- published: 11 Dec 2009
- views: 18890
- author: TVBarchiwum
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- Aleksander Gierymski
- Amber Road
- Angrapa River
- Annopol
- Augustów Canal
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- Baranów Sandomierski
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Angrapa River
Coordinates: 54°29′02″N 22°00′11″E / 54.484°N 22.003°E / 54.484; 22.003
Angrapa (Polish: Węgorapa, Russian: Анграпа, German: Angerapp, Lithuanian: Angrapė) is a river in northeastern Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast). It originates in Masuria and flows into the Pregolya, of which it is a main tributary.
The Angrapa has a length of 172 km and a basin area of 3,639 km². The Russian name Angrapa is derived from the old German name Angerapp, which in turn is derived from the Old Prussian words anguris (eel) and apis (river). The river's name therefore means "Eel River". The city of Ozyorsk lies on the Angrapa.
wn.com/Angrapa_River -
Annopol
Annopol [aˈnːɔpɔl] (
listen) is a small town in south-eastern Poland (historic Lesser Poland), with 2,679 (2004) inhabitants, in Kraśnik County. It has been situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999) previously in Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (1975-1998). It is also the birthplace of Dorota Barbara Jabłonowska, wife of Prince Józef Klemens Czartoryski (1760-1844).
Annopol received city rights in 1761, lost them in 1869 and regained in 1969. The coat of arms show St. Anna, the patron saint of the town (the name means "Anna's city", from Greek polis). It owes its picturesque location to the Lesser Polish Gorge of the Vistula. Annopol does not have a rail station, but the town is placed along National Road nr. 74, which goes from Piotrkow Trybunalski to the Ukrainian border at the village of Zosin. The Vistula river road bridge at Annopol was built in 1967.
Annopol was founded at the site of the village of Rachów, which in the 16th and 17th centuries belonged to different noble families. Later on, Jews began to settle in the town, and by 1921, they made 73% of the population. During the Holocaust, a ghetto was created by the Germans, then most Jews were murdered at Belzec extermination camp.
wn.com/Annopol -
Baranów Sandomierski
Baranów Sandomierski [baˈranuf sandɔˈmʲɛrskʲi] is a small town in southern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodship, Tarnobrzeg County on the Vistula River, with 1,440 inhabitants (02.06.2009).
The town is well known for its picturesque Renaissance castle / palace built in 1591-1606.
It is known as "little Wawel". This castle is a class zero monument. It is believed to be the work of the famous architect, Santi Gucci, the court artist of King Sigismund II Augustus. The castle was built around 1591–1606 for Rafał and Andrzej Leszczyński. Its style comes from the Italian renaissance. By the end of the 17th century, the next owners were the Lubomirscy family, who decided to change the residence. They hired a Dutch architect, who added columns on the inside of the castle courtyard, on which there was a gallery of art by Giovanni Battista (unfortunately all the art was destroyed in two fires in 1848 and 1898).
Before World War II, around 1500 Jews lived in this town.
List of cities in Poland
Coordinates: 50°29′55″N 21°32′08″E / 50.49861°N 21.53556°E / 50.49861; 21.53556
wn.com/Baranów_Sandomierski -
Belarus
Belarus (
i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
wn.com/Belarus -
Biebrza
Biebrza (Belarusian: Bobra) is a river in north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Narew river (near Wizna), with a length of 155 kilometres (28th longest) and the basin area of 7,057 km2. (7,051 in Poland).
Larger towns in the area:
The region is usually being divided into lower, central and upper basin areas, each with its own different characteristics.
Today the river is best known for the vivid wildlife in the peatbogs and marshes in its flooding areas.
Historically, the borderland regions of Masovia and Lithuania, the area retains much of its cultural diversity today.
The basin of Biebrza river is inhabited not only by hundreds of rare and endangered sorts of birds, but also by people representing diverse cultures, languages and religions. While most of the population of the region speaks standard Polish, some people in the upper river basin (municipalities of Lipsk, Dąbrowa Białostocka and partly Sztabin) speak a local dialect of Belarusian (called by them prosty jazyk - "the simple language"). The people there belong to the Orthodox or Roman Catholic church. On the north bank of the upper Biebrza there are also a few villages where so called "old-believers" live, who speak an archaic dialect of Russian. Some of these communities preserved much of their traditional culture in spite of a long lasting communist government policies aimed at assimilation of non-Polish cultural and linguistic minorities.
wn.com/Biebrza -
Bielsko-Biała
Bielsko-Biała [ˈbʲɛlskɔ ˈbʲawa] ( listen) (German: Bielitz-Biala; Czech: Bílsko-Bělá) is a city in southern Poland with 175,513 inhabitants (June 2009). Bielsko-Biała is composed of two former cities on opposite banks of the Biała River, Silesian Bielsko and Lesser Poland's Biała, amalgamated in 1951.
Both town names refer to the Biała River, stemming from biel or biała, which means "white" in Polish.
Between 1933 and 1938 an archaeological team discovered remains of a fortified settlement in what is now the Stare Bielsko (Old Bielsko) district of the city. The settlement was dated to the 12th - 14th centuries. Its dwellers manufactured iron from ore and specialized in smithery. The current centre of the town was probably developed as early as the first half of the 13th century. At that time a castle (which still survives today) was built on a hill.
In the second half of the 13th century, the Piast dukes of Opole invited German settlers to colonize the Silesian Foothills. As the dukes then also ruled over the Lesser Polish lands east of the Biała River, settlements arose on both banks like Bielitz (now Stare Bielsko), Nickelsdorf (Mikuszowice Śląskie), Kamitz (Kamienica), Batzdorf (Komorowice Śląskie) and Kurzwald in the west as well as Kunzendorf (Lipnik), Alzen (Hałcnów) and Wilmesau in the east. Nearby settlements in the mountains were Lobnitz (Wapienica) and Bistrai.
wn.com/Bielsko-Biała -
Brda (river)
The Brda (German: Brahe) is a river in northwestern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula. It is the country's 15th longest river, with a total length of 238 km and a catchment area (all within Poland) of 4,627 km².
The Brda is part of the Odra-Vistula waterway, connecting these two rivers via the Warta and Noteć Rivers and the Bydgoszcz Canal since end of the 18th century. The waterway is navigable for modest barges (of CEMT Class II) but with a limited draught.
With the expansion of the European Union to the East, the waterway could play an important role. It is a link in the much longer connection with Eastern Europe via the Vistula, Narew, Bug, Mukhavets, Pripyat, and Dnieper Rivers, but this connection remains unnavigable due to a dam near Brest, Belarus.
Currently, only limited numbers of vessels use the Brda River and the adjacent canal (however, the traffic was significantly larger from 1950s to 1970s, then diminishing step by step as time went by). It is expected that the waterway will be discovered by leisure boaters in the future. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways Database)
wn.com/Brda_(river) -
Brda River
The Brda (German: Brahe) is a river in northwestern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula. It is the country's 15th longest river, with a total length of 238 km and a catchment area (all within Poland) of 4,627 km².
The Brda is part of the Odra-Vistula waterway, connecting these two rivers via the Warta and Noteć Rivers and the Bydgoszcz Canal since end of the 18th century. The waterway is navigable for modest barges (of CEMT Class II) but with a limited draught.
With the expansion of the European Union to the East, the waterway could play an important role. It is a link in the much longer connection with Eastern Europe via the Vistula, Narew, Bug, Mukhavets, Pripyat, and Dnieper Rivers, but this connection remains unnavigable due to a dam near Brest, Belarus.
Currently, only limited numbers of vessels use the Brda River and the adjacent canal (however, the traffic was significantly larger from 1950s to 1970s, then diminishing step by step as time went by). It is expected that the waterway will be discovered by leisure boaters in the future. (Source: NoorderSoft Waterways Database)
wn.com/Brda_River -
Brzeszcze
Brzeszcze [ˈbʐɛʂt͡ʂɛ] is a town in Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland, near Oświęcim. As of 2006, Brzeszcze has about 12,000 citizens.
It was founded in the 15th century and was owned by many rich Polish citizens, such as Dominik Gherri, the physician of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The inhabitants were mainly fishermen and farmers. Brzeszcze grew because of the anthracite coal mine, which was founded in the beginning of the 19th century.
During World War II, the town was a stronghold of the Polish resistance, helping the prisoners of Auschwitz concentration camp. Prisoners of Auschwitz were also housed in a sub-camp, called Jawischowitz, near the mine where they labored. Conditions in this camp were worse than in the main one and due to that many prisoners were killed through work, by the German civilian mine authorities and by SS.[citation needed]
The economy of the town focuses on an anthracite coal mine "Brzeszcze-Silesia" which is the biggest employer in the region, and one of the biggest in the entire Voivodeship.
wn.com/Brzeszcze -
Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ( listen) (German: Bromberg (
listen), Latin: Bydgostia) is a city located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 358,029 (June 2009), and an urban agglomeration with more than 460,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the 8th-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital, with Toruń, of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Prior to this, between 1947 and 1998, it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, and before that, of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947.
Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-Toruń, which totals over 850,000 inhabitants. Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University, University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as a Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Bydgoszcz hosts the Filharmonia Pomorska concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and the Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Odra rivers, and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal, the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć, Warta, Odra, and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam. Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
wn.com/Bydgoszcz -
Bzura
Bzura is a river in central Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river (in Wyszogród), with a length of 166 kilometres (25th longest) and the basin area of 7,788 km2.
Coordinates: 52°22′28″N 20°12′05″E / 52.3744464026°N 20.2012825012°E / 52.3744464026; 20.2012825012
wn.com/Bzura -
Carpathian Mountains
Coordinates: 47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species. The Carpathians and their piedmont also concentrate many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania home to over one-third of the European total. Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (except Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians, with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.
The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east and on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Poland and Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is the Eastern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).
wn.com/Carpathian_Mountains -
Carpathians
Coordinates: 47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species. The Carpathians and their piedmont also concentrate many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania home to over one-third of the European total. Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (except Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians, with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.
The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east and on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Poland and Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is the Eastern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).
wn.com/Carpathians -
Chełmek
Chełmek [ˈxɛu̯mɛk] is a town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. In 1975-1998 it belonged to Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. It has 9,073 inhabitants (data from 2006). Previously known for the Chełmek Shoe factory.
During World War II, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp was created in 1941 by Otto P. Klein in the northern sector of the town, housing overflow from Auschwitz.
Coordinates: 50°06′N 19°15′E / 50.1°N 19.25°E / 50.1; 19.25
wn.com/Chełmek -
Chełmno
Chełmno [ˈxɛu̯mnɔ] ( listen) (older English: Culm; German: 
Kulm (until 1920) (help·info)) is a town in northern Poland near the Vistula river with 20,000 inhabitants and the historical capital of Chełmno Land. Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, Chełmno was previously in Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Love
The name is derived from the Old Slavic word for hill (chełm, in the modern Polish language wzgórze). This is a cognate of the English word hill and similar words in other related languages.
Culm was the German name of the town, used by the Germans since the arrival of the Teutonic Knights in the settlement and was also used in official documents regarding the town, when it prospered as a member of the Hanseatic League. After centuries under Polish jurisdiction, the city was officially renamed from its Polish Chełmno name to Kulm, 100 years after it fell back to Prussia in 1772, as part of a Germanization effort. During the Nazi occupation in World War II, the town was once again renamed to Kulm. The town also has been known as Culm in English.
wn.com/Chełmno -
Ciechocinek
Ciechocinek [t͡ɕɛxɔˈt͡ɕinɛk] is a spa town in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located on the Vistula River about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Aleksandrów Kujawski and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of the city of Toruń.
Ciechocinek is known for its unique[clarification needed] 'saline graduation towers'. Experts have considered the local saline springs to be of extreme value and named the thermal spring no. 14 "a wonder of nature". The therapeutic qualities of these springs are directed toward curing cardiovascular, respiratory, orthopedic, traumatic, rheumatic, nervous system and women's diseases.
Following the invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War, Ciechocinek was occupied by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Wartheland as part of the district/county (kreis) of Hermannsbad. During the war the town functioned as a military hospital and also as a health resort for German citizens.
Coordinates: 52°52′0″N 18°48′0″E / 52.866667°N 18.8°E / 52.866667; 18.8
wn.com/Ciechocinek -
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
wn.com/Congress_Poland -
Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( /ˈkoʊpənheɪɡən/ or /ˈkoʊpənhɑːɡən/; Danish: København pronounced [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] ( listen), Latin: Hafnia) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012 (2012 -01-01)[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012 (2012 -04-01)[update]). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.
Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.
wn.com/Copenhagen -
Czechowice-Dziedzice
Czechowice-Dziedzice [t͡ʂɛxɔˈvit͡sɛ d͡ʑɛˈd͡ʑit͡sɛ] ( listen) is a town in Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 34,867 inhabitants (2004). It lies on the northeastern edge of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. With four stations, it is a large rail junction, located at the intersection of two major lines - east-west (Trzebinia - Zebrzydowice), and north - south (Katowice - Bielsko-Biala).
During the Oil Campaign of World War II, the oil refinery at "Czechowice" was bombed on August 20, 1944. The Tschechowitz I & II subcamps of Auschwitz in Czechowice-Dziedzice provided forced labor for the SOCONY-Vacuum oil plant. Czechowice-Dziedzice was in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998).
wn.com/Czechowice-Dziedzice -
Czerwińsk nad Wisłą
Czerwińsk nad Wisłą [ˈt͡ʂɛrviɲsk ˌnad ˈviswɔ̃] is a village in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czerwińsk nad Wisłą. It lies on the Vistula (Wisła) river, approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) south of Płońsk and 52 km (32 mi) west of Warsaw. The village has a population of 1,200.
Home to a large mediaeval monastery, the village was a major centre of culture and commerce in the Middle Ages. Formally a part of Masovia, it was incorporated into Poland in 1526.
Coordinates: 52°23′N 20°18′E / 52.383°N 20.3°E / 52.383; 20.3
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Daugava
The River Daugava (in Latvian) or Western Dvina (Russian: Западная Двина́ (Zapadnaya Dvina); Belarusian: Заходняя Дзвіна, [zaˈxodnʲaja dzʲvʲiˈna], traditionally Дзвiна, Dzvina; German: Düna), not to be confused with Northern Dvina, is a river rising in the Valdai Hills, Russia, flowing through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia, draining into the Gulf of Riga in Latvia, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The total length of the river is 1,020 km (630 mi): 325 km in Russian Federation, 328 km in Belarus, and 367 km – in Latvia. In the 19th century, it was connected by a canal to the Berezina and Dnieper rivers (canal is currently not functioning). The Daugava forms part of the international border between Latvia and Belarus.
According to C.Michael Hogan, the Daugava River began experiencing environmental deterioration in the era of Soviet collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and a wave of hydroelectric power projects.
There are three hydroelectric dams on the Daugava River – Rīgas HES just upstream from Riga or 35 km from the mouth of the river, Ķegums HPP another 35 km further up or 70 km from the mouth, and Pļaviņas HPP another 37 km upstream or 107 km from the mouth. A fourth one, Daugavpils HES, has been planned but has faced strong criticism. Belarus currently plans to build several hydroelectric dams on the Belarusian part of Western Dvina.
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Daugava River
The River Daugava (in Latvian) or Western Dvina (Russian: Западная Двина́ (Zapadnaya Dvina); Belarusian: Заходняя Дзвіна, [zaˈxodnʲaja dzʲvʲiˈna], traditionally Дзвiна, Dzvina; German: Düna), not to be confused with Northern Dvina, is a river rising in the Valdai Hills, Russia, flowing through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia, draining into the Gulf of Riga in Latvia, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The total length of the river is 1,020 km (630 mi): 325 km in Russian Federation, 328 km in Belarus, and 367 km – in Latvia. In the 19th century, it was connected by a canal to the Berezina and Dnieper rivers (canal is currently not functioning). The Daugava forms part of the international border between Latvia and Belarus.
According to C.Michael Hogan, the Daugava River began experiencing environmental deterioration in the era of Soviet collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and a wave of hydroelectric power projects.
There are three hydroelectric dams on the Daugava River – Rīgas HES just upstream from Riga or 35 km from the mouth of the river, Ķegums HPP another 35 km further up or 70 km from the mouth, and Pļaviņas HPP another 37 km upstream or 107 km from the mouth. A fourth one, Daugavpils HES, has been planned but has faced strong criticism. Belarus currently plans to build several hydroelectric dams on the Belarusian part of Western Dvina.
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Drawa
Drawa is a popular canoe trail in Poland, 185.9 km long. The surface of its catchment area amounts to 3296.4 km2. The Drawa begins its course at Krzywe Lake and ends it in Noteć below Krzyż Wielkopolski. The Drawa is a right-bank tributary of Noteć, the second regarding size. Its average gradient is 0,61% and its flow rate 19 m3/s. It is the longest river in Pojezierze Drawskie.
The Drawa flows across regions including Pojezierze Drawskie, Równina Drawska and partly near Pojezierze Wałeckie and Kotlina Gorzowska. The source of the Drawa is in nature reserve Dolina Pięciu Jezior. Then, the river flows across Drawski Landscape Park, Drawieński National Park and Drawski forest.
The section from Czaplinek to Noteć is called the Karol Wojtyła Silver Route.
The biggest tributaries of the Drawa are the Kokna, Korytnica, Mierzęcka Struga, Płociczna, Pokrętna, Słopica, Wąsowa. The main streams of the river are the Bagnica, Drawsko, Drawka, Głęboka, Miedzniki, Moczel, Pełknica, Radówka, Sitna, Studzienica, Sucha, Szczuczna, Wilżnica.
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Drwęca
The Drwęca [ˈdrvɛnt͡sa] (German: Drewenz, Lithuanian: Druvinčia) is a river in northern Poland and a tributary of the Vistula river near Toruń, forming a part of the city's administrative boundary. It has a length of 207 km (17th longest) and a basin area of 5,344 km², all in Poland.
Towns:
See also: Rivers of Poland
Coordinates: 52°59′57″N 18°41′23″E / 52.99917°N 18.68972°E / 52.99917; 18.68972
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Dunajec
The Dunajec is a river running through southern Poland. It is the right tributary of the Vistula River. It begins in Nowy Targ at the junction of two short mountain rivers, Czarny Dunajec and Biały Dunajec (Black and White Dunajec). Dunajec forms a border between Poland and Slovakia for 27 kilometers in the Pieniny Środkowe (Slovak: Centrálne Pieniny) range, east of the Czorsztyn reservoir. It is the only river taking waters from the Slovak territory to the Baltic Sea.
The Dunajec is 274 kilometers long, running through southern Poland for 247 kilometers, which makes it Poland's fourteenth longest river. It has a basin area of 6,804 square kilometres (4,852 in Poland, and 1,952 in Slovakia). On the Slovak/Polish border, it flows through the Zamagurie region, with attractions such as the Dunajec River Gorge, the Trzy Korony massif with a 500 metres (1,600 ft) precipice, Červený Kláštor, and two Pieniny castles in Czorsztyn and Niedzica.
Below the two source streams Dunajec flows through a broad valley called Nowotarska Basin. It then supplies the waters of the dam in Niedzica (Jezioro Czorsztyńskie Lake) and the dam in Sromowce Wyżne (Sromowce Wyżne reservoir). Flowing through the central part of the Pieniny range, it creates a picturesque turn at the Polish Slovak border between Sromowce Wyżne and Szczawnica. Further down it turns to the north into the Western Beskid Mountains, and Sądecka Basin (where it merges with its own largest tributary, the Poprad river). It flows across an open valley of the Beskid Foothills and falls down across Rożnów[disambiguation needed
] Foothills (with two more dams: the Jezioro Rożnowskie Lake, and Jezioro Czchowskie Lake) and finally, it leads into the Sandomierz Basin and the valley of Vistula Lowlands. Dunajec flows into the Vistula River in the vicinity of Opatowiec.
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Dęblin
Dęblin [ˈdɛmblʲin] is a town, population 19,500 (as of 2003), at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. Dęblin is the part of the agglomeration with adjacent towns of Ryki and Puławy, which altogether has over 100 000 inhabitants.
Since 1927 it has been the home of the chief Polish Air Force Academy (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych), and as such is one of the most important places associated with aviation in Poland. The town is also a key railroad junction, located along the major Lublin - Warsaw line, with two additional connections stemming from Dęblin – one westwards to Radom, and another one to Łuków.
Dęblin was first mentioned as a village in historical documents dating from 1397. The village was owned by a series of Polish noble families until 1836 when it was taken over by the government of the Congress Poland. It in turn, in 1840, granted the village to field marshal Ivan Paskievich, who played a prominent role in the suppression of the November Uprising. From then on until the end of Russian rule in this part of Poland in 1915 Dęblin was often referred to by its new Russian name of Ivangorod (not to be confused with another Ivangorod).
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Elbląg
Elbląg [ˈɛlblɔŋk] ( listen) (German: Elbing ( listen)) is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants (2006). It is the capital of Elbląg County and has been assigned to the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. Before then it was the capital of Elbląg Voivodeship (1975–1998) and a county seat in Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975). The city is a port on the river Elbląg which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk.
It was first mentioned as "Ilfing" in The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan which was written in Anglo-Saxon in King Alfred's reign using information from a Viking who had visited the area.
During the Middle Ages, the Old Prussian settlement of Truso was located at Lake Drużno near the current site of Elbląg in historical Pogesania; the settlement burned down in the 10th century. The Teutonic Knights conquered the region and the inhabitants dispersed in the process. The Teutonic Order built a castle and founded Elbing at the lake with a population mostly from Lübeck; today the much smaller lake does not reach the city any more. After the defeat of the Teutonic Knights and the destruction of the castle by the inhabitants, the city successively was under the sovereignty of the Polish crown (1466), the Kingdom of Prussia (1772), and Germany (1871). Elbing was heavily damaged in World War II, its German citizens were expelled upon the war's end. The city became part of Poland in 1945 and was repopulated with Polish citizens.
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.
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Gdańsk Bay
Coordinates: 54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861
Gdańsk Bay or the Bay of Gdańsk or Danzig Bay (Polish: Zatoka Gdańska; Kashubian: Gduńskô Hôwinga; Russian: Гданьская бухта, Gdan'skaja bukhta, and German: Danziger Bucht) is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland and is sometimes referred to as a gulf.
The western part of Gdańsk Bay is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk.
The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland (Cape Rozewie, Hel Peninsula) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia (Sambian Peninsula). The coast of the bay features two very long sandspits, the Hel peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The first one defines the Bay of Puck, the latter one defines the Vistula Lagoon.
The maximum depth is 120 meters, and it has a salinity 0.7%.
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Gniew
Gniew [ɡɲef] (German: Mewe; Kashubian: Gniéw) is a town situated on the left bank of the Vistula River, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located at around 53°50′0″N 18°50′0″E / 53.833333°N 18.833333°E / 53.833333; 18.833333Coordinates: 53°50′0″N 18°50′0″E / 53.833333°N 18.833333°E / 53.833333; 18.833333.
The first recorded mentions of Gniew appear in written documents from the first half of the 13th century, one of which refers to the region as Terra Gymeu. The earliest name for the settlement was Gmiew, however, during the Middle Ages the name Wońsk was also used. The German name of Mewe for the town is still reflected on the coat of arms of the city, which bears the presence of a seagull (Möwe in German).
Beginning in the 10th century, the region belonged to the Polan tribe and was part of Gdańsk Pomerania. After the division of Poland by Bolesław Krzywousty, Gniew fell to the castellany of Starogard Gdański. The land later fell to the Princes of Świecie and in 1229 Prince Sambor and Swantopolk II of Pomerania granted it to the Cistercian abbey in Oliwa. In the second half of the 13th century, Sambor retook Gniew from the Cistercians and in 1276 bestowed it on the Teutonic Knights. Their claim was formally recognized by Mestwin II of Pomerania in 1282, and the city became the first stronghold of the Teutonic Order on the left riverside of the Vistula. A castle was built as a result of this important strategic location, and in 1297 the Teutonic Knights gave Gniew town privileges.
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Goczałkowice-Zdrój
Goczałkowice-Zdrój [ɡɔt͡ʂau̯kɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈzdrui̯] (German Bad Gottschalkowitz) is a village in Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goczałkowice-Zdrój. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Pszczyna and 36 km (22 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice. The gmina covers an area of 48.64 square kilometres (18.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 the population of the village and gmina is 6,263.
Goczałkowice-Zdrój is situated on the Goczałkowice Reservoir and 1 km away from the Vistula river. Goczałkowice-Zdrój is a spa, with about 10,000 bathers each year.
Coordinates: 49°56′N 18°58′E / 49.933°N 18.967°E / 49.933; 18.967
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Grudziądz
Grudziądz [ˈɡrud͡ʑɔnt͡s] ( listen) (German: Graudenz, Latin: Graudentum or Graudentium) is a city of 96 042 inhabitants (2010) on the Vistula River in northern Poland. Situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999), the city was previously in the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Initially a defensive gród founded by Polish ruler Bolesław Chrobry, the settlement adopted Kulm law in 1291 while under the rule of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and became a city. In 1440, the city joined the Prussian Confederation, and between 1466 and 1772 the city belonged to the Polish province of Royal Prussia.
Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the city was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia and became part of the unified German Empire in 1871.
The city was the site of a military prison for Polish activists - those released formed Gromada Grudziądz in Portsmouth on 1835, as part of the Great Emigration movement
After the construction of a railroad bridge across the Vistula in 1878, Graudenz became a rapidly growing industrialized city as well as a district centre in 1900.
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Góra Kalwaria
Góra Kalwaria [ˈgura kalˈvarʲa] is a town on the Vistula River in the Mazovian Voivodship, Poland, about 25 km southeast of Warsaw. It has a population of about 11,000 (1992). The town has significance for both Catholic Christians and Hasidic Jews. Originally, its name was simply Góra (literally: "Mountain"), changed in 1670 to Nowa Jerozolima ("New Jerusalem"), and in the 18th century to Góra Kalwaria ("Calvary Mountain"). The Yiddish name of the town is גער (Ger).
Major industries include: food processing (Hortex), sports equipment (Polsport), and chemical industry. But in 2005 it is all closed down.
The village of Góra already existed in the 13th century. Completely destroyed during a Swedish occupation known as the Deluge, in 1666, it became the property of Stefan Wierzbowski, Bishop of Poznań, who decided to found a new town on the ruins. His plan was to build a so-called calvary—a religious center dedicated to passion plays and services which was quite popular in the early modern Poland. He was encouraged by the fact that the local landscape closely resembled that of the Holy Land.
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Janowiec
Janowiec [jaˈnɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Janowiec. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Puławy and 49 km (30 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 1,000.
It received its town charter in 1537, but lost it in 1870. The ruins of a large castle are nearby.
Coordinates: 51°19′29″N 21°52′59″E / 51.32472°N 21.88306°E / 51.32472; 21.88306
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Józefów
Józefów [juˈzɛfuf] is a town in Poland, located in Masovian Voivodeship, in Otwock County. It lies about 15 km southeast of downtown Warsaw and is a part of that city's metropolitan area. Located on a picturesque confluence of Vistula and Świder rivers, it is home to one landscape reserve and three natural reservation zones. As of 2006[update] it had 18,157 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 52°08′N 21°14′E / 52.133°N 21.233°E / 52.133; 21.233
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Józefów nad Wisłą
Józefów nad Wisłą [juˈzɛfuf ˌnad ˈviswɔ̃] is a village in Opole Lubelskie County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Józefów nad Wisłą. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-west of Opole Lubelskie and 57 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The village has a population of 1,023.
Coordinates: 51°2′27″N 21°49′45″E / 51.04083°N 21.82917°E / 51.04083; 21.82917
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Kazimierz Dolny
Kazimierz Dolny [kaˈʑimʲɛʂ ˈdɔlnɨ] (Yiddish: קאזמיר Kuzmir) is a small town in Central Poland, on the right (eastern) bank of the Vistula river in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship. Historically it belongs to Lesser Poland, and in the past it used to be one of the most important cities of the province.
It is a considerable tourist attraction as one of the most beautifully situated little towns in Poland. It enjoyed its greatest prosperity in the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, due to the trade in grain conducted along the Vistula. It became an economic backwater after that trade declined, and this freeze in economic development enabled the town to preserve its Renaissance urban plan and appearance. Since the 19th century it has become a popular holiday destination, attracting artists and summer residents.
Kazimierz Dolny is an art center in Poland. Many painters retreat to this small town to paint and sell their work. Galleries can be found in almost every street, offering for sale sculptures, stained-glass, and fine-art paintings. In the market, folk art is for sale at unbeatable prices.
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Kozienice
Kozienice [kɔʑɛˈɲit͡sɛ] ( listen) (Yiddish: קאזשניץ Kozhnits) is a town in central Poland with 21,500 inhabitants (1995). Located four miles from the Vistula, it is the capital of Kozienice County (Polish Powiat kozienicki). The name of the town first appeared in records in 1429, when it was spelled in Latin Coszinicze (Kozinice). In 1569 it was called Kozienycze – the name comes from the given name Kozina.
Even though Kozienice is part of Lesser Poland, it is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously, it was in Radom Voivodeship (1975–1998) and in Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939, 1945–1975). Near Kozienice, in Świerże Górne, there is a large thermal power station.
History of the town dates back to 1206, when – together with neighboring villages, Kozienice was owned by the Norbertine Nuns from Płock. Subsequently, it used to belong to Polish crown, and remained so until the Partitions of Poland. In 1326 Kozienice was incorporated by King Władysław I the Elbow-high. Located on the ancient road from Kraków to Vilnius and on the edge of the Kozienice Forest, the town became one of favorite retreats of King Jogaila, who founded a church there in 1394. A pontoon bridge was built over the river, which was later moved to Czerwińsk and used by Polish troops to cross the Vistula (Wisła) between June 30 and July 3, 1410 (see Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War).
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Kwidzyn
Kwidzyn [ˈkfʲid͡zɨn] (German: Marienwerder, Prussian: Kwēdina) is a town in northern Poland on the Liwa river, with 40,008 inhabitants (2004). It has been a part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, and was previously in the Elbląg Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Kwidzyn County.
The Teutonic Knights founded an Ordensburg castle in 1232 and a town the following year. This new settlement of Marienwerder (German for "Mary's ait") became the seat of the Bishops of Pomesania within Prussia. The town was populated with Masurian settlers from the Duchy of Masovia. Werner von Orseln, who died in Marienburg (Malbork) in 1330, was buried in the cathedral of Marienwerder. St. Dorothea of Montau lived in Marienwerder from 1391 until her death in 1394; pilgrims would later come to pray in the town at her shrine. The rebellious Prussian Confederation was founded in Marienwerder on March 14, 1440.[citation needed] In 1466, the town became a Polish fief together with the remainder of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after their defeat in the Thirteen Years' War.
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Legionowo
Legionowo [lɛɡʲɔˈnɔvɔ] ( listen) is a town in Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze). According to the 2004 Census estimate the town has a total population of 50,759.
Legionowo is located ca. 23 km to the north-east of the center of Warsaw and only 7 km to the south of Zegrze Reservoir (Jezioro Zegrzyńskie or Zalew Zegrzyński), near the Warsaw-Gdańsk railroad and Warsaw-Suwałki road. City area is 1360ha (13.6 km²), which makes population density 3727.79 persons/km². Altitude: 75–85 m above sea level.
Situated in the Masovian Voivodeship (województwo mazowieckie, created in 1999 as a result of Local Government Reorganization Act), previously in Warszawa Voivodeship (województwo warszawskie or województwo stołeczne warszawskie, 1975–1998) and old Masovian Voivodeship (before 1975). Currently this is the capital of Legionowo County (powiat legionowski), which is one of 38 land counties (powiat ziemski) in Masovian Voivodeship.
Adjoining counties (from north, clockwise): Pułtusk County, Wyszków County, Wołomin County, Warszawa County, Warszawa Zachód County, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County.
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Magnuszew
Magnuszew [maɡˈnuʂɛf] is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Magnuszew. It lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Kozienice and 59 km (37 mi) south-east of Warsaw.
The village has a population of 800. It is near the Vistula river. It was the site of a battle in 1944 during World War II, when the Soviet army established a bridgehead in its vicinity.
Coordinates: 51°45′N 21°23′E / 51.75°N 21.383°E / 51.75; 21.383
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Malbork
Malbork [ˈmalbɔrk] ( listen) (German: Marienburg ( listen); Lithuanian: Marienburgas; Latin: Civitas Beatae Virginis) is a town in northern Poland in the Żuławy region (Vistula delta), with 38,478 inhabitants (2006). Situated in the Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously assigned to Elbląg Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Malbork County.
Founded in the 13th century by the Teutonic Knights, the town is noted for its Gothic Malbork Castle.
The town was built in Prussia around the fortress Ordensburg Marienburg which was founded in 1274 on the east bank of the river Nogat by the Teutonic Knights. Both the castle and the town (named Marienburg in German and in Polish as Malborg or Malbork) were named for their patron saint, the Virgin Mary. This fortified castle became the seat of the Teutonic Order and Europe's largest Gothic fortress. During the Thirteen Years War, the castle of Marienburg was pawned by the Teutonic Order to their imperial soldiers from Bohemia. They sold the castle in 1457 to King Casimir IV of Poland in lieu of their pay. This separated the castle from the city in political terms, as the citizens resisted take-over by Poland,.[Need quotation to verify][unreliable source?]
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Martwa Wisła
The Martwa Wisla [ˈmartfa ˈviswa] (literally "dead Vistula"; German: Tote Weichsel) is a river, one of the branches of the Vistula, flowing through the city of Gdańsk in northern Poland.
It got its name when this branch of the river became increasingly moribund. A harbor canal was constructed with the Westerplatte on one of its banks. It was constructed to flow through Danzig (Gdańsk) into the Danziger Bucht, now Gdańsk Bay. Its river mouth and environs double as a harbor channel for the Inner Port of the port of Gdańsk.
Coordinates: 54°24′36″N 18°39′39″E / 54.41°N 18.6608°E / 54.41; 18.6608
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Modlin (village)
Modlin was a village near Warsaw in Poland near the banks of rivers Narew and Vistula. In 1961 it has been incorporated into the town of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki.
Coordinates: 52°26′N 20°41′E / 52.433°N 20.683°E / 52.433; 20.683
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Modlin Fortress
Modlin Fortress (Polish Twierdza Modlin) is one of the biggest 19th century fortresses in Poland. It is located the town of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki in district Modlin on the Narew river, some 50 kilometres north of Warsaw. It was renamed Novogeorgievsk (Новогеоргиевская крепость) after it was captured by the Russians in 1813.
Strategic importance of the area limited by the Vistula, Bug, Wkra and Narew was known to various armies throughout the ages. However, it was not until 1656 that a permanent fortified position was built there by the Swedish armies during The Deluge. The so-called Bugskansen was a star-shaped fortified military camp, located probably close to the confluence of the Narew and the Vistula, at the so-called Swedish Island. The camp was also guarding a wooden bridge over the Vistula prior to the battle of Zakroczym and served as the main supply depot of the Swedish army during the battle of Warsaw of July 1656. After the Swedish defeat the fort was demolished in 1660 and the area remained unfortified for roughly 150 years.
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Neman River
Neman or Niemen or Nemunas, (German: Memel) is a major Eastern European river rising in Belarus and flowing through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda. It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches. It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus. The 14th largest river in Europe, the largest in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus, it is navigable for most of its 900-kilometer length.
The Neman River basin was formed during the Quaternary period, and is located roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet, dating from about 25, 000 – 22,000 years BP (Before Present). Its depth varies from one meter in its upper courses to five meters in the lower basin.
Klaipėda/Memel, Sovetsk/Tilsit, Masty, Hrodna/Grodno, Druskininkai, Alytus, Kaunas/Kovno, Neman/Ragnit.
The river has lent its name to a Neolithic subculture; originally based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, its inhabitants gradually adopted domesticated plants and animals.
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Nida (river)
Nida is a river in central Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river (near Nowy Korczyn), with a length of 151 kilometres (29th longest) and a basin area of 3,865 km2. This includes the protected area called Nida Landscape Park.
Towns and townships;
Coordinates: 50°17′48″N 20°51′17″E / 50.29667°N 20.85472°E / 50.29667; 20.85472
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Niemen
Neman or Niemen or Nemunas, (German: Memel) is a major Eastern European river rising in Belarus and flowing through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda. It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches. It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus. The 14th largest river in Europe, the largest in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus, it is navigable for most of its 900-kilometer length.
The Neman River basin was formed during the Quaternary period, and is located roughly along the edge of the last glacial sheet, dating from about 25, 000 – 22,000 years BP (Before Present). Its depth varies from one meter in its upper courses to five meters in the lower basin.
Klaipėda/Memel, Sovetsk/Tilsit, Masty, Hrodna/Grodno, Druskininkai, Alytus, Kaunas/Kovno, Neman/Ragnit.
The river has lent its name to a Neolithic subculture; originally based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, its inhabitants gradually adopted domesticated plants and animals.
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Niepołomice
Niepołomice [ɲɛpɔwɔˈmʲit͡sɛ] is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is situated on the Vistula River, 25 km east of Kraków on the verge of a large virgin forest (Polish: Puszcza Niepołomnicka - Niepołomice Forest). There is a 14th century gothic hunting castle in town built by Casimir III, as well as a conservation center for wisents (Polish: Żubry) nearby.
Coordinates: 50°02′N 20°13′E / 50.033°N 20.217°E / 50.033; 20.217
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Nieszawa
Nieszawa [ɲeˈʂava] is a town and a commune in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. As of June 30, 2004, the town has a population of 2,047 people.
The Statutes of Nieszawa, enacted in this town at 1454, have a significance in Polish legal and social history.
Coordinates: 52°50′12″N 18°54′05″E / 52.83667°N 18.90139°E / 52.83667; 18.90139
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Nogat
The Nogat is a 62 km long delta branch of the Vistula River and does not empty at Gdańsk Bay as the main river does.
The Nogat has its origin near the city of Biała Góra as an anabranch of the Vistula River. Shortly after the river Liwa flows into the Nogat. Than the river passes Malbork and winds NE towards Elbląg (but does not reach the city). NW of Elbląg the Nogat flows into the SW part of the Vistula Lagoon.
Historically the Nogat River divides East Prussia and West Prussia.
Coordinates: 54°16′30″N 19°16′20″E / 54.275°N 19.27222°E / 54.275; 19.27222
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Noteć
Noteć (German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a river in central Poland with a length of 388 km (7th longest) and a basin area of 17,330 km². It is a tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland.
It flows out of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, through the voivodeships of Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, and empties near Gorzów Wielkopolski into the Warta.
The Netze District was a territory created by the Prussian administration along the river in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1793, after the First Partition of Poland.
Coordinates: 52°44′08″N 15°24′23″E / 52.7355°N 15.4065°E / 52.7355; 15.4065
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Nowe Brzesko
Nowe Brzesko [ˈnɔvɛ ˈbʐɛskɔ] is a town in Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowe Brzesko. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Proszowice and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.
The town has an approximate population of 1,700. It gained town rights in 1279, but lost that status in 1870 by decree of the Russian tsar. It became a town again on 1 January 2011.
Coordinates: 50°8′14″N 20°23′5″E / 50.13722°N 20.38472°E / 50.13722; 20.38472
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Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki [ˈnɔvɨ ˈdvur mazɔˈvʲɛt͡skʲi] ( listen) is a town in central Poland with ca. 42500 inhabitants (2008). It is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously, it was in Warszawa Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County.
One of its districts is Modlin, created from incorporating the former village of Modlin into the growing town.
Holocaust survivor Yehudis Pshenitse has recounted the efforts of a parish priest from Nowy Dwór to save her life after the murder of more than 2000 Jews in Rembertów ghetto in August 1942. Hiding her in his cellar, he gave her false papers identifying her as a Christian. Betrayed to the German occupying forces, the priest was tortured. He was released, but mortally wounded. Pshenitse described how he blessed her before dying: 'Once again, he asked [his housekeeper] that I be hidden in a safe place, and then he died'. The housekeeper took her to Modlin, where she was able to survive, living 'by her own wits, posing as a Christian child'.
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Nowy Korczyn
Nowy Korczyn [ˈnɔvɨ ˈkɔrt͡ʂɨn] is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowy Korczyn. It lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Busko-Zdrój and 67 km (42 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce. It is located close to the confluence of the Nida and Vistula rivers. The village has a population of 1,032.
Until it lost its city rights, the village was known as Nowe Miasto Korczyn (Korczyn New Town). During its existence, Nowy Korczyn has also been known as Khadash, Nayshtut, Neustadt, Novi Kochin and Novi Kortchin. It was established before 1258 by Boleslaus the Chaste, and used to be an important trade and political center. From the 15th century onwards the General Assembly of Lesser Poland was held there. In the 17th century the town began a decline, and lost its city status in 1869. Up until the Second World War, Nowy Korczyn, by now a village, had a large Jewish community, many of whom perished in the Holocaust.
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Obra (river)
Obra is a river in west Poland, a tributary of the Warta river (in Skwierzyna), with a length of 164 kilometres (27th longest) and the basin area of 2,758 km2. The river is popular with canoe and kayak enthusiasts and an established canoe trail exists.
Coordinates: 52°36′09″N 15°28′44″E / 52.6024°N 15.4789°E / 52.6024; 15.4789
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Opatowiec
Opatowiec [ɔpaˈtɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Opatowiec. It lies on the Vistula, approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Kazimierza Wielka and 73 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce. In 2006 the village had a population of 410.
Monuments include a 15th-century Dominican church, and a monument to Józef Piłsudski next to the Vistula river.
Coordinates: 50°14′N 20°43′E / 50.233°N 20.717°E / 50.233; 20.717
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Otwock
Otwock [ˈɔtfɔt͡sk] ( listen) is a town in central Poland, some 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Warsaw, with 42,765 inhabitants (2004). It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River below the mouth of Swider River. Otwock is home to a unique architectural style called Swidermajer.
Otwock is situated in the Masovian Voivodship since 1999; previously, it was in Warszawa Voivodship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Otwock County. The town covers the area of 47 square kilometers. Forested areas make up 23% of the territory.
Even though the first mention of a village called Otwosko comes from the early 15th century, Otwock did not fully develop until the second half of the 19th century, when in 1877 the Vistula River Railroad was opened, which ran from Mława via Warsaw, to Lublin and Chełm. Otwock, which is located along the line, became a popular suburb, with numerous spas and several notable guests, including Józef Piłsudski and Władysław Reymont who wrote there his Nobel prize-winning novel Chłopi. In 1916 Otwock was incorporated as a town and became the seat of a powiat. In 1936 railway connection Warsaw - Otwock was electrified as the first rail line in Poland.
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Oświęcim
Oświęcim (pronounced [ɔɕˈfʲɛɲt͡ɕim] ( listen)) (German: Auschwitz, Yiddish Oshpitsin אָשפּיצין, Czech: Osvětim, Slovak: Osvienčim, Russian: Освенцим) is a town in the Lesser Poland (Polish: Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Kraków, near the confluence of the rivers Vistula (Wisła) and Soła.
Following the Fragmentation of Poland in 1138,[citation needed]Casimir II the Just attached the town to the Duchy of Opole in 1179 for his younger brother Mieszko I Tanglefoot. The town was destroyed in 1241 during the Tatar invasions. Around 1272 the newly rebuilt town created a municipal charter modeled on those of Lwówek Śląski (a Polish variation of the Magdeburg Law). Throughout much of history, Germans and Poles lived together peacefully in the town. From 1315 the town was the capital of independent duchy. In 1327, John I, Duke of Oświęcim joined with a western part of Galicia (Central Europe), the Duchy of Oświęcim, and Duchy of Zator a vassal state attached to the Kingdom of Bohemia. In the 14th century the population declined.[specify] The portion of ethnic Germans in the town shrank and in 1457 the Polish king Casimir IV bought the rights to the town, which was attached afterwards to the Cracow Voivodeship. Jews, invited by Polish kings to settle in the region, had already become the majority of the population[verification needed] in the 15th century. The town also became one of the centres of Protestant culture in Poland.
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Pasłęka
Pasłęka (Ger. Passarge) – a river of the Baltic coast in northern Poland. It flows through the lake areas of Olsztyn and Mrągowo, and through Gdańsk Coastal Area. Its length varies depending on sources from 169 km to 211 km.
The river springs nearby Olsztynek, between Stawiguda and Gryźliny, at 156.6 meters AMSL; though some sources place it in the Pasłęk reservoir, which lays at 153 m AMSL.
Pasłęka flows into Vistula Lagoon.
The river flows through the town of Braniewo (until 1945 the German town of Braunsberg).
The drainage area of Pasłęka spreads over 2330 km².
Pasłęka's average mouth discharge equals 15.7 m³/s.[citation needed]
The whole length of the river is covered by River Pasłęka Beaver Refugium nature reserve.
Pasłęka is one of Warmia's two main rivers, accompanied by Łyna.
Pasłęka divides two historical lands: Warmia and Upper Prussia, consequently for centuries bordering the state of Prussia and Polish Warmia.
In the 2007 water quality survey conducted on Pasłęka 2 kilometers from its mouth, its water was classified as the 4th class.
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Pilica (river)
Pilica is a river in central Poland, the longest left tributary of the Vistula river, with a length of 319 kilometres (8th longest) and the basin area of 9,273 km2 (all in Poland).
A 228 km long "Szlak wodny Pilicy" is a kayak route on Pilica River. It begins in Zarzecze near Szczekociny and ends on a mouth of the Pilica River. Points on the route:
Coordinates: 51°51′41″N 21°16′50″E / 51.86139°N 21.28056°E / 51.86139; 21.28056
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Pilica River
Pilica is a river in central Poland, the longest left tributary of the Vistula river, with a length of 319 kilometres (8th longest) and the basin area of 9,273 km2 (all in Poland).
A 228 km long "Szlak wodny Pilicy" is a kayak route on Pilica River. It begins in Zarzecze near Szczekociny and ends on a mouth of the Pilica River. Points on the route:
Coordinates: 51°51′41″N 21°16′50″E / 51.86139°N 21.28056°E / 51.86139; 21.28056
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Poprad (river)
The Poprad (German Popper) is a river in northern Slovakia and southern Poland, and a tributary of the Dunajec River (near Stary Sącz). It has a length of 170 kilometres (63 km of which are in Poland, making it Poland's 22nd longest river) and a basin area of 2,077 km², (1,594 km² of which is in Slovakia, and 483 km² in Poland). Much of the Polish part of its basin is included in the protected area called Poprad Landscape Park.
It is the only large Slovakian river flowing north. The Poprad flows through the districts of Poprad, Kežmarok and Stará Ľubovňa and then forms for 31.1 km the Polish-Slovakian border.
Coordinates: 49°35′N 20°39′E / 49.583°N 20.65°E / 49.583; 20.65
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Pregolya
The Pregolya or Pregola (Russian: Прего́ля; German: Pregel; Lithuanian: Prieglius; Polish: Pregoła) is a river in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave.
It starts as a confluence of the Instruch and the Angrapa and drains into the Baltic Sea through Vistula Lagoon. Its length under the name of Pregolya is 123 km, 292 km including the Angrapa. The basin has an area of 15,500 km². The average flow is 90 m³/s.
Euler's Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem was based on the rivers' bridges in Königsberg, now Kaliningrad.
Coordinates: 54°41′N 20°23′E / 54.683°N 20.383°E / 54.683; 20.383
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Prosna
The Prosna is a river in central Poland, a tributary of the Warta river (near Pyzdry), with a length of 217 kilometres (28th longest) and the basin area of 4,925 km2 (all in Poland).
Coordinates: 52°08′30″N 17°39′44″E / 52.1417°N 17.6621°E / 52.1417; 17.6621
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Puławy
Puławy [puˈwavɨ] is a town in eastern Poland, in Lublin Province (northern Lesser Poland), on the Wisła and Kurówka rivers. According to the 2006 (GUS) census estimate, the town had a total population of 49,839. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. It was known as Nowa Aleksandria from 1846 to 1918.
From the 17th century Puławy was the location of a rural residence of the Lubomirski, then the Sieniawski, noble families. In 1784 it became the property of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and his wife Izabela Czartoryska, née Fleming. Under their stewardship, after the loss of Poland's independence in 1795 the palace became a museum of Polish national memorabilia and a major cultural and political centre. After the suppression of the November Uprising of 1830–31, the estate was taken over by the Russian government. The palace collections that had been saved became the nucleus of the present Czartoryski Museum in Kraków.
In 1869 an Agricultural and Forestry Institute was founded in Puławy. One of its first students, briefly, was the future Polish writer Bolesław Prus (who had also spent part of his early childhood in Puławy). Prus would set his stunning 1884 micro-story, "Mold of the Earth," at the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy.
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Płock
Płock [pwɔt͡sk] ( listen) is a city in central Poland, on the Vistula river. According to the data provided by GUS on 30 June 2009 there were 126,675 inhabitants. It is located in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of the Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). It now is a capital of a Powiat (county) at the extreme west of the Mazovian Voivodeship. In years: 1079 - 1138 Płock was capital of Poland. Płock is also a historical capital of Mazovia.
Płock was the capital city of Poland during the reign of the Polish monarchs Władysław I Herman and Bolesław III Krzywousty (1079–1138). It was also a seat of several of the Dukes of Masovia and one of the capitals of that state.
During the German occupation of Poland (1941 to 1945) it was named Schröttersburg, after the former Prussian Upper President Friedrich Leopold von Schrötter.
The Duke Capital City of Płock (Polish: Stołeczne Książęce Miasto Płock) is the official title of Płock used in ceremonial documents and for preserving traditions. It is the formal legal title included in the preamble to the City Statute of Płock. The title is a result of the fact that from 1079–1138 Płock was the capital of Poland. It performed this function during the reign of the Polish monarchs Władysław I Herman and Bolesław III Krzywousty.
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Raba River
The Raba is a river in the south of Poland, right tributary to the river Vistula. Its source is in the Beskids, between the towns of Rabka-Zdrój and Nowy Targ. It flows to the north and then to the northeast. Towns along the river Raba include Rabka-Zdrój, Mszana Dolna, Myślenice and Dobczyce.
Coordinates: 50°08′15″N 20°30′33″E / 50.1375°N 20.5092°E / 50.1375; 20.5092
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Radomka
The Radomka is a river in central Poland and a left tributary of the Vistula river. It has a length of 98 km and a basin area of over 2000 km² (all in Poland). The river has its source in forests 4 km south from Przysucha. There is a retention reservoir, built in the valley of Pilica in Domaniów, which has the largest surface area of any lakes in Mazowsze Voivodeship (5 – 7 km²). It is also utilised for recreation purposes.
Cities:
Main tributaries:
Coordinates: 51°42′31″N 21°26′07″E / 51.7087°N 21.4353°E / 51.7087; 21.4353
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Reda (river)
The Reda is a river in northern Poland in the Pomeranian Voivodship. It empties into the Bay of Puck, a part of Gdańsk Bay.
The Reda is 45 km long, and drains about 485 square kilometers. It flows within the geographical region of Pobrzeże Kaszubskie; bordering Puszcza Darżlubska (English: Darżlubie Forest, or Darżlubska Wilderness) to the north, and the Tricity Landscape Park (Trójmiejski Park Krajobrazowy) to the south.
The Reda flows through or near these locations:
Old bridge
Pipeline
Railway bridge
Island on Reda
Old sluice gate
Old footbridge
New footbridge
Pipeline bridge
Location of old sluice gate
Bridge
Łyski canal
Fish farm
Destroyed bridge
Bridge
Former bridge anchor
Fishing spot
Water outtake
Water station
New concrete bridge
River mouth
Coordinates: 54°38′28″N 18°28′25″E / 54.6411°N 18.4736°E / 54.6411; 18.4736
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Rega
The Rega is a river in north-western Poland, flowing into the Baltic Sea. It is the country's 24th longest river, with a total length of 168 km and a catchment area of 2,725 km².
Towns on the Rega:
Coordinates: 54°08′46″N 15°17′07″E / 54.1462°N 15.2854°E / 54.1462; 15.2854
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Riga
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 657,424 inhabitants ( 2011) Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltic Sea region.[citation needed] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture. The city will be the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. The city hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 and the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). Riga is served by Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states.
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Sandomierz
Sandomierz (pronounced: [sanˈdɔmʲɛʂ] ( listen)) (German: Sandomir; Latin: Sandomiria; Yiddish: Tsuzmir; Ukrainian: Сандомир or Судомир; Russian: Сандомир; Czech: Sandoměř) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants (2006). Situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Sandomierz County (since 1999). Sandomierz is known for its Old Town, a major tourist attraction. Administrative borders directly Tarnobrzeg. In the past, Sandomierz used to be one of the most important urban centers not only of Lesser Poland, but also of the whole country,
The name of the city comes from Old Polish Sędomir, composed of Sędzi- (from the verb sądzić "to judge") and mir ("peace"). Sandomierz is one of the oldest and historically most significant cities in Poland. Archeological finds around the city indicate that humans inhabited the area since neolithic times. The city came into existence in the early Middle Ages, taking advantage of an excellent location at the junction of Vistula and San rivers, and on the path of important trade routes. The first known historical mention of the city comes from the early 12th century, when the chronicler Gallus Anonymus ranked it together with Kraków and Wrocław as one of the main cities of Poland. In the testament of Bolesław Krzywousty, in which he divided Poland among his sons, Sandomierz was designated as a capital of one of the resulting principalities, the Duchy of Sandomierz.
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Sanna (Vistula)
The Sanna is a tributary of the Vistula in Poland. Its source is in the village of Wierzchowiska II in Lublin Voivodeship, Galicia. It flows westward through a rural area. Then, it turns northward for a few kilometers until flowing into the Vistula near the city of Annopol. It is about 50 km long.
Coordinates: 50°52′04″N 21°51′02″E / 50.8678°N 21.8506°E / 50.8678; 21.8506
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Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province (in Polish, województwo śląskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ˈɕlɔ̃skʲɛ]), is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centering on the historic region known as Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk), with the capital in Katowice. Contrary to the name, however, eastern half of Silesian Voivodeship is not historical Silesia, but Lesser Poland.
It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Katowice, Częstochowa and Bielsko-Biała Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998.
The Silesian voivodeship is historically territorially aligned with the Polish region of Upper Silesia.
At the time of Svatopluk I and King Arnulf of Carinthia in the 9th century, Silesia was a part of Greater Moravia; after its destruction in the early 10th century, it was conquered by Bohemia. A number of earlier inhabitants of Silesia, the Silingi, remained in the region and they concentrated around the Zobten mountain and in a settlement named Niempsch (derived from a Slavic name for Germans).[citation needed]
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Skawina
Skawina [skaˈvʲina] is a town in southern Poland with 27,328 inhabitants (2008).
Situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Skawina is twinned with:
Coordinates: 49°59′N 19°50′E / 49.983°N 19.833°E / 49.983; 19.833
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Skoczów
Skoczów [ˈskɔt͡ʂuf] ( listen) (German: Skotschau, Czech: Skočov) is a town and the seat of Gmina Skoczów in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 14,783 inhabitants (2004). It lies on the confluence of the river Bładnica into Vistula, in Silesian Foothills, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.
The town is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship since 1999, and was previously a part of the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998.
Skoczów is the oldest town in the area of the upper Vistula river. The very first settlement in the nearest neighbourhood had been established by a Slavic tribe called Golensizi around the 7th century on a naturally defensive hill over the valley of the river Bładnica and ravine called Piekiełko about 2 km (1.24 mi) south-east of the town centre within borders of modern Międzyświeć. The "gord" was later surrounded by an earth bank and moat. The settlement was destroyed in the end of the 9th century by Great Moravian Prince Svatopluk II and was not rebuilt again.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
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Solec nad Wisłą
Solec nad Wisłą [ˈsɔlɛt͡s ˌnad ˈviswɔ̃] is a town in Lipsko County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Solec nad Wisłą. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Lipsko and 132 km (82 mi) south-east of Warsaw.
The village has a population of 1,650.
Coordinates: 51°8′2″N 21°45′47″E / 51.13389°N 21.76306°E / 51.13389; 21.76306
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Soła
The Soła is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula.
Soła originates in the Western Beskids mountain range near the border with Slovakia. It is made up of the confluence of several small creeks at the village of Rajcza. It runs downhill northeastwards to the towns of Żywiec and Kęty, forming the border between the Silesian and the Żywiec Beskids. After 89 km (55 mi) the Soła empties into to the Vistula River after having passed the town of Oświęcim.
The river flows within metres of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum informs that the human ashes and ground bones of those murdered there were sometimes dumped into the river.
Soła flows through or near the following settlements: Rajcza, Milówka, Cisiec, Węgierska Górka, Cięcina, Radziechowy, Wieprz, Żywiec, Tresna, Czernichów, Międzybrodzie Żywieckie, Międzybrodzie Bialskie, Porąbka, Czaniec, Kobiernice, Kęty, Nowa Wieś[disambiguation needed], Hecznarowice, Bielany, Łęki[disambiguation needed ], and Oświęcim.
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Strumień
Strumień [ˈstrumʲɛɲ] ( listen) (German: Schwarzwasser, Czech: Strumeň) is a town and the seat of Gmina Strumień, in Cieszyn County, in the Silesian Voivodeship (province) of southern Poland, on the Vistula River.
Currently situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999), Strumień was previously part of the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship (1975–1998).
It is located in the north-eastern part of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia and is the smallest town of Cieszyn Silesia and one of the smallest in Poland.
Because of its proximity to the Vistula, this little town has found itself under various national and imperial jurisdictions (see Duchy of Cieszyn). The town existed under Austrian dominion from 1653 until the end of the First World War and was referred to in German as Schwarzwasser. The town with its Polish name Strumień joined the Second Polish Republic in 1920. Following the invasion of Poland and the annexation of Cieszyn Silesia by the German army in 1939, it became part of Nazi Germany (as Schwarzwasser again). At the end of World War II the town returned to Poland.
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Szczucin
Szczucin [ˈʂt͡ʂut͡ɕin] is a town in Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Szczucin. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-east of Dąbrowa Tarnowska, 30 km (19 mi) north of Tarnów and 85 km (53 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków. The town has a population of 4,069.
Before Polish administrative reorganization (in 1999) Szczucin was part of Tarnów Voivodeship (1975–1998). Located on the Vistula river, Szczucin is the ending station of a secondary-importance, one track rail line Tarnów - Dąbrowa Tarnowska - Szczucin, built by Austrian government in 1906. There were several plans to extend the line northwards, to Busko Zdroj and Kielce, but so far, they have not been carried out. Current shape of the line is the result of Szczucin’s having been located until 1918 on northern border of Austria-Hungary. The Vistula marked the border, beyond it stretched the Russian Empire, and governments of both countries were not interested in completion of the line, which would have connected Austrian-controlled Tarnow with Russian-controlled Kielce.
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Słupia
Słupia (German: Stolpe) is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Towns:
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of rivers of Europe.
Coordinates: 54°35′20″N 16°51′10″E / 54.5889°N 16.8528°E / 54.5889; 16.8528
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Tarnobrzeg
Tarnobrzeg [tarˈnɔbʐɛk] (Yiddish: דזיקאוו-Jikov) is a city in south-eastern Poland (historic Lesser Poland), on the east bank of the river Vistula, with 49,419 inhabitants, as of December 31, 2009. Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (Polish: Województwo Podkarpackie) since 1999, it had previously been the capital of Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (1975–1998). Administrative borders directly Sandomierz.
The city was a major center for the mining and processing of sulphur and sulphuric acid. However, due to declining profitability, its mines have closed. The mine in Piaseczno was closed first, followed by the Machów mine (after 40 years of working — it had been the biggest open-cast sulphur mine in Europe), and finally the Jeziórko mine in the 1990s. The Jeziórko mine stayed open as long as it did because of the introduction of the modern Frasch process of sulphur extraction.
Since the 1980s, the land in the mining areas has gradually been reclaimed. The Machów mine has been filled with water to form a reservoir used for recreation, and the same is happening to the Jeziórko mine — it is being slowly filled from the nearby Vistula river.
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Tatra mountains
The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry either in Polish and in Slovak - plurale tantum, Tátra in Hungarian), are a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland, and are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Tatras occupy an area of 750 km² (290 mi²), of which the greater part (600 km²/232 mi²) lies in Slovakia, with the highest peak Gerlach at 2,655 m (8710 ft), located north of Poprad. In turn, summit Rysy (2,499 m/8200 ft), located in the north-western part of Tatras, is the highest mountain in Poland.
The Tatras are a mountain range of a corrugated nature, originating from the Alpine orogeny, and therefore characterized by a relatively young-look lay of the land, quite similar to the landscape of the Alps, although significantly smaller. It is the highest mountain range within Carpathians. It consists of the internal mountain chains of:
The overall nature of the Tatras, together with their easy accessibility, makes them a favorite with tourists and researchers. Therefore, these mountains are a popular winter sports area, with resorts such as Zakopane, called also "winter capital of Poland", Poprad and the town Vysoké Tatry (The Town of High Tatras) in Slovakia created in 1999, including former separate resorts: Štrbské Pleso, Starý Smokovec, and Tatranská Lomnica. The High Tatras, with their 24 (or 25) peaks exceeding 2,500 m above sea level, together with the Southern Carpathians, represent the only form of alpine landscape in the entire 1200 km length of arc of the Carpathians.
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Tczew
Tczew [tt͡ʂɛf] (Kashubian: Dërszewò; German: Dirschau (help·info)) is a town on the Vistula River in Eastern Pomerania, Kociewie, northern Poland with 60,279 inhabitants (June 2009). It is an important railway junction with a classification yard dating to the Prussian Eastern Railway (German: Preußische Ostbahn). The city is known for its attractive old town and the Vistula Bridge, or Bridge of Tczew, damaged during World War II.
It is the capital of Tczew County in Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, and was previously a town in Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Tczew was first mentioned as Trsow in a document by Duke Grzymisław bestowing the land to the Knights Hospitaller in 1198. In some documents, the name Derszewo appears, which stems from the name of a feudal lord, Dersław. It is unknown whether Trsow and Derszewo referred to the same or two neighboring settlements. By 1252 the settlement was known by the names Tczew and Dirschau, and in 1258 Tczew hosted the first city council in Poland. It received Lübeck rights from Duke Sambor II in 1260. Tczew was purchased by Heinrich von Plötzke of the Teutonic Knights following the Treaty of Soldin in 1309. It was rebuilt from 1364–1384 and granted Kulm law. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Tczew was transferred from the Teutonic Order to the newly-created Polish province of Royal Prussia.
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Toruń
Toruń [ˈtɔruɲ] ( listen) (German: Thorn ( listen), Kashubian: Torń, Latin: Thorunium, see also: other names) is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. National Geographic Polska rated the old town market and the Gothic town hall as one of the "30 Most Beautiful Places in the World." In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Toruń as number one of the "Polish Cities Attractive for Business".[citation needed] In 2009 it was listed as one of the "Best Cities to Live in Poland", in a ranking published by Przekrój.[citation needed]
Previously it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–98) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–45). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province and, as such, is one of its two capitals (together with Bydgoszcz). The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bi-polar metropolitan area. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Ustroń
Ustroń [ˈustrɔɲ] ( listen) (German: Ustron) is a health resort town in Cieszyn Silesia, southern Poland. It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been in Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship (1975–1998). It lies in the Silesian Beskids mountain range.
According to the Austrian census of 1910 the town had 4,275 inhabitants, 4,265 of whom had permanent residence there. The census asked people for their native language; 3,917 (91.8%) were Polish-speaking and 333 (7.8%) were German-speaking. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish; most of them thus declared the German language as their native. The most populous religious groups were Protestants with 2,439 (57%) followed by Roman Catholics with 1,728 (40.4%) and the Jews with 107 (2.5%).
The town has a futuristic outlook because of a cluster of pyramid-shaped hotels. It is also the home of the Jan Jarocki Museum. It was founded in April 1986 as Museum of Metallurgy. Burned by Tatars 1241. It is housed in an old building of the former Klemens Steel Works, which was in use between 1772 and 1897. The museum collects technical tools, as well as historical and ethnographic artifacts.
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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
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Vistula Bay
The Vistula Lagoon (Polish: Zalew Wiślany; Russian: Калининградский залив or Kaliningradskiy Zaliv; German: Frisches Haff; Lithuanian: Aistmarės) is a fresh water lagoon on the Baltic Sea separated from Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is sometimes known as the Vistula Bay or Vistula Gulf. The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff. Both this term and the earlier Polish name Zatoka Fryska translate "Frisian Bay". In historical contexts, Frisches Haff can also refer to the Szczecin Lagoon.
The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably the Nogat, and the Pregolya River. It is connected to Gdańsk Bay by the Strait of Baltiysk.
Localities on the lagoon include Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast and Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, Krynica Morska in Poland. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that has declined owing to the current border situation. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.
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Vistula Lagoon
The Vistula Lagoon (Polish: Zalew Wiślany; Russian: Калининградский залив or Kaliningradskiy Zaliv; German: Frisches Haff; Lithuanian: Aistmarės) is a fresh water lagoon on the Baltic Sea separated from Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is sometimes known as the Vistula Bay or Vistula Gulf. The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff. Both this term and the earlier Polish name Zatoka Fryska translate "Frisian Bay". In historical contexts, Frisches Haff can also refer to the Szczecin Lagoon.
The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably the Nogat, and the Pregolya River. It is connected to Gdańsk Bay by the Strait of Baltiysk.
Localities on the lagoon include Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast and Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, Krynica Morska in Poland. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that has declined owing to the current border situation. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.
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Vistula Spit
The Vistula Spit (Polish: Mierzeja Wiślana; Russian: Балтийская коса; German: Frische Nehrung) is a spit, or peninsular stretch of land, which separates Vistula Lagoon from Gdańsk Bay in the Baltic Sea. The border between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave of Russia, bisects it, politically dividing the spit in half between the two countries. The westernmost point of Russia is located on the Vistula Spit. The Polish part contains a number of tourist resorts, incorporated administratively as the town of Krynica Morska.
Until the 13th century, the spit had navigable straits in the middle, which allowed the city of Elbląg part of the monastic State of the Teutonic Knights, direct access to the Baltic Sea. The natural closing of the straits in the late 13th century reduced Elbing's status as an important trading seaport. Thus, and by the Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Polish Pomerania in 1308, the importance of Gdańsk.
Nowadays, Poland is considering the idea of digging a channel through its part of the spit, in order to regain direct access to the Baltic, rather than by the only natural, yet Russian-controlled port at Baltiysk.[citation needed] Also, Poland has access to the Baltic via Gdańsk.
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Warka
Coordinates: 51°47′N 21°12′E / 51.783°N 21.2°E / 51.783; 21.2
Warka [ˈvarka] is a town in central Poland, located on the left bank of the Pilica river (60 km/37 mi south of Warsaw), with 11,035 inhabitants (2004). It has been situated in Grójec County, in the Masovian Voivodeship, since 1999; previously it was in the Radom Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998.
Warka obtained its city charter in 1321. A village called Winiary, which today is part of Warka, is the countyside residence of Pulaskis family where General Kazimierz Pulaski spent his childhood and the birthplace of Colonel Piotr Wysocki (September 10, 1797). Warka is also known for its famous brewery (since 1478).
For the duration of the UEFA Euro 2012, the Croatia national football team will stay in a hotel Sielanka in Warka.
Monument of Piotr Wysocki
Main Market Square
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Warta
The Warta (German: Warthe; Latin: Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometres (502 mi) it is the country's third longest river. The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.
It rises in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie, Silesian Voivodeship, flows through Łódź Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, where it empties into the Oder near Kostrzyn at the border with Germany.
The Greater Polish Warta river basin was the original Poland —it is said that the Polans (Polish: Polanie), a West Slavic tribe, inhabited the Warta river basin from the 8th century. The river is also mentioned in the second stanza of the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego Polish national anthem.
Coordinates: 52°35′55″N 14°36′37″E / 52.5986°N 14.6103°E / 52.5986; 14.6103
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Wda
The Wda is a river in Poland. It has a lowland character. The Wda is one of the 15 main canoe trails in Poland. It is 198 km long and the surface of its catchment area amounts to 2325 km2. The Wda's average gradient is 0.7‰ and its flow is 6.52 m3/s. The Wda begins its course at Krążno Lake and ends in the Wisła in Świecie. The Wda is one of the longest rivers in Bory Tucholskie and one of the most important of Pomorze's river routes.
This lowland-woody river is a tourist interest route. Wda meanders among the forests and it forms a lot of bays. Its bottom is mainly sandy-stony. Wda has variable character. Once is like a mountain stream then again like a wide, lazy river.
In the upper reaches the river is not good for canoeing because of capriciousness and arduousness of the river. It is really obstreperous and it has fast current. It flows through over 350 lakes.
The middle part of Wda is a more rapid river and meanders through deciduous forests in the low-cut valley in Bory Tucholskie. In the lower region of the river, Wda flows through artificial lakes near hydroelectric power stations. Here it becomes a fast and untamed river, with many bends and high steep banks.
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Westerplatte
Westerplatte is a peninsula in Gdańsk, Poland, located on the Baltic Sea coast mouth of the Dead Vistula (one of the Vistula delta estuaries), in the Gdańsk harbour channel. From 1926 to 1939 it was the location of a Polish Military Transit Depot (WST), sanctioned within the territory of the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk).
It is famous for the Battle of Westerplatte, which was the first clash between Polish and German forces during the Invasion of Poland and thus the first battle of the European theater of World War II.
The resort was established on the Westerplatte peninsula around 1830 which had a beach, a forested park, an ocean-side bath complex and health spa facilities.
In 1925 the Council of the League of Nations allowed Poland to keep 88 soldiers on Westerplatte, which the Poles had secretly increased to 176 men and six officers by September 1939. They were armed with one 75 mm gun, two 37 mm Bofors antitank guns, four mortars and a number of medium machine guns. There were no real fortifications, only several concrete guardhouses hidden in the peninsula's forest.
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Wieprz
The Wieprz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈvjɛpʂ], boar) is a river in central-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula. It is the country's ninth longest river, with a total length of 303 km and a catchment area of 10,415 km², all within Poland. Its course near the town of Łęczna includes the protected area known as Wieprz Landscape Park.
Coordinates: 51°32′49″N 21°50′4″E / 51.54694°N 21.83444°E / 51.54694; 21.83444
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Wisła
Wisła [ˈviswa] ( listen) (German: Weichsel) is a town in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, with a population of about 11,810 (2006), near the border with Czech Republic in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. It is situated in the Silesian Beskids mountain range. Wisła is the Polish name for the Vistula River, which has its source in the mountains near the town.
Located near the national tourist center Ondraszek, Wisła is a popular year-round tourist destination, with the nearby mountains favored by ski jumpers. It is known for being the home town of ski jumper Adam Małysz, and for the fact that it is the only town in Poland with a majority Protestant population.
Wisła is also the home of the Beskid Museum, on B. Hoff square. It has on display agricultural tools, folk costumes and goatskin bagpipes from the surrounding region.
In Wisła a trail starts that leads to the Stożek Wielki, a mountain on the border with the Czech Republic that reaches a height of 978 meters.
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Wisłok
Wisłok is a river in south-eastern Poland, a tributary of the San River, with a length of 205 kilometres (18th longest) and the basin area of 3,528 km2. (all in Poland). The root of the name Vis-lok is Indo-European or pre-Indo-European.
The first metal bridges on highways were built in Galicia. They were bridges on the Wisłok river in Rzeszów (1877) and Raba in Książnica (1877). The construction of the first latticework metal bridges in Poland's territories.
There is no data on the settlements in the early Iron period when an old trade route crossed the region along Wisłok River Valley. The Wisłok valley must have been an important trade route and human settlement axis as early as 9th or 10th century. The region subsequently became part of the Great Moravian state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians of the area declared their allegiance to Hungarian Empire. The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus and Hungary starting in at least the 9th century. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981 (by Nestor), when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took the area over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus, in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it
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Wkra
Wkra is a river in north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Narew river, with a length of 249 kilometres (13th longest) and the basin area of 5,322 km². (all in Poland).
Towns and townships:
See also:
Coordinates: 52°26′45″N 20°44′43″E / 52.44583°N 20.74528°E / 52.44583; 20.74528
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Wyszogród
Wyszogród [vɨˈʂɔɡrut] is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodship, in Płock County, by the Vistula River. The population of Wyszogród was 2,793 in 2004.
The town of Wyszogród was an early Slavic settlement as early as the 10th century. In the 11th century it became fortified and started to act as a local centre of commerce. In the 12th century it became the seat of local castellany and soon it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia. Relocated on Magdeburg Law in 1398, Wyszogród became one of the most important inland ports and centres of textile production in the area.
During The Deluge the town was pillaged and burnt by the Swedes. Several subsequent fires destroyed Wyszogród almost completely. After the Partitions of Poland in 1793 it was annexed by Prussia. In 1807 it was reconquered by the Duchy of Warsaw and after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815 it was transferred to the Kingdom of Poland. At the end of 19th century Wyszogród again recovered. During World War II, the town was heavily damaged during the course of the German Invasion of Poland in September, 1939. During the German occupation the Jewish population of the town perished in the Holocaust. There were several partisan groups operating both within the city and in the forests nearby. The town was rebuilt after the war, though its population did not recover to pre-war levels.
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Włocławek
Włocławek [vwɔt͡sˈwavɛk] ( listen) (German: Leslau from 1939–45) is a town in northern Poland on the Vistula (Wisła) and Zgłowiączka rivers, with a population of 117,785 (June 2009). It is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and until 1999 was the capital of Włocławek Voivodeship.
Historians have given a number of years for the establishment of the town since the 16th century. Part of the confusion is the various attribution of the city's namesake as Władysław II the Exile, his grandfather Władysław I Herman, or Vladislav II of Bohemia.
An assistant to the Archbishop of Gniezno is mentioned residing in the town in 1123 and the Diocese of Włocławek (Latin: Vladislaviensis) in Kuyavia was first mentioned in a bull issued by Pope Eugene III in 1148. The first bishop of Włocławek, whose name appears in the bull, was Warner, and he was followed by an Italian named Onoldius. The diocese was also recorded as "Włocławek and Pomerania" (Vladislaviensis et Pomeraniae).
Włocławek received its town rights in 1255. In the 14th and 15th century, the city was destroyed or captured several times by German knights, who called it Leslau[citation needed]. Peace arrived with the Treaty of Thorn in 1466 and the city prospered from its involvement in the Polish grain trade. In 1657, a Swedish invasion during the Second Northern War partially destroyed the city. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Włocławek fell to Prussia. The Congress of Vienna restored it to Congress Poland, but it was occupied by Russia in 1831. The city was again destroyed during the German offensive during the First World War.
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Zakroczym
Zakroczym [zaˈkrɔt͡ʂɨm] is a small town in the Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is located at around 52°26′16″N 20°36′43″E / 52.43778°N 20.61194°E / 52.43778; 20.61194. The Vistula River flows through the town.
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Zator
Zator [ˈzatɔr] (German: Neuenstadt an der Schaue, Vilamovian: Naojśtaod) is an old town on the Skawa river within Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999) in southern Poland. From 1975 to 1998 it belonged to the Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. It is the administrative seat of the Gmina Zator. According to data from December 31, 2008, Zator was inhabited by 4779 people.
The city, located on the Skawa river, is well known for pisciculture, especially carp, and periodic event called Zatorskie Dni Karpia. Zator is the main city of the Carp Valley.
Originally a part of Lesser Poland, the area was acquired by the Silesian Piast Duke Władysław of Opole by an 1274 agreement with the Polish Princeps Bolesław V the Chaste. Zator then belonged to the Upper Silesian Duchy of Opole and after Władysław's death in 1281 fell to the Duchy of Cieszyn. It received town privileges in 1292.
From 1315 on Zator belonged to the Duchy of Oświęcim split off Cieszyn and in 1445 even became the capital of a Piast duchy in its own right, the Duchy of Zator under Duke Wenceslaus I, a Bohemian vassal. It finally fell back to the Kingdom of Poland, when in 1494 Wenceslaus' son Jan V sold his lands to King John I Albert.
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Łyna (river)
The Łyna (Polish pronunciation: [ˈwɨna]; German: Alle (help·info); Lithuanian: Alna; Old Prussian: Alnā), or Lava (Russian: Лава), is a river in northern Poland's Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship as well as in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast.
The Łyna is a tributary of the Pregolya River, and has a total length of 264 km (190 km in Poland - making it the 11th longest river there - and 74 km in Russia) and a basin area of 7,126 km² (5,719 km² in Poland). It is connected to Lake Mamry by the 18th-century Masurian Canal.
In historical terms, the river fell within the area of the medieval Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights established in the 13th century. The adjacent territory became later known as East Prussia, and then an easternmost province of Germany until 1945 when, in accordance with the Potsdam Conference, it was split between Poland and the Soviet Union.
Cities and towns founded by the Teutonic Knights along the river Łyna (Alnā) include:
Coordinates: 54°37′15″N 21°13′36″E / 54.6208°N 21.2267°E / 54.6208; 21.2267
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Śmiała Wisła
The Śmiała Wisła (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɕmjawa ˈviswa]) is a river branch of the Vistula in Poland flowing to Gdańsk Bay. The Śmiała Wisła is a western border of Sobieszewo Island and was created in 1840 during the flooding when it became a new mouth of the Vistula. Literally it means Daring Vistula.
Coordinates: 54°19′56″N 18°50′14″E / 54.332141°N 18.837090°E / 54.332141; 18.837090
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Świecie
Świecie [ˈɕfjɛt͡ɕɛ] (German: Schwetz) is a town in northern Poland with 25,968 inhabitants (2006), situated in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999); it was previously in Bydgoszcz Voivodeship (1975-1998). It is the capital of Świecie County.
During the Second World War, Nazi Germany occupied Świecie and annexed it, making it the seat of the county/district (kreis) of Schwetz. It was administered as part of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
Coordinates: 53°25′N 18°26′E / 53.417°N 18.433°E / 53.417; 18.433
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Aleksander Gierymski
Ignacy Aleksander Gierymski (born 30 January 1850 in Warsaw, died between 6 and 8 March 1901 in Rome) was a Polish painter of the late 19th century. He was the younger brother of Maksymilian Gierymski, equally renowned Polish watercolour painter.
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Bavarian Geographer
The Bavarian Geographer (Latin: Geographus Bavarus) is a conventional name given by Jan Potocki in 1796 to the author of an anonymous medieval document Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii ("Description of Cities and Lands North of the Danube").
The short document was discovered in 1772 in the Bavarian State Library, Munich by Louis XV's ambassador to the Saxon court, Comte Louis-Gabriel Du Buat-Nançay. It had been acquired by the Wittelsbachs with the collection of the antiquarian Hermann Schädel (1410–85) in 1571. The document was much discussed in the early 19th-century historiography, notably by Nikolai Karamzin and Joachim Lelewel.
The document contains a list of the tribes in Central-Eastern Europe east of the Elbe and north of the Danube to the Volga rivers to the Black and Caspian Sea (most of them of Slavonic origin, with Ruzzi, and others such as Vulgarii, etc.). Absent on the list are Polans, Pomeranians and Masovians, tribes first of whom are believed to have settled along the shores of the Warta river during the 8th century.
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Burgundians
The Burgundians (Latin: Burgundiōnes; Old Norse: Burgundar; Old English: Burgendas; Greek: Βούργουνδοι) were an East Germanic tribe which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr (the Island of the Burgundians), and from there to mainland Europe.
The name of the Burgundians has since remained connected to the area of modern France that still bears their name: see the later history of Burgundy. Between the 6th and 20th centuries, however, the boundaries and political connections of this area have changed frequently; none of those changes have had anything to do with the original Burgundians. The name Burgundians used here and generally used by English writers to refer to the Burgundiones is a later formation and more precisely refers to the inhabitants of the territory of Burgundy which was named from the people called Burgundiones. The descendants of the Burgundians today are found primarily among the west Swiss and neighbouring regions of France.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
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Fenni
The Fenni were an ancient people of northeastern Europe first described by Cornelius Tacitus in Germania in AD 98.
The Fenni are first mentioned by Cornelius Tacitus in Germania in 98 A.D. Their location is uncertain, due to the vagueness of Tacitus' account:"they (Venedi) overrun in their predatory excursions all the woody and mountainous tracts between the Peucini and the Fenni". The Greco-Roman geographer Ptolemy, who produced his Geographia in ca. 150 AD, mentions a people called the Phinnoi, generally believed to be synonymous with the Fenni. He locates them in two different areas: a northern group in northern Scandia (Scandinavia), then believed to be an island; and a southern group, apparently dwelling to the East of the upper Vistula river (SE Poland). It is unclear whether the two groups were related, despite their identical name.
The next ancient mention of the Fenni/Finni is in the Getica of 6th-century chronicler Jordanes. In his description of the island of Scandza (Scandinavia), he mentions three groups with names similar to Ptolemy's Phinnoi, the Screrefennae, Finnaithae and mitissimi Finni ("softest Finns"). The Screrefennae are believed to mean the "skiing Finns" and are generally identified with Ptolemy's northern Phinnoi and today's Sami, as there is evidence of Sami skis from 2000 BC onwards. The Finnaithae have been identified with the Finnveden of central Sweden. It is unclear who the Finni mitissimi were.
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Germania
Germania (Greek: Γερμανία) was the Greek and Roman geographic term for the geographical regions inhabited mainly by peoples considered to be Germani. It was most often used to refer especially to the east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. The areas west of the Rhine were mainly Celtic (specifically Gaulish) and had become part of the Roman Empire.
Some Germani, perhaps the original people to have been referred to by this name, had lived on the west side of the Rhine. At least as early as the 2nd century BC. This area was considered to be in "Gaul", and became part of the Roman empire. These were the so-called germani cisrhenani, who in modern terms lived in the region of modern eastern Belgium, the southeastern Netherlands, and stretching into Germany towards the Rhine. During the period of the Roman empire, more tribes were settled in areas of the empire near the Rhine, in territories controlled by the Roman Empire. Eventually these areas came to be known as Lesser Germania, while Greater Germania (Magna Germania) was the larger territory east of the Rhine.
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Jan Długosz
Jan Długosz (1 December 1415, Stara Brzeźnica – 19 May 1480, Kraków; also known as Joannes, Ioannes or Johannes Longinus or Dlugossius) was a Polish priest, chronicler, diplomat, soldier, and secretary to Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Kraków.
Jan Długosz is best known for his Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae (The Annals of Jan Długosz), covering events in southeastern Europe, but also in Western Europe, from 965 to 1480, the year he died. His work was first printed in 1701-1703. Whenever he bothers to mention himself in the book, he writes of himself in the third person. He belonged to the Wieniawa coat-of-arms.
Długosz was a canon at Kraków, educated in the University of Krakow. He was sent by King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland on diplomatic missions to the Papal and Imperial courts, and was involved in the King's negotiations with the Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66) and at the peace negotiations.
In 1434, Długosz's uncle, the first pastor at Klobuck, appointed him to take over his position as canon of St. Martin church at Klobuck. The town was in the Opole territory of Silesia, but had recently been conquered by Władysław II Jagiełło. Długosz stayed until 1452 and while there, founded the canonical monastery.
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King Krak
Krakus, Krak or Grakch was a legendary Polish prince and founder of Kraków, the ruler of the tribe of Lechitians (Poles). Krakus is also credited with building Wawel Castle. The first recorded mention of Krakus, then spelled Grakch, is in the Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae from 1190. He is also said to have defeated armies of the Roman Empire, which were attacking from the south.
Historian J. Banaszkiewicz attributes Krak's name to a pre-Slavic word "krakula", meaning judge's staff. The same word-root is believed to have been used in Czech and Russian naming conventions.
However, historians Cetwiński and Derwich suggest a different etymology, which seems more probable to some, with Krak, meaning simply an oak, a sacred tree, most often associated with the concept of genealogy.
Krakus Mound, which exists to this day, was previously believed to contain Krakus' remains. It has been the subject of thorough archeological research from 1934–38, however, no grave has ever been found in it. The mound has a diameter of over 50 meters. According to research, it was erected between the 8th and 10th centuries as a central element of an ancient grave site, which does not exist today.
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Konrad I of Masovia
Konrad I of Masovia (Polish: Konrad I Mazowiecki) (1187? – 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia from 1194 until his death and High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232.
He was the youngest son of High Duke Casimir II the Just of Poland and Helen of Znojmo, daughter of the Přemyslid duke Konrad II of Znojmo (ruler of the Znojmo Appange in southern Moravia, part of Duchy of Bohemia). His maternal grandmother was Maria of Serbia, apparently a daughter of the pre-Nemanjić župan Uroš I of Rascia.
After his father's death in 1194, Konrad was brought up by his mother, who acted as regent of Masovia. In 1199 he received Masovia and in 1205 also the adjacent lands of Kuyavia. In 1205, he and his brother, Duke Leszek I the White of Sandomierz, had their greatest military victory at Battle of Zawichost against Prince Roman the Great of Galicia–Volhynia. The Ruthenian army was crushed and Roman was killed in battle. The Rurik princess Agafia of Rus became his wife.
In order to enlarge his dominions, Konrad unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the adjacent pagan lands of Chełmno in Prussia during a 1209 crusade with the consent of Pope Innocent III. In 1215 the monk Christian of Oliva was appointed a missionary bishop among the Old Prussians, his residence at Chełmno however was devastated by Prussian forces the next year. Several further campaigns in 1219, 1222 failed, instead Konrad picked a long-term border quarrel with the Prussian tribes.
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Magna Germania
Germania (Greek: Γερμανία) was the Greek and Roman geographic term for the geographical regions inhabited mainly by peoples considered to be Germani. It was most often used to refer especially to the east of the Rhine and north of the Danube. The areas west of the Rhine were mainly Celtic (specifically Gaulish) and had become part of the Roman Empire.
Some Germani, perhaps the original people to have been referred to by this name, had lived on the west side of the Rhine. At least as early as the 2nd century BC. This area was considered to be in "Gaul", and became part of the Roman empire. These were the so-called germani cisrhenani, who in modern terms lived in the region of modern eastern Belgium, the southeastern Netherlands, and stretching into Germany towards the Rhine. During the period of the Roman empire, more tribes were settled in areas of the empire near the Rhine, in territories controlled by the Roman Empire. Eventually these areas came to be known as Lesser Germania, while Greater Germania (Magna Germania) was the larger territory east of the Rhine.
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Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Russian: Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский; February 16 [O.S. February 4] 1893 – June 12, 1937) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander in chief of the Red Army (1925–1928), and one of the most prominent victims of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District, into a family of hereditary nobles. He graduated from the Aleksandrovskoye Military School in 1914, joining the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment. Upon the outbreak of World War I, the twenty-one-year-old Lieutenant Tukhachevsky declared,
"I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then."
After being taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from POW camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress.
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Peucini
The Bastarnae or Basternae (Ancient Greek: Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι) were an ancient Germanic tribe, who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the eastern Carpathian mountains and the Dnieper river (corresponding to the modern Republic of Moldova and western part of southern Ukraine). A branch of the Bastarnae, called the Peucini by Greco-Roman writers, occupied the region north of the Danube river delta.
Although possibly Celtic-speaking in 179 BC, the Bastarnae probably were Germanic in language and culture during the 1st century AD, but appear to have become assimilated by their neighbouring Sarmatians by the 3rd century.[original research?] Like the latter, they were probably semi-nomadic.[original research?] It has not yet been possible to identify specific Bastarnae archaeological sites.
The Peucini branch of the Bastarnae first came into conflict with the Romans in the 1st century BC, when they resisted, ultimately unsuccessfully, Roman expansion into Moesia, the region on the southern bank of the Danube. Although probably on friendly terms with the Romans in the early 1st century, there is little evidence of the Peucini until ca. 180, when they are recorded as participating in an invasion of Roman territory in alliance with Sarmatian and Dacian elements. In the mid 3rd century, the Bastarnae were part of a Gothic-led grand coalition of lower Danube tribes which inflicted immense damage on the Balkan provinces of the Roman empire in a series of massive invasions. Large numbers of Bastarnae were resettled within the empire in the late 3rd century.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Sarmatia
The Iron Age Sarmatians (Latin Sarmatæ or Sauromatæ, Sanskrit Sakas Greek Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Their territory was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponding to the western part of greater Scythia (modern Southern Russia, Ukraine, and the eastern Balkans). At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.
The Sarmatians declined in the 4th century with the incursions connected to the Migration period (Huns, Goths). The descendants of the Sarmatians became known as the Alans during the Early Middle Ages, and ultimately gave rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group.
Sarmatae is in origin probably just one of several tribal names of the Sarmatians which came to be applied to the entire group as an exonym in Greco-Roman ethnography. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the Siraces.
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Sarmatians
The Iron Age Sarmatians (Latin Sarmatæ or Sauromatæ, Sanskrit Sakas Greek Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Their territory was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponding to the western part of greater Scythia (modern Southern Russia, Ukraine, and the eastern Balkans). At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.
The Sarmatians declined in the 4th century with the incursions connected to the Migration period (Huns, Goths). The descendants of the Sarmatians became known as the Alans during the Early Middle Ages, and ultimately gave rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group.
Sarmatae is in origin probably just one of several tribal names of the Sarmatians which came to be applied to the entire group as an exonym in Greco-Roman ethnography. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the Siraces.
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Suebi
The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic *swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root *swē- meaning "one's own" people, from an Indo-European root *swe-, the third person reflexive pronoun) were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c. 58 BC;
Some Suebi remained a periodic threat against the Romans on the Rhine, until, toward the end of the empire, the Alamanni, including elements of Suebi, brushed aside Roman defenses and occupied Alsace, and from there Bavaria and Switzerland. A pocket remained in Swabia (an area in southwest Germany whose modern name derives from the ancient name), whereas migrants to Gallaecia (modern Galicia, in Spain, and Northern Portugal) established a kingdom there which lasted for 170 years until its integration into the Visigothic Kingdom.
In the classical sources, the ethnonym Suebi is used with two different meanings: the specific tribe of Caesar's campaign, "dwelling on the Main", and "broadly, to cover a large number of tribes in central Germany." The broad view is expressed in Tacitus's Germania, a basic written source for the Suebic peoples that states:
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Wincenty Kadłubek
Blessed Wincenty Kadłubek (1161 – 8 March 1223), also known as Vincent Kadlubek, Vincent Kadlubo, Vincent Kadlubko, Vincent of Kraków, Master Vincentius, was a thirteenth century Bishop of Cracow and historian of Poland.
Kadłubek was born to a wealthy Polish family in Karwów near Opatów. He studied in Bologna. Upon the death of Fulk, Bishop of Kraków (Cracow), on 11 September 1207, Kadłubek was elected to the office. Innocent III approved the election, and Kadłubek was consecrated by Henry Kielicz, Archbishop of Gniezno.
He followed Gallus Anonymus in further developing the idea of the Latin proverb vox populi vox dei ("the voice of the people is the voice of god") and argued that the ruler (king) should always follow a council that includes bishops and representatives of clans, since not the ruler but the council has higher authority originating from the laws of God. He also claimed that the ruler should be elected by the council and rulers abusing their power should be removed.
In 1215 Kabłubek participated in the Fourth Council of the Lateran.
wn.com/Wincenty_Kadłubek
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"PROD KOMB ZBOZ VISTULA" cz 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
film edukacyjny pt KOMBAJN ZBOŻOWY VISTULA cz 2
http://wn.com/PROD_KOMB_ZBOZ_VISTULA_cz_1
Battles between Oder-Vistula (Jan-Feb 1945)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Combat footage. Die Deutsche Wochenschau. Area of Frankfurt on the Oder: Columns of refugees; Volksgrenadiers; Volkssturm arrive by rail; planes take off; tanks and infantry advance; SS paratroopers at Oder bridgehead; knocked-out Soviet tanks and Soviet dead; Oder village recaptured from Soviets; Reich Labor Service flak against Soviet tanks; rockets.
http://wn.com/Battles_between_Oder-Vistula_Jan-Feb_1945
Vistula. Nowe życie VISTULI by kuchar .mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Remont VISTULI
http://wn.com/Vistula_Nowe_życie_VISTULI_by_kuchar_mpg
Żniwa 2010 Vistula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Młócenie jęczmienia ozimego Jeżeli spodobał Ci się ten film kliknij 'Fajne' i subskrybuj mój kanał, a ja postaram się nakręcić więcej filmów z udziałem tej maszyny
http://wn.com/Żniwa_2010_Vistula
Vistula Tv | Rybinski's speech on CNN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Rybinski's speech on CNN International about the crisis in the euro area and on the Fund Eurogeddon
http://wn.com/Vistula_Tv_|_Rybinski's_speech_on_CNN
Claas Senator & Vistula by Speedy LS 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Prezentacja kombajnów zbożowych Claas Senator i Vistula... Wersje do gry Landwirtschafts Simulator 2011 Do pobrania na: www.mod.speedy.xaa.pl
http://wn.com/Claas_Senator_Vistula_by_Speedy_LS_2011
Turkey's Deputy Prime Minister Ali Babacan visits Vistula University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:48
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
At 11.15 AM on 21 January 2012, there will be a meeting at Vistula University with the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey, Mr Ali Babacan who is the minister in charge of economy. The main topic of the meeting will be the global economic crisis and its impact on the economies of the EU and Turkey. The meeting will be moderated by prof. Bronisław Misztal, Dean of the International and Public Relations Faculty at Vistula University. Turkey owes a good deal of it's dynamic economy's vitality and record-breaking growth to his economic genius. You are cordially invited to meet the man behind this brilliant and impressive success.
http://wn.com/Turkey's_Deputy_Prime_Minister_Ali_Babacan_visits_Vistula_University
Visit to Vistula University as released by Presidency web site
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
"Welcomed with great enthusiasm and applause upon his arrival at Vistula University, President Abdullah Gül was given a presentation about the history of the institution and its activities.„
http://wn.com/Visit_to_Vistula_University_as_released_by_Presidency_web_site
St James Infirmary - Vistula River Brass Band.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
...from my old collection...
http://wn.com/St_James_Infirmary_Vistula_River_Brass_Band
1940 From Silesia to the Vistula
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- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
1940. German Reich labour troops transferring from Freiburg, Silesia to Deblin, on the Vistula. Background music added: Bach - Aria from Goldberg Variations
http://wn.com/1940_From_Silesia_to_the_Vistula
Landwirtschafts Simulator 2008 Bizon Vistula Harvests 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Pobierz ten utwór za darmo z audioswap: www.youtube.com Artist : Alexander Perls Song : Storm (Long Edit)
http://wn.com/Landwirtschafts_Simulator_2008_Bizon_Vistula_Harvests_2008
Vistula - Sami swoi cz2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:45
- Updated: 16 May 2012
http://wn.com/Vistula_Sami_swoi_cz2
Uczelnia Vistula | Vistula University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Uczelnia_Vistula_|_Vistula_University
LHS. Two brothers on the fourth floor - Vistula river
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Freight train with iron ore passing Vistula river.
http://wn.com/LHS_Two_brothers_on_the_fourth_floor_Vistula_river
Kadyny Country Club, Vistula Lagoon, Poland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
www.facebook.com www.ceepackaging.com twitter @ceepackaging www.facebook.com This is the wonderful Kadyny Country Club to the south of the Vistula Lagoon. My channel on you tube : www.youtube.com is one of themost prolific from Poland. I have produced a number of films, most in English but also in Polish, French, Italian, Spanish and the occasional hint of German and Hebrew. My big interest in life is travel and history but I have also placed films on other subjects There are a number of films here on the packaging industry. This is because I am the publisher of Central and Eastern European Packaging -- www.ceepackaging.com - the international platform for the packaging industry in this region focussing on the latest innovations, trends, design, branding, legislation and environmental issues with in-depth profiles of major industry achievers. Most people may think packaging pretty boring but it possibly effects your life more than you really imagine! My blog can be found via http and www.pbn.com.pl and contains background information and more details of many of my films. This information is in English.
http://wn.com/Kadyny_Country_Club,_Vistula_Lagoon,_Poland
Żniwa Polskie 2009 Vistula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Jest to film o Pierwszym Polskim Kombajnie Vistula. Zapraszam do oglądniecia tego filmu... Nie Class, New Holland Bizon, Deutz Fahr, Fendt, John Deere, Case, Ursus, Zetor, Fortschritt, Star,Jelcz, Nysa, Warszawa, Polonez, Audi, Ford, Fiat 126p, Simson, Romet, Wsk, Shl, Wfm, Sokół, Jawa, Cz, Ryś, Żak.
http://wn.com/Żniwa_Polskie_2009_Vistula
TRES AMIGOS WATER&FUN; VISTULA RIVER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:34
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
Offroad, water road,mud road,
http://wn.com/TRES_AMIGOS_WATER&FUN;_VISTULA_RIVER
Vistula - Sami swoi cz1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Vistula - Sami swoi
http://wn.com/Vistula_Sami_swoi_cz1_2
PRODUKCJA KOMBAJNU VISTULA cz 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Film edukacyjny pt: "Produkcja Kombajnu Zbożowego Vistula" cz 2
http://wn.com/PRODUKCJA_KOMBAJNU_VISTULA_cz_2
Zniwa 2011 Vistula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Piosenka: Enya - Only Time
http://wn.com/Zniwa_2011_Vistula
Vistula. Żniwa 2011 i pierwsze odpalanie vistuli po zimie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
19 lipca 2011. Pierwsze odpalanie po zimie. Mieliśmy problemy z odpaleniem i udało się ją odpalić dopiero na cygaro.
http://wn.com/Vistula_Żniwa_2011_i_pierwsze_odpalanie_vistuli_po_zimie
Vistula at its widest - Wisły w jej najszerszym - Вислы в самом широком
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 10 Oct 2012
www.ceepackaging.com twitter @ceepackaging www.facebook.com www.facebook.com The Vistula is the longest river in Poland, 1047 kmin length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194424 km², of which 168699 km² lies within Poland The Vistula has its source at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa). The widest point of the river is however here at Stary Duninów to the north of Płock, caused to some degree by the construction of the dam at Włocławek further down stream. By this time, its largest tributaries, the San, Narew and Bug have all flown into it. Nonetheless its distributaries do not start to take water from it for some considerable distance. Vistula at its widest - Wisły w jej najszerszym - Вислы в самом широком - Weichsel an seiner breitesten My channel on you tube : www.youtube.com is one of themost prolific from Poland. I have produced around 1900 original films. My big ...
http://wn.com/Vistula_at_its_widest_Wisły_w_jej_najszerszym_Вислы_в_самом_широком
Vistula 2009 cz I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Powiat kutnowski w woj. łódzkim, Vistula spokojnie i bez pośpiechu kosi i młóci, na dodatk bez awarii
http://wn.com/Vistula_2009_cz_I
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012
A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
The Examiner
21 Nov 2012
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 12 Mid-air crash of two small single engine Zlin Z-526 red planes from the AZL Zelazny aerobatics team slamming into each other and exploding into fragments at the Radom Air Show on September 1, 2007. Credit: Derek Redos / Associated Press Mid-air crash of two small single engine Zlin Z-526 red planes...(size: 5.9Kb)
Buffalo News
19 Nov 2012
AKRON ⢠17 Brodies Way, K&D; Development to Nancy V. Frey; Norman C. Frey, $42,000. AMHERST Highest price: $368,000 Average price: $170,995 Median price: $145,000 Number of Sales: 26 ⢠17 Newcastle Drive, Christopher K. Forte; Andrea D. Forte to Sabeen A. Ahmed, $368,000. ⢠84 Collins Lane, Natale Building Corp. to Timothy R. Loughran; Ann F....(size: 22.4Kb)
Deccan Herald
10 Nov 2012
With its World War II history, monuments, castles and museums that testify to the Polish story of struggle and survival, Poland offers the tourist a heritage trail like none other, writes Lakshmi Sharath I am always fascinated by three facets of a destination â the sights, sounds and stories. And very often, it is the tale that stays with me even...(size: 7.1Kb)
The Times of India
08 Nov 2012
PUNE: The city-based Bharati Vidyapeeth's New Law College (BVNLC) has signed a memorandum of understanding with the St Mary's University, Texas, for implementing...(size: 1.1Kb)
noodls
02 Nov 2012
November 2, 2012 Cinematic Artists To Discuss their Work after Screenings Wartime drama, romantic comedy, and haunting animation are all part of the line up for this year's Rochester Polish Film Festival at the Little Theatre. The six-day event brings to town eight feature films and four shorts, including award winners, a blockbuster comedy,...(size: 4.7Kb)
DNA India
18 Oct 2012
Poalnd 1 England 1 Even if England do reach Brazil 2014, the Girl from Ipanema will not be waiting at Rio airport for them, fluttering her eyelashes, excitedly offering a Caipirinha and cooing "bemvindo". She will be waiting for Spain, Holland and others from Europe who exude style and substance. But not England. Not after this dog of a game, a...(size: 6.2Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
17 Oct 2012
To put this into perspective, Poland’s National Stadium is built on rubble from the Warsaw Uprising: a cataclysm that could not bear comparison with a waterlogged pitch. But this ticked all the boxes of indecision and farce as this wonderful arena’s roof went unused and the groundsmen simply vanished. Light relief: a Poland fan is...(size: 12.1Kb)
The Guardian
16 Oct 2012
Warsaw fiasco is a repeat of the classic sitcom storyline … but is far from funny...(size: 5.6Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
05 Oct 2012
A street in central Warsaw has partially collapsed during the construction of a subway line,...(size: 0.6Kb)
noodls
05 Oct 2012
October 5, 2012 1:41 PM Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Public Administration and Justice Tibor Navracsics paid a visit to Warsaw on Thursday where he spoke at the opening of the Hungarian memorial exhibition dedicated to Polish historian and state secretary Andrzej Przewoznik, who was killed in the 2006 Smolensk air crash. Before the opening,...(size: 4.4Kb)
noodls
05 Oct 2012
airberlin is focused on the further expansion of the Polish market and will connect the two capitals of Berlin and Warsaw for the first time starting 23rd March 2013. Germany's second largest airline will fly to Warsaw up to three times daily, making it the carrier with the highest number of non-stop flights from Berlin to this Polish city on...(size: 4.9Kb)
noodls
04 Oct 2012
2012-10-04 15:05:31 VISTULA GROUP (Resolution No. 995/2012) Resolution No. 995/2012 of the Management Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange dated 3 October 2012 concerning the admission and the introduction to exchange trading in the WSE Main List of series K bearer ordinary shares of the company VISTULA GROUP S.A. § 1 The WSE...(size: 2.2Kb)
noodls
04 Oct 2012
2012-10-04 15:04:28 VISTULA GROUP (Resolution No. 994/2012) Resolution No. 994/2012 of the Management Board of the Warsaw Stock Exchange dated 3 October 2012 concerning determining the last trading date in the WSE Main List of the rights to series K bearer ordinary...(size: 1.7Kb)
For other uses, see Vistula (disambiguation).
| Vistula River | |
|---|---|
 Confluence of the Narew and the Vistula at Modlin |
|
| Origin | Barania Góra, Silesian Beskids |
| Mouth | Gdańsk Bay, Baltic Sea |
| Basin countries | Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia |
| Length | 1,047 km (651 mi) |
| Source elevation | 1,106 m (3,629 ft) |
| Avg. discharge | 1,080 m³/s (at mouth) |
| Basin area | 194,424 km²; (75,067 mi²) |
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
Contents |
Origins of the name Vistula[link]
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
In writing about the Vistula River and its peoples, Ptolemy uses the Greek spelling, "Ouistoula". Other ancient sources spell it "Istula". Pomponius Mela refers to the "Visula" (Book 3) and Ammianus Marcellinus to the "Bisula" (Book 22), both of which names lack the -t-. The definitive reference is probably Jordanes (Getica 5 & 17), who uses "Viscla". The Anglo-Saxon poem Widsith refers to it as the "Wistla".[1] 12th century Polish chronicler Wincenty Kadłubek called the river Vandalus from the Lithuanian "vanduo", meaning "water". Jan Długosz in his Annales seu cronicae incliti called the Vistula "White river": "a nationibus orientalibus Polonis vicinis, ab aquae condorem Alba aqua ... nominatur".
Geography[link]
The reaches of the Vistula are composed of three stretches: upper, from its sources to the city of Sandomierz; centre, from Sandomierz to the mouth of Narew and Bug; and bottom, from mouth of Narew till Vistula's own delta at the Baltic.
The Vistula river basin covers 194,424 km² (in Poland 168,700 km²); its average altitude rising to 270 m above sea level. In addition, the majority of its river basin (55%) is located at heights of 100 to 200 m above sea level; over 3/4 of the river basin ranges from 100 – 300 m in altitude. The highest point of the river basin lies at 2655 m (Gerlach Peak in the Tatra mountains). One of the features of the river basin of the Vistula is its asymmetry - in great measure resulting from the tilting direction of the Central-European Lowland toward the north-west, the direction of the flow of glacial waters, as well as considerable predisposition of its older base. The asymmetry of the river basin (right-hand to left-hand side) is 73-27%.
The most recent glaciation of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BC, is called the Vistulian glaciation or Weichselian glaciation in regard to north-central Europe.[2]
Major cities and towns along Vistula tributaries[link]
Delta of the Vistula River[link]
The river forms a wide delta called the Żuławy Wiślane around the town of Biała Góra near Sztum, about 50 km from the mouth, splitting into two branches: the Leniwka (left) and the Nogat (right). In the city of Gdańsk the Head of the Leniwka branch separates again into the Szkarpawa branch, for the purpose of flood control closed to the east with a lock. The so-called Dead Wisła divides again into the Przegalinie branch flowing into Gdańsk Bay. Until the 14th century the Vistula was divided into a main eastern branch, the Elbląg Vistula, and the smaller western branch, the Gdańsk Vistula. Since 1371 the Vistula of Gdańsk is the river's main artery. After the flood in 1840 an additional branch formed called the Śmiała Wisła ("Bold Vistula"). In 1890 through 1895, additional waterworks were carried out up the Świbna.
Near Kwidzyn the Vistula is divided at present into two separate branches that constitute the river delta:
| Nogat | Leniwka | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town | Tributaries | Remarks | Town | Tributaries | Remarks |
| Sztum | Tczew | ||||
| Malbork | Gdańsk | Motława, Radunia, Potok Oliwski | in the city the river divides into several separate branches that reach the Baltic Sea at different points, the main branch reaches the sea at Westerplatte | ||
| Elbląg | Elbląg | shortly before reaching Vistula Bay | |||
Tributaries[link]
List of right and left tributaries with a nearby city, from source to mouth:
|
Right tributaries
|
Left tributaries
|
.jpg)
|
Global warming and the flooding of the Vistula delta[link]
According to flood studies carried out by Professor Zbigniew Pruszak, who is the co-author of the scientific paper Implications of SLR[3] and further studies carried out by scientists attending Poland’s Final International ASTRA Conference,[4] and predictions stated by climate scientists at the climate change pre-summit in Copenhagen,[5] it is highly likely most of the Vistula Delta region (which is below sea level[6]) will be flooded due to the sea level rise caused by climate change by 2100.
Geological history[link]
The history of the River Vistula and her valley spans over 2 million years. The river is connected to the geological period called the Quaternary, in which distinct cooling of the climate took place. In the last million years, an ice sheet entered the area of Poland eight times, bringing along with it changes of reaches of the river. In warmer periods, when the ice sheet retreated, the Vistula deepened and widened its valley. The river took its present shape within the last 14,000 years, after complete recession of the Scandinavian ice sheet from the area. At present, along the Vistula valley, erosion of the banks and collecting of new deposits are still occurring.[7]
As the principal river of Poland, the Vistula is also located in the centre of Europe. Three principal geographical and geological land masses of the continent meet in her river basin: the lowland Eastern European shield, the area of uplands and low mountains of Western Europe, and the Alpine zone of high mountains to which both the Alps and the Carpathians belong. The Vistula begins in the Carpathian mountains. The run and character of the river was shaped by ice sheets flowing down from the Scandinavian Peninsula. The last ice sheet entered the area of Poland about 20,000 years ago. During periods of warmer weather, the ancient Vistula, "Pra-Wisła", searched for the shortest way to the sea - thousands of years ago it flowed into the North Sea somewhere at the latitude of contemporary Scotland. The climate of the Vistula valley, its plants, animals and its very character changed considerably during the process of glacial retreat.[8]
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Biała Wisełka
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Lake Morskie Oko, White Dunajec Springs
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Vistula flooding south of Warsaw, 2004
-
Vistula in Płock
Navigation[link]
The Vistula is navigable from the Baltic Sea to Bydgoszcz (where the Bydgoszcz Canal joins the river). The Vistula can accommodate modest river vessels of CEMT class II. Further upstream the river depth lessens. Although a project was undertaken to increase the traffic-carrying capacity of the river upstream of Warsaw by building a number of locks in and around Kraków, this project was not extended further, so that navigability of the Vistula remains limited. The potential of the river would increase considerably if a restoration of the East-West connection via the Narew–Bug–Mukhovets–Pripyat–Dnieper waterways were considered. The shifting economic importance of parts of Europe may make this option more likely.
Historical relevance[link]
Ancient settlements[link]
Protoslavic tribes (Lusatia and Przeworsk Culture) occupied large parts of the Vistula Basin in the first millennium BCE. Genetic analysis indicates that there has been an unbroken genetic continuity of the inhabitants over the last 3,500 years, which would suggest that Polish tribes lived here for a long time and successfully defended against distant invaders,[9] such as Suebi and Burgundians. Even though the Romans do not appear to have had direct contact with the regions between Odra-Nysa Łużycka and the Bug, the Vistula Basin along with the lands of the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Oder came to be called Magna Germania by Roman authors of the 1st century AD.[9] Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD, would describe the Vistula as the border between Germania and Sarmatia.
Tacitus is another source regarding information on the early inhabitants of the Vistula. However, he makes no secret that many of the tribes to the east of the Vistula were somewhat shrouded in mystery. For example, when describing the Venethi, Peucini and Fenni he wrote that he was not sure if he should call them Germans, since they had settlements and they fought on foot, or rather Sarmatians since they have some similar customs to them.[10]
The Vistula river used to be connected to the Dnieper River, and thence to the Black Sea via the Augustów Canal, a technological marvel with numerous sluices contributing to its aesthetic appeal. It was the first waterway in Central Europe to provide a direct link between the two major rivers, the Vistula and the Neman. It provided a link with the Black Sea to the south through the Oginski Canal, Dnieper River, Berezina Canal, and Dvina River. The Baltic Sea–Vistula–Dnieper–Black Sea route with its rivers was one of the most ancient trade routes, the Amber Road, on which amber and other items were traded from Northern Europe to Greece, Asia, Egypt, and elsewhere.[11][12]
The Vistula estuary was settled by Slavs in the 7th and 8th century.[13] Based on archeological and linguistic findings, it has been postulated that these settlers moved northward along the Vistula river.[13] This however contradicts another hypothesis supported by some researchers saying the Veleti moved westward from the Vistula delta.[13]
A number of West Slavic Polish tribes formed small dominions beginning in the 8th century, some of which coalesced later into larger ones. Among the tribes listed in the Bavarian Geographer's 9th century document were the Vistulans (Wiślanie) in southern Poland. Kraków and Wiślica were their main centres.
Many Polish legends are connected with the Vistula and the beginnings of Polish statehood. One of the most enduring is that about princess Wanda co nie chciała Niemca (who rejected the German).[14] According to the most popular variant, popularized by the 15th century historian Jan Długosz,[15] Wanda, daughter of King Krak, became queen of the Poles upon her father's death.[14] She refused to marry a German prince Rytigier (Rüdiger), who took offence and invaded Poland, but was repelled.[16] Wanda however committed suicide, drowning in the Vistula river, to ensure he would not invade her country again.[16]
Main trading artery[link]
For hundreds of years the river was one of the main trading arteries of Poland, and the castles that line its banks were highly prized possessions. Salt, timber, grain, and building stone were among goods shipped via that route between the 10th and 13th centuries.[17]
In the 14th century the lower Vistula was controlled by the Teutonic Order, invited in 1226 by Konrad I of Masovia to help him fight the pagan Prussians on the border of his lands. In 1308 the Teutonic Knights captured the Gdańsk castle and murdered the population.[18] Since then the event is known as the Gdańsk slaughter. The Order had inherited Gniew from Sambor II, thus gaining a foothold on the left bank of the Vistula.[19] Many granaries and storehouses, built in the 14th century, line the banks of the Vistula.[20] In the 15th century the city of Gdańsk gained great importance in the Baltic area as a centre of merchants and trade and as a port city. While at this time the surrounding lands were inhabited by Pomeranians, Gdańsk soon became a starting point for German settlement of the largely fallow Vistulan country.[21]
Before its peak in 1618, trade increased by a factor of 20 from 1491. The tonnage of grain traded on the river in key years is telling: 1491 - 14.000; 1537 - 23.000; 1563 - 150.000; 1618 - 310.000.[22]
In the 16th century most of the grain exported was leaving Poland through Gdańsk, which because of its location at the terminal point of the Vistula and its tributaries waterway and of its Baltic seaport trade role became the wealthiest, most highly developed (by far the largest center of crafts and manufacturing) and most autonomous of the Polish cities.[24] Other towns were negatively affected by Gdańsk's near-monopoly in foreign trade. During the reign of Stephen Báthory Poland ruled two main Baltic Sea ports: Gdańsk[25] controlling the Vistula river trade and Riga controlling the Western Dvina trade. Both cities were among the largest in the country. Around 70% the exports from Gdańsk were of grain.[22]
Grain was also the largest export commodity of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The volume of traded grain can be considered a good and well-measured proxy for the economic growth of the Commonwealth.
The owner of a folwark usually signed a contract with the merchants of Gdańsk, who controlled 80% of this inland trade, to ship the grain north to that seaport on the Baltic Sea. Many rivers in the Commonwealth were used for shipping purposes, including the Vistula. The river had a relatively well-developed infrastructure, with river ports and granaries. Most river shipping travelled north, southward transport being less profitable, and barges and rafts were often sold off in Gdańsk for lumber.
In order to arrest recurrent flooding on the lower Vistula, the Prussian government in 1889-95 constructed an artificial channel about 12 km. east of Gdańsk (German name: Danzig) – known as the Vistula Cut (German: Weichseldurchstich; Polish: Przekop Wisły) – that acted as a huge sluice, diverting much of the Vistula flow directly into the Baltic. As a result, the historic Vistula channel through Gdańsk lost much of its flow, and was known thereafter as the Dead Vistula (German: Tote Weichsel; Polish: Martwa Wisła). German states got complete control of the region in 1795-1812 (see: Partitions of Poland), as well as during the World Wars, in 1914-1918 and 1939-1945.
From 1867 to 1917, the Russian tsarist administration called the Kingdom of Poland the Vistula Land after the collapse of the January Uprising (1863–1865).[26]
Almost 75% of the territory of interbellum Poland was drained northward into the Baltic Sea by the Vistula (total area of drainage basin of the Vistula within boundaries of the Second Polish Republic was 180,300 km²), the Niemen (51,600 km²), the Odra (46,700 km²) and the Daugava (10,400 km²).
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In 1920 the decisive battle of the Polish–Soviet War Battle of Warsaw (sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula), was fought as Red Army forces commanded by Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached the Polish capital of Warsaw and nearby Modlin Fortress situated on the mouth of the Vistula.[28]
World War II[link]
The Polish September campaign included battles over control of the mouth of the Vistula, and of the city of Gdańsk, so close to the river delta. During the Invasion of Poland (1939), after the initial battles in Pomerelia, the remains of the Polish Army of Pomerania withdrew to the southern bank of the Vistula.[29] After defending Toruń for several days, the army withdrew further south under pressure of the overall strained strategic situation, and took part in the main battle of Bzura.[29]
The Auschwitz complex of concentration camps was located on the Vistula, at the confluence of the Vistula and the Soła rivers.[30]
During World War II prisoners of war from the Nazi Stalag XX-B camp were assigned to cut ice blocks from the River Vistula. The ice would then be transported by truck to the local beer houses.
The 1944 Warsaw Uprising was planned with the expectation that the Soviet forces, who had arrived in the course of their offensive and were waiting on the other side of the Vistula River in full force, would help in the battle for Warsaw.[31] However the Soviets let down the Poles, stopping their advance at the Vistula and branding the insurgents as criminals in radio broadcasts.[31][32][33]
In early 1945 came the Vistula–Oder Offensive, in which the Red Army crossed the Vistula and drove the German Wehrmacht back past the Oder river in Germany.
See also[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vistula |
References[link]
- ^ (English) William Napier (November 20, 2005). "Building a Library: The Fall of Rome". findarticles.com. Independent Newspapers UK Limited. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20051120/ai_n15851679/. Retrieved 2009-04-01. [dead link]
- ^ Wysota, W.; Molewski, P.; Sokołowski, R.J., Robert J. (2009). "Record of the Vistula ice lobe advances in the Late Weichselian glacial sequence in north-central Poland". Quaternary International 207: 26. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.12.015.
- ^ (English) Zbigniew Pruszaka, Elżbieta Zawadzka. "Potential Implications of Sea-Level Rise for Poland". www.bioone.org. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2112/07A-0014.1. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ (English) "Final International ASTRA conference in Espoo, Finland, 10–11 December 2007". www.astra-project.org. http://www.astra-project.org/03_071210_espoo_astraconference_final.html. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ (English) Matt McGrath (2009-03-12). "Climate scenarios 'being realised'". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7940532.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ (English) "Hydrology and morphology of two river mouth regions (temperate Vistula Delta and subtropical Red River Delta)". www.iopan.gda.pl. http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/473prusz.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny (State Geological Institute), Warsaw, "Geologiczna historia Wisły"
- ^ R. Mierzejewski, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Filmowa, Telewizyjna i Teatralna im. Leona Schillera w Łodzi, Narodziny rzeki
- ^ a b (Polish) Jędrzej Giertych. "Tysiąc lat historii narodu polskiego". www.chipublib.org. http://www.chipublib.org/search/details/cn/927545. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ De Origine et Situ Germanorum by Cornelius Tacitus
- ^ Augustów Canal on UNESCO Tentative List of Cultural Properties
- ^ The Augustów Canal at www.suwalszczyzna.pl
- ^ a b c (German) Jan M. Piskorski (1999). Pommern im Wandel der Zeit. ISBN 8-3906-184-8. p.29
- ^ a b (English) Paul Havers. "The Legend of Wanda". www.kresy.co.uk. http://www.kresy.co.uk/wanda.html. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ (English) Leszek Paweł Słupecki. "The Krakus’ and Wanda’s Burial Mounds of Cracow". sms.zrc-sazu.si. http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/02/SMS_02_Slupecki.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-31. p.84
- ^ a b (English) "Wanda". www.brooklynmuseum.org. http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/wanda.php. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ (English) Władysław Parczewski, Jerzy Pruchnicki. "Vistula River". www.britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630787/Vistula-River. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ (English) "History of the City Gdańsk". www.en.gdansk.gda.pl. http://www.en.gdansk.gda.pl/about,2,12.html. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ (English) Vol.5, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History: C. 1198-C. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36289-X. http://books.google.com/?id=bclfdU_2lesC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History:+C.+1198-C.+1300.
- ^ (Polish) Krzysztof Mikulski. "Dzieje dawnego Torunia". www.mowiawieki.pl. http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=1634. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ (German) A history of Poland. Routledge. 1978. ISBN 0-7100-8647-4. p.35
- ^ a b (English) Krzysztof Olszewski (2007). The Rise and Decline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade. a - p. 6, b - p. 7, c - p. 5, d - p. 5
- ^ (Polish) Jerzy S. Majewski (2004-04-29). "Most Zygmunta Augusta". miasta.gazeta.pl. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/warszawa/1,97596,2049149.html. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ^ (English) "Gdańsk (Poland)". www.britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227552/Gdansk. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ (English) "Stephen Bathory (king of Poland)". www.britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565459/Stephen-Bathory. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ The name of the kingdom was changed to Privislinsky Krai, which was reduced to a tsarist province; it lost all autonomy and separate administrative institutions. (English) Richard C. Frucht (2008). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-800-0. http://books.google.com/?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eastern+Europe:+An+Introduction+to+the+People,+Lands,+and+Culture. p. 19
- ^ (English) "SEPTEMBER 13, 1944". www.1944.pl. http://www.1944.pl/index.php?a=site_text&id=12147&se_id=12196. Retrieved 2009-10-25. [dead link]
- ^ (English) "Vistula River Victory". www.electronicmuseum.ca. http://www.electronicmuseum.ca/Soviet-Polish_War/spw_3.html-. Retrieved 2009-04-03. [dead link]
- ^ a b (English) Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (1978). Between Nazis and Soviets: occupation politics in Poland, 1939-1947. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0484-5. http://books.google.com/?id=TvUErL-MnV8C&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Holocaust Encyclopedia, Auschwitz Environs, Summer 1944, online map
- ^ a b (English) "Warsaw Uprising of 1944". www.warsawuprising.com. http://www.warsawuprising.com/timeline.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ The Uprising remained the ultimate symbol of Communist betrayal and bad faith for Poles. (English) John Radzilowski. "Warsaw Uprising". ww2db.com. http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=150. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
- ^ The Warsaw Rising was termed a “criminal organization” (English) John Radzilowski (2009). Remembrance and Recovery: The Museum of the Warsaw Rising and the Memory of World War II in Post-communist Poland. The Regents of the University of California and the National Council on Public History. pp. 143–158. ISBN 02723433.
External links[link]
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Coordinates: 54°21′N 18°57′E / 54.35°N 18.95°E / 54.35; 18.95
http://wn.com/Vistula
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Vistola
http://cs.wn.com/Visla
http://es.wn.com/Río Vístula
http://ru.wn.com/Висла
http://nl.wn.com/Wisła (rivier)
http://id.wn.com/Sungai Vistula
http://pl.wn.com/Wisła
http://fr.wn.com/Vistule
http://de.wn.com/Weichsel
http://hi.wn.com/विस्चुला नदी
http://pt.wn.com/Rio Vístula
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
