11), the Road is dualled until it meets the A423 and resumes as a single carriageway. From there to Stratford upon Avon, it is a minor road crossing into Warwickshire at the Battle of Edgehill site, from there it declines steeply down the Sunrising Hill escarpment and then across the Fosse Way.
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A435 road
The A435 is a main road in England running between Birmingham and Cirencester (although most of the section between Alcester and just North of Cheltenham has been reclassified as the A46).
The A435 starts on the Birmingham Ring Road, A4540, heading South through the suburbs of Moseley and Kings Heath. A dual carriageway bypasses Wythall before crossing the M42 at junction 3. The road serves the new town of Redditch, yet avoids it to the East. 2 miles (3.2 km) before the village of Studley the road becomes single carriageway again passing through the heart of the village, meeting the A448 road at the other side. Alcester is bypassed to the West, meeting the A46 on the South side of the town. The next 21 miles (34 km) the road is concurrent with the A46.
At a roundabout near Teddington, the A435 resumes as a non primary route, passing through the centre of Cheltenham, continuing South to eventually cross the A417 and terminating in the centre of Cirencester
In several places the A435 has bypassed towns and villages, or superseded by other routes.
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A44 road
The A44 is a major road in the United Kingdom that runs from Oxford in southern England to Aberystwyth in west Wales.
The original (1923) route of the A44 was Chipping Norton to Aberystwyth. No changes were made to the route of the A44 in the early years. After the Second World War, the section between Rhayader and Llangurig was renumbered A470, as part of the creation of a through route between South and North Wales. The A44 was extended to Oxford in the 1990s, replacing part of the A34 when the M40 motorway was completed.
In 2004 a bypass was constructed around Wyre Piddle. As a result, the A44 was rerouted down the A4538 between Evesham and Worcester and therefore no longer goes down Pershore High Street. The old route is now known as the B4084.
The road begins at a roundabout junction with the A40 road on the northern outskirts of Oxford in Oxfordshire. It has a grade separated junction with the A34 road (leading to the M40 motorway and Winchester). From here, the road runs northwest, and has a 2-mile (3.2 km) section of dual-carriageway close to the village of Kidlington before reaching the town of Woodstock, home to Blenheim Palace. The road then reaches the main market street in Chipping Norton before entering the Cotswolds. The road here has many hills and turns, and is single-carriageway with some tight bends, with not much opportunity for overtaking.
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A441 road
A441 is an A-road in England which runs from central Birmingham to Cookhill, Worcestershire.
Once one of the main routes between Evesham, Redditch and Birmingham, the A441 has now largely been superseded by A435 which has been upgraded to the East. Redditch was designated a new town in 1964, with this came major realignments of the major routes, including the A441, rebuilt to dual carriageway standard through the town. When the M42 was built in 1982, a link road was built from the A441 at Hopwood to a new junction East of Alvechurch. This later formed part of the Alvechurch bypass when completed in the 1990s. The final section of the road between Cookhill and Dunnington was downgraded in 1995.
The A441 starts on the Middleway in Birmingham as a non primary route, running largely parallel to the A38. It passes the suburbs of Selly Park, Stirchley, Cotteridge, Kings Norton and West Heath before leaving the West Midlands and entering Worcestershire. The village of Alvechurch is now bypassed to the East, connecting with the M42 at junction 2. Upon entering Redditch the A441 follows new town dual carriageway roads built in the early-to-mid 1970s including a short concurrence with the A448 where it gains primary status. Heading Southwards out of Redditch the former road is rejoined and it passes through the village of Astwood Bank before finally terminating at a staggered junction with the A422 South of Cookhill, just short of the Warwickshire border.
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A442 road
The A442 is a main road which passes through the counties of Worcestershire and Shropshire, in the West Midlands region of England.
From Droitwich in Worcestershire it runs towards Kidderminster where it meets the A449 from Worcester. This section of road used to be the B4192 until the late 1970s when it was upgraded to A road status.
At Kidderminster, it starts again and then runs north-north-west into Shropshire, via Bridgnorth and Telford (where it crosses the M54 motorway). Through Telford it is known as Queensway, and the Eastern Primary (EP). It ends where it meets the A53 just outside the village of Hodnet. Before the A53 bypass around the village was built, the A442 continued through Hodnet and joined the A41 near Darliston, south of Whitchurch. This section of road however has now been downgraded: most of it is declassified, but part has been reclassifed as part of B5065. However Googlemaps.com is currently still mistakenly listing the now declassified route as still being the A442.
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A448 road
The A448 is a main road in England running between Studley in Warwickshire and Kidderminster in Worcestershire.
The A448 starts at a fork junction on the A435 just to the South of Studley, heading North West into the new town of Redditch, entering Worcestershire immediately before a roundabout where it meets the A441. For the next 0.8 miles (1.3 km) it is concurrent with the A441, before diverging at England's only Cloverleaf interchange. From this point the A448 heads West on a dual carriageway bypassing the villages of Tardebigge and Finstall. The dual carriageway ends on a roundabout with the A38 Bromsgrove Bypass. It continues through the congested town centre and out of the other side, passing under the M5. It is now a twisty single carriageway road passing through several villages before entering Kidderminster. It crosses the A449 at traffic lights, and descends past Kidderminster station and Severn Valley Railway to meet the Ring Road.
Coordinates: 52°20′11″N 2°04′34″W / 52.33649°N 2.07607°W / 52.33649; -2.07607
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A449 road
The A449 is a major road in the United Kingdom. It runs north from junction 24 of the M4 motorway at Newport in South Wales to Stafford in Staffordshire.
The southern section of the road, between Ross on Wye and Newport forms part of the trunk route from the English Midlands to South Wales, avoiding the Severn Bridge
The A449 starts on the M4 at the Coldra Interchange (J24) in Newport and is dual carriageway all the way to Raglan. The section from the A40 junction at Raglan to the A472 junction at Usk, known as the New Midlands Road, was one of the first sections to be dualled, opening on 16 October 1970. Between Raglan and Ross-on-Wye the A449 is concurrent with the A40.
The road becomes quite twisty on departing Ross-on-Wye, but straightens out a little before arriving at Ledbury. The road turns northwards upon crossing into Worcestershire at Little Malvern and skirts the eastern slopes of the Malvern Hills through the town of Great Malvern. It then crosses Worcester's ring road, the A4440, at a roundabout near Powick.
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A4536 road
The A4536 is a very short major road on the northern outskirts of Worcester, England. The road runs south from its junction with the A38 at the village of Fernhill Heath to join the A449 0.4 miles (640 m) later.
Coordinates: 52°13′30″N 2°11′32″W / 52.2250°N 2.1922°W / 52.2250; -2.1922
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A4540 road
The A4540 is a Ring Road in Birmingham, England, also known as the Middle Ring Road, or the Middleway. There are proposals to make it a red route. It runs around the centre (St Philip's Cathedral) of the city at a distance of approximately 1 mile (1.6 km). Birmingham City Centre is the area within this ring road. The ring road was planned and designed by Herbert Manzoni. It is now simply known as the Ring Road due to the removal of the old Inner Ring Road.
The A4540 covers the following route: –
All but 4 of the numbered A4540 junctions have signal-controlled pedestrian crossings of the ring road. Dartmouth Circus, Ashted Circus and Five Ways have subways, whilst Bordeseley Circus has uncontrolled pedestrian crossing points despite often heavy traffic. There are mostly lightly used pavements around the entire ring road, though several busy side roads joining the ring road have only uncontrolled crossings for pedestrians. Some parts of the pavement (and the 3 subways) are designated cycle paths, although much of the rest of the pavement is used by cyclists illegally to avoid the heavy traffic and/or frequent roundabouts on the ring road.
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A456 road
The A456 is a main road in England running between Central Birmingham and Woofferton, Shropshire, south of Ludlow.
Much of the road is almost certainly medieval in origin. However, the road was laid out, essentially in its present form (except where there are modern bypasses) by a series of 18th century turnpike trusts.
From Birmingham to Blakedown section was the responsibility of one trust established in 1753 to improve roads from the market house in Stourbridge. Blakedown was then part of Hagley, giving rise to the name for it of 'Hagley Road'.
The section from Blakedown to Bewdley Bridge represents two of the eight roads from the market house in Kidderminster that were maintained by a trust established in 1759. The turnpike road passed through Halesowen, following what is now A458 road and B4183 to Hayley Green. Halesowen was bypassed around the south of the town in the 1950s due to rising traffic levels and the growth of the town, and Manor Lane became part of A456. Then in the 1970s the Quinton Expressway was opened to connect with M5 motorway junction 3, when the northern section of M5 was opened in the 1970s.
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A491 road
The A491 is an A road in Zone 4 of the Great Britain numbering scheme.
The road north of Oldswinford forms part of an ancient road, probably of Anglo-Saxon origin, joining the burhs of Worcester and Stafford. The crossing of the River Stour was probably the swine-ford that gave rise to the placenames Kingswinford and Oldswinford, and later to the name Stourbridge.
The road from Wordsley Green to the Market House in Stourbidge and so to Bromsgrove was turnpiked in 1753. The same act also dealt with several other roads from that Market House, as well as the road from Birmingham through Halesowen and Hagley to Blakedown Pool, but that was managed by separate trustees from 1773. Its continuation north of Wordsley Green, through Wolverhampton, and Stafford to Stone, much of it now part of A449 road was turnpiked by the Wolverhampton Turnpike Act of 1760.
In the original 1922 road numberings, A491 was assigned to the Shrewsbury, Welshpool, Mallwyd and Cemmaes Road route, now part of the A458 and A470. The route between Wall Heath and Bromsgrove was assigned the A449 number.
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A50 road
The A50 is a major trunk road in England. It runs from Warrington to Leicester; however, it was once a much longer route.
The A50 runs from the centre of Warrington via Junction 20 of the M6, Knutsford, Holmes Chapel, Kidsgrove and Stoke on Trent to Junction 24 of the M1 near Kegworth, via Derby's southern bypass. From here the A50 is concurrent with the M1, resuming again at Junction 22, the A50 runs to the centre of the City of Leicester which is its southernmost point.
Between Stoke and Derby what is now the A50 was planned to be the M64. The resulting A564, which borrowed the alias A50, is in effect this motorway.
Once the Southern Derby Bypass was completed, it became the A50. The road is maintained privately by Connect A50 Ltd. Much of the new section of road is made of concrete.
North of Leicester, before the dual carriageway section bypassing Derby was built, the A50 formerly went through Burton upon Trent and Ashby-de-la-Zouch to Leicester, but that section is now designated the A511 road.
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A5127 road
The A5127 is a major road in England which runs between Birmingham and Lichfield, Staffordshire. For much of the route the road follows the old route of the A38 which has since been moved in order to by-pass places such as Erdington and Sutton Coldfield and form a relief road from Birmingham city centre to Spaghetti Junction.
The part from the county boundary, through Shenstone to Lichfield was one of the roads of the Lichfield Turnpike Trust, established in 1729. Beyond Lichfield, it joins the Roman Ryknild Street at Streethay and immediately after that joins the present A38.
Main places and junctions along the A5127:
This route closely follows the Cross-City Line.
Coordinates: 52°35′20″N 1°49′53″W / 52.5890°N 1.8313°W / 52.5890; -1.8313
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A52 road
The A52 is a major road in the East Midlands, England. It runs east from a junction with the A53 at Newcastle-under-Lyme near Stoke-on-Trent via Ashbourne, Derby, Stapleford, Nottingham, West Bridgford, Bingham, Grantham, Boston and Skegness to the east Lincolnshire coast at Mablethorpe. It is approximately 147 miles (237 km) long.
The stretch between The Pentagon, Derby and Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham is now also known as Brian Clough Way in honour of the late Derby County and Nottingham Forest manager.
The road used to start at Nantwich in Cheshire, but was renumbered to become the A500, A531, and the B5500, although the A500 sections are now unclassified.
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A610 road
The A610 is an A-road in England, which runs from Nottingham to Ambergate, where it joins the A6.
The road starts in Nottingham at a roundabout which Maid Marian Way and Upper Parliament Street spur from. From here road ascends, passing Nottingham Cathedral. The A610 becomes Alfreton Road as it passes through Hyson Green, then Nuthall road, crossing the Nottingham Ring Road. The road then passes through Aspley, with the speed limit being enforced by average speed cameras. After a roundabout, the road becomes a dual carriageway, ascending out of the city of Nottingham towards another roundabout with the A6002 and B600. Shortly afterwards, the route then meets junction 26 of the M1 motorway at a large roundabout.
After the M1, the route enters a four mile long stretch of dual carriageway, passing Nuthall, Kimberley, Giltbrook and Eastwood to the north, and Awsworth to the south. The road then reverts to a single carriageway at the Derbyshire border, going underneath the junction with the A608. The road then bypasses Langley Mill to the south, and enters Woodlinkin, this particular stretch of the A610 has gained notoriety in the past for road accidents due to the road being particularly windy. The road then ascends into Codnor.
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Alcester
Coordinates: 52°12′54″N 1°52′34″W / 52.215°N 1.876°W / 52.215; -1.876
Alcester (
i/ˈɒlstər/ or /ˈɔːlstər/) is an old market town of Roman origin at the junction of the River Alne and River Arrow in Warwickshire, England. It is situated approximately 8 miles (13 km) west of Stratford-upon-Avon, and 8 miles south of Redditch, close to the Worcestershire border. The 2001 census recorded a population of 6,214 in the town, which also has civil parish status.
In Roman times Alcester (Alauna) was a walled town and Roman fort of some importance[citation needed] being located at a junction between the Ryknild Street Roman road and the ancient Saltway from Droitwich and the roman road from Stratford upon Avon and the Fosse Way.
An important market town, Alcester was the site of a Benedictine monastery founded in the middle of the 12th century by Ralph le Boteler. The monastery was once a thriving one. In 1318 Walter de Beauchamp, who had a seat in the neighbourhood, complained to the abbot of the monastery that some of his monks had removed Beauchamp's possessions from his manor. At the Dissolution, King Henry VIII granted the monastery to the Greville family.
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Allestree
Coordinates: 52°57′07″N 1°29′08″W / 52.9519°N 1.4856°W / 52.9519; -1.4856
Allestree is a suburb and ward of the city of Derby, a unitary authority area, in Derbyshire, England. It is the northernmost ward and is situated on the A6 road, about 2 miles (3 km) north of Derby city centre.
It is bordered by the district of Amber Valley along its western and northern edges and Erewash in its north-east corner. To the south it borders the ward of Mackworth and to the east the ward of Darley Abbey.
The ward is largely residential and has two parks, Allestree Park to the north and Markeaton Park to the south. The ward contains parts of the village of Markeaton which at one time was a large estate containing Allestree village. The village became a parish in its own right in 1864, and was incorporated into the Borough of Derby in 1968.
Anglo-Saxon and Norman Allestree Before the Norman conquest Allestree was a hamlet consisting of a few scattered dwellings that was part of the holding of the Earl of Northumbria. Later it was recorded in the Domesday book of 1086 as Adelardestreu, an outlier of the Manor of Markeaton held by Hugh, Earl of Chester. It was given by William the Conqueror to Henry de Ferrers as a reward for his work in the Norman Conquest and later it passed to the Touchet family of Markeaton.
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Almondsbury
Coordinates: 51°33′24″N 2°34′21″W / 51.5567°N 2.5725°W / 51.5567; -2.5725
Almondsbury is a large village near junction 16 of the M5 motorway, in South Gloucestershire, England.
The village is split by a steep hill, part of the escarpment overlooking the Severn floodplain. At the bottom of the hill is Lower Almondsbury where a pub and hotel, The Bowl Inn, is situated. South Wales, the Forest of Dean, the River Severn and both Severn Bridges are visible from the higher parts of the village.
The pub takes its name from the bowl shape of the land surrounding the estuary. Parts of this whitewashed-stone inn were originally the three cottages erected in 1146 to house the monks building the adjacent church of St Mary the Virgin. The present building became a licensed inn in 1550[citation needed].
Also at the bottom of the hill is the local church, dedicated to Saint Mary the Virgin.
The church and tower were built in 1140 AD. The lead-covered spire was added some time before 1619.
Another pub, The Swan Inn, is located on the A38, in the upper part of the village, almost opposite an open space known as Almondsbury Tump.
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Alrewas
Coordinates: 52°43′55″N 1°44′56″W / 52.732°N 1.749°W / 52.732; -1.749
Alrewas (awl-ree-was) is a large village and civil parish within Lichfield District, in Staffordshire, England. It lies on the A38 road, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Lichfield, and is just inside the national forest line. According to the English Place-Name Society the name means Alluvial land growing with alder trees (Anglo-Saxon Alor-wæsse).
Alrewas lies at the confluence of the Trent and Mersey Canal and the River Trent. It is adjacent to the A38 road, which follows the line of Ryknild Street, a Roman road.
In 2007 Alrewas had a population of around 3,000. Until 1 April 2009 it was part of the civil parish of Alrewas and Fradley, but is now a parish in its own right. Situated close to Alrewas are the villages of Wychnor, Barton-under-Needwood, Fradley and Kings Bromley.
Sited just east of Alrewas is the National Memorial Arboretum, dedicated to remembering those lost due to warfare since the Second World War.
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Aston
Aston is a town within the City of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Lying to the north-east of the Birmingham city centre, Aston constitutes an electoral ward within the council constituency of Ladywood.
Aston was first mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as "Estone", having a mill, a priest and therefore probably a church, woodland and ploughland. The Church of SS Peter & Paul, Aston was built in medieval times to replace an earlier church. The body of the church was rebuilt by J. A. Chatwin during the period 1879 to 1890; the 15th century tower and spire, which was partly rebuilt in 1776, being the only survivors of the medieval building. The ancient parish of Aston (known as Aston juxta Birmingham) was large. It was separated from the parish of Birmingham by AB Row, which currently exists in the Eastside of the city at just 50 yards in length. It was partly included in the borough of Birmingham in 1838, and a further part, Saltley was added in 1891.
Old buildings which became popular within Aston included the Aston Hippodrome and the Bartons Arms public house. Gospel Hall on Park Lane was opened in 1892 and demolished in the 1970s to be rebuilt at the top of Park Lane in 1979. The original hall had a seating capacity of 73. Another meeting place was the Ellen Knox Memorial Hall which was next door to the Midland Vinegar Brewery. The brewery was owned by the Midland Brewery Company was built around 1877. It was located on Upper Thomas Street. The brewery was a three storey brick building with rounded corners and semi-circular windows. The roof was slated. Other industry that was located in Aston include the Premier Motor Works which produced cars during the early 20th century. The works were situated at the junction of Aston Road and Dartmouth Street. On Miller Street was a tramcar depot which had a storage capacity of 104 tramcars. It opened in 1904.
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Astwood Bank
Coordinates: 52°15′37″N 1°56′15″W / 52.260238°N 1.937501°W / 52.260238; -1.937501
Astwood Bank is a district of Redditch. The village is noted for its successful cricket team, who have twice played at Lords in the National Village Knock Out Final.
Astwood Bank is near to the Warwickshire, Worcestershire border, near other villages such as Studley, Sambourne, Callow Hill, Feckenham & Cookhill.
Formerly, there was a raiway staion called Studley & Astwood Bank, with service going as far north as Lichfield Trent Valley and as far south as Tewkesbury. The line was closed in 1964 so now Redditch railway station is the end of the line. The staion building still exists as a domestic dwelling house and is located on The Slough, just into Green Lane, Studley, Warwickshire. It is about 2 miles from Astwood Bank and 1 mile from Studley
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B4058 road
The B4058 is a minor road in southwest England. It starts in Eastville, a suburb of Bristol and ends at Nailsworth in the Cotswolds, passing through the counties of Bristol, South Gloucestershire and Gloucestershire.
The B4058's southern terminus is with the A432 in Eastville, a suburb of Bristol (51°28′13″N 2°33′50″W / 51.4703°N 2.5638°W / 51.4703; -2.5638 (B4058 road (southwestern end))). From there it heads north to where it meets the M32 motorway at junction 2, whence it continues north, through Stapleton, Broomhill and Frenchay before meeting the A4174 ring road, on the outskirts of Frenchay.
North of the ring road the B4058, called Winterbourne Hill, passes through Hambrook, then into Winterbourne, where it becomes High Street. After Winterbourne, the road is known as Bristol Road; it passes through Frampton Cotterell and Iron Acton. After Iron Acton the road becomes the B4059 on towards Yate and Engine Common. The B4058 turns right and heads north, through Rangeworthy, Bagstone, Cromhall and Charfield, where it passes into Gloucestershire. From there it continues to Wotton under Edge. After Wotton the road continues through the Cotswolds to its northern terminus at Nailsworth (51°41′34″N 2°13′09″W / 51.6929°N 2.2191°W / 51.6929; -2.2191 (B4058 road (northeastern end))).
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Barton Turn
Coordinates: 52°45′N 1°42′W / 52.75°N 1.7°W / 52.75; -01.70
Barton Turn is a village in Staffordshire, England.
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Belper
Coordinates: 53°01′44″N 1°28′30″W / 53.029°N 1.475°W / 53.029; -1.475
Belper is a town and civil parish in the local government district of Amber Valley in Derbyshire, England.
Belper is situated eight miles north of Derby and is centred in the valley of the River Derwent. The town had population of 20,548 living in 8,790 households according to the 2001 census.
At the time of the Norman occupation, Belper was part of the land centred on Duffield held by the family of Henry de Ferrers. The Domesday Survey records a manor of "Bradley" which is thought to have stood in an area of town now known as the Coppice. At that time it was probably within the Forest of East Derbyshire which covered the whole of the county east of the Derwent. It was possibly appropriated by William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby at some time after it was disafforested in 1225 and became part of Duffield Frith.
The town's name is thought to be a corruption of Beaurepaire - meaning beautiful retreat - the name given to a hunting lodge, the first record of which being in a charter of 1231. This would have been the property of Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster who died in 1296, the record of his estate mentioning "a capital mansion". The chapel built at that time still exists. Originally consecrated in 1250 as the Chapel of St Thomas, it was rededicated to St John during the reign of King Henry VIII. St John's Chapel is still in use today and is thought to be the oldest building still standing in Belper.
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Birmingham
Birmingham (i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
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Bishopsworth
Bishopsworth is the name of both a council ward of the city of Bristol in the United Kingdom, and a suburb of the city which lies within that ward.
As well as the suburb of Bishopsworth, the ward contains the areas of Bedminster Down, Highridge and Withywood.
Bishopsworth is a largely residential suburb in south Bristol, England, which was formerly a civil parish.
The name may originally have been Bishport.
In 1928 the parish of Bedminster Down was created from the north of Bishopsworth in response to the development of the area. The parishes of Hartcliffe and Withywood were separated off more recently.
Bishopsworth has an estimated population of 11,444 people (2001 Census). Its municipal services are run by Bristol City Council whilst its local health services are managed by the Bristol South and West Primary Care Trust.
Local facilities include shops and pubs, a public library and swimming pool.
The first church in Bishopsworth was a small chapel dedicated to St Peter and St Paul built under an arrangement in 1194 between Robert Arthur, lord of the manor, and George de Dunster, prebend of Bedminster. The agreement provided for a chaplain to visit from Bedminster on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. This provision continued until dissolution in 1540. The chapel was converted into three cottages which stood until the Corporation demolished them in 1961 to make way for a swimming pool. people living in bishoph is 27,442 people.
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Bodmin
Coordinates: 50°27′58″N 4°43′05″W / 50.466°N 4.718°W / 50.466; -4.718
Bodmin (Cornish: Bosvenegh) is a civil parish and major town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated in the centre of the county southwest of Bodmin Moor.
The extent of the civil parish corresponds fairly closely to that of the town so is mostly urban in character. It is bordered to the east by Cardinham parish, to the southeast by Lanhydrock parish, to the southwest and west by Lanivet parish, and to the north by Helland parish.
Bodmin has a population of 12,778 (2001 census). It was formerly the county town of Cornwall until the Crown Courts moved to Truro which is also the administrative centre (before 1835 the county town was Launceston). Bodmin was in the administrative North Cornwall District until local government reorganisation in 2009 abolished the District (see also Politics of Cornwall#Cornwall Council).
Bodmin Town Council is made up of 16 councillors who are elected to serve a term of four years. Each year, the Council elects one of their number as Mayor to serve as the town's civic leader and to chair council meetings
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Bournbrook
Coordinates: 52°26′49″N 1°55′40″W / 52.44685°N 1.9278°W / 52.44685; -1.9278
Bournbrook is a residential suburban district in south-west Birmingham, England. The suburb of Bournbrook is bordered by Selly Oak to the west and south, Selly Park to the east, and Edgbaston to the north. The Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Birmingham Cross-City Railway Line run along the southern boundary of the area. Much of Bournbrook was developed for industrial housing from the late 19th century, mostly in terraces of small dwellings.
The name comes from the Bourn Brook, a tributary of the River Rea, which flows along the northern boundary of the area (Bournville is named after a different Bourn).
The suburb is in the Selly Oak local authority electoral ward, along with the districts of Selly Oak, Selly Park, Ten Acres and a small part of Stirchley. It also comes under the Selly Oak local council constituency, which is managed by its own district committee, and comprises both the Selly Oak ward as well as the wards of Billesley, Bournville and Brandwood.
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Bridgwater
Coordinates: 51°07′41″N 2°59′35″W / 51.128°N 2.993°W / 51.128; -2.993
Bridgwater is a market town and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is the administrative centre of the Sedgemoor district, and a major industrial centre. Bridgwater is located on the major communication routes through South West England. According to the 2001 census, the town had a population of 33,698.
Bridgwater is situated, on the edge of the Somerset Levels, in level and well-wooded country, having to the north the Mendip range and on the west the Quantock hills. The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett, 10 miles (16 km) from its mouth, has been a major port and trading centre and maintains a large industrial base. It is linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal. Bridgwater is located between two junctions of the M5 motorway and Bridgwater railway station is on the main railway line between Bristol and Taunton.
Historically, the town had a politically radical tendency, being involved in several events of note on the national stage, and was defended by its own castle. The battlefield of the Battle of Sedgemoor, where the Monmouth Rebellion was finally crushed in 1685 is nearby. Among several places of worship the chief is the Church of St Mary. A house in Blake Street, largely restored, was the birthplace of Admiral Blake in 1598, and is now the Blake Museum. The town has its own arts centre and plays host to the annual Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival.
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Bristol
Bristoli/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
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Bristol Airport
Bristol Airport (IATA: BRS, ICAO: EGGD), located at Lulsgate Bottom in North Somerset, is the commercial airport serving the city of Bristol, England, and the surrounding area. Originally named Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport in 1955, from March 1997 to March 2010 it became known as Bristol International Airport. In 2003, the airport drew 45% of its passengers from the former county of Avon area, 13% from Devon, 10% from Somerset. In 2011 it was the ninth busiest airport in the United Kingdom, handling 5,780,746 passengers, a 0.6% increase compared with 2010.
The airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (number P432) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers and for flying instruction.
In 1927 a group of local businessmen raised £6,000 through public subscription to start a flying club at Filton Aerodrome. By 1929 the club had become a success and it was decided that a farm located in Whitchurch near Bristol would be developed into an airport. In 1930, Prince George, son of King George V opened Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport — becoming the third such airport in the United Kingdom. Passenger numbers grew from 935 in 1930 to over 4,000 in 1939.
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Bromsgrove
Coordinates: 52°20′07″N 2°03′28″W / 52.3353°N 2.0579°W / 52.3353; -2.0579
Bromsgrove is a town in Worcestershire, England. The town is about 16 miles (26 km) north east of Worcester and 13 miles (21 km) south west of Birmingham city centre. It had a population of 29,237 in 2001 (39,644 in the wider Bromsgrove/Catshill urban area) with a small ethnic minority and is in Bromsgrove District.
Bromsgrove is first documented in the early 9th century as Bremesgraf. Later in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 909 A.D. Bromsgrove is mentioned as Bremesburh. Then in the Domesday Book Bromsgrove is referenced as Bremesgrave. The Breme part of the place name is almost certainly[citation needed] a Saxon personal name.
In the Anglo-Saxon times, Bromsgrove had a woodland economy[citation needed] consisting of hunting, maintenance of haies and pig farming. At the time of Edward the Confessor, the manor of Bromsgrove is known to have been held by Earl Edwin. After the conquest, Bromsgrove was held by the King. Among the manor’s possessions were 13 salt pans at Droitwich, with three workers, producing 300 mits. The King had the right to sell the salt from his pans before any other salt in the town.
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Buckfastleigh
Coordinates: 50°29′N 3°47′W / 50.48°N 3.78°W / 50.48; -3.78
Buckfastleigh is a small market town and civil parish in Devon, England situated beside the Devon Expressway (A38) at the edge of the Dartmoor National Park. It is part of Teignbridge District and, for ecclesiastical purposes lies within the Totnes Deanery. It has a population of 3,661. It is a centre of tourism, and is home to Buckfast Abbey, the South Devon Railway, the Buckfastleigh Butterfly Farm and Otter Sanctuary, the Tomb of Squire Richard Cabell and The Valiant Soldier.
Geographically, Buckfastleigh straddles the confluence of two small streams from Dartmoor which feed into the River Dart just to the east of the town. About one mile to the north lies Buckfast, home of Buckfast Abbey. To the northwest lie Holne and Scorriton on the southern ramparts of the Dartmoor massif. Pridhamsleigh Cavern is nearby and is neighboured by Ashburton and Lower Dean.
Historically Buckfastleigh has grown as a mill town known for its woollen mills, corn and paper mills and a tannery supported by the rivers Dart, Mardle and the Dean Burn — water being an essential natural resource used in the manufacturing of wool and other products.
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Burnaston
Coordinates: 52°53′24″N 1°34′23″W / 52.890°N 1.573°W / 52.890; -1.573
Burnaston is a village located in Derbyshire, just south of the city of Derby.
The village is famous for its huge Toyota car plant - one of several British car plants built by Japanese carmakers as part of cost-saving measures to avoid such expenses as import duties and shipping costs. It opened on 16 December 1992.
Burnaston House was demolished in order to make way for the car factory. The house which was being restored at the time was the home of the Every family including Ashton Nicholas Every Mosley who was a high sheriff of Derbyshire.
The Toyota site also covers the area formerly occupied by Derby (Burnaston) Airport, a small all-grass airfield that was opened in 1938 as Derby's municipal airport. During the Second World War it was used for military training purposes. Postwar, it was again used by airlines, including Derby Aviation (later British Midland Airways) until 1965 when the newly reconstructed East Midlands Airport opened. Private flying from Burnaston continued until 1989 when the site was taken over for car manufacture.
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Burton upon Trent
Coordinates: 52°47′58″N 1°38′17″W / 52.7995°N 1.6380°W / 52.7995; -1.6380
Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, England. The demonym for residents of the town is "Burtonian". Burton, which had an estimated population of 43,784 (2001 Census), lies within the National Forest.
Burton is best known for its brewing industrial heritage, home to over a dozen breweries in its heyday. Beer is still brewed in the town. The town originally grew up around Burton on Trent Abbey, which was the most important religious centre in medieval Staffordshire. Burton Bridge also became an important crossing point of the Trent and was the site of two battles, first in 1322 when Edward III defeated the rebel Earl of Lancaster and also in 1643 when the royalists captured the town during the First English Civil War. Sir William Paget and his descendents were responsible for extending the manor house within the abbey grounds and facilitating the extension of the River Trent Navigation to Burton. Burton had grown into a busy market town by the early modern period. There is some confusion as to whether Burton is based in the West Midlands or the East Midlands, even though all of the urban centre is southwest of the River Dove, which forms the Derbyshire/Staffordshire boundary. This is probably because it was formerly within the East Midlands Utility (electricity/gas) areas, and has Derby postcodes (DE13-DE15). It could also be due to the fact that the local vernacular shares more similarities with that of East Midlands English than West Midlands English. The town is served by the BBC Midlands (West Midlands) region, based in Birmingham and before consolidation exercises formed part of the ITV Central (West) region, again based in Birmingham The town is served by Burton-on-Trent railway station.
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Catshill
Coordinates: 52°21′44″N 2°03′37″W / 52.36224°N 2.06016°W / 52.36224; -2.06016
Not to be confused with Catshill, Walsall
Catshill is a village in Worcestershire about 2.5 miles north of Bromsgrove and 10 miles south-west of Birmingham. The parish of Catshill was formed around the Turnpike Road (A38) in 1844.
The population of Catshill in 2001 was 4428.
Catshill is home to Catshill First School and Catshill Middle School. The first school Catshill First School and Nursery is located in the centre of the village on Gibb Lane. The Middle School was built in 1939, and was converted from a Secondary Modern to a Middle School in 1970. The village has a small library, though it is not open every day. Catshill has also a village hall in which many different learning activities take place, from karate (Type: ECKA) to IT skills.
Catshill is served by regular bus services by First Midland Red, Diamond Bus and MRD Travel. There are routes to Birmingham, Halesowen, Merry Hill, Stourbridge, Bromsgrove, Worcester and Droitwich.
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Cheltenham
Cheltenham (
/ˈtʃɛltnəm/), also known as Cheltenham Spa, is a large spa town and borough in Gloucestershire, England, located on the edge of the Cotswolds. It is the home of the flagship race of British steeplechase horse racing, the Gold Cup, the main event of the Cheltenham Festival held every March. The town hosts several festivals of culture often featuring nationally and internationally famous contributors and attendees; Cheltenham Literature Festival, Cheltenham Jazz Festival, Cheltenham Science Festival and Cheltenham Music Festival.
The town was awarded a market charter in 1226, and has been a health and holiday resort since the discovery of mineral springs there in 1716. Horse racing began in Cheltenham in 1815, and became a major national attraction after the establishment of the Festival in 1902. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the borough of Cheltenham was merged with Charlton Kings urban district to form the non-metropolitan district of Cheltenham. Four parishes — Swindon Village, Up Hatherley, Leckhampton and Prestbury — were added to the borough of Cheltenham from the borough of Tewkesbury in 1991.
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Chudleigh
Coordinates: 50°36′14″N 3°36′18″W / 50.604°N 3.605°W / 50.604; -3.605
Chudleigh is a Town in Devon, England located between Newton Abbot and Exeter.
Chudleigh is very close to the edge of Dartmoor and bypassed by the A38 road in 1972. Nearby Castle Dyke is an Iron Age Hill Fort which demonstrates far earlier settlement in the area. Chudleigh has expanded a good deal in recent years as commuter houses have been built around its edges, but it still retains a fairly traditional village centre.
Local Amenities include
There is a Primary School located in the centre.
Nearby "the Rock" is a natural beauty spot and attracts rock climbers who scale the range of routes on the (limestone) crag.
There has been an annual carnival each summer which draws a large crowd from the surrounding area. This did not take place in 2006, but the carnival has returned since July 2007.
The heated outdoor community swimming pool is located within the grounds of Chudleigh Primary School and is open to the public all summer.
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Chudleigh Knighton
Chudleigh Knighton is a small village in Devon, England, near to Newton Abbot and Bovey Tracey.
Chudleigh Knighton Church of England Primary School currently has around 80 pupils, aged 5 to 11. The school has 4 classrooms spread over 2 floors.
There is a village hall, village shop, a garage, and a hairdressers. A fair is held in early July.
Chudleigh Knighton is served by transport links in the form of bus services both from Newton Abbot and Exeter. The village used to have a railway station, Chudleigh Knighton Halt, on the Teign Valley Line. The station opened on 9 June 1924 but was closed on 9 June 1958.
The nearby Chudleigh Knighton Heath, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is a habitat for many rare species including the ant, Formica exsecta. The Heath was once the village's main football pitch and was the venue for many sports days for Chudleigh Knighton Church of England Primary School. However the Heath got so run down, it became almost impossible to navigate, so the School opened its own private sports field opposite to the village play park.
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Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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Cromhall
Cromhall is a village in South Gloucestershire, England. It is located between Bagstone and Charfield on the B4058, and also borders Leyhill
Cromhall is about 1 mile from Falfield on the A38 Tortworth turn off. Tortworth Estate is owned by Lord Morton, Earl of Ducie. The village of Cromhall is spread out and about 1 mile long, being one of the longest village in England.
The gargoyled church of St Andrews is situated in Rectory Lane and was built over a monastery. There is an area named Abbotside close to the church. The church of England village school, is also called St Andrews and is situated next to the church. It is said that there is a tunnel which runs under the church yard, across the field and eventually comes out at Abbotside. The tunnel is believed to have been used in Tudor times during the reign of Henry VIII as a safe passage by monks from the abbey. At the other end of the village towards Yate, there is a small lane called Cowship Lane. In the village there is a post office, garage and a local pub called The Royal Oak.
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Crownhill
Coordinates: 50°24′38″N 4°07′37″W / 50.410556°N 4.126944°W / 50.410556; -4.126944
Crownhill is an area of northern Plymouth, in the English county of Devon.
It was originally known as Knackersknowle, meaning "the hill of the knacker's yard". In 1860 a fort was built on a high piece of land, just to the north west of the village, on the site of a building called Crown Hill, presumably because of its dominating position overlooking all the surrounding area. The village and surrounding area eventually adopted the same name. The fort was one of many Palmerston Forts built around Plymouth under the instruction of the then Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, as a defence for the dockyard at Devonport against the French. The construction of these forts was eventually found to be unnecessary and as such they have been called "Palmerston's Follies". Crownhill Fort has now been restored as a tourist attraction and its guns are fired more often now then they ever were in anger. For a long time Crownhill was predominantly a garrison area with Crownhill and Plumer barracks and more recently Seaton barracks, demolished finally in the late 1990s.
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Dartmoor
Coordinates: 50°34′N 4°0′W / 50.567°N 4°W / 50.567; -4
Dartmoor is an area of moorland in south Devon, England. Protected by National Park status, it covers 954 square kilometres (368 sq mi).
The granite upland dates from the Carboniferous period of geological history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and archaeology.
Dartmoor is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government.
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public enjoy extensive access rights to Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination. The organisation responsible for tourism on Dartmoor is the Dartmoor Partnership.
Dartmoor includes the largest area of granite in Britain, with about 625 square kilometres (241 sq mi) at the surface, though most of it is under superficial peat deposits. The granite (or more accurately adamellite) was intruded at depth as a pluton into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during the Carboniferous period, probably about 309 million years ago. It is generally accepted that the present surface is not far below the original top of the pluton; evidence for this includes partly digested shale xenoliths, contamination of the granite and the existence of two patches of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite. A considerable gravity anomaly is associated with the Dartmoor pluton as with other such plutons.[citation needed] Measurement of the anomaly has helped to determine the likely shape and extent of the rock mass at depth.
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Derby
Derby (i/ˈdɑːbi/ DAR-bi), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
The city has Roman, Saxon and Viking origins.
The Roman camp of 'Derventio' was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green (grid reference SK353375); The site of the old Roman fort is at Chester Green. Later the town was one of the 'Five Boroughs' (fortified towns) of the Danelaw.
Djúra-bý, recorded in Anglo-Saxon as Deoraby "Village of the Deer". This popular belief is asserted by Tim Lambert who states, "The name Derby is derived from the Danish words deor by meaning deer settlement" without reference or proof. However some[who?] assert that it is a corruption of the original Roman name 'Derventio'. The proven origin of the name "Derby" would seem to be elusive.
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Devon
Coordinates: 50°42′N 3°48′W / 50.7°N 3.8°W / 50.7; -3.8
Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/) is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although it has never been officially "shired" and that use often indicates a traditional or historical context. Nowadays, "Devonshire" is mostly a demonym.
The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel and Celtic Sea. The name "Devon" derives from the ancient Dumnonia, which was home to the independent kingdom of Brythonic Celtic speaking people who inhabited this area of the southwestern peninsula of Britain continuously from through the Roman era until partial absorption into the English-speaking Kingdom of Wessex some time in the eighth or ninth century, with some emigration to the sister Kingdom of Domnonee in Brittany taking place.
Devon is the fourth largest of the English counties by area and has a population of 1,141,600 making it the 11th most populous. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter. In addition to Devon County Council, the county contains two unitary authorities (independent from Devon County Council's control): the port city of Plymouth and Torbay, a conurbation of seaside resorts. Plymouth is also the largest city in Devon. Much of the county is rural (including national park) land, with a low population density by British standards. It contains Dartmoor 954 km2 (368 sq mi), the largest open space in southern England. It is the only English county to have two separate coastlines – a north and southern coastline.
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Diglis Basin
Diglis Basin is a canal basin on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal. It is situated in Diglis in the centre of Worcester, England, near The Commandery (a command post during the English Civil War).
To the north is Tibberton (8.41 miles and 14 locks away) and to the west is Diglis Junction (0.25 miles and 2 locks to the west) where the canal meets the River Severn. It is the first basin (with associated amenities) reached after joining the canal from the River Severn.
With its central position in Worcester, Diglis Basin is very convenient for shops and leisure facilities in the centre of the city. It also has the following facilities of its own:
Coordinates: 52°11′00″N 2°13′14″W / 52.1834°N 2.2206°W / 52.1834; -2.2206
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Dobwalls
Coordinates: 50°27′28″N 4°30′57″W / 50.4577°N 4.5158°W / 50.4577; -4.5158
Dobwalls (Cornish: Fos an Mogh) is a village in south-east Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is situated three miles (5km) west of Liskeard.
The name is spelt Dubwalls on Bartholomew's map and Black's Guide of 1879.
The A38 trunk road ran through the village until the bypass was opened on 19 December 2008.. The bypass has two of the most elaborate bat bridges built so far in the UK (previous examples in Wales being wooden posts with cables). Twelve native species of bats are found in the area.
Until 2006, the Dobwalls Adventure Park tourist attraction was located north of the village.
Media related to Dobwalls at Wikimedia Commons
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Droitwich Spa
Coordinates: 52°16′01″N 2°09′11″W / 52.267°N 2.153°W / 52.267; -2.153
Droitwich Spa (often abbreviated to Droitwich) is a town in northern Worcestershire, England, on the River Salwarpe. The town is situated on massive deposits of salt, and salt has been extracted there since ancient times. The natural Droitwich brine contains 2½ lbs. of salt per gallon - ten times stronger than sea water and only rivalled by the Dead Sea.
In Roman times the village was known as Salinae and was located at the crossroads of several Roman roads. Railway construction in 1847 revealed Roman mosaic pavements, and later excavations unearthed a Roman villa or corridor house some 40 metres (130 ft) long.
Droitwich Lunatic Asylum was established in 1791. Records at the Worcestershire County Record Office show its presence in 1837 to 1838. An advert in the Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, in 1844, records that Martin Ricketts, of Droitwich, was the Surgeon and Sir Charles Hastings from the Worcester Infirmary was the Physician.
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Dudley
Coordinates: 52°30′43″N 2°05′45″W / 52.5119°N 2.0957°W / 52.5119; -2.0957
Dudley (i/ˈdʌdli/ DUD-lee) is a large town in the West Midlands county of England, and the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley. At the 2001 census (according to the Office of National Statistics), the Dudley Urban Sub Area had a population of 194,919, making it the one of the largest settlements in England, the second largest town in the United Kingdom behind Reading, and the largest settlement in the UK without its own university.
Dudley is part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is located south of the city of Wolverhampton. It is the largest town in the Black Country region of England, and for many years the town (but not the castle, which was classed as part of Staffordshire) formed part of an exclave of the county of Worcestershire. Despite the more recent changes in county borders, the town still remains part of the Anglican Diocese of Worcester.
Dudley unsuccessfully bid to receive city status in 2012, losing out to Chelmsford, Perth and St. Asaph.
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Dursley
Coordinates: 51°40′52″N 2°21′15″W / 51.6811°N 2.3543°W / 51.6811; -2.3543
Dursley is a market town in Gloucestershire, England. It is under the North East flank of Stinchcombe Hill (part of the 'Cotswold Edge'), and about 6 km South East of the River Severn. The town is adjacent with Cam which, though a village, is a community of double the size. The two communities (combined population about 12,000) share many facilities.
Dursley gained borough status in 1471 and lost it in 1886. From then until 1974 it was the administrative centre of Dursley Rural District (RDC). In 1974 the RDC became part of Stroud District.
The Parish Church of St. James the Great dates from the 13th century, but the modern building is largely of 14th and 15th century construction. The original church spire collapsed in January 1699 during a bell-ringing session, causing casualties. The current bell tower, in an imposing 'Gothic Survival' style was built by Thomas Sumsion of Colerne in the years 1708-09.
The pillared market house, complete with statue of Queen Anne and bell turret, dates from 1738, when the town's markets attracted farmers and traders from miles around.
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Earls Croome
Coordinates: 52°04′43″N 2°11′27″W / 52.078483°N 2.190926°W / 52.078483; -2.190926
Earls Croome is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District in the county of Worcestershire, England.
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book, 1086, as Crumba. The first part of its name is derived from the Earl of Coventry who had Earl's Croome Court as a residence opposite the village church. The church is St. Nicholas Church of England.
For the 2000 millennial celebration a map was produced about the village history called "The Parish of Earl's Croome 2000". A book was also produced.
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East Staffordshire
East Staffordshire is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire in England. It has two main towns, Burton upon Trent, famous for its breweries, and Uttoxeter, for its racecourse.
Villages in the area include Abbots Bromley, Tutbury, Barton-under-Needwood, Rolleston on Dove, Hanbury, Kingstone, Marchington, Mayfield and The Heath.
The borough was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the former county borough of Burton upon Trent with Uttoxeter Urban District, Tutbury Rural District and Uttoxeter Rural District.
The main roads through the Borough are the A38 through Burton upon Trent and the A50 near Uttoxeter.
There are two railway stations in the Borough, Burton-on-Trent on the Cross Country Route and Uttoxeter on the Crewe to Derby Line, There is also a station serving Tutbury also on the Crewe to Derby Line called Tutbury and Hatton which is in the South Derbyshire district.
Coordinates: 52°48′29″N 1°38′45″W / 52.8080°N 1.6457°W / 52.8080; -1.6457
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Edgbaston
Coordinates: 52°27′29″N 1°55′09″W / 52.45805°N 1.919048°W / 52.45805; -1.919048
Edgbaston is an area in the city of Birmingham in England. It is also a formal district, managed by its own district committee. The constituency includes the smaller Edgbaston ward and the wards of Bartley Green, Harborne and Quinton.
Edgbaston traditionally has a reputation for being one of the most upmarket and affluent parts of Birmingham or "where the trees begin". In the 19th century, the area was under the control of the Gough-Calthorpe family who refused to allow factories or warehouses to be built in Edgbaston, thus making it attractive for the middle class. However, while the central and southern parts of the suburb remain ostensibly affluent[citation needed], there are some areas that are less so, with a high proportion of multi-occupancy rented private housing, as well as council-owned accommodation. Edgbaston is also home to the University of Birmingham, established as Birmingham Medical School in 1825.
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Exeter
Exeter (i/ˈɛksɨtər/ EK-si-tər) is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about 37 miles (60 km) northeast of Plymouth, and 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076, while the mid-2010 estimate was 119,600.
Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain. Its Exeter Cathedral, founded in the early 12th century, became Anglican at the time of the 16th century Reformation.
Exeter has been identified as one of the top ten most profitable locations for a business to be based. The city has good transport links, with Exeter St David's railway station, Exeter Central railway station, the M5 motorway and Exeter International Airport connecting the city both nationally and internationally. Although a popular tourist destination, the city is not dominated by tourism.
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Filton
Coordinates: 51°31′45″N 2°34′09″W / 51.5293°N 2.5692°W / 51.5293; -2.5692
Filton is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, situated on the northern outskirts of the city of Bristol, about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the city centre. Filton lies in Bristol postcode areas BS7 and BS34. The town centres upon Filton Church, which dates back to the 12th century and is a grade II listed building. Further north are the towns of Patchway and Bradley Stoke.
The name of the town comes from the Old English feleþe (hay), and tūn (farm, field). The name dates back to at least 1187.
Filton has large areas of open space, which includes several playing fields, a golf course and a large airfield, Bristol-Filton.
Districts within the town include Filton Park and Northville. East Filton, which has grown up east of the Bristol-South Wales railway line, contains the offices of the Ministry of Defence Defence Procurement Agency, plus a shopping park.
Filton can be reached from Junction 1 of the M32 motorway, or from Junction 16 of the M5 motorway. The town has a railway station, Filton Abbey Wood.
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Gloucester
Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Bristol, and 45 miles (72 km) south-southwest of Birmingham.
Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.
The existence of a British settlement at Gloucester (Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any direct evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, founded in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. Evidence for some civic life after the end of Roman Britain includes the mention in the Historia Brittonum that Vortigern's grandfather ruled Gloucester. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester was part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia.
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Halesowen
Coordinates: 52°27′01″N 2°03′03″W / 52.450164°N 2.050935°W / 52.450164; -2.050935
Halesowen ( /heɪlzˈoʊ.ɨn/) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands, England. After the construction of the M5 motorway a part of Halesowen's Lapal suburb, Carters Lane to the east of the M5 and the roads which culminate on it, were separated from the rest of it and thus fell within Birmingham City Council's boundary. It is now included in the city's Woodgate ward but retains Halesowen as its post town and the B62 postcode.
The population, as measured by the United Kingdom Census 2001, was 55,273. Halesowen is included in the Halesowen and Rowley Regis constituency which is held by the Conservative James Morris.
Halesowen was a detached part of the county of Shropshire but was incorporated into Worcestershire in 1844 by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act. Since the local government reorganisation of 1974 it has formed a part of the West Midlands Metropolitan County and Conurbation, in the Dudley Metropolitan Borough, which it joined at the same time as neighbouring Stourbridge.
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Hambrook
Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 2°31′05″W / 51.508°N 2.518°W / 51.508; -2.518
Hambrook is a village in South Gloucestershire, England, just outside the outskirts of the city of Bristol. It lies between the two larger communities of Winterbourne and Frenchay and is part of the Civil Parish of Winterbourne. Though Hambrook has become a commuter village with the M4 running through it, the village has retained a largely peaceful, semi-rural appearance despite its proximity to Bristol, to the large town of Bradley Stoke and to the shopping centre at Cribbs Causeway.
Hambrook lies at the south-western foot of Winterbourne Hill. The village has woodlands and fields leading down from Winterbourne. The village's most distinctive feature is its common (or village green) which locals refer to as 'Hambrook' or 'Whiteshill Common' in light of its close proximity to the hamlet of Whiteshill. Site of the Civil Parish's war memorial and the village's primary school, with cosy cottages flanking it on either side and offering views of Winterbourne Hill, Hambrook Common makes a peaceful retreat. Cricket attracts crowds here in the summer months.
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Horfield
Coordinates: 51°29′24″N 2°34′50″W / 51.4900°N 2.5805°W / 51.4900; -2.5805
Horfield is a suburb of the city of Bristol, in southwest England. It lies on Bristol's northern edge, its border with Filton marking part of the boundary between Bristol and South Gloucestershire. Bishopston lies directly to the south. Monks Park and Golden Hill are to the west. Lockleaze and Ashley Down are on the eastern fringe. The Gloucester Road (A38) runs north/south through the suburb.
Horfield is also the name of a ward for Bristol City Council. The ward includes Monks Park and Southmead Hospital, but does not include the southern part of Horfield, including Horfield Common and Horfield Prison, which is in Bishopston ward.
The name 'Horfield' is Anglo-Saxon in origin, meaning 'Filthy open land' (Old English 'horu' and 'feld').
Horfield was a parish in the hundred of Berkeley in Gloucestershire, which included Bishopston, Golden Hill, Lockleaze and part of Ashley Down.
Historically, the area had a reputation as a lawless place because Horfield Wood was the haunt of thieves and vagrants. The area remained rural until the early 19th century.
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Ivybridge
Coordinates: 50°23′20″N 3°55′16″W / 50.389°N 3.921°W / 50.389; -3.921
Ivybridgei/ˈaɪvibrɪdʒ/ is a small town and civil parish in the South Hams, in Devon, England. It lies about 9 miles (14.5 km) east of Plymouth. It is at the southern extremity of Dartmoor, a National Park of England and Wales and lies along the A38 "Devon Expressway" road. Ivybridge has a population of 12,056.
Mentioned in documents as early as the 13th century, Ivybridge's early history is marked by its status as an important crossing-point over the River Erme on the Exeter-to-Plymouth route. In the 16th century mills were built using the River Erme's power. The parish of Saint John was formed in 1836. Ivybridge became a civil parish in 1894 and a town in 1977.
The early urbanisation and development of Ivybridge largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution. When the South Devon Railway Company built its train route through Ivybridge in the 19th century a paper mill was constructed alongside it and this led to an increase in housing nearby. The paper mill, now French owned, still provides local jobs. Although occasionally referred to as a dormitory town, many people work in the town itself, and agriculture continues to play an economic role for Ivybridge's hinterland. The area surrounding Ivybridge is almost completely farmland.
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Kennford
Coordinates: 50°39′42″N 3°32′15″W / 50.661667°N 3.537539°W / 50.661667; -3.537539
Kennford is a village situated in Devon, England, several miles to the south of Exeter, in one of the country's main tourist areas.
The village became prominent in the 1970s as the location of a new service station on the A38 Devon Expressway between Exeter and Plymouth, near the southern terminus of the then new M5 motorway. This service area is a popular stopping place for tourists on their way to South Devon and Cornwall.
Close to the village is a caravan and camping park.
Media related to Kennford at Wikimedia Commons
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Lambeth Road
Lambeth Road is a road in Lambeth (to the west) and Southwark (to the east), London running between Lambeth Bridge over the River Thames at the western end and St George's Circus at the eastern end. The road is designated the A3203.
Lambeth Palace, the London base of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Museum of Garden History are to the north towards the west by the river. St George's Cathedral Southwark is on the north side. Opposite on the south side is the Imperial War Museum, originally the site of the Bethlem Royal Hospital, the world's oldest psychiatric hospital.
Lambeth Walk adjoins to the south in the middle. Other adjoining roads include the Albert Embankment and Lambeth Palace Road by the river, Kennington Road and St George's Road.
The remains of Saint John Jones were displayed on what is now Lambeth Road after his execution in 1598.
See also notable patients of Bethlem hospital, including the artist Richard Dadd.
Coordinates: 51°29′44″N 0°06′54″W / 51.4956°N 0.11513°W / 51.4956; -0.11513
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Leominster Canal
The Leominster Canal was an English canal which ran for just over 18 miles from Mamble to Leominster through 16 locks and a number of tunnels, some of which suffered engineering problems even before the canal opened. Originally the canal was part of a much more ambitious plan to run 46 miles from Stourport to Kington.
Following the opening of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in 1772, which linked the industrial Midlands to the River Severn at Stourport, the engineer Robert Whitworth proposed a canal to link Stourport to Hereford, passing through Pensax and Leominster in 1777. Meetings were held at Leominster and Tenbury in 1789, at which it was decided to survey possible routes from Leominster to Stourport. Thomas Dadford, Jr. carried out the survey, and presented a plan to a meeting in December 1789 for a 31-mile (50 km) canal, costing £83,000, with estimated receipts of £4,300 per year. Three tunnels would be required, at Putnal Field, Southnet and Pensax.
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Lichfield
Coordinates: 52°41′01″N 1°49′36″W / 52.6835°N 1.82653°W / 52.6835; -1.82653
Lichfield ( /ˈlɪtʃfiːld/) is a cathedral city, civil parish and district in Staffordshire, England. One of eight civil parishes with city status in England, Lichfield is situated roughly 25 km (16 mi) north of Birmingham. In 2008, its population was estimated at 30,583 and the wider Lichfield district at 97,900.
Notable for its three-spired medieval cathedral, Lichfield was the birthplace of Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first authoritative Dictionary of the English Language. The city's recorded history began when St Chad arrived to establish his Bishopric in 669 CE and the settlement grew as the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia. In 2009 the Staffordshire Hoard, the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork, was found 5.9 km (3.7 mi) south west of Lichfield.
The development of the city was consolidated in the 12th century under Bishop Clinton who fortified the Cathedral Close, and also laid out the town with the ladder-shaped street pattern that survives to this day. Lichfield's heyday was in the 18th century when it developed into a thriving coaching city. This was a period of great intellectual activity, the city being the home of many famous people including Samuel Johnson, David Garrick, Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward, and prompted Johnson's remark that Lichfield was "a city of philosophers".
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Lickey End
Coordinates: 52°21′08″N 2°02′41″W / 52.35221°N 2.044765°W / 52.35221; -2.044765
Lickey End is a village in the Bromsgrove District of Worcestershire, England. It is situated just north of Bromsgrove, to the south-east of the junction of the A38 Birmingham Road and the M42 motorway, and has a population of 2,764. The Old Birmingham Road goes north out of the village, passing through Marlbrook before ending up at the village of Lickey. Lickey End developed during the early 1990s with the addition of a large modern housing estate. The Parish Council that was created in 2001 was abolished following a ten-year campaign, with effect from 31 December 2010 according to the Lickey End Parish Council Dissolution/Abolition Order of 17 December 2010.
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Lickey Hills
The Lickey Hills (known locally as simply The Lickeys) are a range of hills in Worcestershire, England, 11 miles (18 km) to the south-west of the centre of Birmingham near the villages of Lickey and Barnt Green. The hills are a popular country park area and they afford panoramic views over much of the surrounding countryside.
The hills had been a royal hunting reserve belonging to the Manor of Bromsgrove. Free public open access began in 1888 when Rednal Hill was bought by the Birmingham Society for the Preservation of Open Space. The Society then presented it to the City of Birmingham in trust. Pinfield Wood and Bilberry Hill were then leased at a nominal rent. Cofton Hill, Lickey Warren and Pinfield Wood were bought in 1920. The final stage in restoring public access to the area was the purchase of the Rose Hill Estate from the Cadbury family in 1923. No part of the Lickey Hills Country Park is within the city boundary.
The Lickey Hills consist of two parallel ranges with a valley between. The Lickey Hills Country Park of 525 acres (2 km²) belonging to Birmingham City Council and a golf club covers part of the hills. The summits of the Lickey Ridge consist of three hard quartzite hilltops in the higher range - Rose Hill, Beacon Hill and Stock Hill, while the three lower hills are Rednal Hill, Bilberry Hill and Cofton Hill.
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Liskeard
Coordinates: 50°27′13″N 4°27′54″W / 50.4536°N 4.4651°W / 50.4536; -4.4651
Liskeardi/lɪsˈkɑrd/ (Cornish: Lys Kerwyd or Lyskerrys) is an ancient stannary and market town and civil parish in south east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.
Liskeard is situated approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of Plymouth, 14 miles (23 km) west of the River Tamar and the border with Devon, and 12 miles (20 km) east of Bodmin. The town is at the head of the Looe valley in the ancient hundred of West Wivelshire and has a population of 8,656. Liskeard was the base of the former Caradon District Council and it still has a town council.
The placename element Lis, along with ancient privileges accorded the town, indicates that the settlement was once a high status 'court'. A Norman castle was built here after the Conquest, which eventually fell into disuse in the later Middle Ages. By 1538 when visited by John Leland only a few insignificant remains were to be seen. Sir Richard Carew writing in 1602 concurred;
Liskeard was one of the 17 Antiqua maneria of the Duchy of Cornwall. The market charter was granted by Richard, Earl of Cornwall (brother of Henry III) in 1240. Since then, it has been an important centre for agriculture. The seal of the borough of Liskeard was Ar. a fleur-de-lis and perched thereon and respecting each other two birds in chief two annulets and in flank two feathers.
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Little Chester
Little Chester, or Chester Green as it is often referred to by locals, is a suburb of the city of Derby, in Derbyshire, England, located directly north of the city centre. It is also bounded by the River Derwent, the main railway line to Sheffield and Darley Park.
It is the most historic area of Derby, the location of a large fortified Roman settlement, which they called Derventio. This fort, which later became a town, was not only protected the river crossing, but also stood at the junction and gave protection to five Roman roads. The most important was Ryknield Street, which connected Gloucester and the West Country with Yorkshire and the North East.
Little of the Roman settlement remains at Little Chester today, apart from two Roman wells, one on Marcus Street and the other in the garden of the vicarage of St Paul's Church. However, a series of excavations in the last fifty years have established both its importance and prosperity, including the discovery of an underfloor heating system on Parker’s Piece and an abundance of coins.
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Little Eaton
Coordinates: 52°58′12″N 1°27′36″W / 52.970°N 1.460°W / 52.970; -1.460
Little Eaton is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. The name originated from Anglo Saxon times and means the little town by the water.
It is situated on the former route of the old A61 (now B6179), just north of the Derby section of the A38. At the southern exit to the village from the A38, there is a Little Chef. Since 1974 the village has been part of the Borough of Erewash.
Pigot and Co's Commercial Directory for Derbyshire, 1835 described Little Eaton as follows:
"Little Eaton is a chapelry and village, in that part of the parish of St. Alkmund which is in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, rather more than one mile from Duffield. Here are many valuable collieries and productive stone quarries; bleaching grounds, belonging to Messrs. Smith & Sons, and machine-paper works of Messrs. Tempest & Son; there are, besides, malting concerns, and corn-mills on the Derwent river."
Many of the village's historic buildings are built of stone which came from local quarries in the 1800s. The wealth of grit stones, minerals and coal in the area and further north in Denby, Horsley and Smalley, put Little Eaton on the map. Previously, pack horses had been used to transport goods to Derby, but in 1793 the Derby Canal was extended to Little Eaton. It continued to operate until 1908 but is now largely filled in.
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Littleover
Coordinates: 52°54′22″N 1°30′18″W / 52.906°N 1.505°W / 52.906; -1.505
Littleover is a large suburb of Derby, England situated between Rose Hill, Normanton, Sunny Hill, South Derbyshire and Mickleover about 3 miles (4.8 km) south west of Derby city centre.
The history of the name of Littleover is simple. It is derived from 'Little Ufre' (Domesday book) and in Old English "Ofer" which meant a slope or little hill, whilst its neighbouring Mickleover is known to be from 'Mickle Ufre' meaning large hill. Littleover was also formerly known as Parver Over.
The village, like many settlements in England, is partially of Saxon and partially of Roman origin; the Burton Road is a Roman road linking the A38 to the City Centre. Its Roman origin is easily confirmed due to its direct route. Burton Road, the A5250, leaves the A38 as Rykneld Road and becomes Pastures Hill just past Heatherton Village. At the top of Pastures Hill it crosses a junction with Hillsway and Chain Lane, whereupon it becomes Burton Road and remains so up to its junction with Babington Lane in Derby city centre. Despite the attraction of the Burton Road Babington lane route, it is possible that the course of the original Rykneld Way did not deviate but continued in a straight line through the rear of what was the Crest Motel, across Chain Lane, then following Owlers Lane and Constable Lane, across what is now the Bemrose School fields, eventually joining what is now called Uttoxeter Old road and further to the recorded camp around Belper Road. This would seem more logical a Roman Route.[citation needed]
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Longbridge
Coordinates: 52°23′42″N 1°58′44″W / 52.395°N 1.979°W / 52.395; -1.979
Longbridge is an area of Birmingham, England. For local government purposes it is a ward within the district of Northfield.
Since 1905, the area has been dominated by the Longbridge plant, which produced Austin, Nash Metropolitan, Morris, British Leyland, and most recently MG Rover cars. The factory became dormant, and some parts of the older sections of the site were demolished after MG Rover fell into administration in April 2005. The company, renamed MG Motor (owned by MG Rover's would-be partner Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation) resumed full MG TF sports car production at the factory in August 2008 and In late 2010 started final assembly of the MG6.
To the immediate south-west lie the Lickey Hills, a favourite recreation spot for the people of southern Birmingham. From the south-east the railway line from Barnt Green divides Longbridge off from the Bittell Reservoirs: Longbridge railway station on the Cross-City Line stands opposite the Longbridge plant, near the Bristol Road (A38). The Austin Sports and Social Club is one of the many social clubs in the area.
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Lower Langford
Coordinates: 51°20′24″N 2°46′55″W / 51.34°N 2.782°W / 51.34; -2.782
Lower Langford is a village within the civil parish of Churchill in the unitary authority of North Somerset, England. It is located on the western edge of the Mendip Hills about8 miles (12.9 km) east of Weston-super-Mare. It was a village built around estate of Sidney Hill who was the original inhabitant of the village. The estate is now the University of Bristol School of Veterinary Science.
Churchill C.E.V.C. Primary School is the primary school serving both Churchill and Langford. It has around 200 pupils ages 4 to 11. The school was newly built in 2002 after relocating from its former location at Ladymead Lane. Churchill Community Foundation School and Sixth Form Centre is the state-run secondary school and specialist Arts College serving the villages of North Somerset. It has around 1,540 students between the ages of 11 and 18 and is located in the adjacent village of Churchill.
The village has one pub, The Langford Inn. The village also has a football club, Budgens, hairdresser and had a Post Office until it closed in May 2010. The village is also served by nearby pubs the Stag and Hounds and the Churchill Inn, Churchill Memorial Hall, Churchill Doctor's Surgery which is twinned with the Wrington Medical Practice to form the Wrington Vale Group. Also in the parish are a fish and chip shop, the Winston Manor Hotel and a bed and breakfast, all of which are close to the Churchill-Langford border.
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Lydiate Ash
Lydiate Ash is a hamlet, consisting of a few houses and the road gritting depot for Bromsgrove District Council.area of North Worcestershire, England. It is in the district of Bromsgrove, to the south-west of Birmingham.
The site is now best known for the Lydiate Ash roundabout, where the A38 and A491 main roads connect to the M5 motorway at the latter's junction 4.
Coordinates: 52°22′31″N 2°02′29″W / 52.37518°N 2.041526°W / 52.37518; -2.041526 (Lydiate Ash)
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M1 motorway
The M1 is a north–south motorway in England connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom; the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.
The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968 but the southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13.
The first motorways (autostrades) were built in Italy on the order of Benito Mussolini in the 1920s, with other countries subsequently following, notably Germany with the first 'autobahn' in 1931 and then developed by the Nazis under Adolf Hitler. There had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom. Lord Montagu formed a company to build a 'motorway like road' from London to Birmingham in 1923, however it was a further 26 years before the Special Roads Act 1949 was passed which allowed for the construction of roads limited to a limited vehicle classifications and the 1950s when the country's first motorways were given the government go-ahead. The first section of motorway was the Preston Bypass in Lancashire, which opened in 1958 (now part of the M6 motorway). The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway and opened in 1959.
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Mansfield
Coordinates: 53°08′37″N 1°11′47″W / 53.1435°N 1.1963°W / 53.1435; -1.1963
Mansfield is a town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the main town in the Mansfield local government district. Mansfield is a part of the Mansfield Urban Area. The town is surrounded by a pocket of steep hills within the Maun Valley, and has a population of 67,885, with the entire of Mansfield district being 98,181.
Mansfield is thought to date back at least to Roman times, with coins from those times having been found there, as well as a villa. Later the early English royalty are said to have stayed there, the Mercian Kings having used it as a base for hunting in the nearby Sherwood Forest.
Mansfield has a large market square and around the market a large commercial centre including a museum, the Palace Theatre and numerous pubs, bars and night clubs. It has also a new indoor market which is nearing completion.
Mansfield was originally the home of Mansfield Brewery, once the largest independent brewer in the UK. The brewery was acquired by Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries for £253m in October 1999, with production of the Mansfield range of ales moving to other parts of the country. The brewery's assets were later sold to Pubmaster Ltd and the former site of the brewery is due for redevelopment. In the 1980s, Mansfield Bitter was advertised with a photograph of then US president Ronald Reagan and the tagline "He may be president of the most powerful nation on Earth but he's never had a pint of Mansfield"; "Not much matches Mansfield" was also used. Mansfield was also the location of an Irn-Bru factory, owned by the Scottish drinks company A. G. Barr, production ceased in January 2011 when A. G. Barr decided to close the factory. The brewery was demolished in late 2008 and the land is for sale.
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Markeaton
Coordinates: 52°55′30″N 1°29′31″W / 52.925°N 1.492°W / 52.925; -1.492
Markeaton is a village within Derby in the East Midlands of England.
The name possibly means Boundary - Island Village, which had stood at this site since Medieval times.
After the Norman conquest the manor of Markeaton which had been held by the Anglo-Saxon Siward, the Fairbairn Earl of Northumbria, was given to Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, along with chevinetum, Mackworth and Allestree.
It finally passed to John the Earl of Huntingdon and Cambridge who died in 1237, his only heirs being his sisters. To prevent the estate passing to women, it was bought by the Crown in 1246. It was held by various members of the Royal family, including the Black Prince until his death in 1376 when it returned to the Crown.
In the early 14th century the Mundy Family purchased land, Sir John Mundy was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1522. The village land was enclosed by the Mundys during the 18th century, forcing many of the villagers to move their homes(literally "Up Sticks")outside the enclosed land.
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Martin Hussingtree
Coordinates: 52°14′23″N 2°10′23″W / 52.239611°N 2.17318°W / 52.239611; -2.17318
Martin Hussingtree is a small village situated between Droitwich Spa and Worcester in the county of Worcestershire, England. It is north of another village called Fernhill Heath. It is situated on a junction of the A38 and A4538. There is a public house called "The Swan" in the village and is located just north of the junction.
Its church contains the grave of Thomas Tomkins, a composer of sacred music under Elizabeth I and James I.
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Metchley Fort
Metchley Fort was a Roman fort in what is now Birmingham, England.
It lies on the course of a Roman road, Icknield Street, which is now the site of the present Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Birmingham in Edgbaston. The fort was constructed soon after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43. The fort was around 200 square metres (2,153 sq ft) in area and was defended by a turf and earth bank with a timber wall, towers and double ditches. Within the fort were timber buildings including barrack blocks, a granary, a workshop and a store. In AD 70, the fort was abandoned, only to be reoccupied a few years later before being abandoned again in AD 120.
Remains have also been found of a civilian settlement, or vicus alongside the fort. It consisted of timber buildings and yards alongside a road leading from the fort's west gate, and was occupied for just a few years, when the fort was at its largest.
The fort was extended on three sides by the addition of defended annexes, which were used for tethering horses, storage and small-scale industrial activity such as ironworking. Later the fort's buildings were replaced by other structures including compounds which suggest that it was now being used as a stores depot.
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Mickleover
Coordinates: 52°54′04″N 1°33′07″W / 52.901°N 1.552°W / 52.901; -1.552
Mickleover is a suburb located two miles (3 km) west of the city centre and is the most westerly suburb of the City of Derby in the United Kingdom.
The suburb is mentioned as a village in the Domesday Book when it was owned by Burton Abbey. At the time of the Domesday Survey, 1086, Mickleover was known as Magna (the Old English version of this is Micel) Oufra. Magna, in early Latin means Great; oufra coming from Anglo Saxon ofer, flat-topped ridge. The oldest parts of the suburb now are located along Uttoxeter Road (B5020). Mickleover was transferred to the County Borough of Derby from Repton Rural District in 1968. The resident population of Mickleover ward in 2003 was 13,528. The current population is estimated to be in excess of 18,000.
Mickleover is now one of the largest suburbs in Derby and is still expanding due to ongoing housing developments. House prices in areas of Mickleover are amongst the highest in Derby, with prices exceeding £500,000 in the Mickleover Country Park area, colloquially known as Pastures, after the former psychiatric hospital found there.
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Midshires Way
The Midshires Way is a long distance footpath and bridleway that runs for 230 miles (370 km) through Middle England from Bledlow in Buckinghamshire to Stockport, Greater Manchester.
Between Northampton and Market Harborough it follows the route of a disused railway line, passing through two tunnels. The Midshires Way starts from Pulpit Hill, near Little Kimble and runs to Stockport, a total length of 230 miles, with 46 miles in Northamptonshire. One section within Northampton runs closely to the Grand Union Canal at Blisworth Junction in Rothersthorpe, Northampton.
The route was opened in 1994 as a collaboration between numerous Local Authorities and user groups. It is intended as a multi-user trail but there are places where the recommended route for walkers differs from the route for horse riders and cyclists.
Media related to Midshires Way at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 52°18′N 00°56′W / 52.3°N 0.933°W / 52.3; -0.933
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North Petherton
Coordinates: 51°05′28″N 3°00′47″W / 51.091°N 3.013°W / 51.091; -3.013
North Petherton is a small town and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated on the edge of the eastern foothills of the Quantocks, and close to the edge of the Somerset Levels. The town has a population of 5,189. The parish includes Hamp, Melcombe, Woolmersdon and Huntworth.
Dating from at least the 10th century and an important settlement in Saxon times, North Petherton became a town only in the late 20th century, until then claiming to be the largest village in England.
A former market and administrative centre, North Petherton is now largely a dormitory town for workers in Bridgwater, 3 miles (5 km) to the north east, and Taunton, 8 miles (13 km) to the south west. The centre of the town is designated an Area of High Archaeological Potential (AHAP), and a number of buildings have been given listed building status.
The town is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Nortperet. The name derives from the area's location to the north side of the River Parrett, from the Latin Paradæ 'barge' and from the Old English nor tun.
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃɪər/; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes.
As of 2006 the county is estimated to have a population of just over one million. Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation (which continues into Derbyshire). The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries.
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Plymouth
Plymouthi/ˈplɪməθ/ is a city and unitary authority area on the south coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London. It is situated between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a major commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 the three neighbouring and independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The new, merged town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.
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Plympton
Coordinates: 50°23′10″N 4°03′04″W / 50.386°N 4.051°W / 50.386; -4.051
Plympton, or Plympton Maurice or Plympton St Maurice or Plympton St Mary or Plympton Erle, in south-western Devon, England is an ancient stannary town: an important trading centre in the past for locally mined tin, and a former seaport (before the River Plym silted up and trade moved down the river to Plymouth). Today it is a populous, north-eastern suburb of the city of Plymouth of which it officially became part, along with Plymstock, in 1967.
Plympton still has its own town centre (called the Ridgeway), and is itself an amalgamation of several villages, including St Mary's, St Maurice, Colebrook, Woodford, Newnham, Langage and Chaddlewood.
Although the name of the town appears to be derived from its location on the River Plym (compare, for instance, Otterton or Yealmpton), this is not considered to be the case. As J. Brooking Rowe pointed out in 1906, the town is not and never was sited on the river. The earliest surviving documentary reference to the place is as Plymentun in Anglo-Saxon charter S380 dated to around 900AD, and this name may be derived from the Old English adjective plymen, meaning "growing with plum-trees". So Plympton has the meaning "Plum-tree farm", and the River Plym was named from a back-formation from this name and nearby Plymstock. This later led to the naming of the fishing port created at the river's mouth (Plymouth, originally named Sutton) when the river estuary silted up too much for the monks to sail up river to Plympton any longer.
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River Plym
The River Plym is a river in Devon, England. Its source is some 450m (about 1500 ft) above sea level on Dartmoor, in an upland marshy area called Plym Head. From the upper reaches which contain antiquities and mining remains the river flows roughly southwest and enters the sea near (and gives its name) to the city of Plymouth, where the settlement was historically known as Sutton. Its tidal estuary is known as the Laira. It is approximately 30 km (about 20 mi) long.
The name Plym is thought to have its origins in Old English and means the 'plum tree', from a back-formation from the name of Plympton.
HMS Plym (K271), a River-class antisubmarine frigate, was named after the river during World War II. It carried out convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic and was later destroyed in the UK's first nuclear explosion.
When it was in operation, the Cann Quarry Canal left the river at Marsh Mills.
The Plym Valley Railway is a volunteer run railway which operates steam and diesel hauled train rides along a section of the Plym Valley from Marsh Mills station. The railway is currently extending its line to Plymbridge.
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Rubery
Coordinates: 52°23′20″N 2°01′19″W / 52.389°N 2.022°W / 52.389; -2.022
Rubery is a village in the Bromsgrove district of Worcestershire. Part of the village forms a southern suburb of Birmingham, England in the West Midlands. The village is 9 miles (14 km) from Birmingham city centre.
The area has around 16,000 people living in it, including the nearby Great Park estates, actually spilling into the Northfield area, which have been dubbed "South Rubery". Both the Birmingham and Bromsgrove parts are unparished areas.[citation needed]
The word 'Rubery' comes from the old English word 'rowbery' meaning 'a rough hill', which there is in the village of Rubery.
Rubery is divided into two essential areas, either side of the A38. North of the A38 is primarily residential consisting of a sub-area named Waseley. South of the A38 is the High Street (New Road) where Rubery's retail activity is concentrated, there are shops as well as an extensive residential area, there is also a number of food outlets including Subway, Greggs, Tesco Metro & various other takeaways.
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Salt road
A salt road (also known as a salt route, salt way, saltway, or salt trading route) French: Route du Sel) is any of the prehistoric and historical trade routes by which essential salt has been transported to regions that lacked it (see History of salt).
From the Bronze Age (in the 2nd millennium BC) fixed transhumance routes appeared, like the Ligurian drailles that linked the maritime Liguria with the alpages, long before any purposely-constructed roadways formed the overland routes by which salt-rich provinces supplied salt-starved ones.
The Via Salaria was an ancient Roman road in Italy. It eventually ran from Rome (from Porta Salaria of the Aurelian Walls) to Castrum Truentinum (Porto d'Ascoli) on the Adriatic coast - a distance of 242 kilometres (150 mi). A modern road by this name, part of the SS4 highway, runs 51 kilometres (32 mi) from Rome to Osteria Nuova.
The Old Salt Route, about 100 kilometres (62 mi), was a medieval route linking Lüneburg with the port of Lübeck (both in Germany), which required more salt than it could produce. Lüneburg, first mentioned in the 10th century, grew rich on the salterns surrounding the town. Salt was shipped, via Lauenburg, to Lübeck and from there supplied all the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Lüneburg and its salt were major factors of power and wealth of the Hanseatic League. After a long period of prosperity, its importance declined after 1600. The last of the salt mines was closed in 1980, ending the thousand-year tradition.
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Saltash
Coordinates: 50°24′29″N 4°12′43″W / 50.408°N 4.212°W / 50.408; -4.212
Saltash (Cornish: Essa) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It has a population of 14,964. It lies in the south east of Cornwall, facing Plymouth over the River Tamar. It was in the Caradon district until March 2009 and is known as "the gateway to Cornwall". Saltash means ash tree by the salt mill. Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area and is one of the largest in Cornwall.
Saltash is the location of Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge, opened by HRH Prince Albert on May 2, 1859. It takes the railway line across the River Tamar. Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge, a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road, which in 2001 became the first suspension bridge to be widened whilst remaining open to traffic.
Saltash railway station is close to the town centre. It was hoped that the empty buildings could be restored as a visitor centre for the bridge, but they have instead been purchased by a property developer. The station is served by a regular train service, with some direct High Speed services to and from London Paddington.
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Saltash Tunnel
The Saltash Tunnel is a road tunnel on the A38 at Saltash in Cornwall, UK and was opened in 1988.
The central lane operates as a reversible lane to cope with holiday and rush hour traffic and the speed limit is 30 mph. The tunnel is used by more than 38,000 motorists per day and is 410 m long. It was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson, built by Balfour Beatty, and has a design life of at least 100 years.
During construction of the tunnel a problem was encountered with flooding due to the saturation of the surrounding rocks. The resultant flow of water was channeled through the tunnel, hidden by a decorative cladding. Within a few months this cladding had begun to crack and water entered the part of the tunnel reserved for traffic; although no structural problems were found the water staining on the cladding gave the impression of a poorly built tunnel. This was commented upon in Parliament by the local MP, Colin Breed, and a £7.4 million renovation project was contracted to Skanska to provide for a new tunnel lining and improvements to the electrical system.
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Selly Oak
Coordinates: 52°26′19″N 1°56′28″W / 52.43866°N 1.94111°W / 52.43866; -1.94111
Selly Oak is a residential suburban district in south-west Birmingham, England. The suburb is bordered by Bournbrook and Selly Park to the north-east, Edgbaston and Harborne to the north, Weoley Castle and Weoley Hill to the west, and Bournville to the south. The Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Birmingham Cross-City Railway Line run along the northern boundary of the area.
Selly Oak was formerly known as Escelie. The name Selly is derived from variants of "scelf-lei" or shelf-meadow, that is pasture land on a shelf or terrace of land, probably the glacial deposits formed after the creation and later dispersal of Lake Harrison during the Quaternary period.
The Oak element of the name Selly Oak comes from a prominent Oak tree that formerly stood at the crossroads of the Bristol Road and Oak Tree Lane/Harborne Lane. The original spot is still commemorated by an old Victorian street sign above one of the shops on the north-side of Oak Tree Lane, which declares it to be "Oak Tree Place" and has the date of 1880.
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Severn Stoke
Coordinates: 52°05′42″N 2°12′36″W / 52.095069°N 2.209898°W / 52.095069; -2.209898
Severn Stoke is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District in the south of the county of Worcestershire, England, lying beside the A38 road. It was home to "Francis the Counting Duck", made famous on Esther Rantzen's That's Life! TV program. In 1996 a hoard of 18 silver Saxon pennies were found near Severn Stoke.
The village of Severn Stoke was never connected to the railway, but a highly detailed 00 gauge model exists which is based on what the station may have looked like if there once was.
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Severn Way
The Severn Way is a waymarked long-distance footpath in the United Kingdom following the course of the River Severn in the West Country of England and Mid Wales.
The Long Distance Walkers Association gives the Severn Way's length as both 360.3 km (223.9 mi) and 338 km (210 mi) The route follows the River Severn from its source at Plynlimon, Wales to the mouth of the Severn at Bristol, England.
The source of the River Severn is high on Plynlimon [1] in upland Mid Wales [2] from where both river and walk descend [3] into Llanidloes, Newtown, Powys [4], Welshpool, then along the towpath of the Montgomeryshire Canal passing the Wrekin and into Shrewsbury, Shropshire and the Severn Gorge, the cradle of the Industrial Revolution at Ironbridge before passing through Bridgnorth, Bewdley [5] in Worcestershire and Stourport-on-Severn, Worcester, Upton-upon-Severn and Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, Gloucester itself and then past Berkeley Castle and into the Severn Estuary [6] passing Slimbridge [7] and the mouth of the Severn [8]. Originally the path finished at Severn Beach. It has recently been extended to Bristol via Lawrence Weston, Shirehampton and through the Avon Gorge.
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Somercotes
Coordinates: 53°04′44″N 1°22′01″W / 53.079°N 1.367°W / 53.079; -1.367
Somercotes is a village and Parish in the District of Amber Valley in the English county of Derbyshire, close to the border with Nottinghamshire. It is a former mining village and was once surrounded by more than five pits. It is now one of the fastest developing villages in the Amber Valley area, with several industrial estates, a retail park, and new housing developments. The village has numerous shops, pubs, food outlets and other businesses. Whilst increasingly urbanised, there is still some agricultural land in the northern and western parts of the Parish, and a small nature reserve at Pennytown Ponds. The population at the 2001 census was 5,745.The band Muckram Wakes takes its name from a place near Somercotes which was the home of one of the band members.
The earliest known spelling of Somercotes was Sumcot, which was recorded in 1225.This derives from the original use of the area for seasonal grazing, when temporary huts or 'summer cottages' were used by herdsmen. The original settlement was in what is now known as Lower Somercotes, the upper village developing much later after a turnpike road was driven through to Alfreton in the eighteenth century. The area was within the Norman Manor of Alfreton, and later within the Alfreton Urban District. The fortunes of the village were to be based on the coal mining industry, which rapidly expanded in the 19th century. Pye Hill and Somercotes railway station used to serve the village until it was closed by Beeching in the 1960s.. Clothing manufacture was a significant local employer until quite recently, with English Rose and Aertex having factories in the area.
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Somerset
The ceremonial and non-metropolitan county of Somerset (i/ˈsʌmərsɛt/ or /ˈsʌmərsɨt/) in South West England borders Bristol and Gloucestershire to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east, and Devon to the south-west. It is partly bounded to the north and west by the Bristol Channel and the estuary of the River Severn. Its traditional northern border is the River Avon, but the administrative boundary has crept southwards with the creation and expansion of the City of Bristol, and latterly the county of Avon and its successor unitary authorities to the north. Somerset's county town, Taunton, is in the south.
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Palaeolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion.
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South Brent
Coordinates: 50°25′41″N 3°50′09″W / 50.42806°N 3.83583°W / 50.42806; -3.83583
South Brent is a large village on the southern edge of Dartmoor, England, in the valley of the River Avon, population 2998 (2000), 8 km (five miles) north-east of Ivybridge, and next to the Devon Expressway which connects Exeter 51 km (32 mi) to the north-east and Plymouth 29 km (18 mi) to the west.
It was originally a woollen and market centre with two annual fairs. Now the village centre is within the boundaries of Dartmoor National Park, and it is a thriving community with shops, public houses, businesses, school, village hall and community centre.
A railway station serving the village was opened on the South Devon Railway on 15 June 1848. It served as the junction for the branch line to Kingsbridge from 19 December 1893. The station closed in 1964, though for some years there has been a movement to reopen it in order to reduce commuter traffic on the roads. South Brent United is the local football team established in 1931.
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South Derbyshire
South Derbyshire is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. It contains a third of the National Forest, and the council offices are in Swadlincote.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the Swadlincote urban district along with Repton Rural District and part of South East Derbyshire Rural District.
Settlements in the district include:
In May 2006, a report commissioned by British Gas showed that housing in South Derbyshire produced the 19th highest average carbon emissions in the country at 6,929 kg of carbon dioxide per dwelling. As a way of helping to reduce these emissions, the local councils have since given out leaflets and flyers telling people information about climate change.
Relative to Derbyshire, the East Midlands and England as a whole the population of South Derbyshire is expected to rise by 23% in forecasts from a 2005 population of 88,000 to a 2025 population of 108,600. No other district in Derbyshire is expected to grow at even half this rate. The figures for the East Midlands as whole over this time range is 10.5% with both Derbyshire and England as a whole being similar but less. Derby is forecast to grow by only 6%.
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South Normanton
Coordinates: 53°06′25″N 1°20′35″W / 53.107°N 1.343°W / 53.107; -1.343
South Normanton is a medium-sized ex-mining village two miles east of Alfreton, Derbyshire and is approximately 155 metres above sea level at one of the highest points, near St. Michael and All Angels Parish Church near the middle of town
The historic industries of the village were agriculture, stocking, spinning and mining.
Normanton means ‘the farm of the north men’ or 'Northwegans'.
It was a purely agricultural settlement but added tanning as a secondary industry during medieval times, using the bark of the oak and birch, both plentiful in the area.
In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the main industries were framework knitting and mining.
The knitters, or shiners as they were known from the state of their trouser seats after a 14-hour day sitting at their machines, tended to live in certain areas, around the Dog Pool, along Water Lane and particularly up the narrow alleys around the Old Market place.
South Normanton Colliery closed in 1952, B Winning in 1964 and A Winning in 1969.
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Stinchcombe
Stinchcombe is a small village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England on the B4060 road between Dursley and North Nibley. The church is called St Cyr's and its yard contains 40–60 gravestones.
It gives its name to the nearby Stinchcombe Hill, a nearly detached part of the Cotswold Edge. The Hill has a large golf course on the top, and has a public right of way round its edge which is part of the Cotswold Way. (The exact line of the right of way and its interaction with the golf greens has been the subject of some controversy over the years.) The view from Drakestone Point (219 metres (719 ft) at grid reference ST737981) over the Vale to the River Severn and Forest of Dean beyond, is particularly fine, but the tranquility is injured by the proximity of the M5 Motorway. Since 1992 volunteers, led by John Smallwood, have done a great deal of work on the Hill, attempting to restore the open views over the Severn Vale. The cleared areas can be seen from the M5, and the Cotswold Way has now been re-routed around the Hill to take advantage of this work.
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Stokes Croft
Coordinates: 51°27′43″N 2°35′24″W / 51.462°N 2.59°W / 51.462; -2.59
Stokes Croft is the name of a road and an area in Bristol, England. The road forms part of the A38 that leads north from the city centre, before it takes the names Cheltenham Road and then Gloucester Road. It is within the districts of Kingsdown and St Paul's and comes under the BS1 postcode.
The name Stokes Croft has come to refer to an area around the road as an informal district encompassing Jamaica Street, the junction of Picton Street and Ashley Road, and the southern part of Cheltenham Road. The area is a centre of art, music and independent shops in Bristol, with clubs such as the Croft, Lakota and Blue Mountain; the nearby music college BIMM Bristol on King Square; and numerous pieces of graffiti art. The area’s character has given rise to a group of activists and artists calling themselves The People's Republic of Stokes Croft (PRSC), who are seeking to revitalise the area through community action and public art.
wn.com/Stokes_Croft -
Streethay
Coordinates: 52°41′28″N 1°47′28″W / 52.691°N 1.791°W / 52.691; -1.791
Streethay is an English village and civil parish adjoining the city of Lichfield, Staffordshire on the east side of the West Coast Main Line railway. The parish council is a joint one with Fradley.
Streethay is small village and has no shops. However, there is a garage situated on the Burton Road where there used to be a small convenience shop. The main road in Streethay is the Old Burton Road (A5127 road), which starts at the A38 road junction and the road used to be the main route into Birmingham before the A38 was constructed. There is a small public house called 'The Anchor'. There is a children's play park on the A5127 Burton Road. There is a bus service that stops in Streethay, which continues onto Lichfield and Burton Upon Trent, calling at the villages of Fradley and Alrewas.
Further up the A5127 road to Lichfield there is Lichfield Trent Valley railway station which is on the West Coast Mainline and has direct links to Birmingham, Northern England, Scotland, and London. The new HS2 rail line from London to Leeds will run through the village.
wn.com/Streethay -
Sutton Coldfield
Coordinates: 52°33′47″N 1°49′19″W / 52.563°N 1.822°W / 52.563; -1.822
Sutton Coldfield ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town within the city of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Sutton (as it is often abbreviated) is located about 8 miles (13 km) from central Birmingham; it has borders with North Warwickshire, Lichfield, Erdington, Kingstanding and Castle Vale. Sutton is in the northeast of Birmingham, with a population of 105,000 recorded in the 2001 census. It forms part of the West Midlands conurbation.
Historically within Warwickshire, the town has a historical connection to the Royal Family, resulting in it receiving the title of Royal Town when it was a municipal borough in its own right and part of Warwickshire. When the Local Government Act 1972 came into force in 1974, Sutton Coldfield became part of Birmingham and the wider West Midlands County.
The Etymology of the name Sutton appears to be from South Town.
The name "Sutton Coldfield" appears to come from this time, being the "south town" (i.e. south of Tamworth and/or Lichfield) on the edge of the "col field". "Col" is usually derived from "charcoal", charcoal burners presumably being active in the area.
wn.com/Sutton_Coldfield -
Tamar Bridge
The Tamar Bridge is a major road bridge at Saltash in southwest England carrying traffic between Cornwall and Devon. When it opened in 1961 it was the longest suspension bridge in the United Kingdom. In 2001 it became the world's first suspension bridge to be widened (from three to five lanes) using cantilevers, and the world's first bridge to undergo strengthening and widening work while remaining open to traffic. The five lanes are divided as follows: three lanes carry the A38 trunk road, the fourth is reserved for eastbound local traffic and the fifth for pedestrians and cyclists. Previously all traffic merged and shared the three lanes.
Construction of the Tamar Bridge began in July 1959. Before this, the lowest road crossing of the River Tamar was Gunnislake New Bridge at the village of Gunnislake. This seven-arched granite bridge was built in the early 16th century (c. 1520). It is still in use today but it is only wide enough to carry one lane of traffic. Before the Tamar Bridge was opened, most car drivers wishing to travel between Saltash (on the Cornish side) and the Devon city of Plymouth used car ferries. Today the Tamar Bridge carries approximately 40,000 vehicles every day. It is co-owned by Plymouth City Council and Cornwall Council, and is managed by the Tamar Bridge and Torpoint Ferry Joint Committee. A toll of GBP1.50 per car is charged when driving from Cornwall into Devon, although the price is halved using the electronic payment system. Motorcycles do not have to pay.
wn.com/Tamar_Bridge -
Tardebigge Locks
Tardebigge Locks or the Tardebigge Flight is the longest flight of locks in the UK, comprising 30 narrow locks on a two and a quarter mile stretch of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal at Tardebigge, Worcestershire. It raises the waterway some 220 feet, and lies in between the Tardebigge tunnel (length 580 yards) to the North and the Stoke Prior flight of 6 narrow locks to the South. The Tardebigge Engine House is also on this stretch.
The top lock has a rise of eleven feet, unusually high for a single lock. This lock was built to replace an experimental vertical boat lift. The canal had been constructed and open from Birmingham to the wharf (now known as the Old Wharf) north of Brockhill Lane bridge by 30 March 1807 without the need for locks. After the Old Wharf, the Tardebigge tunnel runs through the solid rock to the New Wharf, just above Lock 58, the topmost lock in the flight. The canal company was concerned with the expense of the 58 locks needed to take the canal down to the River Severn at Worcester. The Tardebigge vertical lift was invented by John Woodhouse and installed at his own expense, with excavation and masonry provided by the company. Finished on 24 June 1808, it was housed in a covered shed and used a fixed counterweight of bricks, connected by a set of eight parallel chains and pulleys. Lifting was performed by two men using a windlass. The 64 ton wooden caisson (lifting chamber) was sealed at each end by guillotine gates, as was the lock chamber. It succeeded in lifting 110 boats in 12 hours but was considered too fragile for permanent use. The remainder of the canal was built with locks, and the lift was replaced by one in 1815. The lift mechanism has gone but the outline of its balancing pit may be seen near the lock keeper's cottage.
wn.com/Tardebigge_Locks -
Taunton
Coordinates: 51°01′08″N 3°06′00″W / 51.019°N 3.100°W / 51.019; -3.100
Taunton is the county town of Somerset, England. The town, including its suburbs, had an estimated population of 61,400 in 2001. It is the largest town in the shire county of Somerset.
The town has over 1,000 years of religious and military history, and is now undergoing a regeneration project. It has various transport links which support its central role in economy and commerce.
Taunton is the site of Musgrove Park Hospital and Somerset County Cricket Club's County Ground and is home to 40 Commando, Royal Marines. Central Taunton is part of the annual West Country Carnival circuit. It hosts the Taunton flower show, which has been held in Vivary Park since 1866. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is located on Admiralty Way.
The town name derives from "Town on the River Tone" — or Tone Town.Cambria Farm which is now the site of a Park and ride close to Junction 25 of the M5 motorway was the site of a Bronze and Iron Age settlement and Roman farm. There was a Romano-British village near the suburb of Holway, and Taunton was a place of considerable importance in Saxon times. The Saxon town was a burh with its own mint. King Ine of Wessex threw up an earthen castle here about 700, but it was destroyed by his queen Æthelburg of Wessex in 722, to prevent its seizure by rebels.
wn.com/Taunton -
Tewkesbury
Coordinates: 51°59′10″N 2°08′10″W / 51.986°N 2.136°W / 51.986; -2.136
Tewkesbury ( /ˈtjuːksbri/ TEWKS-bree) is a town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and also minor tributaries the Swilgate and Carrant Brook. It gives its name to the Borough of Tewkesbury, of which the town is the second largest settlement.
The name Tewkesbury comes from Theoc, the name of a Saxon who founded a hermitage there in the 7th century, and in the Old English tongue was called Theocsbury.
Tewkesbury is named after Theocalious, a hermit who founded Threwshon, adapted to Tewkesbury over the years, in the 7th century. Evidence of a church predating the abbey suggests that a considerable settlement rose up on the site previous to the Norman Conquest. Evidence of monastic buildings from the years immediately following the conquest can still be seen surrounding Tewkesbury Abbey, which was begun in 1090 and consecrated on 23 October 1121.
wn.com/Tewkesbury -
Torbay
Torbay ( /tɔrˈbeɪ/) is an east-facing bay and natural harbour, at the westernmost end of Lyme Bay in the south-west of England, roughly equidistant from the cities of Exeter and Plymouth. Consisting of the towns of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham, and part of the ceremonial county of Devon, Torbay was made a unitary authority on 1 April 1998. Tourist authorities call it the "English Riviera" on account of its beaches and mild climate; it is a popular area with holiday makers.
That Torbay has been inhabited since paleolithic times is shown by human bones and tools found in Kents Cavern in Torquay. A maxilla fragment known as Kents Cavern 4 may be the oldest example of a modern human in Europe, dating back to 37,000–40,000 years ago.Roman soldiers are known to have visited Torquay during the period when Britain was a part of the Roman Empire, leaving offerings at a curious rock formation in Kent's Cavern, known as "The Face".
Both Brixham and Paignton appear in the Domesday Book of 1086 and Paignton was given the status of a borough having a market and fair in 1294. The first major building in Torquay was Torre Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery founded in 1196.
wn.com/Torbay -
Torpoint Ferry
The Torpoint Ferry is a car and pedestrian chain ferry, connecting the A374 road which crosses the Hamoaze, a stretch of water at the mouth of the River Tamar, between Devonport in Plymouth and Torpoint in Cornwall. The service was established in 1791 and chain ferry operations were introduced by James Meadows Rendel in 1832.
The route is currently served by three ferries, named after three rivers in the area: Tamar II, Lynher II and Plym II. Each ferry carries 73 cars and operates using its own set of slipways and parallel chains, with a vehicle weight limit of 18 tonnes (20 tons) The ferry boats are propelled across the river by pulling themselves on the chains; the chains then sink to the bottom to allow shipping movements in the river. An intensive service is provided, with service frequencies ranging from every 10 minutes (3 ferries in service) at peak times, to half-hourly (1 ferry in service) at night. Services operate 24 hours a day, every day (including throughout Christmas and all other holiday periods), with service frequency never falling below half-hourly.
wn.com/Torpoint_Ferry -
Trerulefoot
Coordinates: 50°24′18″N 4°20′53″W / 50.405°N 4.348°W / 50.405; -4.348
Trerulefoot (pronounced "Trule-foot") is a village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is located on the A38 trunk road approximately half-way between the towns of Saltash and Liskeard. Trerulefoot has a farm shop, two cafés and a petrol filling station.
Bethany is a small hamlet near to Trerulefoot at 50°24′58″N 4°21′58″W / 50.416°N 4.366°W / 50.416; -4.366.
Media related to Trerulefoot at Wikimedia Commons
wn.com/Trerulefoot -
Winscombe
Coordinates: 51°18′49″N 2°49′35″W / 51.3136°N 2.8263°W / 51.3136; -2.8263
Winscombe is a village in North Somerset, England, close to the settlements of Axbridge and Cheddar, on the western edge of the Mendip Hills, 7 miles (11 km) south-east of Weston-super-Mare and 14 miles (23 km) south-west of Bristol. The Parish of Winscombe and Sandford, centred around the Parish Church of Church of St James the Great , includes the villages/hamlets of Barton, Hale, Oakridge, Sidcot and Woodborough.
Winscombe has a few shops and businesses focused in the centre of the village, along Woodborough Road and Sandford Road. There is a doctor's surgery in the village, and two dentists.
West of the village is the Max Bog biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.
It has been suggested that the name means a valley belonging to a Saxon named Wine.
The parish was part of the Winterstoke Hundred.
From 1894 to 1974 Winscombe was part of the Axbridge Rural District. When this was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 it became part of the Woodspring district in the new county of Avon. In 1996 this became the North Somerset unitary authority, which remains part of the ceremonial county of Somerset.
wn.com/Winscombe -
Worcester
The City of Worcester, commonly known as Worcester, (i/ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər), is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral. The site of the final battle of the Civil War, Worcester was where Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles II's Cavaliers, resulting in the English Interregnum, the ten-year period during which England and Wales became a republic. Worcester was the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain and the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. It houses the Lea and Perrins factory where the traditional Worcestershire Sauce is made, and is home to one of the UK's fastest growing universities, the University of Worcester.
Occupation of the site of Worcester can be dated back to Neolithic times, a village surrounded by defensive ramparts having been founded on the eastern bank of the River Severn in around 400 BC. The position, which commanded a ford on the river, was used in the first century by the Romans to establish what may at first have been a fort on the military route from Glevum (Gloucester) to Viroconium (Wroxeter) but which soon developed – as the frontier of the empire was pushed westwards – into an industrial town with its own pottery kilns and iron-smelting plants.
wn.com/Worcester -
Wychnor
Wychnor (or Wichnor) is a civil parish in Staffordshire, England, situated in the East Staffordshire local government district adjoining Alrewas and Barton-under-Needwood. It is situated on the A38, formerly the Roman road Ryknild Street, and contains the hamlet of Wychnor Bridges where the A38 crosses the River Trent. The Trent and Mersey Canal passes through the parish, and there is a railway junction where the South Staffordshire Line joins the Cross Country Route. The parish also contains Wychnor Park, an 18th century country house. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 70.
Coordinates: 52°44′35″N 1°44′20″W / 52.743°N 1.739°W / 52.743; -1.739
wn.com/Wychnor -
Wychnor Hall
Wychnor Hall (or Wychnor Park) is an early 18th century country house near Burton on Trent, Staffordshire. Formerly owned by the Levett family, descendants of Theophilus Levett, Steward of the city of Lichfield in the early eighteenth century, the hall has been converted to a Country Club. It is a Grade II listed building. Wychnor takes its name from the Old English meaning 'village on a bank.'
King James I reportedly stayed at the hall in 1621 and 1624. The present hall dates from the time of Queen Anne but was much altered and extended in the mid 19th century.
wn.com/Wychnor_Hall
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Eric Varley
Eric Graham Varley, Baron Varley, PC (11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008) was an English politician and former Cabinet Minister on the right wing of the Labour Party.
Varley was born in Poolsbrook near Staveley, Chesterfield, Derbyshire and left school at 15 to become a craftsman, first in the local iron works and then for the local mining industry. He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers, and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955, joining the Labour Party the same year. After a period at Ruskin College, Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town, where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament (MP) George Benson was retiring from Parliament. He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election.
Despite rebelling against the government's application to join the Common Market in 1967, Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year, and Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968. He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969. During the Labour Party's period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs, and became spokesman on fuel and power.
wn.com/Eric_Varley -
Gary Streeter
Gary Nicholas Streeter (born 2 October 1955 in Gosport) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. From 1997 he was Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Devon, having previously been the Member of Parliament for Plymouth Sutton between 1992 and 1997. He was re-elected as MP on the 7th May 2010, gaining 56% of the votes cast.
He went to Tiverton Grammar School on Barrington Street in Tiverton, then King's College London, where he gained a first class honours degree in Law. From 1984-98, he was a solicitor and partner at Foot and Bowden (now called Foot Ansteys) in Plymouth, where he specialised in company and employment law. He was a councillor, initially for the Social Democratic Party (SDP), on Plymouth City Council from 1986-92.
He served as a junior minister under John Major. He is currently a member of the Speaker's Committee on the Electoral Commission and is the member of the committee responsible for answering oral questions in Parliament on behalf of the Electoral Commission. He assumed the role after Sir Peter Viggers stepped down during the MPs' expenses controversy. His own expenses for 2008/09 were £162,719, ranking 158th out of 647 MPs.
wn.com/Gary_Streeter
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A38 Common Road Huthwaite
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 01 Dec 2010
A38 common road junction, huthwaite. 1st December 2010.
http://wn.com/A38_Common_Road_Huthwaite
A38 common road junction, huthwaite. 1st December 2010.
Wolf Parade - Palm Road live @ A38 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 14 Nov 2010
The live debut of another song from Expo 86 entitled Palm Road. Taken at A38 ship Budapest. Lyrics: My baby woke from an awful dream of rotten tropics b the sea Just up from her father's place Cutting through some empty space Where trash would turn to gold Palm Road We could see it from the shore, the cities ragged burning core Hole in the sky and the fish get drowned Something moving underground The world was ending slow on Palm Road Take your lover all apart Looking for his shipwrecked heart but his heart could not be found baby it just can't be found 'cause they turned the lights down low on Palm Road You said it's killing me it's killing me the way we go But as we're running over miles they turned to gold So teach your darlings how to dance Tell them how to make romance And whisper things they don't know From a thousand years ago Something began to glow.... You said it's killing me the way we go I saw it coming...
http://wn.com/Wolf_Parade_Palm_Road_live_@_A38_HD
The live debut of another song from Expo 86 entitled Palm Road. Taken at A38 ship Budapest. Lyrics: My baby woke from an awful dream of rotten tropics b the sea Just up from her father's place Cutting through some empty space Where trash would turn to gold Palm Road We could see it from the shore, the cities ragged burning core Hole in the sky and the fish get drowned Something moving underground The world was ending slow on Palm Road Take your lover all apart Looking for his shipwrecked heart but his heart could not be found baby it just can't be found 'cause they turned the lights down low on Palm Road You said it's killing me it's killing me the way we go But as we're running over miles they turned to gold So teach your darlings how to dance Tell them how to make romance And whisper things they don't know From a thousand years ago Something began to glow.... You said it's killing me the way we go I saw it coming...
- published: 07 May 2010
- views: 2380
- author: ApplePickerProd
Driving Along Commandery Road & Bath Road A38 Worcester Worcestershire 7th June 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Driving along Commandery Road & Bath Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire Videoed Sunday, 7th June 2009 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_Along_Commandery_Road_Bath_Road_A38_Worcester_Worcestershire_7th_June_2009
Driving along Commandery Road & Bath Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire Videoed Sunday, 7th June 2009 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 07 Jun 2009
- views: 1139
- author: Mike Fairman
Driving Along City Walls Road A38, Worcester, Worcestershire, England 16th March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 18 Mar 2012
Driving along City Walls Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday,16th March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_Along_City_Walls_Road_A38,_Worcester,_Worcestershire,_England_16th_March_2012
Driving along City Walls Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday,16th March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 202
- author: Mike Fairman
Driving Along Droitwich Road A38 From Fernhill Heath To Worcester, Worcestershire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 23 Nov 2011
Driving along Droitwich Road (A38) from Fernhill Heath to Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 24th December 2010 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_Along_Droitwich_Road_A38_From_Fernhill_Heath_To_Worcester,_Worcestershire
Driving along Droitwich Road (A38) from Fernhill Heath to Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 24th December 2010 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 27 Dec 2010
- views: 361
- author: Mike Fairman
Paddy And The Rats - Pilgrim On The Road (Live at A38)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
The 3rd Birthday Party of Paddy And The Rats at A38 Ship, Budapest.
http://wn.com/Paddy_And_The_Rats_Pilgrim_On_The_Road_Live_at_A38
The 3rd Birthday Party of Paddy And The Rats at A38 Ship, Budapest.
- published: 14 Aug 2012
- views: 2735
- author: paddyrats
Driving Along Bath Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire 31st January 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Driving along Bath Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed Sunday, 31st January 2010 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_Along_Bath_Road_A38,_Worcester,_Worcestershire_31st_January_2010
Driving along Bath Road (A38), Worcester, Worcestershire, England Videoed Sunday, 31st January 2010 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 06 Feb 2010
- views: 456
- author: Mike Fairman
Driving On The A38 From M5 Motorway Junction 31, Exeter To Plymouth, Devon, England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:08
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Driving on the A38 from M5 Motorway Junction 31, Exeter to Plymouth Devon, England Videoed on Saturday, 13th October 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com © Mike Fairman 2012
http://wn.com/Driving_On_The_A38_From_M5_Motorway_Junction_31,_Exeter_To_Plymouth,_Devon,_England
Driving on the A38 from M5 Motorway Junction 31, Exeter to Plymouth Devon, England Videoed on Saturday, 13th October 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com © Mike Fairman 2012
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 65
- author: Mike Fairman
Driving Along Mythe Road A38, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England 2nd March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 11 Mar 2012
Driving along Mythe Road (A38), Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 2nd March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_Along_Mythe_Road_A38,_Tewkesbury,_Gloucestershire,_England_2nd_March_2012
Driving along Mythe Road (A38), Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 2nd March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 11 Mar 2012
- views: 165
- author: Mike Fairman
Fun in the snow - Austin Road & A38 18th Dec 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Fun in the snow - Austin Road & A38 18th Dec 2010.
http://wn.com/Fun_in_the_snow_Austin_Road_A38_18th_Dec_2010
Fun in the snow - Austin Road & A38 18th Dec 2010.
- published: 03 Jan 2011
- views: 116
- author: Paul Donovan
Wolf Parade - Ghost Pressure live @ A38 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
A38 ship Budapest, Hungary New Track from the upcoming third album: Expo 86. On the setlist, this song is quite hilariously titled Beyonce. Lyrics: Maybe I just don't understand Made me feel like another man When I kissed you there on Orchard Road Oh oh Heard a call from the empty street An empty room, empty seats I know they're dancing there invisibly Oh oh Little vision come shake me up, shake me up You said your heart was a swarm of bees Held your through sot they could never leave I hear them buzzing there invisibly Oh oh And this night was for you and me Walking through a little mystery And you just had to know Oh oh Little vision come shake me up, shake me up Ghost Pressure gonna shake me up, shake me up
http://wn.com/Wolf_Parade_Ghost_Pressure_live_@_A38_HD
A38 ship Budapest, Hungary New Track from the upcoming third album: Expo 86. On the setlist, this song is quite hilariously titled Beyonce. Lyrics: Maybe I just don't understand Made me feel like another man When I kissed you there on Orchard Road Oh oh Heard a call from the empty street An empty room, empty seats I know they're dancing there invisibly Oh oh Little vision come shake me up, shake me up You said your heart was a swarm of bees Held your through sot they could never leave I hear them buzzing there invisibly Oh oh And this night was for you and me Walking through a little mystery And you just had to know Oh oh Little vision come shake me up, shake me up Ghost Pressure gonna shake me up, shake me up
- published: 07 May 2010
- views: 9381
- author: ApplePickerProd
Pain of Salvation - Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen cover) live @ A38, Budapest, 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:58
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
the closing song of Pain of Salvation's 2010 Budapest gig. before the performance, Daniel asked everyone to sit down on the floor (including the band), resulting in a fantastic atmosphere, some of which I hope I was able to convey here. enjoy!
http://wn.com/Pain_of_Salvation_Hallelujah_Leonard_Cohen_cover_live_@_A38,_Budapest,_2010
the closing song of Pain of Salvation's 2010 Budapest gig. before the performance, Daniel asked everyone to sit down on the floor (including the band), resulting in a fantastic atmosphere, some of which I hope I was able to convey here. enjoy!
- published: 25 Oct 2010
- views: 5595
- author: kombajn
Pain of Salvation - Hallelujah - A38 - Budapest - 2011 10 18 (Leonard Cohen cover)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 04 May 2012
music video of PoS "Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen, played live by Pain of Salvation. Recorded at the A38 (Petőfi híd) in Budapest on October 18th, 2011 during their Road Salt Two tour.
http://wn.com/Pain_of_Salvation_Hallelujah_A38_Budapest_2011_10_18_Leonard_Cohen_cover
music video of PoS "Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen, played live by Pain of Salvation. Recorded at the A38 (Petőfi híd) in Budapest on October 18th, 2011 during their Road Salt Two tour.
- published: 20 Oct 2011
- views: 583
- author: krissz29
AUSTIN A40 FARINA ON THE A38 IN DEVON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Journey home from the South Devon Railway's Easter gala on April 5th 2010
http://wn.com/AUSTIN_A40_FARINA_ON_THE_A38_IN_DEVON
Journey home from the South Devon Railway's Easter gala on April 5th 2010
- published: 06 Apr 2010
- views: 2844
- author: colinwells
A38 Nordhausen - Halle, Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 13 Jul 2011
Part II of the Autobahn A38, this video covers the central section from the city of Nordhausen to the city of Halle. Recorded Friday June 5th, 2010
http://wn.com/A38_Nordhausen_Halle,_Germany
Part II of the Autobahn A38, this video covers the central section from the city of Nordhausen to the city of Halle. Recorded Friday June 5th, 2010
- published: 08 Jun 2010
- views: 1848
- author: aswchris
A38 Göttingen - Nordhausen, Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 09 Nov 2010
Part I of the entire 219 km A38 from Göttingen to Leipzig. This part will cover the first 75 kilometers until Nordhausen, including two tunnels. Recorded Friday June 5th, 2010
http://wn.com/A38_Göttingen_Nordhausen,_Germany
Part I of the entire 219 km A38 from Göttingen to Leipzig. This part will cover the first 75 kilometers until Nordhausen, including two tunnels. Recorded Friday June 5th, 2010
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 2269
- author: aswchris
A38-B80 Bleicherode-Sollstedt-Breitenworbis Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 12 Apr 2012
As the highway A38 connecting Leipzig and Göttingen is not yet finished between Bleicherode and Breitenworbis you have to go for 12km on a country road (Federal Road B80) instead. A nightmare for the people living there and the driver's nerves as well. But soon this bottleneck will be resolved.
http://wn.com/A38-B80_Bleicherode-Sollstedt-Breitenworbis_Part_1
As the highway A38 connecting Leipzig and Göttingen is not yet finished between Bleicherode and Breitenworbis you have to go for 12km on a country road (Federal Road B80) instead. A nightmare for the people living there and the driver's nerves as well. But soon this bottleneck will be resolved.
- published: 21 Sep 2009
- views: 1474
- author: GMWST
Night Road Workers on A38 Lee Mill, Devon 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 Mar 2012
Road workers looking after our roads in Devon. Watch someone at work !
http://wn.com/Night_Road_Workers_on_A38_Lee_Mill,_Devon_2008
Road workers looking after our roads in Devon. Watch someone at work !
- published: 21 Nov 2011
- views: 23
- author: rhac1945
A38 Halle - Leipzig, Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 03 Feb 2012
Part III of the 219 kilometer-long Autobahn A38 in Germany. This video covers the eastern end near the cities of Halle and Leipzig. Leipzig is one of Germany's major cities with a population over 500000.
http://wn.com/A38_Halle_Leipzig,_Germany
Part III of the 219 kilometer-long Autobahn A38 in Germany. This video covers the eastern end near the cities of Halle and Leipzig. Leipzig is one of Germany's major cities with a population over 500000.
- published: 11 Jun 2010
- views: 3070
- author: aswchris
A38 Bromsgrove Flood, 28th June 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Aftermath of morning of thunderstorms causing A38 Bromsgrove to Flood, Road Closed by Morrison's Island . . .
http://wn.com/A38_Bromsgrove_Flood,_28th_June_2012
Aftermath of morning of thunderstorms causing A38 Bromsgrove to Flood, Road Closed by Morrison's Island . . .
- published: 28 Jun 2012
- views: 2127
- author: GordonDipple
Grabanc - Road Movie Live @ A38 2011.10.28.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
Grabanc performing their "Roadmovie" at A38,
http://wn.com/Grabanc_Road_Movie_Live_@_A38_20111028
Grabanc performing their "Roadmovie" at A38,
- published: 29 Oct 2011
- views: 50
- author: silentsenseless
Driving On The A38 Through Kempsey, Worcestershire, England 9th March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
Driving along the A38 through Kempsey, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 9th March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Driving_On_The_A38_Through_Kempsey,_Worcestershire,_England_9th_March_2012
Driving along the A38 through Kempsey, Worcestershire, England Videoed on Friday, 9th March 2012 Playlist: www.youtube.com
- published: 16 Mar 2012
- views: 185
- author: Mike Fairman
POS Road Salt @A38 Budapest, 18.10.2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 04 May 2012
This time I've tried not to get hurt This time I'll stay untouched by pain and dirt This time I'll stick to what I've learned This time I'll fly so low I won't get burned Maybe it's not enough Maybe this time it's just too much Maybe I'm not that tough Maybe this time the road is just too rough Walk down So I sit down I've walked this road so many years I've worned out all my boots I've cried all tears So many cross roads left behind So many choices burned in to my mind Maybe it's not enough Maybe this time it's just too much Maybe I'm not that tough Maybe this time the road is just too rough To take me home x3 But I walk on Read more: artists.letssingit.com LetsSingIt - Your favorite Music Community
http://wn.com/POS_Road_Salt_@A38_Budapest,_18102011
This time I've tried not to get hurt This time I'll stay untouched by pain and dirt This time I'll stick to what I've learned This time I'll fly so low I won't get burned Maybe it's not enough Maybe this time it's just too much Maybe I'm not that tough Maybe this time the road is just too rough Walk down So I sit down I've walked this road so many years I've worned out all my boots I've cried all tears So many cross roads left behind So many choices burned in to my mind Maybe it's not enough Maybe this time it's just too much Maybe I'm not that tough Maybe this time the road is just too rough To take me home x3 But I walk on Read more: artists.letssingit.com LetsSingIt - Your favorite Music Community
- published: 21 Oct 2011
- views: 46
- author: Van Florya
photo: Creative Commons / Axou
24 Dec 2012
Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ... ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Musadeq Sadeq
24 Dec 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — An Afghan policewoman shot and killed an American adviser outside the police headquarters in Kabul on Monday, the latest in a rising tide of insider attacks by Afghans against their foreign allies, senior Afghan officials said. The woman, identified as Afghan police Sgt ... The woman was taken into Afghan custody shortly after the attack ... As many Afghans, the policewoman uses only one name ... Air Force Lt. Col ... Gen ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Hasan Jamali
26 Dec 2012
The six Gulf states have sharpened their tone against their neighbour Iran, demanding an immediate halt to its "interference" in their internal affairs while urging action to halt mass killings and violations of international law in Syria ... The council said they "reject and denounce" Iran's "continued interference" in their internal affairs that increase regional tension and threaten security and stability ... 419 Source.. Agencies. Share ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)
The Examiner
30 Oct 2012
Believe it or not you can't run away from ghosts even if you're on the road. These roads around the world are supposedly haunted. So next time you go on a family road trip look out the windows because you might see someone otherworldly staring back at you!. Annie's Road, United States ... A38 Road, United Kingdom. A38 is a road that is between Wellington and Taunton in Somerset ... A75 Road, Scotland....(size: 7.3Kb)
The Daily Mail
09 Nov 2011
Dubbed ‘Plan A plus’ by CBI director-general John Cridland, it includes major projects to upgrade roads around the country and the roll-out of road tolling such as on the M6 ... The CBI also called for 14 major road projects delayed by austerity to be privately funded, including schemes on the M6 and A38. It said road-tolling could pay for ......(size: 6.8Kb)
The Daily Mail
09 Nov 2011
Dubbed ‘Plan A plus’ by CBI director-general John Cridland, it includes major projects to upgrade roads around the country and the roll-out of road tolling such as on the M6 ... The CBI also called for 14 major road projects delayed by austerity to be privately funded, including schemes on the M6 and A38. It said road-tolling could pay for ......(size: 8.1Kb)
The Daily Mail
16 Dec 2010
Former lollipop lady Judy Gaisford has quit her post on the A38 in Worcestershire after disagreeing with council rules about how the pole should be handled ... The busy A38 road outside Hindlip First School, where Judy Gaisford was lollipop lady until she quit over a health and safety row ... 'The main concern is the fact our school is on such a busy road but their is no longer anybody to help the children and parents cross the road....(size: 6.9Kb)
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 A38 passing under M50 in Worcestershire |
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| Major junctions | |
| South end: | Bodmin |
| North end: | Mansfield |
| Location | |
| Primary destinations: |
Liskeard Plymouth Exeter Taunton Bridgwater Bristol Gloucester Worcester Bromsgrove Birmingham Lichfield Burton upon Trent Derby |
| Road network | |
The A38, part of which is also known as the Devon Expressway, is a major A-class trunk road in England.
The road runs from Bodmin in Cornwall to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire. It is 292 miles (470 km) long, making it one of the longest A-roads in England. It was formerly known as the Leeds — Exeter Trunk Road, when this description also included the A61. Prior to the opening of the M5 motorway in the 1960s and 1970s, the A38 formed the main "holiday route" from the Midlands to Somerset, Devon and Cornwall.
Considerable lengths of the road in the West Midlands closely follow Roman roads,[1] including part of Icknield Street.[2] Between Worcester and Birmingham the current A38 follows the line of a Saxon salt road;[3]
Contents |
Route description[link]
See also: Settlements on the A38
Bodmin to Birmingham[link]
The road starts on the eastern side of Bodmin at a junction with the A30 before traversing the edge of the town to meet the A30 again. It travels through the picturesque Glynn Valley to Dobwalls and Liskeard, which are bypassed by a dual carriageway. The Dobwalls section contains the most sophisticated bat bridge yet constructed in the UK. The A38 continues through the Cornish countryside, bypassing the centre of Saltash and continuing through the Saltash Tunnel. Immediately after the tunnel the River Tamar is crossed using the Tamar Bridge where the route resumes dual carriageway status. The section from Plymouth to Exeter is called the 'Devon Expressway', it forms the southern border of Dartmoor National Park, and serves as a southward extension of the M5 motorway opening in 1977.[4] It is 42 miles (68 km) long and was completed in the early 1970s.[5] There are several grade separated junctions along its length mainly for local traffic; including a three-level stacked roundabout for the A386, which heads out towards Dartmoor National Park. The route was reserved for the Parkway as early as 1943, when it was included in the Plan for Plymouth.[6] In the early 1990s, the Marsh Mills junction was significantly remodelled, reducing the size of the roundabout and building a flyover over the top of it, allowing free flowing access from the Plympton bypass onto the Parkway. The viaducts carrying the A38 over the River Plym, which after the construction of the Marsh Mills flyover became the Exeter bound sliproads, were built in 1969-1970 as part of the Plympton bypass. They were replaced in the 1990s due to suffering from Alkali Silica Reaction,[7] and the project, completed in February 1996 at a cost of £12.25million, involved the world's largest sideways bridge slide at the time for the 410 metres (1,350 ft), 5,500 tonne bridge.[8][9] This required the road to be closed for only 48 hours, which won it an AA National Motoring Award in 1996 for innovation and minimisation of traffic congestion.[10]
The South Brent bypass opened in 1974 and the Ivybridge bypass in 1973, both on new alignments. The A38 passes Endsleigh Garden Centre, which used to have direct access from the dual carriageway, although since the early 2000s this has been closed and the garden centre is accessed from the Westover junction for Ivybridge. After Ivybridge, the route roughly parallels the original route, bypassing the village of Lee Mill which is now home to a large trading estate. The road widens to a three-lane dual carriageway for the Plympton bypass. This opened in 1971[4] and was the first section of the Devon Expressway to be built on a new alignment, as well as being the first sizeable dual carriageway section of the route. The route originally ended at the Marsh Mills roundabout, which when opened was the largest in Europe.[11]
The section of the A38 between the A382 junction and Ashburton was built on a new alignment parallel to the old road, and was opened in 1974. Trago Mills, a locally well known furniture store and leisure centre, is passed by the road. The Ashburton bypass, much like the Kennford bypass, uses the alignment of a much older 1930s single carriageway bypass, which was subsequently upgraded to dual carriageway by 1974.[4] At the village of Buckfastleigh, the route once again bypasses on a new alignment, although due to the challenging topography of the area, the road crosses part of the village on a viaduct. From Buckfastleigh to the A385 junction, the current road follows the route of original single carriageway, with the majority of this section being upgraded between 1973 and 1974, although a small section at Dean Prior was upgraded between 1966 and 1967.[4] This section is of a poor quality when compared to the majority of the route between Exeter and Plymouth, containing several side turnings with short exit/entry slips, and properties which back onto the road.
The town of Chudleigh and the village of Chudleigh Knighton are bypassed on a new alignment, which opened in 1973, and the following section at Heathfield up to the A382 junction was upgraded from the original route between 1966 and 1968.[12] Some of this section follows part of the old Teign Valley Line railway.
Before Kennford, the route splits, with the A38 heading for Plymouth and the A380 heading towards Torbay. At this point, the road becomes a dual two-lane road although a third-lane emerges immediately for uphill traffic as the route climbs Haldon Hill, which has an average gradient of 1 in 20 over a 4 km distance, and a maximum gradient of around 1 in 10 (the adjacent A380 Telegraph Hill has about the same maximum gradient). The third lane is lost at the top of the hill, and the next section, the Harcombe bends is an original dual carriageway section, older than the rest of the route and this is evident with its sharp bends.
The Devon Expressway ends near the village of Kennford, south of Exeter, at the terminus of the M5. This initial section was opened in 1977, along with the remaining section of the M5, and is a three-lane dual carriageway. The village of Kennford is bypassed, on an alignment of a 1930s bypass, which was upgraded to dual carriageway in the 1960s and then widened to a dual three-lane road in 1975.[13]
A junction to the south of Exeter represents a third meeting point of the A38 with the A30, from which point the A38 multiplexes with the M5 before re-emerging from junction 27 near Waterloo Cross, 21 miles (34 km) north of Exeter. From junction 27 the A38 heads north via Wellington, Taunton, Bridgwater, Highbridge and Bristol. From Waterloo Cross to Birmingham, the road is paralleled by the M5, where the A38 has reverted to taking local traffic only.
From Bristol, it continues north via Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Worcester and Bromsgrove to Birmingham. Between Worcester and Birmingham the A38 followed the line of an identified Saxon Salt road, one of six leading out of Droitwich.[3] At Bromsgrove, it meets the M42 and the B4096 at junction 1 at Lickey End.
It passes through Upper Catshill and meets the M5 at junction 4 near Lydiate Ash. From here to Edgbaston, the road is mostly dual carriageway, single-lane sections having been replaced in the first decade of the 21st century (see history section, below).
In the centre of Birmingham, a section of the road becomes the Aston Expressway A38(M) motorway, running from the north-eastern side of the Inner Ring Road through Aston to the junction with the M6 motorway at Gravelly Hill Interchange, better known as Spaghetti Junction.
The West Midlands section of the A38 is one of the areas chosen by the Highways Agency to monitor the effectiveness of driver location signs in assisting motorists to communicate their location to the emergency services.
Birmingham to Mansfield[link]
From Birmingham the road bypasses Sutton Coldfield and Lichfield, before taking up the route of the Roman road, Ryknild Street,[2] (also spelt Icknield or Rykneld), as far as Derby. At Wychnor, the road crosses the River Trent and enters the district of East Staffordshire. At Barton Turn, near the B5016 junction, the road runs right alongside the Cross Country Route for around 1 mile (1.6 km). This railway line follows the line of the A38 from Derby to Plymouth. From Alrewas to Burton, the path called The Way for the Millennium follows the northbound carriageway.
From Clay Mills, the road passes through the district of South Derbyshire, passing the grade separated junction with the A5132 for Willington. There is the Derby with Burton services at the Burnaston A50 interchange. The road enters the City of Derby borough 0.5 miles (0.80 km) north of the Littleover interchange. For nearly 4 miles (6.4 km), the A38 forms part of Derby's outer ring road, including three roundabouts: Kingsway (or Grand Canyon) for the A5111; Markeaton for the A52; and Little Eaton (or Abbey Hill) for the A61 and B6179. The section of road between Kingsway roundabout to just north of Markeaton is urban in nature and thus subject to a 40 mph (64 km/h) speed limit.
Originally terminating in Derby at the junction of Babington Lane with St Peter's Street (formerly the A6), The road enters the district of Amber Valley where it passes Drum Hill just north of Little Eaton and is crossed at this point by the Midshires Way and Centenary Way. There is a junction for the B6179 to Ripley and Belper. At Alfreton, there is a grade separated junction with the A61, A615 and B6179. The section from Alfreton to the M1, the Alfreton-South Normanton Bypass, opened as the A615 in the late 1960s. This section has a grade separated junction with the B600 for Somercotes and the Cotes Park industrial estate, and where it crosses the Nottingham spur of the Midland Main Line it enters the district of Bolsover.
As a 1970s upgrade to the route of the A61 north of Derby (which became the B6179), the A38 bypasses Ripley passing through former opencast mining land, before joining end-on with the former A615 Alfreton bypass at Watchorn Intersection. The road crosses the M1 at junction 28. Into Nottinghamshire, the road bypasses Sutton-in-Ashfield, dropping to a single carriageway configuration of 1980s construction, including multiple traffic light controlled junctions – such as the Mansfield, Ashfield Regeneration Route ("MARR"). The final section of the A38 from Sutton, past King's Mill Hospital into Mansfield, is purely urban in nature and is single carriageway, joining the A6009 in Mansfield Town Centre at the end of the route from Cornwall to the North Midlands.
History[link]
When first designated in 1922, the A38 ran from the centre of Plymouth to Derby.[14] It was later extended west from Plymouth on the former route of the A389 over the Torpoint Ferry to a junction with the A30 at Bodmin. When the Tamar Bridge was opened in 1961, the A38 was rerouted on the former line of the A374, through Tideford, over the new bridge and through Crownhill, joining the old route at Plympton. The old route of the A38, via Torpoint and the centre of Plymouth, was redesignated the A374.
The A38 was extended north from Derby to the M1 motorway and Mansfield in 1977, partly on the former line of the A615.
Cornwall[link]
The Liskeard bypass, stretching for 6 miles (10 km) from the west of Liskeard to Trerulefoot, opened in June 1976.[15] A public inquiry was held for the Dobwalls bypass in February 2005, which was expected to cost £32 million.[16] The bottleneck was removed when the bypass, linking the existing Liskeard bypass to the current single carriageway section through the Glynn Valley opened in the Winter of 2008.[17] A campaign to open this road was started by villagers in Dobwalls in 1930, but planning for building the road was not granted until 2006, the work starting on 15 November that year.[18]
In a separate improvement within the Glynn Valley, the Highways Agency stabilised a 840-metre (0.52 mi) section of the road near Bodmin Parkway railway station. The work, which commenced in October 2007, was carried out to shore-up the verge which had been built on an embankment supported by dry stone walling and the root systems of large trees. It was completed in May 2008 seeing the installation of kerbing, road drainage gulleys, safety barriers as well as increasing the verge width to allow for a new surface water drainage system.[19]
Devon[link]
The A38 in Devon runs between Tamar Bridge outside Plymouth and junction 31 of the M5, where the motorway ends; this section is known as the Devon Expressway. It is mainly a two-lane dual carriageway which runs between Exeter and Plymouth serving as a continuation of the M5 motorway. It is a common route for tourists travelling to Cornwall, though those wanting to use a continuous dual carriageway route to Cornwall can use the A30 rather than the Devon Expressway. It then runs concurrently with the M5 until junction 27, where it splits and enters Somerset independent but parallel to the M5.
During the mid 1960s, small sections of the route between Plymouth and Exeter were upgraded to dual carriageway, such as those at Dean Prior and Heathfield. This was followed by the construction of Plympton bypass in 1970-71, with the majority of realignment, such as the Ivybridge and Buckfastleigh bypasses, being completed during 1973-74. The route, now known as the Devon Expressway, was largely complete by 1975, with the final section between Kennford and the M5 opening in 1977, coinciding with the completion of the M5 during the same year. Whilst many of the sections were newly constructed realignments, some sections such as the Ashburton and Kennford bypasses were upgraded from the original 1930s single carriageway bypasses.[4][20] The Parkway, the section of dual carriageway through the suburbs of Plymouth between the Tamar Bridge and Marsh Mills, was constructed in 1983-84, along a route which had been reserved for this road since 1943. This was followed by the construction of a flyover over Marsh Mills roundabout in 1992, providing a non stop route between the Plympton bypass and the Parkway.[4]
The Plympton bypass was used for a stage in the 1974 Tour de France, the first time the race had ever come to the United Kingdom.[21] Popular belief is held that the Plympton bypass was newly completed, but had not yet opened. In fact, the Plympton bypass had been open some three years earlier.
The viaducts carrying the A38 over the River Plym, which after the construction of the Marsh Mills flyover became the Exeter bound sliproads, were built in 1969-1970 as part of the Plympton bypass. They were replaced in the 1990s due to suffering from Alkali Silica Reaction,[22] and the project, completed in February 1996 at a cost of £12.25million, involved the world's largest sideways bridge slide at the time for the 410 metres (1,350 ft), 5,500 tonne bridge.[23][24] This required the road to be closed for only 48 hours, winning it an AA National Motoring Award in 1996 for innovation and minimisation of traffic congestion.[25]
As with any major road, accidents are likely to occur; however due to the substandard design of some sections of the route between Exeter and Plymouth, the accident rate has been identified as being above the national average for the type of road.[26] A spate of accidents in April 2009[27] heightened local awareness of the issue, with local MP Gary Streeter calling for a review of the road. A number of improvements have been made along the route in recent years, mainly being the replacement of worn-out road surfaces, such as those at Buckfastleigh and Ivybridge.[28] These projects have also included the replacement of signage, and the reconstruction of exit/entry slips for side turnings, in a bid to make the road safer.
Presently, the route between Plymouth and the end of M5 is all dual carriageway, and branded the Devon Expressway, being the primary route that links Plymouth to the rest of the country.
Beyond the end of M5, the road runs concurrently with and as the M5 until junction 27. The original route between Exeter and junction 27 of the M5 (Waterloo Cross) was downgraded to become the B3181 when the M5 was opened in 1977
Somerset[link]
From Junction 27 of the M5 to East Brent, the A38 runs broadly parallel to the motorway: junctions 22 to 27 are mostly spurs connecting to the road and all no further than 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from it. The A38 runs around Wellington, through the county seat of Taunton, North Petherton and Highbridge. Beyond Highbridge and junction 22, the road departs the motorway and resumes primary status, going through Winscombe and Lower Langford. This route is the suggested route for accessing the south of Bristol and Bristol Airport from the South West.
The centre of Bridgwater was a notorious bottle neck on the "holiday route" as traffic from both the A38 and the A39 had to negotiate through the town centre in order to cross the River Parrett. The construction of a new reinforced concrete road bridge, the Blake Bridge, which opened in March 1958 as part of a southern bypass took much of the traffic away from the centre of Bridgwater.[29] The opening of the M5 in 1974 further reduced the traffic pressure. This is complemented by a link road (Western Way) linking the A38 and the A39 north and west of the town respectively.
Much of the A38 through Somerset was built as single carriageway, with some three-lane passing points. However, the construction of the M5 through Somerset, in the early 1970s, led to the building of links between the A38 and the M5 in the form of new roundabouts on the A38 linking into adjacent junctions on the M5.
Greater Bristol area[link]
The A38 serves Bristol Airport to the south west of the city, and enters the city itself at Highridge, along Bedminster Down and into Bedminster. It runs through central Bristol before leaving northwards through Stokes Croft and along Gloucester Road. It runs past Bristol Filton Airport to meet the M5 again at junction 15. Thereafter it runs through Almondsbury and by-passes Thornbury to enter Gloucestershire.
South of Bristol, the road was diverted in 2001 to cater for an extension of the runway and installation of a Category 3 landing system at Bristol Airport.[30] The route south of the city, despite serving the airport, is single carriageway and suffers from heavy volume of traffic at peak times, and congestion along Bedminster Down. Drivers from the south are advised by road signs not to follow the A38 into the city, but to use the A3029 Winterstoke road to enter from the west, as this route has a greater capacity. As part of the "Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study", a link road is under consideration to the south of Bristol.[31] This is in part due to the congestion at Winterstoke Road and Barrow Gurney,[32] both of which are very busy, especially the latter where the road can only accommodate travelling at one direction at a given time; and the incomplete Bristol Ring Road (A4174).
The route to the north of the city is also very busy: it runs as a single carriageway up to the junction with the A4174 ring road at Filton, and where it runs as Gloucester Road is a busy shopping parade. Beyond the ring road, it runs as a dual carriageway past Bristol Filton Airport, which contains bases for Royal Mail, Airbus, Rolls Royce and others. Beyond the junction with M5 it runs as a broad single carriageway, again parallel to the M5 in route towards Gloucester.
The present road from Bristol through Horfield was one of the additional roads added to the Bristol turnpike roads in 1749. This passed through Thornbury to Stone, just beyond the boundary of South Gloucestershire, where it met one of the Gloucester turnpike roads.[33] From Almondsbury, the road approximately follows the line of the Roman road from Sea Mills to Gloucester.[34] The previous main route out of Bristol (one of twelve roads from the city, turnpiked in 1727 was Stapleton and Hambrook to the upper end of Tytherington and thence to Stone.[35] This seems to be parts of B4058, B4424, and then unclassified roads. However, Ogilvy's Britannia shows a route following the B4058 as far as Cromhall, then through Stinchcombe Bottom, Dursley, and Cam before joining the present road.[36]
Gloucestershire[link]
The Bristol turnpike roads were continued by a turnpike road established in 1727, described as "from the City of Gloucester to the village of Stone being the great road from the north to west of this kingdom".[37] Much of the road, follows a Roman road, but deviates from it between Buckover and Whitfield.[38]
The A38 was rerouted along the Gloucester Bypass when it was built, and the old route through the city became the A430. In 2007 the Gloucester South Western Bypass opened to traffic,[39] costing £43 million.[40] Though it is numbered A430 and not technically part of the A38, traffic wishing to continue on the A38 on the other side of the city is signed to use the bypass, rather than the existing A38.
Beyond Gloucester, the A38 was probably only improved in 1756 under an Act dealing with roads from that city towards Cheltenham and Tewkesbury.[41] The next section (from Coombe Hill) was improved as one of the Tewkesbury roads, again from 1727. The Act refers to this as the Upper Way to Gloucester in contrast to the Lower Way, which went via Wainsload Bridge.[42] When this Act was renewed in 1756, the road from Tewkesbury to the a farm house called the Old Blue Ball (now Bluebell Farm) was also included. This was in Earls Croome, Worcestershire, and was where one of the Worcester turnpikes ended.[43] Much of this stretch of the road originated as a Roman road, but the later road left the Roman line near Naunton in Ripple. The name Stratford Bridge on the county boundary confirms its Roman origin there.[44]
Worcestershire[link]
The current A38 road follows from the southern end of one of the Worcester turnpike trust's roads which was originally (in 1726) at Severn Stoke, but an Act of 1737 extended it to Upton Bridge (taking it past Bluebell Farm).[45]
North of the city, the road was a particularly important one as it connected the saltmaking centre of Droitwich with the river Severn. In 1706, this was described as heavily used for the 'carriage of salt, iron, coals and other wares'.[46][47] The first Turnpike Act for this road was an extremely early one, being passed in 1713 and recites:
The highway from the city of Worcester to the Borough of Droitwich ... by reason of the heavy and many loads and carriages of salt and other goods which daily pass through the said road is almost impassible for the space of nine months.[48]
When it was renewed in 1725, it was extended from the Tything of Whistons to the Lower Slip of the Quay of Worcester; from Droitwich to Dyers Bridge near Bromsgrove; and through the town of Droitwich frim "Netherwith" [Netherwich] Bridge to a place called "Chapel on the Bridge".[49] In 1749, this was again extended through the town of Bromsgrove to Spadebourne Bridge, immediately north of the town.[50] Where the road leaves Worcester, it again does not follow the line of the Roman road in the same direction until it picks up the Roman line, just south of Martin Hussingtree. The Roman road took a more direct line over Rainbow Hill and through Blackpole, now B4550. From Martin Hussingtree, the A38 closely follows the Roman line to beyond Bromsgrove.[51] The present road deviates from its line when it was originally classified at Droitwich where the main road is a bypass, the old road now mostly being B4090. This happens again at Bromsgrove, where A38 is again a bypass, the old line mostly now being B4091 and Bromsgrove High Street (now partly pedestrianised, then through the town centre.
A short distance north of where the old A38 (now declassified) joins the Bromsgrove bypass, is Lickey End, where an old highway intersection has been replaced by Junction 1 of M42 motorway. Here, the road is joined from the southeast by the B4096, Alcester Road, which was from 1754 one of the roads of the Alcester turnpike trust.[52] The continuation northwards of B4096 is called Old Birmingham Road, because it was the original route of the turnpike to Birmingham, climbing to a pass in the Lickey Hills. The Roman road also went through the same pass, but its route from to the pass was probably rather straighter.[51] Beyond the motorway junction, the A38 was turnpiked, not as the turnpike to Birmingham, but to Halesowen and Dudley, by the 1726 Act that also turnpiked Old Birmingham Road.[53] The next Acts appointed separate trustees for the Dudley Road in 1742 and for the Birmingham Road in 1748.[54] The road from Lydiate Ash to Longbridge was laid out as a new road in the early 1830s.[55] The road passed through the centre of Rubery until the £770,000 (£11.1 million as of 2012),[56] Rubery Bypass opened in December 1965.
Lydiate Ash was the northern end of the M5 for many years in the 1960s, with traffic transferring onto the A38, which was diverted at this point to link with the M5.
Birmingham[link]
At Longbridge, new turpike joined the Roman road and the original turnpike, and runs straight towards the city centre. Hutton, the Birmingham historian described the road:[57]
[Birmingham] to Bromsgrove 13 miles [is] made extremely commodious for the first four miles under the patronage of John Kettle esq in 1772 at an expense of £5000, but afterwards is so confined that two horses cannot pass without danger; the sun and winds are excluded, and the rivers lie open to the stranger and he travels through dirt at midsummer.
The Northfield bypass, taking traffic away from the congested town centre opened on 11 April 2007.[58] Between Northfield and Selly Oak, the road is likely to have been in use in the medieval period as the road approximately follows the boundary of the former Weoley Park, the great park belonging to Weoley Castle.[47] A 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) dual carriageway bypass (52°26′49″N 1°56′21″W / 52.44696°N 1.93923°W / 52.44696; -1.93923) of the narrow section from Selly Oak to Bournbrook opened in August 2011.[59][60] This required new bridges to carry the Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Cross-City railway line over the road.[60] The destination of the Roman road was clearly Metchley Fort,[51] but A38 turns away towards the city centre.
North of the city centre, the A38 used to pass through Sutton Coldfield town centre before a bypass was built. The old route between Erdington and Lichfield is now the A5127. It is not clear what turnpike trust was responsible for this road or even whether it was a turnpike.
Staffordshire[link]
The road (now A5127) from the county boundary at Shenstone Woodend, through Shenstone to Lichfield was one of the roads of the Lichfield Turnpike Trust, established in 1729.[61] However, this section of the old A38 has been replaced by new dual carriageways.
Beyond Lichfield, the old A38 (now A5127) joins the Roman Ryknild Street at Streethay[62] and immediately after that A5127 joins the present A38. Ryknild Street had to that point run roughly parallel to A38, but following a different line from Metchley through Wall, its line sometimes being used by modern roads (including B4138).[62]
The section from Lichfield to Alrewas was dualled in 1958. The £500,000 (£7.95 million as of 2012),[56] section from Alrewas to Wychnor Farm near Wychnor Hall, and the £150,000 (£2.39 million as of 2012),[56]section from Wychnor Farm to Barton Turn both opened in 1962. The further section of the route was improved to dual carriageway standard, including the £350,000 2.5 miles (4.0 km) section from Barton Turn (near Barton-under-Needwood) to Branston in February 1964, bypassing Burton upon Trent in June 1967 (costing £2.6M (£35.2 million as of 2012),[56]), which stretched from Branston to Clay Mills and actually shortened the route – now the A5121 - by 1 mile (1.6 km)), and in recent years many of the at-grade junctions have been upgraded or stopped-up.
This long stretch of road closely follows Ryknild Street (whose destination was the Roman fort at Little Chester) until just short of Branston where A38 swings west, perhaps to avoid low ground. The Roman road is used by minor roads through the suburbs of Burton upon Trent and then A5121 to rejoin the present A38 beyond the river Dove near Clay Mills.[62] The road from Lichfield to Burton upon Trent was another of the roads maintained by the Lichfield Turnpike Trust from 1729. This diverged from the present line at Branston, taking the road through the town centre, and is now classified as A5121.[61] The road from Burton to Derby was turpiked in 1753.[63] Beyond the start of the Derby bypass, the old A38 has been reclassified as A5250. This follows Ryknild Street as far as Littleover.[62]
Derbyshire[link]
In March 1969, the 'Allestree Link Road', from the A6 at Allestree to the former A61 was opened, crossing the River Derwent and Midland Main Line.
Further improvements in the late 1960s and 1970s saw construction of the £5.2 million (£32.5 million as of 2012)[56] Mickleover bypass to the south-west of Derby opened on 19 February 1975. Although the government had approved the section through Allestree as early as 1974, before the Mickleover bypass had been completed, this section had a lot of objections from nearby residents, delaying its construction (from the A52 to the A6). It was opposed directly by Derby Borough Council and the former Derby Higher Education College. The £17 million (£42.7 million as of 2012)[56] road was eventually opened on 7 September 1983, known as Queensway. An extension of the A38 northwards, crossing the M1 at Junction 28, and ending in Mansfield was built. The £3 million (£13.9 million as of 2012)[56] Little Eaton-Holbrook Improvement opened on 3 October 1977.
The £12 million (£55.6 million as of 2012)[56] 10-mile (16 km) Ripley-Swanwick Bypass was opened by Eric Varley (MP for Chesterfield) on 21 October 1977, although the section from Alfreton to the Hartshay Hill roundabout with the A610 had been open to traffic since 5 September 1977.
Nottinghamshire[link]
To the east of Junction 28 of the M1, the road used to be the A615 until October 1977. The alignment of this road is relatively modern as the dangerous junction with Berristow Lane was improved to grade-separated in the late 1990s, incorporating access to a busy shopping centre.
Notable locations[link]
| Map of all coordinates from Google |
|---|
| Export all coordinates as KML |
| Export all coordinates as GeoRSS |
| Map of all microformatted coordinates |
| Place data as RDF |
| Image | Name | Location | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Southern end of A38 | Bodmin, Cornwall | 50°28′53″N 4°41′54″W / 50.4815°N 4.6984°W / 50.4815; -4.6984 (Southern end of A38) | |
| Dobwalls Bypass | Cornwall | 50°27′37″N 4°31′06″W / 50.460263°N 4.518428°W / 50.460263; -4.518428 (Dobwalls Bypass) | |
 |
Tamar Bridge | Cornwall & Devon border | 50°24′29″N 4°12′14″W / 50.408107°N 4.203944°W / 50.408107; -4.203944 (Tamar Bridge) |
| Former southern end of the Cullompton bypass | Somerset | 50°49′11″N 3°24′30″W / 50.819713°N 3.408288°W / 50.819713; -3.408288 (Cullompton bypass) | |
| Spaghetti Junction | Birmingham, West Midlands | 52°30′40″N 1°51′58″W / 52.511°N 1.866°W / 52.511; -1.866 (Spaghetti Junction) | |
| Northern end of A38 | Mansfield, Nottinghamshire | 53°08′37″N 1°12′04″W / 53.1436°N 1.2011°W / 53.1436; -1.2011 (Northern end of A38) |
See also[link]
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Margary (1967), 140-1 287-8 and 305-6.
- ^ a b Taylor (1979), page 190.
- ^ a b Taylor (1979), page 96.
- ^ a b c d e f "List of Road Bridge Construction Dates". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/FOI_HA_Data_Response_Road_Bridges_Construction_Dates.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "Motorway Database — A38 Devon Expressway". CBRD. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/a38-devon/. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ "Plymouth Parkway — photo". http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/719176. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "(Marsh Mills): Discovering the Problem". University of Portsmouth. http://www.civl.port.ac.uk/marshmills/discprob.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "Hochtief completes biggest bridge slide". Construction News. http://www.cnplus.co.uk/news/hochtief-completes-biggest-bridge-slide/956811.article. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "Hochtief slides 400m viaduct into place". Contract Journal. http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/1995/10/12/28344/hochtief-slides-400m-viaduct-into-place.html. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "A38 Marsh Mills Interchange". Tony Gee and Partners LLP. http://www.tgp.co.uk/services/projects/marshmills.html. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "A38 - Route Description". Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A38#Section_1:_Bodmin_-_Exeter. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "List of Road Bridge Construction Dates". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/FOI_HA_Data_Response_Road_Bridges_Construction_Dates.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ "Roads (South-West), Hansard, 31 July 1974". Hansard. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/jul/31/roads-south-west. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
- ^ 1922 road list
- ^ "Hansard Roads (South-West)". Hansard. 1974-07-31. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/jul/31/roads-south-west. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
- ^ "Bypass plans a major draw.". Europe Intelligence Wire. 2005-02-07. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18645511_ITM. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ "Bottleneck Bypassed 40 Years On". BBC News. 2008-12-19. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7791387.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
- ^ "A38 Dobwalls Bypass". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/3454.aspx. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
- ^ "A38 Glynn Valley Stabilisation". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/16561.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ "Background to Marsh Mills". University of Portsmouth. http://www.civl.port.ac.uk/marshmills/wheremar.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ "Tour de France 1974". http://www.bikebrothers.co.uk/tdf1974.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "(Marsh Mills): Discovering the Problem". University of Portsmouth. http://www.civl.port.ac.uk/marshmills/discprob.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ "Hochtief completes biggest bridge slide". Construction News. http://www.cnplus.co.uk/news/hochtief-completes-biggest-bridge-slide/956811.article. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ "Hochtief slides 400m viaduct into place". Contract Journal. http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/1995/10/12/28344/hochtief-slides-400m-viaduct-into-place.html. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ "A38 Marsh Mills Interchange". Tony Gee and Partners LLP. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. http://www.tgp.co.uk/services/projects/marshmills.html. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ "A38 Bodmin-Exeter Route Management Strategy". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/11388.aspx. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "Two killed in horror crash, Western Morning News". http://www.thisiswesternmorningnews.co.uk/news/KILLED-HORROR-CRASH/article-898671-detail/article.html. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ "A38 Wrangaton — Ivybridge". Highways Agency. http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/22863.aspx. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ Fitzhugh (1993), Bridgwater and the River Parrett: in old photographs. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-0518-2, page 93.
- ^ "Bristol International Airport Expansion, United Kingdom". airport-technology.com. http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bristol/. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Local Act 27 Geo. II c.28.
- ^ Margary (1967), 104-1.
- ^ Local Act, 13 Geo. I, c.12
- ^ Ogilvy (1675), 117.
- ^ Local Act, 12 Geo. I, c.24.
- ^ Margary (1967), 141.
- ^ "Road relief as bypass opens soon". BBC News. 2007-04-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/6518169.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ "New cash secured for city bypass". BBC News. 2005-04-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/4455389.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ Pawson (1977), 348, citing Local Act 29 Geo. II, c.58; cf. Local Act 38 Geo. III, c.12.
- ^ Local Act, 12 Geo. I, c.18.
- ^ Local Act 29 Geo. II, c.51.
- ^ Margary (1967), 287-8.
- ^ Local Acts, 12 Geo. I, c.12 and 10 Geo. II, c.25.
- ^ Pawson (1977), 81.
- ^ a b King (2006), 87.
- ^ Private Act, 12 Anne, stat. II, c.3.
- ^ Local Act 12 Geo. I c.20.
- ^ Local Act, 22 Geo. II, c.43.
- ^ a b c Margary (1967), 287.
- ^ Local Act, 27 Geo. II, c.54.
- ^ Local Act, 13 Geo. I, c.15.
- ^ Local Acts, 15 Geo. II, c.7; 21 Geo. II, c.22.
- ^ Worcestershire Rcord Office, Quarter Sessions papers, deposited plans.
- ^ a b c d e f g h UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ A. Cossons, 'Worcestershire turnpikes', Transactions of Birmingham Archaeological Society 64 (1946 for 1942-3), 65-66, quoting W. Hutton, History of Birmingham (2nd edition), 263-4.
- ^ Alison Dayani (2007-04-13). "Relief for drivers as city by-pass opens". Birmingham Mail. http://www.birminghammail.net/news/birmingham-news/2007/04/13/relief-for-drivers-as-city-by-pass-opens-97319-18899329/. Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ http://www.cbrd.co.uk/futures/a38-selly-oak-bypass/
- ^ a b "Selly Oak New Road and associated Highway Schemes". Birmingham City Council. http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Transportation-Projects-and-Developments%2FPageLayout&cid=1223268050283&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper. Retrieved 4 October 2011. et seq
- ^ a b Local Act, 2 Geo. II, c.5.
- ^ a b c d Margary (1967), 305-6.
- ^ Local Act, 26 Geo. II, c.59.
Bibliography[link]
- King, Peter (2006). 'Some roads out of north Worcestershire', Transactions of Worcestershire Archaeological Society 3rd series, 20 (2006). 87-102.
- Margary, Ivan (1967). Roman Roads in Britain. John Baker Publishers.
- Ogilvy, John (1675). Britannia or an illustration of the Kingdom of England by a geographical and historical description of the principal roads thereof.
- Pawson, Eric (1977). Transport and Economy: the turnpike roads of eighteenth century Britain. Academic Press.
- Taylor, Christopher (1979). Roads & Tracks of Britain. J. M. Dent & Sons. ISBN 0-460-04329-3.
External links[link]
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A38 or A-38 may refer to:
- A38 (dairy product), a fermented dairy product sold in Denmark
- A38 (ship), a party boat on the Danube in Budapest, Hungary
- A38 motorway (Netherlands)
- A38 road (England)
- Bundesautobahn 38, an autobahn in Germany
- One of the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings codes for the English Opening in chess
- Aero A.38, a Czech airliner of the 1930s
- XA-38 Grizzly, a protoype American attack aircraft of the 1940s
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter-number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A38
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the nautical anchorage, see Roadstead. For public roads, see Highway. For other routes, see thoroughfare. For other uses, see Road (disambiguation).
A road is a route, thoroughfare or way that supports travel by a means of conveyance.
Contents |
Definitions[link]
For purposes of international statistical comparison, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels," which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths."[1] In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[2] Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel.[3] Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.[4]
United States[link]
In the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled.[5]
United Kingdom[link]
In the United Kingdom there is some ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for "road users".[6] For the purposes of the English law, Highways Act 1980, which covers England and Wales but not Scotland or Northern Ireland, the term road is defined to be "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes."[7] This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks.[8] Vehicle Excise Duty, a road use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road.[8]
The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, however there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction.[9][10] Another legal view is that while a highway historically included footpaths, bridleways, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles, and the term rights of way can be used to cover the wider usage.[11]
Historical road construction[link]
Main article: History of road transport
The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, since in many cases animals do not follow constant paths.[4] Others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails.[12][13] The Icknield Way is given as an example of this type of road origination, where man and animal both selected the same natural line.[14] By about 10,000 BC, rough pathways were used by human travelers.[4]
- Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC.[4]
- Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England.[4]
- The timber trackway; Sweet Track causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating (Dendrochronology) enabled very precise dating. It has been claimed to be the oldest road in the world.[16][17]
- In 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia (Iran), including the famous Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time.[18] The road remained in use after Roman times.
- In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road,[17] especially considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity between carts and river barges. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank.[19][20]
- From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight[21] strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads.[17]
- In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, Iraq, which were paved with tar. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the chemical process of destructive distillation.[22]
- The Highways Act 1555 in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to local parishes.[17] This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the "Turnpike trusts" was established around 1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles. Eventually there were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,870 miles) of engineered roads.[17] The Rebecca Riots in Carmarthenshire and Rhayader from 1839 to 1844 contributed to a Royal Commission that led to the demise of the system in 1844,[23] which coincided with the development of the UK railway system.
Design[link]
Structural road design is the science of designing a road for its environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roads.
Construction[link]
File:Motorway construction in Ireland.JPG
Sub-base layer composed of cement-based material being applied during construction of the M8 motorway in Ireland.
Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel.[24] (pg15) and may be required to meet standards set by law[25] or official guidelines.[26] The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.[27][28]
After design, approval, planning, legal and environmental considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor.[21] The Radii and gradient are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill.[26] (page34) Great care is taken to preserve reference Benchmarks [26] (page59)
Roads are designed and built for primary use by vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Storm drainage and environmental considerations are a major concern. Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects. Drainage lines are laid with sealed joints in the road easement with runoff coefficients and characteristics adequate for the land zoning and storm water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a watercourse, creek, river or the sea for drainage discharge.[26] (page38 to 40)
A borrow pit (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. Approval from local authorities may be required to draw water or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. The top soil and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent rehabilitation of the extraction area. Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons.[26] (page 53 to 56 )
Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be mulched and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.[26] (page 66 to 67 )
Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to 90% relative compaction. Generally blasting of rock is discouraged in the road bed. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, the process is repeated until the desired grade is reached.[26] (page 68 to 69 ).
File:PavementStratum.JPG
Typical pavement strata for a heavily traveled road
General fill material should be free of organics, meet minimum California bearing ratio (CBR) results and have a low plasticity index. The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to the growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second fill (sieved) should be composed of gravel, decomposed rock or broken rock below a specified Particle size and be free of large lumps of clay. Sand clay fill may also be used. The road bed must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a roller passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply.[26] (page 70 to 72 )
Geosynthetics such as geotextiles, geogrids and geocells are frequently used in the various pavement layers to improve road quality. Geosynthetics perform four main functions in roads: separation, reinforcement, filtration and drainage; which increase the pavement performance, reduce construction costs and decrease maintenance.[29]
The completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other natural surface. The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. Safety improvements like Traffic signs, Crash barriers, Raised pavement markers, and other forms of Road surface marking are installed.
According to a May 2009 report by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and TRIP—a national transportation research organization—driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist approximately $400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $750 more annually because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional fuel consumption, and tire wear caused by poor road conditions.
When a single carriageway road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as duplication,[30] twinning or doubling. The original carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from single track to double track, the new carriageway is not always constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway.
Maintenance[link]
Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute.[31] According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the Fourth power of axle weight.[32] A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.287 t) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. Potholes on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction works.
Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK countries the standard design life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year milestones.[33] Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives.[34] Some roads like Chicago, Illinois's "Wacker Drive", a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.[35]
Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use pavement management techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial Profilometers. These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture (roads). This data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred.
Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity.[36]
Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society, in a 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (USA) about 50% of the roads in the USA are in bad condition with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).
Slab Stabilization[link]
Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) methods including patching and diamond grinding. The technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. The process consists of pumping a cementitous grout or polyurethane mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three steps for this method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes, grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs.
Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase the design structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization should only be performed at joints and cracks where loss of support exists. Visual inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near joints and cracks. Deflection testing is another common procedure utilized to locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are at their highest.
Testing[link]
Ground penetrating radar pulses electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects.
The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It consists of drilling a 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-base with a dry-bit roto-hammer. Next, a two-part epoxy is poured into the hole—dyed for visual clarity. Once the epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy will stick to the core and provide physical evidence.
Common stabilization materials include pozzolan-cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for slab stabilization are strength and the ability to flow into or expand to fill small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it must produce a clean hole with no surface spalling or breakouts. The injection devices must include a grout packer capable of sealing the hole. The injection device must also have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection and has to have sensitive dial gauges.[37][38]
Joint Sealing[link]
Also called joint and crack repair, this method’s purpose is to minimize infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system. Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) techniques. Successful resealing consists of old sealant removal, shaping and cleaning the reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust, dirt or traces of old sealant should remain. Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires a double-wheeled, steel roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals.
Safety considerations[link]
See also: Road traffic safety
Careful design and construction of roads can increase Road traffic safety and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions.
On neighborhood roads traffic calming, safety barriers, pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes can all protect pedestrians and cyclists.
Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with Cat's eyes or Botts dots, bright reflectors that do not fade like paint. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.
For major roads risk can be reduced by providing limited access from properties and local roads, grade separated junctions and median dividers between opposite-direction traffic to reduce likelihood of head-on collisions.
The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels) is also common. Some road fixtures such as road signs and fire hydrants are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road.
Environmental performance[link]
Main article: Environmental impacts of roads
Careful design and construction of a road can reduce any negative environmental impacts.
Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads.[citation needed] Rainwater and snowmelt running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants and result in Water pollution. Road runoff is a major source of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.[42] De-icing chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate groundwater and pollute surface waters;[43] and road salts can be toxic to sensitive plants and animals.[44] Sand applied to icy roads can be ground up by traffic into fine particulates and contribute to air pollution. Sand can alter stream bed environments, causing stress for the plants and animals that live there.[citation needed]
Roads are a chief source of environmental noise generation. In the early 1970s it was recognized that design of roads can be conducted to influence and minimize noise generation.[45] Noise barriers are used to reduce Noise pollution, in particular where roads are located close to built-up areas. Regulations can restrict the use of Engine braking.
Motor vehicle emissions contribute air pollution. Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse respiratory health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road.[46] Road dust kicked up by vehicles may trigger allergic reactions.[47]
Terminology[link]
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- Alignment - the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.
- Adverse camber - where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance.
- All-weather road - Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall.
- Banked turn
- Camber or Crown - the slope of the road surface downwards away from the centre of the road, so that surface water can flow freely to the edge of the carriageway, or on bends angling of the surface to lean traffic 'into the bend' reducing the chance of a skid.
- Cant - superelevation
- Cross slope The slope of the pavement, expressed as units of rise per unit of run, or as a percentage.
- Grade - longitudinal slope
- Belisha Beacon - an orange globe, lit at night, used to highlight a pedestrian crossing.
- Bollard - Rigid posts that can be arranged in a line to close a road or path to vehicles above a certain width
- Byway - Highway over which the public have a right to travel for vehicular and other kinds of traffic, but is used mainly as a footpath or bridleway
- Bypass Road that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village
- Bottleneck - Section of a road with a carrying capacity substantially below that of other sections of the same road
- Botts' dots - Non-reflective raised pavement marker used on roads
- Cat's eye - reflective raised pavement marker used on roads
- Central reservation - On dual carriageway roads, including controlled-access highways, divided highways and many limited-access roads, the central reservation (British English), median (North American English), median strip (North American English and Australian English), neutral ground [Louisiana English] or central nature strip (Australian English) - Area that separates opposing lanes of traffic
- Chicane - Sequence of tight serpentine curves (usually an S-shape curve or a bus stop)
- Chipseal - Road surface composed of a thin layer of crushed stone 'chips' and asphalt emulsion. It seals the surface and protects it from weather, but provides no structural strength. It is cheaper than asphalt concrete or concrete. In the U.S. it is usually only used on low volume rural roads
- Corniche - Road on the side of a cliff or mountain, with the ground rising on one side and falling away on the other
- Curb (kerb) - A raised edge at the side of the roadway.
- Curb extension - (also kerb extension, bulb-out, nib, elephant ear, curb bulge and blister) Traffic calming measure, intended to slow the speed of traffic and increase driver awareness, particularly in built-up and residential neighborhoods.
- Drainage gradient
- Farm-to-market road - a state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns.
- Fork - (literally "fork in the road") Type of intersection where a road splits
- Green lane - (UK) Unsurfaced road, may be so infrequently used that vegetation colonises freely, hence 'green'. Many green lanes are ancient routes that have existed for millennia.
- Guide rail - Prevents vehicles from veering off the road into oncoming traffic, crashing against solid objects or falling from a road. Also called a guard rail or traffic barrier.
- Gutter (UK) - a drainage channel usually at the edge of the road or along a median.
- Interstate Highway System (United States) - System of Interstate and Defense Highways
- Layby (Pullout, pull-off) - A paved area beside a main road where cars can stop temporarily to let another car pass.
- Loose chippings - the hazard of stone chippings that have come loose
- Median - On dual carriageway roads, including controlled-access highways, divided highways and many limited-access roads, the central reservation (British English), median (North American English), median strip (North American English and Australian English), neutral ground [Louisiana English] or central nature strip (Australian English) - Area that separates opposing lanes of traffic
- Mountain pass - A relatively low level route through a range of mountains
- Milestone - One of a series of numbered markers placed along a road, often at regular intervals, showing the distance to destinations.
- National Highway - Road built and maintained by a national authority.
- Pavement - The road regarded as a geoconstruction. In the UK the term is road surface and the pavement is a pedestrian walkway alongside the road.
- Pedestrian crossing - Designated point on a road where road marking or other means helps pedestrians cross safely
- Pelican crossing - (officially Pelicon crossing) UK a PEdestrian LIght CONtrolled crossing.
- Private highway - Highway owned and operated for profit by private industry
- Private road - Road owned and maintained by a private individual, organization, or company rather than by a government
- Profile - the vertical alignment of a road, expressed as a series of grades, connected by parabolic curves.
- Public space - Place where anyone has a right to come without being excluded because of economic or social conditions
- Ranch road - U.S. road that connects rural and agricultural areas to market towns
- Road number - Often assigned to identify a stretch of public roads— often dependent on the type of road, with numbers differentiating between interstates, motorways, arterial thoroughfares, etc.
- Road-traffic safety - Process to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) that result from vehicle crashes on public roads
- Roadworks - Part or all of the road is occupied for work or maintenance
- Roughness - Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects vehicle suspension deflection, dynamic loading, ride quality, surface drainage and winter operations. Roughness have wavelengths ranging from 500 mm up to some 40 m. The upper limit may be as high as 350 m when considering motion sickness aspects; motion sickness is generated by motion with down to 0.1 Hz frequency; in an ambulance car driving 35 m/s (126 km/h), waves with up to 350 m will excite motion sickness.
- Roundabout UK a road junction where typically three or more roads are joined by a circular section of road. Traffic 'on the roundabout' has priority over traffic on approach roads, unless indicated otherwise. In countrys where traffic drives on the left the roundabout is travelled in a clockwise direction. Also known as an island in parts of the UK.
- Shoulder (also hard shoulder) - A clear, level area to the side of the roadway available for stopping if needed.
- State highway - Road numbered by the state, falling below numbered national highways (like U.S. Routes) in the hierarchy or a road maintained by the state, including nationally-numbered highways
- Traffic - Pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, bicycles, and other conveyances using any road for purposes of travel. [48].
- Texture (roads) - Deviations from a true planar pavement surface, which affects the interaction between road and tire. Microtexture have wavelengths below 0.5 mm, Macrotexture below 50 mm and Megatexture below 500 mm.
- Traffic calming - Set of strategies used by urban planners and traffic engineers to slow down or reduce motor vehicle traffic, thereby improving safety for pedestrians and bicyclists and improving the environment for residents
- Traffic island - UK a small raised area used to help define the traffic flow, which may also act as a refuge for pedestrians crossing the carriageway or a location for signs, barriers or lights—a synonym for roundabout in some parts of the UK
- Traffic light - Also known as a traffic signal, stop light, stop-and-go lights—a signaling device at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location that assigns right of way to different approaches to an intersection
- Zebra crossing (UK) - a pedestrian crossing marked by black and white stripes on the carriageway
Regulation[link]
Right- and left-hand traffic[link]
Main article: Right- and left-hand traffic
Traffic flows on the right or on the left side of the road depending on the country.[49] In countries where traffic flows on the right, traffic signs are mostly on the right side of the road, roundabouts and traffic circles go counter-clockwise/anti-clockwise, and pedestrians crossing a two-way road should watch out for traffic from the left first.[50] In countries where traffic flows on the left, the reverse is true.
About 33% of the world by population drive on the left, and 67% keep right. By road distances, about 28% drive on the left, and 72% on the right,[51] even though originally most traffic drove on the left worldwide.[52]
Economics[link]
Main article: Transport economics
Transport economics is used to understand both the relationship between the transport system and the wider economy and the complex network effects when there are multiple paths and competing modes for both personal and freight (road/rail/air/ferry) and where Induced demand can result in increased on decreased transport levels when road provision is increased by building new roads or decreased (for example California State Route 480). Roads are generally built and maintained by the public sector using taxation although implementation may be through private contractors).[53][54] or occasionally using road tolls.[55]
Public-private partnerships are a way for our communities to address the rising cost by injecting private funds into our infrastructure. There are four main ones:[56]
- design/build
- design/build/operate/maintain
- design/build/finance/operate
- build/own/operate
Economics and society depend heavily on efficient roads. In the European Union (EU) 44% of all goods are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all persons are transported by cars, buses or coaches on roads.[57] The term was also commonly used to refer to roadsteads, waterways that lent themselves to use by shipping.
Construction costs[link]
According to the New York State Thruway Authority,[58] some sample per-mile costs to construct multi-lane roads in several US northeastern states were:
- Connecticut Turnpike — $3,449,000 per mile
- New Jersey Turnpike — $2,200,000 per mile
- Pennsylvania Turnpike (Delaware Extension) — $1,970,000 per mile
- Northern Indiana Toll Road — $1,790,000 per mile
- Garden State Parkway — $1,720,000 per mile
- Massachusetts Turnpike — $1,600,000 per mile
- Thruway, New York to Pennsylvania Line — $1,547,000 per mile
- Ohio Turnpike — $1,352,000 per mile
- Pennsylvania Turnpike (early construction) — $736,000 per mile
Statistics[link]
The United States has the largest network of roads of any country with 4,050,717 miles (6,518,997 km) as of 2009.[59] The People's Republic of China is second with 3,583,715 kilometres (2,226,817 mi) of road (2007) See List of countries by road network size. The Republic of India has the third largest road system in the world with 3,383,344 kilometres (2,102,312 mi) (2002). When looking only at expressways the National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) in People's Republic of China has a total length of 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi) at the end of 2006, and 60,300 km at the end of 2008, second only to the United States with 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) in 2005.[60][61]
Many human settlements are not reachable by road alone. Road vehicles must be carried by boat or ferry to islands, and some locations are intentionally car-free. Even on the mainland, some settlements have no roads connecting with the main continental network, due to natural obstacles like mountains or wetlands, remoteness, or general expense. Unpaved roads or lack of roads are more common in developing countries, though even large cities like Iquitos in Peru and Juneau, Alaska in the United States are disconnected.
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ a b [1] Minnesota DOT
- ^ Practical guidelines for CPR of Urban Roads: A compelling need for preserving city concrete streets led to the development of a methodology for scoping repairs and the undertaking of a comprehensive concrete pavement repair program in Grand Rapids, Michigan. June 2005. Better Roads.
- ^ [2] IGGA
- ^ How States Preserve Concrete Pavements: CPR pays off in extra pavement life. Better Roads. August 2005.
- ^ CPR brings dying pavement back to life: Georgia continues to be the leader in concrete pavement restoration, but as the word spreads other states are beginning to use this system to restore deteriorating pavements. April 1997, Roads & Bridges Magazine
- ^ G. Allen Burton, Jr., Robert Pitt (2001). Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. ISBN 0-87371-924-7. http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html. Chapter 2.
- ^ Charles Seawell and Newland Agbenowosi (1998)."Effects of Road Deicing Salts on Groundwater Systems." Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering.
- ^ University of Minnesota (2009). "U of M research finds most road salt is making it into the state's lakes and rivers." 2009-02-10.
- ^ C.Michael Hogan, Analysis of highway noise, Journal of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, September, 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979
- ^ "Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 170. pp. 520-526. 2004. http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/170/5/520.
- ^ "Road Dust - Something To Sneeze About." Science Daily, 1999-11-30.
- ^ Laws of New York, Vehicle and Traffic Law § 152
- ^ "Why In Britain Do We Drive On The Left?". 2Pass.co.uk. © 1996-2007. http://www.2pass.co.uk/goodluck.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ^ Kincaid, Peter (1986). The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-25249-1. http://www.amazon.com/Rule-Road-International-History-Practice/dp/0313252491.
- ^ Lucas, Brian (2005). "Which side of the road do they drive on?". http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
- ^ "Why do some countries drive on the right and others on the left?". http://users.pandora.be/worldstandards/driving%20on%20the%20left.htm.
- ^ "International Market Research Reports". Australia CCG 2004 Update: Economic Trends and Outlook (E. INFRASTRUCTURE ). Industry Canada. 2006-02-28. Archived from the original on 2007-11-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071114181049/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126748e.html. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ "State and Federal Gasoline Taxes". Maps, Reports and history of gas tax in the United States. American Road & Transportation Builders Association ("ARTBA"). Archived from the original on 2007-04-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20070408082904/http://www.artba.org/economics_research/current_issues/state_fed_gas_taxes.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ "International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association". April 16, 2007. http://ibtta.org/. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ Cardno, Catherine (2008). "Infrastructure: New Report Examines the Potential of Public-Private Partnerships for Transportation Infrastructure". Civil Engineering 78 (11). ISSN 0885-7024.
- ^ "Road Transport (Europe)". Overview. European Communities, Transportation. 2007-02-15. http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road/index_en.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ^ "Thruway Fact Book". New York State Thruway Authority. http://www.thruway.ny.gov/about/factbook/. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
- ^ Research and Innovative Technology Administration Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. mileage table
- ^ China to build more highways in 2007
- ^ Expressways Being Built at Frenetic Pace
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Pain of Salvation | |
|---|---|
 Pain of Salvation at the Sweden Rock Festival, 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Eskilstuna, Sweden |
| Genres | Progressive metal, progressive rock. |
| Years active | 1984−1991 (as Reality) 1991−present (as Pain of Salvation) |
| Labels | InsideOut Music |
| Associated acts | Crypt of Kerberos Q-krunkers from Hell The Flower Kings Programming Defaced Transatlantic |
| Website | painofsalvation.com |
| Members | |
| Daniel Gildenlöw Gustaf Hielm Léo Margarit Daniel Karlsson Ragnar ZSolberg |
|
| Past members | |
| Joakim Strandberg Mikael Pettersson Daniel Magdic Johan Langell Magnus Johansson Kristoffer Gildenlöw Fredrik Hermansson Johan Hallgren Simon Andersson |
|
Pain of Salvation is a Swedish progressive rock band headed by Daniel Gildenlöw; the band's lyricist, chief composer, guitarist, and lead vocalist. Their sound is characterised by powerful, accentuated guitar work, broad vocal range, abrupt switching between heavy and calm passages, intense syncopation, and polyrhythmic experimentation. Another trademark of the band is that each album is a concept album. Some of the topics addressed in the band's albums include sexuality, war and its effect on family and humanity, environmental issues (such as nuclear power), the forming of the individual, and the nature of God, humankind, and existence.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name "Pain of Salvation" was devised by Daniel Gildenlöw, whose intention was to incorporate the notion of balance, which he believed to be of vital significance, e.g. good and bad, light and dark, life and death; pain and salvation.
- "I wanted a name that meant something, a name that was more than a cool expression. For me, Pain of Salvation has the meaning of balance. Taking the good with the bad. It is also a good expression in everyday use, when something does not go the way you planned; "well, that’s just the pain of salvation," to indicate that this is just a slight setback on an otherwise painless journey towards your goal." [1]
- "The idea with the name is that everything has two sides, everything is in balance." [2]
- "Imagine yourself exhausted in the middle of a desert... Sitting down will take away your pain, but it will kill you. The walk for water will hurt, but it may save your life."
- "I formed my first band at eleven, I called it Reality. When I turned 15, I decided to change, because I did not the same as in the age of 11. I tried to come up with a new band name. It was during a math lesson, I was writing band names. I wrote Pain of Salvation and it stuck. I showed it to my classmate, who later became a member of the band, he said too long, nobody would remember that!" [3]
Biography[link]
Early days (1984-1996)[link]
In 1984, Daniel Gildenlöw (at the age of eleven) founded the band "Reality" in Eskilstuna, Sweden. One of the early members was Daniel Magdic, who would remain with the band until after the first album was eventually recorded in 1997. In 1987, Reality qualified to participate in the Swedish Annual Music Contest "Rock-SM" (this is the same contest that fellow Swedes Europe won in 1982, earning them international recognition in the early 80s). They were the youngest competitors ever to enter the competition and Daniel Gildenlöw also won the prize for "Best Vocalist".
1990 saw a number of line-up changes, including the addition of talented Johan Langell (then 14 years old) on drums; as the core composers Gildenlöw and Magdic found it difficult to fully implement their musical ideas with the current members. Also joining the band was Gustaf Hielm on bass guitar. Somewhat disillusioned and bored of the "Reality" moniker, Gildenlöw renamed the band to "Pain of Salvation" in 1991. For the next 3 years, the band achieved national success in several contests and competitions. Some of the songs performed during this era can be found on the earlier albums.
In 1994, Kristoffer Gildenlöw (Daniel’s younger brother) replaced Gustaf Hielm (who later went on to join fellow Swedish metal band Meshuggah) on the bass. This resulted in a steady group consisting of the Gildenlöws, Daniel Magdic and Johan Langell. The band entered a local studio soon after to record a demo, Hereafter, with a combination of old and new material. While they had recorded several tapes before, this was the first to be actually sent to a record company in the hope of procuring a record deal. This demo however was recorded without a keyboardist. To complete the line up (and sonic requirements) of the band, they began the search for one. It was through this Hereafter tape that Fredrik Hermansson got interested in the band and after an introduction to the band through a fellow student he got the invitation to do an audition. In the autumn of 1996, Fredrik Hermansson became the fifth member of the band.
First album recorded and released (1996-1997)[link]
Two of the first companies that the band sent their demo to were Marquee/Belle Antique (a record company in Japan/Asia) and Roasting House (a professional recording studio in Malmö, Sweden). In early 1997, they entered the Roasting House Studio to record their debut studio album, Entropia, which was released in Asia on the Marquee’s Avalon label in August 1997 to positive local reviews. As a result, Marquee decided to fly Daniel over to Tokyo, Japan in October for a week of promotional performances and interviews to the metal press. It was about this time that purchasing albums through online music stores was commonplace, and fans from around the world began to do so with Entropia. As a result, interest in Pain of Salvation grew around the world progressive metal scene, leading to another licensing deal – this time for Romania with SC Rocris Discs in late 1997.
The album was eventually released in Europe in 1999, when Pain of Salvation signed to major progressive music label InsideOut Music following the success of their second album One Hour by the Concrete Lake. It was also released in South America on Hellion Records in 1999.
Follow-up album and record label deal (1998-1999)[link]
Preparations for the band’s second album were somewhat disrupted by the departure of Daniel Magdic from the band prior to recording. The departure was due to Magdic's continuing disagreements with the others over committing to the increasing demands of the band as a result of their initial success. He still remains a friend of the band to this day. After a short audition period, Johan Hallgren was his initial replacement. Johan had played for a short period together with Daniel in the band Crypt of Kerberos. Johan was immediately involved in the recording process, facing the daunting tasks of learning all the new songs with extreme short notice. Indeed, because of the complexity of the guitar parts in the new material, Daniel Gildenlöw was prepared to play all the guitar parts himself. Hallgren surprised all (he learned the whole album in three weeks), however, and was able to play on the album as a full member of the band. This worked out so well that he was announced as Magdic’s official replacement in April 1998.
The resultant album, One Hour by the Concrete Lake, was released in Asia (once again on Avalon) in July 1998 with an even more positive reception than their debut album. It was immediately hailed as a classic masterpiece, receiving extensive attention from fans and magazines all around the world. It was described as heavier and darker than Entropia, and considered a much more mature effort, with every existing positive about the band focussed and improved on. The buzz about the band had well and truly spread to Europe by now, and the multitude of positive reactions was the catalyst for the band to be signed to major progressive music label InsideOut Music and later their American counterpart, InsideOut Music America.
During the South American release (once again on Hellion) in May 1999, the band embarked on a European tour supporting fellow progressive metal bands Threshold (U.K.) and Eldritch (Italy). They also played at their first ProgPower festival in Tilburg, The Netherlands on November 14, 1999.
Critical acclaim (2000-2003)[link]
After a short break to regroup, Pain of Salvation recorded their third album, The Perfect Element, part I in March to July 2000. Released in October 2000, the album garnered a huge response from media and fans all over the world. In support of the album, the band toured Europe again in September and October 2000, this time with Arena (UK). In February 2001 the band played their first show in the USA, as headliners of the famed ProgPower USA festival, with the likes of Symphony X and Evergrey. Later that month, they also paid a visit to Iceland.[citation needed]
In late 2001, Pain of Salvation recorded their fourth album, Remedy Lane. It is remarkable in the fact that it was almost entirely written during a two-month period from August to September 2001 by Daniel Gildenlöw. Released in January 2002, it was also greeted with extensive praise from the progressive metal community, being hailed as their finest creation yet.[citation needed] During the Remedy Tour, Pain of Salvation were invited as a special guest opener for Dream Theater.
Both albums (and the band's earlier catalogue) were now much more accessible to music listeners now that they were on a major label. They were hailed as bringing originality and diversity to the genre, which many followers had been considering quite stagnant.[citation needed] They are often praised for their excellent conceptual cohesion.[citation needed] The Perfect Element, part I is a work examining the events that form an individual as they move from adolescence through to adulthood. Scarsick, released in 2007, is The Perfect Element, part II, although not in name.[4] Remedy Lane is a part-autobiographical, part-fictional tale of a period of Daniel Gildenlöw’s life dealing with the issues of love, lust and life. Both albums were once again recorded at Roasting House Studio in Sweden.
On May 12, 2003, Pain of Salvation performed an acoustic concert in their hometown of Eskilstuna before a crowd of 80 special guests. The concert was recorded and released as 12:5 in early 2004. It featured dramatically rearranged versions of the band’s past material, owning to Daniel Gildenlöw’s desire not to simply create a “Pain of Salvation: Unplugged” record. As a result, the band and fans consider the album as a stand-alone work, and not just a 'live album'. The album was widely applauded for its audacity in re-interpreting past material in such a way, though others found the new versions of favourite songs much less enjoyable.[citation needed]
[edit] "BE" (2004-2005)
For the better part of 2003 and 2004, the band worked on their most serious undertaking to date: a concept album about the nature of existence of God and humankind. It was Daniel Gildenlöw who has been working on and off on it since 1996. The recording of the album was preceded by a number of live shows in Eskilstuna, where the band performed the album in its entirety. The shows were full productions; with costumes, stage props and screen projections. They also featured a nine-part orchestra, The Orchestra of Eternity, whom Gildenlöw had in mind while composing the music. As a result, the orchestra features prominently in the material, and is essential to its sound. After the conclusion of the shows, the material was tweaked and refined by Gildenlöw before the recording began in February 2004.
In September 2004, the band’s most ambitious album, "BE", was released. It was the first album to divide the fan-base in opinion, because of its musically experimental and philosophical nature; and perhaps also its lack of cohesive progressive metal pieces. It once again featured The Orchestra of Eternity, and included a memorable song whereby the band had set up a phone line for fans from around the world to ring and leave their message on “God’s answering machine”. There was an overwhelming response from fans who laughed, cried and poured their soul into their messages. The messages were collated and presented with a peaceful instrumental accompaniment, resulting in what the band considers to be one of their most touching tracks they have ever recorded.[5]
[edit] Scarsick and the "Road Salt Sequence" (2005-present)
Pain of Salvation has not played in the United States since 2004, when Daniel Gildenlöw expressed his refusal to take part in the US policy of fingerprinting all out-of-country visitors, as well as his contempt for the Bush administration. He feels it infringes his democratic rights and personal integrity.[6] On 22 January 2009 he announced his support for the newly elected President Barack Obama and said the band will be lifting their embargo on the country, but reaffirmed his position on the fingerprinting policy.
On 21 February 2006, Kristoffer Gildenlöw was asked to leave the band for not being able to attend rehearsals, since he lived in Holland and the band lived in Sweden. Kristoffer has a solo album planned for the future, as well as a side project called Dial, born with the release of "Synchronized" in 2007.
The next studio album Scarsick was released on January 22, 2007, despite having been leaked early in December 2006. The album met mixed reviews criticizing its different approach to the band's music,[7] being significantly more band oriented than the previous album "BE". Interviews with Daniel revealed that Scarsick is a continuation of The Perfect Element, part I, using similar themes touched in that album. Because of Kristoffer's departure, Daniel played bass in the studio on the album.[8] The band toured Europe, and a few shows outside of Europe, including one in Egypt. A touring bassist was recruited, and on March 10, 2007 he was made a full member of the band and is credited so on the second live DVD recorded. The concert featured on their second live DVD, Ending Themes (On the Two Deaths of Pain of Salvation) was performed in Amsterdam and it features a cover of the popular Leonard Cohen song Hallelujah. Following numerous delays, the DVD was released on March 24, 2009.
On April 29, 2007, an official statement was published on the official site announcing that Johan Langell was departing because of his desire to become a full-time parent and husband. He stayed with the band to finish the rest of the tour off before leaving completely. He also stated that he might remain on close terms with the band in order to teach drum parts to his replacement. On October 6, 2007, during the show at the "Motstøy" festival in Notodden, it was announced that Johan Langell's replacement will be Leo Margarit. Both drummers attended the show and Leo entered the band by doing a 3 minute drumsolo in the end of the song "Nightmist". Similarly, late in 2008, Simon Andersson left the band and was added to the graveyard section of the official website. An official statement regarding this incident was released by Simon indicating his decision to leave was understood by the rest of that band, further stating it would allow him more time on his own side projects as well as recuperation from the previous tour in support of Scarsick.
On February 13, 2009, it was announced on Myspace that Pain of Salvation would take part in Dream Theater's "Progressive Nation 2009" tour beginning in the summer.[9] It would have been their first tour of America in more than 5 years. However, the recent bankruptcy of SPV forced both Pain of Salvation and Beardfish to back out of the tour because of a lack of financial backing.[10]
In a recent interview with Inside the Pain, Daniel Gildenlöw stated that the new album was planned for release sometime in mid August, during their now cancelled Progressive Nation tour appearance, however this release date was not likely. On November 1, 2008, the band debuted a new song, "Mortar Grind", from their upcoming studio album and EP. According to the same interview with Inside the Pain, it was revealed that the new album would feature 2 CDs, 22 songs in a concept similar in style to that of Remedy Lane. The music written is 'different to anything the band has ever done before' featuring experimental and psychedelic style performances.[11]
In a recent update on the band's official website, it was stated that the final steps in the completion of the new album were put on hold because of the bankruptcy of SPV.[12] Recently however it was announced that InsideOut Music was picked up by Century Media, allowing progress on the album to continue.
On October 5, 2009, Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater announced that Pain of Salvation would be their supporting act for a tour of Australia. [13]
In December 2009, it was confirmed that the title track of the new double album, "Road Salt," would be an entry in the 2010 edition of Melodifestivalen, Sweden's national final for the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest.[14] The band performed during the first semi-final and qualified for the runners-up broadcast, on march 6th on Swedish national television. However, they did not progress to the finals, losing to Pernilla Wahlgren by a slim margin.[14]
On February 19, 2010, Daniel Gildenlöw revealed on his Facebook page that the name of the first part of the Road Salt albums to be released later that year would be "Road Salt 1: Ivory". He also posted a brief lyrical excerpt from a song on the album called "Curiosity". The actual release dates were set for May 17 in most of Europe and June 8 in the U.S. The release includes both a standard edition and limited edition with a bonus track and extended versions of 'No Way' and 'Road Salt'.[15] On May 9, Road Salt One leaked on the internet.
Pain of Salvation made their first tour of India in January with performances at Manfest organised by Indian Institute of Management(IIM), Lucknow on 22 January and at Saarang, organised by Indian Institute of Technology(IIT) Madras on 29 January.[16]
On March 9, 2011, Daniel Gildenlöw announced on his Facebook page, that 'Road Salt Two' would be mixed and mastered in mid-May 2011, and released in September 2011. It is said to have a darker sound than Road Salt One. He also revealed the titles of several songs set to appear on the album: new, remixed versions of "Mortar Grind", "Conditioned", "Healing Now", "1979", "To The Shoreline", "Through The Distance", "Softly She Cries", "In The Physics of Grindlock" and "The Deeper Cut". Moreover, he announced that the video to 'Where it Hurts' will be released globally in mid-March.[17]
On October 21, 2011, the band announced that Johan Hallgren would be leaving the band at the end of the year, citing his need to remain in Sweden with his growing family.[18] On November 8, 2011, a message to fans by Daniel Gildenlöw noted that Fredrik Hermansson would also be leaving the band at the conclusion of the current tour.[19]
On December 23, 2011, Daniel announced that Daniel Karlsson is the new replacement for Fredrik.[20] On January 5, 2012, Pain of Salvation announced that Icelandic guitarist Ragnar Zolberg will be replacing Johan Hallgren as their guitarist.[21]
Also on December 23, 2011 the band announced that Gustaf Hielm would return on bass guitar.
Band members[link]
- Current members
- Daniel Gildenlöw - lead vocals, guitar (1984−present)
- Ragnar Zolberg - guitar, lead & backing vocals (2012–present)
- Gustaf Hielm - bass guitar, backing vocals (1992–1994, 2011–present)
- Daniel Karlsson - keyboards, backing vocals (2011–present), bass guitar (2011)
- Léo Margarit - drums, backing vocals (2007−present)
- Former members
- Daniel Magdic - guitar, backing vocals (1986−1997)
- Johan Hallgren - guitar, lead & backing vocals (1998−2011)
- Joakim Strandberg - bass guitar (1984–1990)
- Magnus Johansson - bass guitar (1990–1992)
- Kristoffer Gildenlöw - bass guitar, cello, backing vocals (1994−2006)
- Simon Andersson - bass guitar, backing vocals (2007–2008)
- Fredrik Hermansson - keyboards, synthesizers (1996−2011)
- Mikael Pettersson - drums (1984–1989)
- Johan Langell - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1989−2007)
- Touring
- Per Schelander - bass guitar, backing vocals (2008–2010)
Timeline[link]
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</timeline>
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Year | Album details | Chart peak positions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRA [22] |
SWE [23] |
FIN [24] |
||||||
| 1997 | Entropia
|
- | - | - | ||||
| 1998 | One Hour by the Concrete Lake
|
- | - | - | ||||
| 2000 | The Perfect Element, Part I
|
- | - | - | ||||
| 2002 | Remedy Lane
|
- | - | - | ||||
| 2004 | BE
|
- | - | - | ||||
| 2007 | Scarsick
|
155 | 6 | - | ||||
| 2010 | Road Salt One
|
- | 12 | 41 | ||||
| 2011 | Road Salt Two
|
- | - | 31 | ||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country. | ||||||||
EPs[link]
- Linoleum (2009)
Live albums[link]
- 12:5 (2004)
- "BE" (Original Stage Production) (2005)
- Ending Themes (On the Two Deaths of Pain of Salvation) (2009)
Singles[link]
- Ashes (2000)
- Road Salt (2010)
- Sisters (2010)
- Where It Hurts (2011)
Demos[link]
Videography[link]
- "BE" (Original Stage Production) (2005, live DVD)
- Ending Themes (On the Two Deaths of Pain of Salvation) (2009, live DVD)
References[link]
- ^ Dutch Progressive Rock Page, 7 August 1999
- ^ painofsalvation.8k.com, mirrored at the Internet Archive
- ^ Pain Of Salvation Interjú | KRONOS MORTUS Metal Webzine
- ^ From an interview with Daniel Gildenlow in early 2007
- ^ From page "XIX" of the liner notes booklet for BE
- ^ From the news entry of the official site on August 10, 2005
- ^ "PAIN OF SALVATION Scarsick music reviews and MP3". Progarchives.com. http://www.progarchives.com/album.asp?id=13659. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ "Pain of salvation Daniel Gildenlow scarsick concept P 2". YouTube. 2007-01-22. http://youtube.com/watch?v=f6Q0Br0A-y0. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ Progressive Nation 2009 Tour Page
- ^ Progressive Nation 2009 North American Tour - Lineup Change
- ^ "[PoS] Le nouvel album sera un DOUBLE album ! **SPOILER** • Inside The Pain". Insidethepain.com. http://www.insidethepain.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2088. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ "Pain of Salvation site is down!". Blog.painofsalvation.com. http://www.blog.painofsalvation.com/?p=838. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ "Pain Of Salvation confirmed as DT's Special Guests in Australia!". Mikeportnoy.com. http://www.mikeportnoy.com/forum/m2423154.aspx. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ a b Repo, Juha (2009-11-30). "Sweden reveals artist names for Melodifestivalen". ESCToday. http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/14555. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ "walk with me". 10 March 2010. http://www.painofsalvation.com/. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Posted on 27 October 2010 by MetalIndia Magazine (2010-10-27). "‘Pain Of Salvation’ to tour India in January". MetalIndia Magazine. http://www.metalindiamagazine.com/news/pain-of-salvation-to-tour-india-in-january. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ "Facebookpost by Daniel Gildenlöw". http://www.facebook.com/danielgildenlow.public/posts/194657187224200. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ "Johan Hallgren leaves the band". http://www.painofsalvation.com/2011/johan-leaves-pos/. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ "Frederik leaves the band". http://www.facebook.com/notes/pain-of-salvation/a-message-from-daniel/10150925679065355. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "D2". http://www.painofsalvation.com/2011/meet-our-new-keyboard-player/. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ^ "Ragnar Zolberg on guitar". http://www.painofsalvation.com/2011/presenting-the-guitarist//. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
- ^ "Les charts français - Recherche pour: Pain of Salvation > Album". http://lescharts.com. http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=pain+of+salvation&cat=a. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ "Swedish charts portal - Search for: Pain of Salvation > Album". http://swedishcharts.com. http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=pain+of+salvation&cat=a. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ "Musiikintuottajat - Tilastot - Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit". http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista. http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/artistit/pain+of+salvation. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
- ^ "Road Salt Two" album cover artwork and tracklisting unveiled.
- Pain of Salvation. Pain of Salvation's official website. (Retrieved September 2005 onwards)
- Foreword Brazil. Pain of Salvation's official Brazilian fan club.
- Biography . (History information)
- InsideOut Music. Pain of Salvation at InsideOut Music. (Retrieved September 2005 onwards)
- InsideOut Music America. Pain of Salvation at InsideOut Music America. (Retrieved September 2005 onwards)
- The Pavement: Winter Edition 2005 nr.4 Interview with Fredrik Hermansson, pages 14–15
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Leonard Cohen | |
|---|---|
 Leonard Cohen in 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Leonard Norman Cohen |
| Born | (1934-09-21) 21 September 1934 (age 77) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Folk, folk rock, rock, pop rock, spoken word, synthpop |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, poet, novelist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1956-present |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Associated acts | Sharon Robinson, Jennifer Warnes, Phil Spector, John Lissauer |
Leonard Norman Cohen, CC GOQ (born 21 September 1934) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, and novelist. His work often explores religion, isolation, sexuality, and interpersonal relationships.[1] Cohen has been inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is also a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour.
While giving the speech at Cohen's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2008, Lou Reed described Cohen as belonging to the "highest and most influential echelon of songwriters."[2]
Early life[link]
Cohen was born on 21 September 1934 in Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Roslyn Elementary School. His mother, Marsha Klinitsky,[3] of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry, emigrated from Lithuania while his great-grandfather emigrated from Poland.[4][5] He grew up in Westmount on the Island of Montreal. His grandfather was Lyon Cohen, founding president of the Canadian Jewish Congress. His father, Nathan Cohen, who owned a substantial Montreal clothing store, died when Cohen was nine years old. On the topic of being a Kohen, Cohen has said that, "I had a very Messianic childhood." He told Richard Goldstein in 1967. "I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest."[6] Cohen attended Westmount High School, beginning in 1948 where he was involved with the Student Council and studied music and poetry.[7] He became especially interested in the poetry of Federico Garcia Lorca.[7] As a teenager, he learned to play the guitar, and formed a country-folk group called the Buckskin Boys. Although he initially played a regular acoustic guitar as a teenager, he soon switched to playing a classical guitar after meeting a young Spanish flamenco guitar player who taught him "a few chords and some flamenco."[7]
Poetry and novels[link]
In 1951, Cohen enrolled at McGill University, where he became president of the McGill Debating Union and won the Chester MacNaughton Prize for Creative Writing for a series of four poems titled "Thoughts of a Landsman." He graduated in 1955 with a B.A. degree.[7] His literary influences during this time included William Butler Yeats, Irving Layton, Walt Whitman, Federico Garcia Lorca and Henry Miller.[8] His first published book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies (1956), was published by Louis Dudek (who taught poetry at McGill and was a mentor to Cohen) as the first book in the McGill Poetry Series while Cohen was still an undergraduate student. The book contained "poems written largely when Cohen was between the ages of fifteen and twenty," and Cohen dedicated the book to his late father.[7] The famous and influential Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye wrote a review of the book in which he gave Cohen "restrained praise."[7]
After completing an undergraduate degree, Cohen spent a term in McGill's law school and then a year (1956-7) at the School of General Studies at Columbia University. Cohen described his graduate school experience as "passion without flesh, love without climax".[9] Consequently, Cohen left New York and returned to Montreal in 1957, working various odd jobs and focusing on the writing of fiction and poetry, including the poems for his next book, The Spice-Box of Earth (1961), which was the first book that Cohen published through the Canadian publishing company McClelland & Stewart. Fortunately, his father's will provided him with a modest trust income, sufficient to allow him to pursue his literary ambitions for the time, and The Spice-Box of Earth was successful in helping to expand the audience for Cohen's poetry, helping him reach out to the poetry scene in Canada, outside the confines of McGill University. The book also helped Cohen gain critical recognition as an important new voice in Canadian poetry. One of Cohen's biographers, Ira Nadel, stated that "reaction to the finished book was enthusiastic and admiring. . .[noting that] the critic Robert Weaver found it powerful and declared that Cohen was 'probably the best young poet in English Canada right now.'"[7]
Cohen continued to write poetry and fiction throughout much of the 1960s and preferred to live in quasi-reclusive circumstances after he bought a house on Hydra, a Greek island in the Saronic Gulf. While living and writing on Hydra, Cohen published the poetry collection Flowers for Hitler (1964), and the novels The Favourite Game (1963) and Beautiful Losers (1966). His novel The Favourite Game was an autobiographical bildungsroman about a young man who discovers his identity through writing. Beautiful Losers received a good deal of attention from the Canadian press and stirred up controversy because of a number of sexually graphic passages.[7] In 1966 Cohen also published Parasites of Heaven, a book of poems. Both Beautiful Losers and Parasites of Heaven received mixed reviews and sold few copies.[7]
Subsequently, Cohen published less, with major gaps, concentrating more on recording songs. In 1978, he published his first book of poetry in many years, Death of a Lady's Man (not to be confused with the album he released the previous year with the similar title, Death of a Ladies' Man). It wasn't until 1984 that Cohen published his next book of poems, Book of Mercy, which won him the Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry. The book contains 50 prose-poems, influenced by the Bible, Torah, and Zen-Buddhist writings. Cohen himself referred to the pieces as "prayers".[citation needed]
In 1993, Cohen published Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, and in 2006, after 10 years of delays, additions and rewritings, Book of Longing. During the late 1990s and 2000s, many of his poems were first published on his fan website The Leonard Cohen Files [10][11]
Cohen's writing process, as he told an interviewer in 1998, is "...like a bear stumbling into a beehive or a honey cache: I'm stumbling right into it and getting stuck, and it's delicious and it's horrible and I'm in it and it's not very graceful and it's very awkward and it's very painful and yet there's something inevitable about it."[12]
In 2011, Cohen was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for literature.
Recording career[link]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1967, disappointed with his lack of financial success as a writer, Cohen moved to the United States to pursue a career as a folk music singer-songwriter. During the 1960s, he was a fringe figure in Andy Warhol's "Factory" crowd. Warhol speculated that Cohen had spent time listening to Nico in clubs and that this had influenced his musical style.[13] His song "Suzanne" became a hit for Judy Collins and was for many years his most covered song. After performing at a few folk festivals, he came to the attention of Columbia Records representative John H. Hammond. At this time, Cohen recorded at least one demo acetate (possibly for some subsidiary of Polygram[14]), supported by his close companion at the time, Joni Mitchell.
Cohen's first album was Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967). Although Hammond was originally supposed to produce the record, he became sick and was replaced by the producer John Simon.[7] Unfortunately, Simon and Cohen clashed over instrumentation and mixing. Cohen wanted the album to have a spare sound, but Simon felt that the songs could benefit from arrangements that included strings and horns. According to biographer Ira Nadel, although Cohen was able to make changes to the mix, some of Simon's additions "couldn't be removed from the four-track master tape."[7] Nevertheless, the album became a cult favorite in the US, as well as in the UK, where it spent over a year on the album charts.[15] Several of the songs on that first album were covered by other popular folk artists, including James Taylor, and Judy Collins. Cohen followed up that first album with Songs from a Room (1969) (featuring the often-recorded "Bird on the Wire") and Songs of Love and Hate (1970). Both of these albums were produced in Nashville by famed producer Bob Johnston, who helped Cohen achieve the sparer sound that he'd been after on his first album; Johnston also joined Cohen on two subsequent live tours, playing organ and piano.[16]
In 1970, Cohen toured for the first time, with dates in the United States, Canada and Europe, and appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival. He toured again in Europe and Israel in 1972 with some of the same band-mates, including Charlie Daniels and his producer Bob Johnston. Both tours were represented on the Live Songs LP, while Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 was released in 2009. The 1972 tour was also filmed by Tony Palmer; the film Bird on a Wire (with which Cohen was unhappy) was shown re-cut under Cohen's guidance in 1974, but released only in 2010, reconstructed according to Palmer's original version.
In 1971, Cohen's music was used in the soundtrack to Robert Altman's film McCabe & Mrs. Miller. When Cohen was on a stay in Nashville, Altman phoned to ask permission to use some tracks off Songs of Leonard Cohen. Coincidentally, earlier that same day, Cohen had seen Altman's then-current film Brewster McCloud in a local theater. He hadn't paid attention to the credits so when Altman asked permission to use Cohen's songs in his new film, Cohen had to ask him who he was. Altman mentioned his hit film MASH, but Cohen had never heard of it. When Altman mentioned his lesser-known Brewster McCloud, Cohen replied, "Listen, I just came out of the theater. I saw it twice. You can have anything of mine you want!"[7]
Beginning around 1974, Cohen's collaboration with pianist and arranger John Lissauer created a live sound praised by the critics. They toured together in 1974 in Europe, and in US and Canada in late 1974 and early 1975, in support of Cohen's record New Skin for the Old Ceremony. In late 1975 Cohen performed a short series of shows in the US and Canada with a new band, in support of his Best Of release. However, none of the recordings from the three live tours with John Lissauer were ever officially released.
In 1976 Cohen, now without Lissauer, embarked on a new major European tour, with a new band and major changes in his sound and arrangements, again, in support of his The Best of Leonard Cohen release (in Europe retitled as Greatest Hits). One of the band members was Laura Branigan, and the set-list included unreleased songs "Everybody's Child" (a.k.a. "Blessed Is the Memory") and "Storeroom" (both released as bonus tracks to 2007 reissue of Songs of Leonard Cohen), and the new song "Do I Have to Dance All Night?" (which was released as a single with the song "The Butcher" in a single available in Europe only).[17] From April to July, Cohen gave 55 shows, including his first appearance at the famous Montreux Jazz Festival.
After the European tour of 1976, Cohen again attempted a new change in his style and arrangements - his new 1977 record, Death of a Ladies' Man (one year later, in 1978, Cohen also released a volume of poetry with the coyly revised title, Death of a Lady's Man), was co-written and produced by Phil Spector, known as the inventor of the "wall of sound" technique, which backs up pop music with many layers of instrumentation, an approach very different from Cohen's usually minimalist instrumentation. The recording of the album was fraught with difficulty—Spector reportedly mixed the album in secret studio sessions, and Cohen said Spector once threatened him with a crossbow. Cohen thought the end result "grotesque,"[18] but also "semi-virtuous."[19] The record was released by Spector's label, Warner, and was returned to Columbia's Cohen catalogue in the late 1980s. Cohen did not take part in the album's promotion, but in his tours of 1979, 1980 and 1985, he performed two songs from the album, "Memories" and "Iodine". However, Cohen chose not to include any of the album's songs on his later compilations More Best of Leonard Cohen and The Essential Leonard Cohen.
In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences. Beginning with this record, praised in 2001 by Cohen as his favourite,[citation needed] Cohen began to co-produce his albums. Produced by Cohen and Henry Lewy (Joni Mitchell's sound engineer), Recent Songs included performances by Passenger, an Austin-based jazz-fusion band that met Cohen through Mitchell. The band helped Cohen create a new sound by featuring instruments like the oud, the Gypsy violin and the mandolin. The album was supported by Cohen's major tour with the new band, and Jennifer Warnes and Sharon Robinson on the backing vocals, in Europe in late 1979, and again in Australia, Israel and Europe in 1980. The tour was filmed by Harry Rasky as The Song of Leonard Cohen, and the film was broadcast on television in 1980.[citation needed] Cohen also gave a couple of major TV appearances in 1979, including German's ZDF television.[citation needed] In 2000 Columbia released an album of live recordings of songs from the 1979 tour, entitled Field Commander Cohen: Tour of 1979; the album (with a different track list) was originally rejected by the label in 1980.
During 1970s, Cohen toured twice with Jennifer Warnes as a back-up singer (in 1972 and 1979). Warnes would become a fixture on Cohen's future albums, receiving full co-vocals credit on Cohen's 1985 album Various Positions (although the record was released under Cohen's name, the inside credits say "Vocals by Leonard Cohen and Jennifer Warnes"). In 1987, she recorded an album of Cohen songs, Famous Blue Raincoat.[20]
1980s[link]
In early 1980s, Cohen co-wrote the rock musical film Night Magic with Lewis Furey, starring Carole Laure and Nick Mancuso (voice-over by Furey); the LP was released in 1985. At that time, Cohen also worked on an unfinished album of his poetry recitations with producer Henry Lewy, before turning back to John Lissauer. Lissauer produced Cohen's next record Various Positions, which was released in late 1984. The LP included "Dance Me to the End of Love", which was promoted by Cohen's first video clip, directed by French photographer Dominique Issermann, and the frequently covered "Hallelujah". Columbia declined to release the album in the United States. Cohen supported the release of the album with his biggest tour to date, in Europe and Australia, and with his first tour in Canada and United States since 1975. Anjani Thomas, who would become Cohen's partner, and a regular member of Cohen's recording team, joined his touring band. The band performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and the Roskilde Festival. They also gave a series of highly emotional and politically controversial concerts in Poland, which was under martial law and performed the song "The Partisan," regarded as the hymn of the Polish Solidarity movement.[21] During the 80s, almost all Cohen's songs were performed in Polish language by Maciej Zembaty.[22]
In 1986, Cohen appeared in the episode "French Twist" of the TV series Miami Vice. In 1987, Jennifer Warnes's tribute album Famous Blue Raincoat helped restore Cohen's career in the US. The following year he released I'm Your Man, which marked a drastic change in his music. Synthesizers ruled the album and Cohen's lyrics included more social commentary and dark humor. The album, self-produced by Cohen, remains one of Cohen's most acclaimed albums, and was promoted by iconic black and white video shot by Dominique Issermann at the beach of Normandy. Cohen supported the record with series of television interviews, and an extensive tour of Europe, Canada and US. Many shows were broadcast on European and US television and radio stations, while Cohen performed for the first time in his career on PBS's Austin City Limits show; he also performed at the Roskilde Festival again, among other dates.[23] The tour gave the basic structure to typical Cohen's concert which he used in his tours in 1993, 2008–09 and 2010. The selection of performances from the late 1980s was released in 1994 on Cohen Live. None of the concerts was released in its entirety, although some were bootlegged. Parts of one of three Royal Albert Hall concerts were used in BBC documentary The Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, which was released on laser disc and video tape.
1990s[link]
The use of the album track "Everybody Knows" (co-written by Sharon Robinson) in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume helped expose Cohen's music to a younger audience. The song also featured prominently in fellow Canadian Atom Egoyan's 1994 film, Exotica. In 1992, Cohen released The Future, which urges (often in terms of biblical prophecy) perseverance, reformation, and hope in the face of grim prospects. Three tracks from the album - "Waiting for the Miracle", "The Future" and "Anthem" - were featured in the movie Natural Born Killers, which helped Cohen reach a younger audience in the United States.
As with I'm Your Man, the lyrics on the The Future were dark, and made references to political and social unrest. The title track is reportedly a response to the L.A. unrest of 1992. Cohen promoted the album with two music videos, for "Closing Time" and "The Future", and supported the release with the major tour through Europe, United States and Canada, with the same band as in his 1988 tour, including a second appearance at the PBS's Austin City Limits. Some of the Scandinavian shows were broadcast live on the radio. The selection of performances, mostly recorded on the Canadian leg of the tour, was released on 1994 Cohen Live album, but none of the new songs from the album itself were included in the live album.
In 1993 Cohen also published his book of selected poems and songs, Stranger Music, on which he had worked since 1989. It includes a number of new poems from the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In 1997, Cohen oversaw the selection and release of More Best of Leonard Cohen album, which included a previously unreleased track, "Never Any Good", and an experimental piece "The Great Event". The first was left over from Cohen's unfinished mid-1990s album, which was announced to include songs like "In My Secret Life" (already recited as song-in-progress in 1988) and "A Thousand Kisses Deep",[24] both later re-worked with Sharon Robinson for 2001 album Ten New Songs.
In 1994, Cohen retreated to the Mt. Baldy Zen Center near Los Angeles, beginning what became five years of seclusion at the center.[20] In 1996, Cohen was ordained as a Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Jikan, meaning "silence". He served as personal assistant to Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi. Japanese songwriter and poet Masato Tomobe stated he admires Cohen and this made him better recognized in Japan around this time.
Although around 2000 there was a public impression that Cohen would not resume recording or publishing, he returned to Los Angeles in May 1999. He began to contribute regularly to The Leonard Cohen Files fan website, emailing new poems and drawings from Book of Longing and early versions of new songs, like "A Thousand Kisses Deep" in September 1998[25] and Anjani Thomas's story sent on 6 May 1999, the day they were recording "Villanelle for our Time"[26] (released on 2004 Dear Heather album). The section of The Leonard Cohen Files with Cohen's online writings has been titled "The Blackening Pages".[27]
2000s[link]
[edit] Post-monastery records: Ten New Songs, Dear Heather and Anjani's Blue Alert
After two years of production, Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, featuring a heavy influence from producer and co-composer Sharon Robinson. The album, recorded at Cohen's and Robinson's home studios, includes the song "Alexandra Leaving", a transformation of the poem "The God Abandons Antony", by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. The album was a major hit for Cohen in Canada and Europe, and he supported it with the hit single "In My Secret Life" and accompanying video shot by Floria Sigismondi.
In October 2004, Cohen released Dear Heather, largely a musical collaboration with jazz chanteuse (and current romantic partner) Anjani Thomas, although Sharon Robinson returned to collaborate on three tracks (including a duet). As light as the previous album was dark, Dear Heather reflects Cohen's own change of mood - he has said in a number of interviews that his depression has lifted in recent years, which he attributed to Zen Buddhism. In an interview following his induction into the Canadian Songwriters' Hall of Fame, Cohen explained that the album was intended to be a kind of notebook or scrapbook of themes, and that a more formal record had been planned for release shortly afterwards, but that this was put on ice by his legal battles with his ex-manager. He decided not to promote the album at all, but in 2005 he released a home video accompanying the song "Because Of", shot by his daughter Lorca Cohen, while there were no official album singles.
Blue Alert, an album of songs co-written by Anjani and Cohen, was released on 23 May 2006 to positive reviews. Sung by Anjani, who according to one reviewer "...sounds like Cohen reincarnated as woman...though Cohen doesn't sing a note on the album, his voice permeates it like smoke."[28] The album includes a recent musical setting of Cohen's "As the mist leaves no scar", a poem originally published in The Spice-Box of Earth in 1961 and adapted by Phil Spector as "True Love Leaves No Traces" on Death of a Ladies' Man album. Blue Alert also included Anjani's own version of "Nightingale", performed by her and Cohen on his Dear Heather, as well the country song "Never Got to Love You", apparently made after an early demo version of Cohen's own 1992 song "Closing Time". During the 2010 tour, Cohen was closing his live shows with the performance of "Closing Time" which included the recitation of verses from "Never Got to Love You". The title song, "Blue Alert", and "Half the Perfect World" were covered by Madeleine Peyroux on her 2006 album Half the Perfect World, while the third covered song, "Crazy To Love You", was included in the albums Japanese edition.
Before embarking on his 2008-2010 world tour, and without finishing the new album which has been in work since 2006 (new song, "The Street", was recited by Cohen in 2006 on KCRW radio, and he also played two new songs from demo tape, "Book of Longing" and "Puppets"[29]), Cohen contributed few tracks to other artists' albums - new version of his own "Tower of Song" was performed by him, Anjani Thomas and U2 in 2006 tribute film Leonard Cohen I'm Your Man (the video and track were included on the film's soundtrack and released as B-side of U2's single "Window in the Skies", reaching No 1 in Canadian Singles Chart), in 2007 he recited "The Sound of Silence" on album Tribute to Paul Simon: Take Me to the Mardi Gras and "The Jungle Line" by Joni Mitchell, accompanied by Herbie Hancock on piano, on Hancock's Grammy-winning album River: The Joni Letters, while in 2008 he recited the poem "Since You've Asked" on album Born to the Breed: A Tribute to Judy Collins.
2005 financial issues[link]
On 8 October 2005, Cohen alleged that his longtime former manager, Kelley Lynch, misappropriated over US $5 million from Cohen's retirement fund leaving only $150,000.[30][31] Cohen was sued in turn by other former business associates.[30] These events placed him in the public spotlight, including a cover feature on him with the headline "Devastated!" in Canada's Maclean's magazine.[31] In March 2006, Cohen won a civil suit and was awarded US $9 million by a Los Angeles County superior court. Lynch, however, ignored the suit and did not respond to a subpoena issued for her financial records.[32] As a result it has been widely reported that Cohen may never be able to collect the awarded amount.[33] In 2007, US. District Judge Lewis T. Babcock dismissed a claim by Cohen for more than US $4.5 million against Colorado investment firm Agile Group, and in 2008 he dismissed a defamation suit that Agile Group filed against Cohen.[34] Cohen has been under new management since April 2005.
[edit] Book of Longing
Cohen's book of poetry and drawings, Book of Longing, was published in May 2006; in March a Toronto-based retailer offered signed copies to the first 1500 orders placed online. All 1500 sold within hours. The book quickly topped bestseller lists in Canada. Around the time of the release, RJ Smith wrote an essay about Cohen in Poetry magazine, in which he noted, "The pieces in Book of Longing are casual, but never so casual that the old horndog doesn’t have muscle or bite."[35] On 13 May 2006, Cohen made his first public appearance in thirteen years, at an in-store event at a bookstore in Toronto. Approximately 3000 people turned up for the event, causing the streets surrounding the bookstore to be closed. He sang two of his earliest and best-known songs: "So Long, Marianne" and "Hey, That's No Way To Say Goodbye", accompanied by the Barenaked Ladies and Ron Sexsmith. Also appearing with him was Anjani, the two promoting her new CD along with his book.[36]
In 2006, Philip Glass composed music to Cohen's 2006 book of poetry Book of Longing. Following the series of live performances which included Glass on keyboards, Cohen's recorded spoken text, four voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and bass-baritone), and other instruments, and as well the screenings of Cohen's artworks and drawings, Glass' label Orange Mountain Music released a double CD with the recording of the work, entitled Book of Longing. A Song Cycle based on the Poetry and Artwork of Leonard Cohen.[37]
2008-2010 World Tour[link]
2008 tour[link]
13 January 2008, Cohen quietly announced a long-anticipated concert tour.[38] The tour, Cohen's first in 15 years, began 11 May in Fredericton, New Brunswick to wide critical acclaim, and was extended until Winter of 2010.[39] The schedule of the first leg in Summer of 2008 encompassed Canada and Europe, including performances at The Big Chill,[40] the Montreal Jazz Festival, and on the Pyramid Stage at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June 2008.[41] His performance at Glastonbury was hailed by many as the highlight of the festival,[42] and his performance of "Hallelujah" as the sun went down received a rapturous reception and a lengthy ovation from a packed Pyramid Stage field.[43] He also played two shows in London's O2 Arena, and in Dublin he gave a "milestone concert", while in Dublin he was the first performer to play an open air concert at IMMA (Royal Hospital Kilmainham) ground, performing there on 13, 14 and 15 June 2008. In 2009, the performances were awarded Ireland's Meteor Music Award as the best international performance of the year.
In September, October and November 2008, Cohen gave a marathon tour of Europe, including stops in Austria, Ireland, Poland, Romania, Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia. In London, he played two more shows at the O2 Arena and two additional shows at the Royal Albert Hall.
[edit] Live in London
On 21 March 2009, Cohen released Live in London, recorded on 17 July 2008 at London's O2 Arena and released on DVD and as a two-CD set. The album contains 25 songs and is over two-and-a-half hours long. It was the first official DVD in Cohen's recording career. The quotation on the album referred to one hundred five-star reviews the tour gained in the international press in 2008.
2009 tour[link]
The third leg of Cohen's World Tour 2008-2009 encompassed New Zealand and Australia from 20 January to 10 February 2009.[44] In January 2009, The Pacific Tour first came to New Zealand. Simon Sweetman in The Dominion Post (Wellington) of 21 January wrote "It is hard work having to put this concert in to words so I'll just say something I have never said in a review before and will never say again: this was the best show I have ever seen." The Sydney Entertainment Centre show on 28 January sold out rapidly, which motivated promoters to announce a second show at the venue. The first performance was well-received, and the audience of 12,000 responded with five standing ovations. In response to hearing about the devastation to the Yarra Valley region of Victoria in Australia, Cohen donated $200,000 to the Victorian Bushfire Appeal in support of those affected by the extensive Black Saturday bushfires that razed the area just weeks after his performance at the Rochford Winery in the A Day on the Green concert.[45] Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper reported: "Tour promoter Frontier Touring said $200,000 would be donated on behalf of Cohen, fellow performer Paul Kelly and Frontier to aid victims of the bushfires."[46]
On 19 February 2009, Cohen played his first American concert in fifteen years at the Beacon Theatre in New York City.[47] The show, showcased as the special performance for fans, Leonard Cohen Forum members and press, was the only show in the whole three-year tour which was broadcast on the radio (NPR) and available as the free podcast.
The North American Tour of 2009 opened on 1 April and included the performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday, 17 April 2009, in front of one of the largest outdoor theatre crowds in the history of the festival. His performance of Hallelujah was widely regarded as one of the highlights of the festival, thus repeating the major success of the 2008 Glastonbury appearance. The performance has been included on 2010 Songs from the Road live release. During this leg, Cohen regularly performed new song, "Lullaby".
On 1 July 2009, Cohen started his marathon European tour, his third in two years. The itinerary mostly included sport arenas and open air Summer festivals in Germany, UK, France, Spain, Ireland (the show at O2 in Dublin won him the second Meteor Music Award in a row), but also performances in Serbia in the Belgrade Arena, in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, and again in Romania. On 3 August, Cohen gave an open air show at the Piazza San Marco in Venice.
On 18 September 2009, on the stage at a concert in Valencia, Spain, Cohen suddenly fainted halfway through performing his song "Bird on the Wire", the fourth in the two-act set list; Cohen was brought down backstage by his band members and then admitted to local hospital, while the concert was suspended.[48] It was reported that Cohen had stomach problems, and possibly food poisoning.[49] Three days later, on 21 September, on his 75th birthday, he performed in Barcelona. The show, last in Europe in 2009 and rumoured to be the last European concert ever, attracted many international fans, who lighted the green candles honouring Cohen's birthday, leading Cohen to give a special speech of thanks for the fans and Leonard Cohen Forum.
The last concert of this leg was held in Tel Aviv, Israel, on 24 September, three days after Cohen's 75th birthday, at Ramat Gan Stadium. The event was surrounded by public discussion due to a cultural boycott of Israel proposed by a number of musicians.[50] Nevertheless, tickets for the Tel Aviv concert, Cohen's first performance in Israel since 1980, sold out in less than 24 hours.[51] It was announced that the proceeds from the sale of the 47,000 tickets would go into a charitable fund in partnership with Amnesty International and would be used by Israeli and Palestinian peace groups for projects providing health services to children and bringing together Israeli veterans and former Palestinian fighters and the families of those killed in the conflict.[52] However, on 17 August 2009, Amnesty International released a statement saying they were withdrawing from any involvement with the concert and its proceeds.[53] Amnesty International later stated that its withdrawal was not due to the boycott but "the lack of support from Israeli and Palestinian NGOs."[54] The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) led the call for the boycott, claiming that Cohen was "intent on whitewashing Israel's colonial apartheid regime by performing in Israel."[55] On 24 September at the Ramat Gan concert, Cohen was highly emotional about the Israeli-Palestinian NGO Bereaved Families for Peace. He mentioned the organization twice, saying "It was a while ago that I first heard of the work of the 'Bereaved Parents for Peace'. That there was this coalition of Palestinian and Israeli families who had lost so much in the conflict and whose depth of suffering had compelled them to reach across the border into the houses of the enemy. Into the houses of those, to locate them who had suffered as much as they had, and then to stand with them in aching confraternity, a witness to an understanding that is beyond peace and that is beyond confrontation. So, this is not about forgiving and forgetting, this is not about laying down one's arms in a time of war, this is not even about peace, although, God willing, it could be a beginning. This is about a response to human grief. A radical, unique and holy, holy, holy response to human suffering. Baruch Hashem, thank God, I bow my head in respect to the nobility of this enterprise."[56] At the end of the show he blessed the crowd by the Priestly Blessing, a Jewish blessing offered by Kohanim. Cohen's surname derives from this Hebrew word for priest, thus identifying him as a Kohen.[57]
The sixth leg of the 2008-2009 world tour went again to US, with fifteen shows in October and November, with the "final" show in San Jose. The final leg included two new songs, "Feels So Good" and "The Darkness". But at that point, Cohen's "World Tour 2010" was already announced with the European dates in March.
The 2009 world tour earned a reported $9.5 million, putting Cohen at number 39 on Billboard magazine's list of the year's top musical "money makers."[58]
Live releases[link]
On 14 September 2010, Sony Music released a live CD/DVD album, Songs from the Road, showcasing Cohen's 2008 and 2009 live performances. The previous year, Cohen's performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Music Festival was released as a CD/DVD combo. The DVD version included interviews with Kris Kristofferson and others.
2010 tour[link]
Cohen's 2008-2009 world tour was prolonged into 2010. Originally scheduled to start in March, the first dozen of the original European dates were postponed to September and October due to Cohen's lower-back injury.[59] Officially billed as the "World Tour 2010", the tour started on 25 July 2010 in Arena Zagreb, Croatia, where in the week of the show 16 of Cohen's albums simultaneously entered the Croatian Top 40,[60] while Cohen's work was presented by the translation of Book of Mercy, two of Cohen's biographies, and with selection of poems in major literary magazine Quorum, while there was also the translation of Linda Hutcheon's work on Cohen's literary output. In December 2010, the national daily newspaper Vjesnik ranked Cohen's show among the five most important cultural event in Croatia in 2010, in the poll among dozen of intellectuals and writers; it was the only event ranked which was not actually Croatian.[61] The tour continued through August, with stops in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland, where on 31 July 2010 Cohen performed at Lissadell House in County Sligo. It was Cohen’s eighth Irish concert in just two years after a hiatus of more than 20 years.[62] On 12 August, Cohen played the 200th show of the tour in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden, where he had already played in October 2008; the show was four hours long.
The Fall leg of the European tour started in early September with an open-air show in Florence, Italy, and continued through Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria, where Cohen performed at the famous open-air opera stage of Römersteinbruch bei St. Margarethen im Burgenland, and then continued with dates in France, Poland, Russia (Moscow's State Kremlin Palace), Slovenia and Slovakia.[63] In Slovenia's brand new Arena Stožice, Cohen accepted Croatia's Porin music award for best foreign live video programme, which he won for his Live in London DVD.[64] Cohen's last European show was held in Sibamac Arena, in Bratislava, Slovakia. The shows in late September and October were performed without Sharon Robinson, who left this tour leg due to heavy illness; the setlist omitted songs co-written by her, but old Cohen standards were added instead.
The third leg of the 2010 tour started on 28 October in New Zealand and continued in Australia, including an open-air concert at Hanging Rock near Melbourne. It was the first show ever organised at the site. The tour finished with seven special dates added in Vancouver, Portland, Victoria and Oakland, with two final shows in Las Vegas' The Colosseum at Caesars Palace on 10 and 11 December. The very last concert on 11 December was the 246th show on the world tour which started on 11 May 2008.
The world tour 2010 was covered daily on the Flickr photo blog which was edited by Cohen's road manager, entitled Notes from the Road.
2010s[link]
In August 2011, Cohen completed work on the studio album, Old Ideas, with producer Ed Sanders.[65][66] The album was released on 27 January 2012.[67] The lyric for the song "Going Home" was originally published as a poem in The New Yorker magazine in January 2012, prior to the record's release.[68] The album received uniformly positive reviews from publications like Rolling Stone,[69] the Chicago Tribune,[70] and The Guardian.[71] At a record release party for the album in January 2012, Cohen spoke with The New York Times reporter Jon Pareles who states that "mortality was very much on his mind and in his songs [on this album]." Pareles goes to characterize the album as "an autumnal album, musing on memories and final reckonings, but it also has a gleam in its eye. It grapples once again with topics Mr. Cohen has pondered throughout his career: love, desire, faith, betrayal, redemption. Some of the diction is biblical; some is drily sardonic."[72]
"Hallelujah"[link]
Main article: Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
"Hallelujah" was first released on Cohen's studio album Various Positions in 1984. While the song initially had limited success it found greater popular acclaim through a cover by John Cale in 1991, which later formed the basis for a cover by Jeff Buckley. In recent years "Hallelujah" has been performed by almost 200 artists in various languages.[73] Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); the Canadian Recording Industry Association; the Australian Recording Industry Association; and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry show that, prior to late 2008, more than five million copies of the song sold in compact-disc format. It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been featured in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs.[74]
Themes[link]
Recurring themes in Cohen's work include love, sex, religion, depression, and music itself. He has also engaged with certain political themes, though sometimes ambiguously so. "Suzanne" mixes a wistful type of love song with a religious meditation, themes that are also mixed in "Joan of Arc". "Famous Blue Raincoat" is from the point of view of a man whose marriage has been broken by his wife's infidelity with his close friend, and is written in the form of a letter to that friend. "Everybody Knows" is about sexual relationships during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s in which "the naked man and woman are just a shining artifact of the past."
Cohen is Jewish, and he has drawn from Jewish religious and cultural imagery throughout his career. Examples include "Story of Isaac", and "Who by Fire", the words and melody of which echo the Unetaneh Tokef, an 11th-century liturgical poem recited on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. Broader Jewish themes sound throughout the album Various Positions. "Hallelujah," which has music as a secondary theme, begins by evoking the biblical King David composing a song that "pleased the Lord" and continues with references to Bathsheba and Samson. The lyrics of "Whither Thou Goest", performed by him and released in his album Live in London, are adapted from the Bible (Ruth 1:16-17, King James Version). "If It Be Your Will" also has a strong air of religious resignation.
Having suffered from depression during much of his life (although less so recently), Cohen has written much (especially in his early work) about depression and suicide. Beautiful Losers and "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy" are about suicide; darkly comic "One of Us Cannot Be Wrong" mentions suicide; "Dress Rehearsal Rag" is about a last-minute decision not to commit suicide. An atmosphere of depression pervades "Please Don't Pass Me By" and "Tonight Will Be Fine." As in the aforementioned "Hallelujah," music itself is the subject of "Tower of Song," "A Singer Must Die," and "Jazz Police."
Themes of political and social justice also recur in Cohen's work, especially in later albums. In "Democracy," he both acknowledges political problems and celebrates the hopes of reformers: "from the wars against disorder/ from the sirens night and day/ from the fires of the homeless/ and the ashes of the gay/ Democracy is coming to the USA." He has made the observation in "Tower of Song" that "the rich have got their channels in the bedrooms of the poor/ And there's a mighty judgment coming." In the title track of The Future he recasts this prophecy on a pacifist note: "I've seen the nations rise and fall/ …/ But love's the only engine of survival." In "Anthem", he promises that "the killers in high places [who] say their prayers out loud/ [are] gonna hear from me."
War is an enduring theme of Cohen's work that—in his earlier songs and early life—he approached ambivalently. Challenged in 1974 over his serious demeanor in concerts and the military salutes he ended them with, Cohen remarked, "I sing serious songs, and I'm serious onstage because I couldn't do it any other way...I don't consider myself a civilian. I consider myself a soldier, and that's the way soldiers salute."[75] In "Field Commander Cohen" he imagines himself as a soldier of sorts, socializing with Fidel Castro in Cuba—where he had actually visited at the height of US-Cuba tensions in 1961, allegedly sporting a Che Guevara-style beard and military fatigues. This song was written immediately following Cohen's front-line stint with the Israeli air force, the "fighting in Egypt" documented in a passage of "Night Comes On." In 1973, Cohen, who had traveled to Jerusalem to sign up on the Israeli side in the Yom Kippur War, had instead been assigned to a USO-style entertainer tour of front-line tank emplacements in the Sinai Desert, coming under fire.
Deeply moved by encounters with Israeli and Arab soldiers, he left the country to write "Lover Lover Lover." This song has been interpreted as a personal renunciation of armed conflict, and ends with the hope his song will serve a listener as "a shield against the enemy." He would later remark, "'Lover, Lover, Lover' was born over there; the whole world has its eyes riveted on this tragic and complex conflict. Then again, I am faithful to certain ideas, inevitably. I hope that those of which I am in favour will gain."[76] Asked which side he supported in the Arab-Israeli conflict, Cohen responded, "I don't want to speak of wars or sides ... Personal process is one thing, it's blood, it's the identification one feels with their roots and their origins. The militarism I practice as a person and a writer is another thing.... I don't wish to speak about war."[77]
His recent politics continue a lifelong predilection for the underdog, the "beautiful loser." Whether recording "The Partisan", a French Resistance song by Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier, or singing his own "The Old Revolution," written from the point of view of a defeated royalist, he has throughout his career expressed in his music sympathy and support for the oppressed. Although Cohen's fascination with war is often as a metaphor for more general cultural and personal issues, as in "New Skin for the Old Ceremony," by this measure his most militant album.
Cohen blends pessimism about political/cultural issues with humour and, especially in his later work, with gentle acceptance. His wit contends with his stark analysis as his songs are often verbally playful and cheerful. In "Tower of Song" the famously raw-voiced Cohen sings ironically that he was "born with the gift of a golden voice." The generally dark "Is This What You Wanted?" contains playful lines "You were the whore and the beast of Babylon/ I was Rin Tin Tin." In concert he often plays around with his lyrics ("If you want a doctor/ I'll examine every inch of you" from "I'm Your Man" sometimes becomes "If you want a Jewish doctor..."). He may introduce one song by using a phrase from another song or poem—for example, introducing "Leaving Green Sleeves" by paraphrasing his own "Queen Victoria," "This is a song for those who are not nourished by modern love."
Cohen has also recorded such love songs as Irving Berlin's "Always" or the more obscure soul number "Be for Real" (originally sung by Marlena Shaw).
Personal life[link]
Romantic relationships[link]
Leonard Cohen lived at Hydra, Greece in 1960 with Marianne C. Stang Jensen Ihlen (born in Norway 1935), and the song "So long Marianne" was written to and about her. Their relationship lasted for most of the 1960s.
Cohen had a relationship beginning in the 1970s with the Los Angeles artist Suzanne Elrod, with whom he has two children: a son, Adam, born in 1972, and a daughter, Lorca, named after poet Federico García Lorca, born in 1974. Adam Cohen began a career as a singer-songwriter in the mid-1990s and fronts a band called Low Millions, while Lorca took the part in her father's tour team during the 2008-2010 world tour as photographer and videographer. She also shot Cohen's video for the song "Because Of" in 2004, while her "Backstage Sketch" was included on Cohen's 2010 DVD Songs from the Road. She has directed and shot video clips for The Webb Sisters and Kamila Thompson. On 2 February 2011, Lorca gave birth to a daughter, Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen in a co-parenting relationship with biological father Rufus Wainwright and his partner, Jorn Weisbrodt.[78]
Cohen has said that "cowardice" and "fear" prevented him from ever actually marrying Elrod.[79][80] Elrod took the cover photograph on Cohen's Live Songs album and is pictured on the cover of the Death of a Ladies' Man album. She is also the "Dark Lady" of Cohen's 1978 book Death of a Lady's Man. Cohen and Elrod split up in 1979.
"Suzanne", one of his best-known songs, refers to Suzanne Verdal, the former wife of his friend, the Québécois sculptor Armand Vaillancourt, rather than Elrod.[81]
In the 1980s, Cohen was in a relationship with the French photographer Dominique Issermann, who shot his first two music videos for the songs "Dance Me To The End Of Love" and "First We Take Manhattan." Today Issermann is most famous for her photo sessions with Carla Bruni[82] and for her fashion photography for magazines like Elle; in 2010 she was the official photographer of Cohen's world tour. Her photographs were used for the covers of his 1993 book Stranger Music and his album More Best of Leonard Cohen and for the inside booklet of Cohen's 1988 record I'm Your Man (which is dedicated to Issermann with words: "All these songs are for you, D. I.").[83]
In the 1990s, Cohen was romantically linked to actress Rebecca De Mornay.[84] De Mornay co-produced Cohen's 1992 album The Future, which is also supposedly dedicated to her with an inscription which quotes Rebecca's coming to the well from the Book of Genesis chapter 24[85] and giving drink to Eliezer's camels, after he prayed for the help; Eliezer ("God is my help" in Hebrew) is Cohen's Hebrew name, and Cohen sometimes referred to himself as "Eliezer Cohen" or even "Jikan Eliezer."[86]
In the 2000s, Cohen has been romantically involved with Anjani Thomas. Together they wrote the album Blue Alert in 2006, produced by Cohen. Thomas co-produced and co-wrote some songs on Cohen's 2004 album Dear Heather and was involved in the recording of Cohen's 2012 record, Old Ideas.
Religious beliefs and practices[link]
Cohen is described as an observant Jew in an article in The New York Times:
Mr. Cohen keeps the Sabbath even while on tour and performed for Israeli troops during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. So how does he square that faith with his continued practice of Zen? "Allen Ginsberg asked me the same question many years ago," he said. "Well, for one thing, in the tradition of Zen that I've practiced, there is no prayerful worship and there is no affirmation of a deity. So theologically there is no challenge to any Jewish belief."[87]
Cohen has been involved with Buddhism since the 1970s and was ordained a Buddhist monk in 1996; however he is still religiously Jewish: "I'm not looking for a new religion. I'm quite happy with the old one, with Judaism."[88]
In his concert in Ramat Gan, Israel, on 24 September 2009, Cohen spoke Jewish prayers and blessings to the audience in Hebrew. He opened the show with the first sentence of Ma Tovu. At the middle he used Baruch Hashem, and he ended the concert reciting the blessing of Birkat Cohanim.[89]
Since the late 1970s Cohen has been associated with Buddhist monk and teacher Kyozan Joshu Sasaki (a.k.a. Roshi), regularly visiting him at Mount Baldy Zen Center and serving him as personal assistant during Cohen's own reclusion into Mt. Baldy monastery in the 1990s. Roshi appears as regular motif or addressee in Cohen's poetry, especially in the Book of Longing, and also took part in 1997 documentary about Cohen's monastery years, Leonard Cohen: Spring 1996. Cohen's 2001 album Ten New Songs is dedicated to Joshu Sasaki.
Cultural references[link]
Cohen is mentioned in the Nirvana song "Pennyroyal Tea" from the band's 1993 release, In Utero. Kurt Cobain wrote, "Give me a Leonard Cohen afterworld/ So I can sigh eternally." Cohen, after Cobain's suicide, was quoted as saying "I'm sorry I couldn't have spoken to the young man. I see a lot of people at the Zen Centre, who have gone through drugs and found a way out that is not just Sunday school. There are always alternatives, and I might have been able to lay something on him."[90]
Awards, titles and honours[link]
- 1964 the Québec Literary Competition Prize (awarded 1923-70 by the Province of Québec) The Favourite Game (Cohen's first novel)
- 1968 Governor General's Award (English language poetry or drama) for Selected Poems 1956–1968. (Refused)
- 1970 Honorary degree from Dalhousie University
- 1984 The Golden Rose, the main award at the international television festival Rose d'Or in Montreux, for I am a Hotel, made-for-TV short musical film written by Cohen and based on his songs.
- 1985 Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry for Book of Mercy
- 1986 Genie Award for Best Original Song for "Angel Eyes" from Night Magic (with Lewis Furey)
- 1988 Columbia Records Crystal Globe Award from CBS for I'm Your Man. The award is for artists who sell more than five million copies of an album in foreign territories
- 1989 Nominated for Juno Awards for Canadian Entertainer of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year
- 1991 Officer of the Order of Canada
- 1991 Induction into the Juno/Canadian Music Hall of Fame
- 1991 Nominated for a Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year.
- 1992 Honorary degree from McGill University, Montreal.
- 1993 Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year. The video for Closing Time, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, won for Best Video. He was also nominated as Producer of the Year (with co-producer Leanne Ungar, for "Closing Time").
- 1993 Governor General's Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement.
- 1994 Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year and was nominated for the Juno Award for Album of the Year (for The Future). The video for The Future, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, was nominated for Juno Award for Best Video.
- 1996 Ordained a Rinzai Buddhist monk.
- 2001 Nagroda Muzyczna Fryderyk, the annual Polish music award, for best foreign album (Ten New Songs).
- 2002 Nominated for Juno Award as Best Songwriter Cohen (with Sharon Robinson) for "Boogie Street", "In My Secret Life", and "You Have Loved Enough").
- 2002 Nominated for the Juno Award for Best Video for "In My Secret Life", directed by Floria Sigismondi. Ten New Songs nominated for Best Pop Album, and he was nominated for Best Artist.
- 2002 SNEP Award Cohen for more than 100,000 copies sold of Ten New Songs in France.
- 2003 Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.[91]
- 2004 Inclusion in Canada Reads 2005 with Beautiful Losers
- 2005 Induction into the Canadian Folk Music Walk of Fame.
- 2006 Induction into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2007 Grammy for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters.[92]
- 2008 Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[93]
- 2008 Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.[94]
- 2009 Long Listed for the Polaris Music Prize for Live in London [95]
- 2009 Nominated for Mojo Honours Lists for Best Live Act category.[96]
- 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2008 show in Dublin's IMMA's Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
- 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 2010 A second Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2009 show in Dublin's O2.
- 2010 Porin Award in Croatia in category of foreign video programme, for his Live in London DVD.[97]
- 2010 Induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2011 Glenn Gould Prize[98]
- 2011 Prince of Asturias Awards, Literature, Spain
- 2012 Inaugural PEN Award for Song Lyrics of Literary Excellence. Chuck Berry received same award.[99][100]
Discography[link]
Main article: Leonard Cohen discography
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Songs of Leonard Cohen | 27 December 1967 |
| Songs from a Room | April 1969 |
| Songs of Love and Hate | March 1971 |
| New Skin for the Old Ceremony | August 1974 |
| Death of a Ladies' Man | November 1977 |
| Recent Songs | September 1979 |
| Various Positions | December 1984 |
| I'm Your Man | February 1988 |
| The Future | 24 November 1992 |
| Ten New Songs | 9 October 2001 |
| Dear Heather | 26 October 2004 |
| Old Ideas | 31 January 2012 |
Poetry[link]
- Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957.[101]
Tribute albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Famous Blue Raincoat | 1987 |
| I'm Your Fan | 1991 |
| Tower of Song | 1995 |
| Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man | 2006 |
| Cohen - The Scandinavian Report | 2009 |
Publications[link]
Collections: poems and songs[link]
- Let Us Compare Mythologies. Montreal: Contact Press [McGill Poetry Series], 1956.[102] reissued 2007
- The Spice-Box of Earth. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1961.[102]
- Flowers for Hitler. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1964.[102]
- Parasites of Heaven. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1966.[102]
- Selected Poems 1956–1968. New York, Toronto: Viking, McClelland & Stewart, 1968.[102]
- The Energy of Slaves. London,Toronto: Cape, McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN 0-7710-2204-2 ISBN 0771022034 New York: Viking, 1973.[102]
- Selected Poetry of Leonard Cohen. Penguin Classics, 1978.[102]
- Death of a Lady's Man. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978. ISBN 0-7710-2177-1 London, New York: Viking, Penguin, 1979.[102] - reissued 2010
- Book of Mercy.London: Cape, 1984.[102] - reissued 2010
- Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs. London, New York, Toronto: Cape, Pantheon, McClelland & Stewart, 1993.[102] ISBN 0-7710-2230-1
- The Lyrics of Leonard Cohen. London, Omnibus, 1998.[102] ISBN 0-7119-7141-2 2nd edition, 2009.
- God is Alive. Magic is Afoot. Sarah Perkins and Ian Jackson illus. Toronto: Stoddart, 2000.[102] ISBN 0-7737-6180-2
- Book of Longing. London, New York, Toronto: Penguin, Ecco, McClelland & Stewart, 2006.[102] (poetry, prose, drawings) ISBN 978-0-7710-2234-0
- Poems and Songs (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets) 2011
Novels[link]
- The Favorite Game. London, New York, Toronto: Secker & Warburg, Viking P, McClelland & Stewart, 1963.[102] Reissued as The Favourite Game. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1994. ISBN 978-0-7710-9954-0
- Beautiful Losers. New York, Toronto: Viking Press, McClelland & Stewart, 1966. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1991. ISBN 978-0-7710-9875-8 McClelland & Stewart [Emblem], 2003.[102] ISBN 978-0-7710-2200-5
Film and television[link]
- Cohen was the subject of the 1965 documentary Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen, directed by Donald Brittain and Don Owen and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. This film, which pre-dates Cohen's career as a songwriter, explores his career as a well-known Canadian poet.[103] Cohen also appeared in Owen's 1967 film The Ernie Game, which was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.[104]
- Cohen's music also appeared the following year in the 1966 NFB animated short Angel.
- In 1968 Cohen performed on the BBC, both on the Julie Felix Show and in his own special, split into two thirty minute shows. The first clip still exists, while the second is only available as a bootleg CD.[105]
- Cohen makes a cameo appearance performing "The Stranger Song" in the Canadian film The Ernie Game (1968), which is based on the stories of Bernard Cole Spencer.
- Cohen's music was popular among the directors of the New German Cinema, and appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore (1971) and Werner Herzog's Stroszek (1977).
- Cohen's 1970 performance at the Isle of Wight Festival was filmed by Murray Lerner, but remained unreleased until 2009 when it was released as Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970, and included Lerner's 2009 documentary material.
- Robert Altman's 1971 western McCabe and Mrs. Miller used three Cohen songs on its soundtrack, as well the instrumental parts of The Stranger Song performed by Cohen. Multiple record singles were released during the film's distribution.[106]
- In 1972, Cohen's European tour was filmed by British director Tony Palmer; the re-edited material appeared in 1974 under the title Bird On a Wire and exists only as a bootleg VHS tape. Palmer's authorised and restored film was released in 2010.[107]
- In October 1979, Cohen recorded a show for German TV show RockPop Special, available only as a bootleg. The show is often rebroadcast by the German satellite TV channel 3Sat.[108]
- The Song Of Leonard Cohen, a 1980 documentary by Harry Rasky, featuring Irving Layton, includes highlights from Cohen's 1979 European tour and tracks from the LP Recent Songs.
- In 1983, Cohen wrote and starred in made-for-TV short musical film I am a Hotel, based on his songs. It won the Golden Rose award at the Rose d'Or television festival in Montreux in 1984.
- In 1985, Cohen co-wrote and co-composed Night Magic (starring Carole Laure) with fellow Quebecker, Lewis Furey.
- Cohen is subject of the BBC documentary Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, filmed during his 1988 tour.[109]
- Cohen appeared as villain Francois Zolan in the "French Twist" episode of the American television series Miami Vice (season 2, episode 17), originally broadcast on 21 February 1986.
- In 1988, Spanish TV station RTE televised the full version of Cohen's show in San Sebastian, 20 May, later aired in number of European countries and still rerun on the Spanish TV. It remains the only completely televised Cohen show.
- In 1989, Cohen gave his first major performance on US television on Austin City Limits[110] (recorded in November 1988). He performed for the show again in July 1993. Both programs have been often rebroadcast by the PBS.
- "Everybody Knows" and "If It Be Your Will" play prominent parts in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume
- Three of Cohen's songs from his album The Future ("Waiting for the Miracle", "Anthem", and "The Future") are used in Oliver Stone's 1994 film Natural Born Killers. Songs from this album have also appeared in the films Wonder Boys (2000), starring Michael Douglas and The Life of David Gale (2003), starring Kevin Spacey.
- In 1994, Cohen narrated NFB-produced documentary The Tibetan Book of the Dead.
- Cohen's years at the Mt. Baldy Zen Centre were the subject of 1997 French documentary Leonard Cohen: Spring 96 by Armelle Brusq, released on DVD in 2009.
- In 2001, Cohen's song Hallelujah was used on the soundtrack of Shrek, in a version by John Cale.
- The Favourite Game (Le Jeu de l'ange), based on his novel of the same title, was released in Canada in 2003.
- Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man was released in 2006. It features a 2005 tribute concert to Cohen, "Came So Far For Beauty", held at the Sydney Opera House and produced by Hal Willner. The film, directed by Lian Lunson, has appearances by Nick Cave, Beth Orton, Antony of Antony and the Johnsons, Rufus and Martha Wainwright, and a performance of "Tower of Song" by Cohen and U2. The film also features Cohen recalling significant parts of his life and career.
- Cohen is the subject of a two-part documentary, Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1934-1977 (2007) and Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1978-2006 (2008), available separately on DVD.
See also[link]
- Music of Canada
- List of Quebec musicians
- Music of Quebec
- Culture of Quebec
- List of people with depression
References[link]
- ^ de Melo, Jessica (11 December 2009). "Leonard Cohen to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2010 Grammys". Spinner Canada. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nmaflNd4. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame press release, "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Announces its Inductees for 2008," 13 December 2007. http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement
- ^ The International Whos Who 2004 retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (24 May 1985). The Midday Show With Ray Martin. with Ray Martin. ABC. Sydney. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/raymartin1985.php. Retrieved 1 October 2008. "My – my mother was from Lithuania which was a part of Poland and my great-grandfather came over from Poland to Canada.".
- ^ Leonard Cohen Biography : Leonard Cohen was born to a Polish father and a Lithuanian-Jewish mother in Quebec in 1934.
- ^ Williams, P. (n.d.) Leonard Cohen: The Romantic in a Ragpicker's Trade
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nadel, Ira B. Various Position: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Pantheon Books: New York, 1996.
- ^ Adria, Marco, "Chapter and Verse: Leonard Cohen," Music of Our Times: Eight Canadian Singer-Songwriters (Toronto: Lorimer, 1990), p. 28.
- ^ Nadel, Ira Bruce (1996). Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Toronto: Random House. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=passion+without+flesh+leonard+cohen&source=bl&ots=IiIQ4fcaoP&sig=rjJ-dP0y3rzuFCPq6mK9aa8tgkM&hl=en&ei=v91_TpeiDufiiALNrYW6Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ The Leonard Cohen Files
- ^ The Blackening Pages
- ^ Iyer, Pico (22 October 2001). "Listening to Leonard Cohen | Utne Reader". Utne.com. http://www.utne.com/Spirituality/Leonard-Cohen-Interview-at-Buddhist-Monk-Mountain-Retreat.aspx. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Warhol, Andy: Popism. Orlando: Harcourt Press, 1980.
- ^ "• View topic - Please help identify this acetate master". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1207. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ "Sixties crooner Leonard Cohen makes comeback concert tour". London Evening Standard. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nlWizAPg. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ Louis Black, "First We Take Berlin", Austin Chronicle, 2007, http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=11798
- ^ Pictures of various European records with recording
- ^ de Lisle, T. (2004)Hallelujah: 70 things about Leonard Cohen at 70
- ^ Fitzgerald, J. (2001) Beautiful loser, beautiful comeback. The National Post, 24 March 2001.
- ^ a b Rohter, Larry (24 February 2009). "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/arts/music/25cohe.html. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ WARSAW 1985 by Daniel Wyszogrodzki, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/warsaw85.html
- ^ Covers by Maciej Zembaty, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/cover4.html
- ^ "Tour of 1988 in Europe". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/88.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ News and Future Plans, 1995 http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/news0.html
- ^ A Thousand Kisses Deep, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/kisses.html
- ^ "Anjani Thomas". Leonardcohenfiles.com. 18 May 1999. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/anjani.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ The Blackening Pages, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mirror.html
- ^ (n.d.) "blue alert 2006" - Reviews.
- ^ Book of Longing (Song) & Puppets-YouTube (KCRW Demo Version) http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=22253&p=238048
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (8 October 2005). "Cohen stays calm as $5m disappears". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/08/usa.topstories3. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ a b Macklem, Katherine; Gillis, Charlie; Johnson, Brian D. (22 August 2005). Leonard Cohen Goes Broke. MacLean's. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012813. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011, available from The Canadian Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
- ^ "Leonard Cohen awarded $9 million in civil suit". CTV.ca. 2 March 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060302/leonard_cohen_060302/20060302?hub=Canada. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen 'unlikely' to recover stolen millions: Funds taken by ex-manager going to be hard to recover". NME. 3 March 2006. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/22406. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Defamation Suit Against Songwriter Cohen Is Dropped (Update2)". Bloomberg News. 17 June 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aYT7tI_tphK4&refer=canada. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ Smith, RJ. "Man of the Moment." Poetry
- ^ (2006) "Cohen returns to limelight with bestselling book" CBC Online. Sunday, 14 May 2006.
- ^ Book of Longing - Philip Glass and Leonard Cohen, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/glassCD.html
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen: TOUR 2008". Leonardcohenforum.com. 13 January 2008. http://leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=10031&sid=522ff761187a6889ff88870fd90c5dcd. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "2008 Tour schedule". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=10365. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen reveals details of world tour | News". Nme.Com. 11 March 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/35054. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury headliners revealed". BBC News. 8 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7234000/7234884.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury 2008 - Leonard Cohen". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2008/artists/leonardcohen/?comment=response. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury says 'Hallelujah' to Leonard Cohen". Nme.com. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/37738. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View forum - The Pacific Tour 2009". leonardcohenforum.com. 2009. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewforum.php?f=31. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (10 February 2009). "Leonard Cohen donates £90,000 to Australian bushfire victims". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/10/leonard-cohen-australian-bushfire-donation. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen donates concert profits to bushfire relief fund". Herald Sun. 11 February 2009. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25037004-5012974,00.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Dazzles At New York Tour Warm-Up". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/leonard-cohen-dazzles-at-new-york-tour-warm-1003943330.story. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen OK after fainting on stage". CBC News. 19 September 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/09/19/cohen-collapse.html. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen collapses on stage". BBC News. 19 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8264447.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Kliger, Rachelle (13 July 2009). "Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off". mideast.jpost.com (Jerusalem Post). http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246443798463&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen's blessed summer finale". Jerusalem Post. 26 September 2009. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253820682564&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Haaretz on proceeds from Tel Aviv concert". 2 August 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/leonard-cohen-s-tel-aviv-concert-sells-out-in-a-day-1.281246. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Amnesty International and the Leonard Cohen Fund for Reconciliation, Tolerance and Peace" (PDF). Public document. Amnesty International. 17/Aug/2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/025/2009/en/4f6becdc-e532-4f64-a755-c598a6c16e91/mde150252009en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ A concert for tolerance and peace? For shame! by Chris Selley, National Post, 8 September 2009.
- ^ Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off by Rachelle Kliger, Jerusalem Post, 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Cohen laudes the Bereaved Families for Peace". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLGWXsAp7GA. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Cohen blesses crowd with the Priestly Blessing". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo9WrFRI0xY. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Music's Top 40 Money Makers". Billboard. 26 February 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/money-makers-page-1-1004071200.story. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen postpones European tour after injury". Nme.com. 6 February 2010. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/49613. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard's 16 albums in Croatian Top 40". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=22807. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Najveci kultruni dogadjaji u Hrvatskoj 2010. godine http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2010/12/28/18A18.PDF (in Croatian)
- ^ "Leonard Cohen at Lissadell House". Lissadellhouse.com. http://www.lissadellhouse.com/cohen.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ by jarkko » 2 November 2009, 7:56 pm (2 November 2009). "Leonard Cohen Tour Dates 2010". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=19806. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen receives the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=253034#p253034. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Re: Leonard Cohen Talks About First New Album of the Decade, by Jarkko Arjatsalo http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=266822#p266822
- ^ "OLD IDEAS - THE NEW ALBUM - January 31, 2012". Leonardcohenforum.com. 22 August 2011. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=282835#p282835. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Leonard Cohen website
- ^ "Leonard Cohen’s “Going Home”". Culture Desk (The New Yorker). 16 January 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/01/leonard-cohens-going-home-new-song.html. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ By Joe Levy (2012-01-26). "Old Ideas | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/old-ideas-20120126. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Kot, Greg (24 January 2012). "Album review: Leonard Cohen, 'Old Ideas'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-24/entertainment/chi-leonard-cohen-album-review-old-ideas-reviewed-20120124_1_leonard-cohen-album-review-12th-studio-album. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Costa, Maddy (26 January 2012). "Leonard Cohen: Old Ideas – review". Culture > Music (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/jan/26/leonard-cohen-old-ideas-review?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (29 January 2012). "Final Reckonings, a Tuneful Fedora and Forgiveness". Music (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/arts/music/leonard-cohen-reckons-with-god-in-old-ideas.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Arjatsalo, J., Riise, A., & Kurzweil, K. (11 July 2009). A Thousand Covers Deep: Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists. The Leonard Cohen Files. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ^ Appleyard, Bryan (9 January 2005)."Hallelujah! — One Haunting Ballad Has Been the Soundtrack to Many Lives Recently. But Why? Bryan Appleyard on Leonard Cohen’s Uber-Song". The Times.
- ^ "1974 Interview from "Leonard Cohen" by Manzano". Webheights.net. 12 October 1974. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/spain1.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ (2001) "Cohen: Lover Lover Lover est né là-bas... Le monde entier a les yeux rivés sur ce conflit tragique et complexe. Alors, je suis fidèle à certaines idées, forcément. J'espère que ceux dont je suis partisan vont gagner.." L'Express, France, 04 octobre 2001
- ^ (1974)[1] 1974 in Barcelona, Spain. Published in 'Leonard Cohen' by Alberto Manzano, published in 1978.
- ^ "For Immediate Release:". News Archive. www.rufuswainwright.com. 02 February 2011. http://www.rufuswainwright.com/news/RW_Archive.aspx#2b042ae6-9780-44dc-8358-c8e038aa81b6:640386. Retrieved 2012-02-20. "Darling daughter Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen was born on February 2, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to proud parents Lorca Cohen, Rufus Wainwright and Deputy Dad Jorn Weisbrodt."
- ^ "Transcript of Stina Lundberg's Interview in Paris, 2001". Webheights.net. 2001. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/sl2001.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1305765,00.html. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "The Story of Suzanne". BBC Radio 4 interview with Suzanne Verdal McCallister (leonardcohenfiles.com). 6 June 1998. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/verdal.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "Dominique Issermann". Carla Bruni-Sarkozy. 1 May 2010. http://www.carlabrunisarkozy.org/en/dominique-issermann/. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1988 for the album, 2012 for the website). "I'm Your Man" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album8.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1 June 1993). "Knowing Rebecca de Mornay Like Only Leonard Cohen Can". Interview magazine. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/priv1.htm. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1992 for the album, 2012 for the website). "The Future" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). A Record by Leonard Cohen. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album9.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ The Online Jewish Book Community (JBooks.com) (June 2006). "Book of Longing (Review)". Reviews & Articles. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/bookoflonging/reviews12.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ See Larry Rohter, "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual." The New York Times, 25 February 2009. For an extended discussion of the Jewish mystical and Buddhist motifs in Cohen's songs and poems, see Elliot R. Wolfson, "New Jerusalem Glowing: Songs and Poems of Leonard Cohen in a Kabbalistic Key," Kabbalah: A Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 15 (2006): 103-152.
- ^ "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?" The Guardian. 17 September 2004.
- ^ "Cohen using Jewish prayers and blessings in Hebrew in his concert in Israel". Forward.com. http://www.forward.com/articles/115181/. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/sep/17/2.
- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. Order of Canada citation. Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 26 May 2010
- ^ Leopold, Todd (4 February 2008). "Herbie Hancock rides on the 'River'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/04/herbie.hancock/index.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Indictees for 2008". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201220931/http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement/. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Quarante-neuf personnalités nommées ou promues dans l'Ordre national du Québec" (in French). Government of Quebec. 3 June 2008. http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.qc.ca/salle-de-presse/communiques/2008/juin/2008-06-03-en.shtml. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "CBC Radio3 Announces Polaris Prize Longlist", 15 June 2009
- ^ MOJO Honours List 2009: Nominees Announced
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen wins the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=21769&p=229671. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Glenn Gould Prize. Arts Journal
- ^ "Chuck Berry, Leonard Cohen Get First PEN Songwriting Awards". RollingStone Music. 28 February 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/chuck-berry-leonard-cohen-get-first-pen-songwriting-awards-20120227. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark; Goldstein, Meredeth (26 February 2012). "Leonard Cohen and Chuck Berry celebrated at the JFK Library". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/names/2012/02/leonard-cohen-and-chuck-berry-celebrated-the-jfk-library/pme86jnpLDKP4XYIMJi3XN/index.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "F.R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, 7 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Search results: Leonard Cohen, Open Library, Web, 10 May 2011.
- ^ "''Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen''". Nfb.ca. 5 May 2010. http://www.nfb.ca/film/ladies_and_gentlemen_mr_leonard_cohen. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "IMDB.com: Awards for The Ernie Game". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060375/awards. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "''Leonard Cohen BBC-TV Summer 1968''". Likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com. 31 August 2007. http://likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com/2007/08/leonard-cohen-bbc-tv-summer-1968.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "McCabe and Mrs. Miller". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mccabe.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Bird on a Wire DVD". Leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com. 13 May 2010. http://leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Rockpop Special". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/rockpop.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Songs from the life of Leonard Cohen". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/bbc-life.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Austin City Limits, 1988 & 1993". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/austin.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Cohen, Leonard (1993), Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-2230-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=9jHBP53SgjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Ratcliff, Maurice (1999), The complete guide to the music of Leonard Cohen, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-7508-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJseVKmKtqwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Scobie, Stephen (2000), Intricate preparations: writing Leonard Cohen, ECW Press, ISBN 1-55022-433-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=MASx22brbYMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Nadel, Ira (1997), Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen' (1st ed.), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-71732-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Various%20Positions%3A%20A%20Life%20of%20Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Hofmann, Philipp (2010), Corporeal Cartographies: The Body in the Novels of Leonard Cohen, Lit Publishing House, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-643-11035-0|3-643-11035-0]], http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-11035-0
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Cohen |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Leonard Cohen |
- Official website
- The Leonard Cohen Files
- Bird on a Wire (1972) at TCM Movie Morlocks
- Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews, Vol. 33 (Fall/Winter, 1993). The Proceedings of the Leonard Cohen Conference, Red Deer College, 22-24 Oct. 1993.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cohen, Leonard Norman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 21 September 1934 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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